Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pleurisy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/

  The epidemiology of pleurisy is largely influenced by its underlying cause. Among patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain, common diagnoses include atypical chest pain, painful respiration, upper respiratory infections, and unspecified lower respiratory diseases, all of which can involve pleuritic chest pain. This variability makes accurately determining the true incidence of pleurisy challenging. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause of pleurisy, occurring in 5% to 20% of patients. Approximately 75% of patients with a pulmonary embolism and pleural effusion report pleuritic chest pain. […] A recent study revealed that when surgical pleural biopsy is used to investigate the cause of pleurisy, 56% of cases are attributed to neoplastic diseases, including mesothelioma (23%), lung cancer (16%), and lymphoma (2.5%). Infectious diseases account for 24%, with tuberculosis leading at 16.2%, followed by parapneumonic pleural effusion (3.6%), empyema (3.5%), nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (0.5%), and paragonimiasis (0.1%). Autoimmune diseases account for 2.8% of pleural biopsy findings, with rheumatoid arthritis (1.3%) and SLE (0.3%) being the most common.

• #2 Pleurisy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27331

  The epidemiology of pleurisy is largely influenced by its underlying cause. Among patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain, common diagnoses include atypical chest pain, painful respiration, upper respiratory infections, and unspecified lower respiratory diseases, all of which can involve pleuritic chest pain. This variability makes accurately determining the true incidence of pleurisy challenging. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause of pleurisy, occurring in 5% to 20% of patients. Approximately 75% of patients with a pulmonary embolism and pleural effusion report pleuritic chest pain. The implementation of early reperfusion has nearly eliminated pleuritis caused by postmyocardial infarction syndrome, reducing its incidence from 3% to almost nonexistent.

• #3 Pleurisy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1357.html

  Pleuritic chest pain is a common presenting symptom and has many causes, which range from life-threatening to benign, self-limited conditions. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common potentially life-threatening cause, found in 5 to 20 percent of patients who present to the emergency department with pleuritic pain. […] Patients should be evaluated appropriately for these conditions before an alternative diagnosis is made. […] A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to diagnose or exclude life-threatening causes of pleuritic pain before making a diagnosis of pleurisy. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause of pleuritic chest pain and should be considered in all patients with this symptom. […] Viral infection is one of the most common causes of pleurisy.

• #4 Pleurisy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27331

  Pleuritic pain occurs in nearly 90% of patients with pneumothorax and 50% of those with community-acquired pneumonia. A recent study revealed that when surgical pleural biopsy is used to investigate the cause of pleurisy, 56% of cases are attributed to neoplastic diseases, including mesothelioma (23%), lung cancer (16%), and lymphoma (2.5%). Infectious diseases account for 24%, with tuberculosis leading at 16.2%, followed by parapneumonic pleural effusion (3.6%), empyema (3.5%), nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (0.5%), and paragonimiasis (0.1%). Autoimmune diseases account for 2.8% of pleural biopsy findings, with rheumatoid arthritis (1.3%) and SLE (0.3%) being the most common. […] Pleurisy is the initial symptom in 10% of SLE patients and occurs at some stage in 40% to 60%. Symptomatic pleurisy is also relatively common in rheumatoid arthritis; while 70% of patients show pleural effusion in autopsy studies, only 3% to 5% experience symptoms. Recent studies indicate that the lymph nodes and pleura are the most commonly involved extrapulmonary sites in tuberculosis.

• #5 Epidemiologic evaluation of pleurisy diagnosed by surgical pleural biopsy using data from a nationwide administrative database

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9013656/

  Pleural biopsies for investigating the causes of pleurisy are performed through modalities including needle biopsies, local anesthetic thoracoscopic procedures, and surgery (videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery and open thoracotomy). […] To date, there have been no largescale nationwide epidemiological studies regarding pleurisy diagnosed via surgical pleural biopsy. This study examined the epidemiology of pleurisy diagnosed via surgical pleural biopsy in a Japanese nationwide administrative database. […] This study evaluates data of epidemiology of pleurisy diagnosed via surgical pleural biopsy from a Japanese nationwide administrative database. […] The most frequent causes of pleurisy were neoplastic diseases (55.9%; malignant mesothelioma 22.5%, lung cancer 15.7%, lymphoma 2.5%), followed by infectious diseases (24.0%; tuberculosis 16.2%, parapneumonic pleural effusion 3.6%, empyema 3.5%, nontuberculous mycobacteriosis 0.5%), collagen vascular diseases (2.8%; rheumatoid arthritis 1.3%, immunoglobulin G4related diseases 0.7%, systemic lupus erythematosus 0.3%), and paragonimiasis (0.1%).

• #6 Pleurisy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/

  Pleurisy is the initial symptom in 10% of SLE patients and occurs at some stage in 40% to 60%. Symptomatic pleurisy is also relatively common in rheumatoid arthritis; while 70% of patients show pleural effusion in autopsy studies, only 3% to 5% experience symptoms. Recent studies indicate that the lymph nodes and pleura are the most commonly involved extrapulmonary sites in tuberculosis.

• #7 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Trend of the Tuberculous Pleurisy Notification Rate in Eastern China During 2017-2021: Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49859

  Background: Tuberculous pleurisy (TP) presents a serious allergic reaction in the pleura caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, few studies have described its spatial epidemiological characteristics in eastern China. […] Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological distribution of TP and predict its further development in Zhejiang Province. […] The average notification rate of TP in Zhejiang Province was 7.06 cases per 100,000 population, peaking in the summer. […] The male-to-female ratio was 2.18:1. […] In terms of geographical distribution, clusters of cases were observed in the western part of Zhejiang Province, including parts of Hangzhou, Quzhou, Jinhua, Lishui, Wenzhou, and Taizhou city. […] Spatial-temporal analysis identified 1 most likely cluster and 4 secondary clusters.

• #8 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Trend of the Tuberculous Pleurisy Notification Rate in Eastern China During 2017-2021: Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49859/

  Background: Tuberculous pleurisy (TP) presents a serious allergic reaction in the pleura caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, few studies have described its spatial epidemiological characteristics in eastern China. […] Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological distribution of TP and predict its further development in Zhejiang Province. […] Results: The average notification rate of TP in Zhejiang Province was 7.06 cases per 100,000 population, peaking in the summer. […] The male-to-female ratio was 2.18:1. […] In terms of geographical distribution, clusters of cases were observed in the western part of Zhejiang Province, including parts of Hangzhou, Quzhou, Jinhua, Lishui, Wenzhou, and Taizhou city. […] Spatial-temporal analysis identified 1 most likely cluster and 4 secondary clusters.

• #9 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Trend of the Tuberculous Pleurisy Notification Rate in Eastern China During 2017-2021: Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49859

  The western region of Zhejiang Province had the highest risk of TP. […] Comprehensive interventions, such as chest x-ray screening and symptom screening, should be reinforced to improve early identification. […] Additionally, a more systematic assessment of the prevalence trend of TP should include more predictors. […] During the study period, a total of 11,531 patients with TP were identified, with a notification rate of 7.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2017, 8.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2018, 7.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2019, 6.6 cases per 100,000 population in 2020, and 5.0 cases per 100,000 population in 2021, respectively. […] The male to female ratio was 2.18:1. […] Delayed access to medical care was observed among 6317 (54.78%) patients with TP, and diagnosis was delayed among 1462 (12.68%) patients.

• #10 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Trend of the Tuberculous Pleurisy Notification Rate in Eastern China During 2017-2021: Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49859/

  The western region of Zhejiang Province had the highest risk of TP. […] Comprehensive interventions, such as chest x-ray screening and symptom screening, should be reinforced to improve early identification. […] Additionally, a more systematic assessment of the prevalence trend of TP should include more predictors. […] During the study period, a total of 11,531 patients with TP were identified, with a notification rate of 7.8 cases per 100,000 population in 2017, 8.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2018, 7.7 cases per 100,000 population in 2019, 6.6 cases per 100,000 population in 2020, and 5.0 cases per 100,000 population in 2021, respectively. […] The male to female ratio was 2.18:1. […] Delayed access to medical care was observed among 6317 (54.78%) patients with TP, and diagnosis was delayed among 1462 (12.68%) patients.

• #11 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Trend of the Tuberculous Pleurisy Notification Rate in Eastern China During 2017-2021: Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49859

  Spatial analysis indicated spatial heterogeneity among patients with TP, with hot spots located mainly in the western cities of Zhejiang Province. […] The most likely cluster was the high-risk cluster, which encompassed 32 counties in western and southwestern Zhejiang Province, including all counties and districts of Quzhou, Jinhua, and Lishui; Wencheng and Taishun in Wenzhou; and Xianju in Lishui. […] The most likely cluster period ranged from April 2017 to September 2019, with 2383 cases of TP and a relative risk of 1.98.

• #12 JMIR Public Health and Surveillance – Trend of the Tuberculous Pleurisy Notification Rate in Eastern China During 2017-2021: Spatiotemporal Analysis

  https://publichealth.jmir.org/2023/1/e49859/

  Spatial analysis indicated spatial heterogeneity among patients with TP, with hot spots located mainly in the western cities of Zhejiang Province. […] The most likely cluster was the high-risk cluster, which encompassed 32 counties in western and southwestern Zhejiang Province, including all counties and districts of Quzhou, Jinhua, and Lishui; Wencheng and Taishun in Wenzhou; and Xianju in Lishui.

• #13 Surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children aged under 5 years: Field Guide

  https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/49153

  This field guide was prepared by PAHO to support health workers participating in the epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis. […] Pneumonia is among the leading causes of hospitalization and death for children aged under 5 years in the Region of the Americas. […] The introduction of the Hib vaccine in countries of the Region produced a dramatic decline of invasive disease due to this bacterium, and pneumococcus is now the principal etiologic agent responsible for bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in children aged under 5 years.

• #14 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  In the United States, acute lower respiratory tract infections cause more disease and death than any other infection. […] More than three million cases occur annually in the United States. Pneumonia is more prevalent during the winter months and in colder climates. […] The most common etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the outpatient setting are as follows (in descending order of frequency): S pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, H influenzae, C pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses. […] The most common etiologies of CAP in the nonintensive care unit (ICU) inpatient setting, in descending order of frequency, are as follows: S pneumoniae, M pneumoniae, C pneumoniae, H influenzae, Legionella species, aspiration, and respiratory viruses. […] Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) notably develops in approximately 9-27% of all intubated patients and carries a mortality rate of 30-60%.

• #15 Bacterial Pneumonia: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/300157-overview

  Native Americans (19.2 deaths per 100,000) and Black Americans (17.1 deaths per 100,000 population) are more likely to die from pneumonia compared with White Americans (15.9 deaths per 100,000 population). […] The incidence of pneumonia is greater in males than in females, but the total number of deaths due to pneumonia has been higher among females since the mid-1980s. […] Advanced age increases the incidence of and the mortality from pneumonia.

• #16 SciELO Brazil – Population-based surveillance of pediatric pneumonia: use of spatial analysis in an urban area of Central Brazil Population-based surveillance of pediatric pneumonia: use of spatial analysis in an urban area of Central Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/HHkTNctmcYzR3nCZSnDgKKm/?lang=en

  This study examined the spatial distribution of childhood community-acquired pneumonia detected through prospective surveillance in Goinia, Brazil. […] The annual pneumonia risk rate was estimated at 566 cases/100,000 children. […] The data used for the study are in line with recent WHO-led efforts to improve and standardize pediatric pneumonia surveillance in developing countries and show how GIS and spatial analysis can be applied to discriminate target areas of pneumonia for public health intervention. […] Recently, for epidemiological purposes, the World Health Organization (WHO) has standardized the radiological diagnosis of pneumonia in children to generate comparable data when assessing the impact of public health interventions in reducing the pneumonia burden. […] In the present study, by using the pneumonia cases identified by the ongoing surveillance system in the city, and under the hypothesis that there was spatial distribution of children with community-acquired pneumonia, unlikely to occur by chance, we describe three different GIS-methodologies Kernel estimation, nearest neighbor hierarchical technique, and spatial scan statistic to detect intra-urban geographic clusters of community-acquired pneumonia among children under five years old, in order to address public health interventions.

• #17 SciELO Brazil – Population-based surveillance of pediatric pneumonia: use of spatial analysis in an urban area of Central Brazil Population-based surveillance of pediatric pneumonia: use of spatial analysis in an urban area of Central Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/csp/a/HHkTNctmcYzR3nCZSnDgKKm/?lang=en

  Data on incidence of community-acquired pediatric pneumonia were derived from an ongoing population-based surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, launched in May 2000. […] The spatial scan statistic, which is a cluster detection statistic, was applied to test the null hypothesis that the relative risk (RR) of pneumonia cases was the same between any districts, or groups of districts. […] High-risk areas for pneumonia occurrence were identified by the spatial scan statistic, which searched for clusters using the maximal spatial cluster size of 30% of the total population. […] The analysis demonstrated that combining thorough surveillance information with spatial analysis techniques could increase understanding of the epidemiology of pneumonia. […] The data used for the study are in line with recent WHO-led efforts to improve and standardize pediatric pneumonia surveillance in developing countries.

• #18 Influenza Pneumonia Surveillance among Hospitalized Adults May Underestimate the Burden of Severe Influenza Disease | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113903

  Policy makers who implement influenza vaccine programs or interventions to increase influenza vaccine coverage must first understand the epidemiology of influenza in the targeted population. […] In an effort to standardize influenza surveillance and to increase influenza morbidity data collection from low resource settings, the WHO established guidelines to standardize influenza surveillance worldwide and developed tools to use such data to estimate the burden of severe influenza disease. […] Surveillance studies which only consider hospitalizations that include a diagnosis of pneumonia may underestimate the total burden of influenza hospitalizations. […] Our study found that disease modelling approaches will estimate 50% fewer cases of influenza-associated hospitalizations if pneumonia ICD-9-CM codes are required as compared to more sensitive respiratory or circulatory ICD-9-CM codes.

• #19 Influenza Pneumonia Surveillance among Hospitalized Adults May Underestimate the Burden of Severe Influenza Disease | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0113903

  If adult influenza surveillance is limited to patients with pneumonia, our data suggest that a substantial proportion of influenza-associated hospitalizations may be missed. Such underestimates might affect the perceived value or cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination, particularly in countries with only limited influenza surveillance data.

• #20 Pathology of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2078722-overview

  Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is more common in men than in women. […] The reported overall prevalence of interstitial lung disease in New Mexico is 80.9 per 100,000 males and 67.2 per 100,000 females, corresponding with annual incidence rates of 31.5 per 100,000 per year in males and 26.1 per 100,000 per year in females. […] The prevalence of IPF in different series ranges from 6-14.6 per 100,000 persons, but in those older than 75 years, the prevalence may exceed 175 per 100,000.

• #21 Bronchiectasis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bronchiectasis?lang=us

  The incidence of bronchiectasis is difficult to gauge; infection is the most common cause and the disease is more common in low socioeconomic groups. Globally, infectious diseases account for about 30% of cases and in a similar proportion the cause is unknown. Tuberculosis accounts for about 14% and cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma make a minor contribution 26.

• #22 Zoster (herpes zoster) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/zoster-herpes-zoster

  Herpes zoster occurs most commonly in people who: […] The lifetime risk of herpes zoster for people who live to 80 years of age is around 50%. […] For up to 8 years after an initial episode of zoster, the risk of a repeat episode in immunocompetent people is 6–8%. […] Repeat episodes of herpes zoster are more common in people who are immunocompromised. […] In a large clinical trial of Zostavax in the United States (the Shingles Prevention Study), active surveillance in the unimmunised (placebo) participants estimated the herpes zoster incidence at 1112 cases per 100,000 person-years in people ≥60 years of age. […] In Australia, there are about 560 cases of herpes zoster per 100,000 population per year in all age groups. […] Rates of herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults increase from age 50 with 1174 cases per 100,000 population in people aged ≥50 years.

• #23 Zoster (herpes zoster) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/zoster-herpes-zoster

  Herpes zoster incidence continues to rise with age, from an estimated rate of 630 per 100,000 population in people aged 50–59 years to 1366 per 100,000 population in people aged 60 to 69 to 1531 per 100,000 population in people aged 70–79 years. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have an increased risk of hospitalisation from herpes zoster from an earlier age when compared to non-Indigenous people. […] The estimated rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 60-69 years is 34 per 100,000. […] People who are immunocompromised have an increased risk of herpes zoster compared with non-immunocompromised people. […] Rates of herpes zoster are up to 15 times higher in people who are immunocompromised due to HIV infection. […] In the 1st year after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, up to 30% of patients may develop herpes zoster.

• #24 Zoster (herpes zoster) | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/zoster-herpes-zoster

  The risk of herpes zoster in people receiving therapy for conditions such as cancer, transplants or autoimmune conditions varies depending on their age, condition, the therapy they are receiving, and whether there is concomitant therapies. […] Overall, 13–26% of patients with herpes zoster develop complications. […] Complications occur more often in older people and people who are immunocompromised. […] Post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common complication of herpes zoster, but it occurs very infrequently in children and young adults. […] The population-based incidence of PHN is 3 times higher in people aged 70–79 years (235 per 100,000) than in people aged 50–59 years (73 per 100,000).

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