Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pleurisy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27331

  Pleurisy, or pleuritis, is an inflammation of the parietal pleura, the outer lining of the lungs, causing sharp, localized chest pain that worsens with breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. […] Treatment primarily focuses on pain management, typically with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while addressing the underlying cause. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly recommended for all patients who smoke. […] Prompt treatment of bacterial respiratory infections is essential to prevent complications such as pleurisy, pleural effusion, and empyema. […] Clinicians should educate patients to recognize early warning signs of bacterial infections, including fever, persistent cough, purulent sputum, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, or night sweats. […] Patients should be encouraged to seek timely medical attention if these symptoms occur to minimize the risk of developing pleurisy.

• #2 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21172-pleurisy

  You cant know if an injury or illness will lead to pleurisy, but you can reduce your risk by: […] Not smoking. […] Treating underlying conditions, such as autoimmune or lung diseases. […] Washing your hands to help prevent bacterial or viral infection.

• #3 Pleurisy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pleurisy

  Early treatment of bacterial respiratory infections can prevent pleurisy.

• #4 Pleurisy: Symptoms, causes, treatments, diagnosis, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158813

  Detecting and managing the underlying health problem quickly may prevent pleurisy from developing. […] For example, an early diagnosis and timely treatment of an infection may either prevent fluid from building up in the pleural cavity or minimize levels of inflammation. […] Getting plenty of rest and maintaining a healthy diet can also help prevent issues such as pleurisy from developing in response to an illness.

• #5 Pleurisy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27331

  Pleurisy, or pleuritis, is an inflammation of the parietal pleura, the outer lining of the lungs, causing sharp, localized chest pain that worsens with breathing, coughing, sneezing, or laughing. […] Treatment primarily focuses on pain management, typically with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while addressing the underlying cause. […] Smoking cessation should be strongly recommended for all patients who smoke. […] Prompt treatment of bacterial respiratory infections is essential to prevent complications such as pleurisy, pleural effusion, and empyema. […] Clinicians should educate patients to recognize early warning signs of bacterial infections, including fever, persistent cough, purulent sputum, shortness of breath, unexplained weight loss, or night sweats. […] Patients should be encouraged to seek timely medical attention if these symptoms occur to minimize the risk of developing pleurisy.

• #6 Pleurisy: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pleurisy

  Since so many different conditions can cause pleurisy, the best prevention strategy involves closely monitoring your health and undergoing timely checkups. […] This means going to the doctor early if you experience respiratory symptoms to rule out a bacterial infection in your lungs, a viral illness impacting your lungs, or some of the less common causes such as a fungal infection. […] You should also never ignore any cardiac symptoms or injuries to the chest area. If you smoke, working toward quitting can be another major prevention strategy.

• #7 Pleurisy: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/pleurisy-overview-7110453

  Pleurisy can affect people of all ages but is most common in those 65 and older. Preventive measures include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to respiratory infections, and treating health conditions that increase the risk of pleurisy. […] To prevent pleurisy, you can: Get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal (pneumonia), and COVID-19; Wash your hands frequently and avoid close contact with people who are sick; Quit smoking to improve your lung health; Follow your treatment regimen for chronic conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #8 Pleurisy | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pleurisy

  Pleurisy can also be caused by: […] Get vaccinated against common infections, such as influenza (the flu), COVID-19 and pneumococcal disease, to help prevent chest infections. […] Avoid exposure to asbestos. […] Quit smoking and vaping and limit your exposure to passive smoke to keep your lungs healthy and reduce your risk of lung cancer.

• #9 Pleurisy – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/pleurisy.html

  Get early treatment for conditions that cause pleurisy. […] Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can cause lung damage. Ask your healthcare provider for information if you currently smoke and need help to quit. E-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco still contain nicotine. Talk to your healthcare provider before you use these products. […] Ask about vaccines you may need. Vaccines may help prevent infections that cause pleurisy. Your provider may recommend these and other vaccines: […] Ask your healthcare provider about the flu and pneumonia vaccines. All adults should get the flu (influenza) vaccine as soon as recommended each year, usually in September or October. The pneumonia vaccine is recommended for all adults aged 50 or older to prevent pneumococcal disease, such as pneumonia. Adults aged 19 to 49 years who are at high risk for pneumococcal disease should also receive the vaccine. You may need 1 dose or 2. The number depends on the vaccine used and your risk factors.

• #10 Pleurisy Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pleurisy-treatment

  Pleurisy Prevention […] You can’t predict whether a health condition or injury will cause pleurisy. But you can help protect your lung health and prevent infections by: […] Not smoking […] Getting the vaccinations your doctor recommends, such as the flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine […] Washing your hands well and often […] Following your doctor’s treatment recommendations for any health conditions you have […] Reaching and staying at a body weight that’s healthy for you.

• #11 Pleurisy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pleurisy

  Bacterial pleurisy is often caused by pneumonia which is an infection of the lungs. The infection of the airways and lungs can then spread to include the pleura. […] There is a vaccine against one of the most common organisms that causes pneumonia. It is recommended that people who are at risk of pneumonia be immunised, including young children, older people over the age of 65, people with chronic medical conditions (such as diabetes) and people with reduced immunity. […] Apart from vaccination, treating any infection of the respiratory tract promptly can also reduce the risk of developing pleurisy.

• #12 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] Get vaccinated […] Stop smoking […] Do not drink too much alcohol […] Lead a healthy lifestyle, including eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity […] Control other medical conditions, such as diabetes, if you have them. […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia.

• #13 Pleurisy – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/pleurisy.html

  COVID-19 vaccines are given to adults as a shot. At least 1 dose of an updated vaccine is recommended for all adults. COVID-19 vaccines are updated throughout the year. Adults 65 or older need a second dose of updated vaccine at least 4 months after the first dose. Your healthcare provider can help you schedule all needed doses as updated vaccines become available.

• #14 Pleurisy: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/pleurisy-overview-7110453

  Pleurisy can affect people of all ages but is most common in those 65 and older. Preventive measures include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to respiratory infections, and treating health conditions that increase the risk of pleurisy. […] To prevent pleurisy, you can: Get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal (pneumonia), and COVID-19; Wash your hands frequently and avoid close contact with people who are sick; Quit smoking to improve your lung health; Follow your treatment regimen for chronic conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #15 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  In general, experts suggest vaccination for: […] All adults 50 years and older […] Adults (over the age of 18 years) with any of the following: […] Smoking […] Chronic heart disease, including congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy (but not including high blood pressure) […] Chronic lung disease, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) […] Diabetes mellitus (unless very well-controlled) […] Alcohol use disorder […] Chronic liver disease […] Chronic kidney disease […] Cerebrospinal fluid leak […] Cochlear implant […] Poor function of the spleen (this includes people who have had their spleen removed and those with sickle cell disease or another disorder that causes spleen damage) […] A weakened immune system, for example, due to certain cancers, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, organ transplant, or medications that suppress the immune system.

• #16 Pleurisy – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/pleurisy.html

  Get early treatment for conditions that cause pleurisy. […] Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can cause lung damage. Ask your healthcare provider for information if you currently smoke and need help to quit. E-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco still contain nicotine. Talk to your healthcare provider before you use these products. […] Ask about vaccines you may need. Vaccines may help prevent infections that cause pleurisy. Your provider may recommend these and other vaccines: […] Ask your healthcare provider about the flu and pneumonia vaccines. All adults should get the flu (influenza) vaccine as soon as recommended each year, usually in September or October. The pneumonia vaccine is recommended for all adults aged 50 or older to prevent pneumococcal disease, such as pneumonia. Adults aged 19 to 49 years who are at high risk for pneumococcal disease should also receive the vaccine. You may need 1 dose or 2. The number depends on the vaccine used and your risk factors.

• #17 Pleurisy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1357.html

  A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to diagnose or exclude life-threatening causes of pleuritic pain before making a diagnosis of pleurisy. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used to control pleuritic pain. […] Management of pleurisy has two primary goals: (1) control the pleuritic chest pain, and (2) treat the underlying condition. To achieve pain control, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly are prescribed as the initial therapy. […] Smoking cessation should be advised for patients with pleurisy caused by asbestosis. […] Antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents are selected empirically based on the suspected underlying organism. […] Decortication is considered in cases of pleuritis associated with refractory pleural effusions resulting from malignancy, chronic renal failure, or rheumatoid pleurisy. […] NSAIDs are first-line therapy for patients with postcardiac injury syndrome; corticosteroids are reserved for those who are intolerant of or experience no response to NSAIDs.

• #18 Pleurisy | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/27331

  Clinicians should regularly discuss the dangers of smoking and provide resources for smoking cessation, such as counseling and support programs. […] Patients with autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and SLE, are at an increased risk of developing pleurisy. […] Adherence to recommended screening guidelines for high-risk patients is essential for early detection and treatment, helping to prevent pleuritic complications. […] By providing comprehensive education on risk factors, symptom awareness, and preventive strategies, clinicians can empower patients to take an active role in managing their health, reducing the likelihood of pleurisy, and improving overall outcomes.

• #19 Pleurisy: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/pleurisy-overview-7110453

  Pleurisy can affect people of all ages but is most common in those 65 and older. Preventive measures include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to respiratory infections, and treating health conditions that increase the risk of pleurisy. […] To prevent pleurisy, you can: Get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal (pneumonia), and COVID-19; Wash your hands frequently and avoid close contact with people who are sick; Quit smoking to improve your lung health; Follow your treatment regimen for chronic conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #20 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21172-pleurisy

  You cant know if an injury or illness will lead to pleurisy, but you can reduce your risk by: […] Not smoking. […] Treating underlying conditions, such as autoimmune or lung diseases. […] Washing your hands to help prevent bacterial or viral infection.

• #21 Pleurisy: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/lungs-breathing-and-respiration/pleurisy

  You can’t prevent pleurisy, but you can lower your risk of pleurisy by seeking regular medical care and treating any underlying conditions or autoimmune disease that can cause or put you at risk for pleurisy. […] Healthy lifestyle practices can also reduce the risk of lung infection for people with pleurisy, including good hand washing, drinking plenty of fluids, eating a well-balanced diet, getting plenty of rest, and refraining from smoking. […] Smoking is not likely to cause pleurisy; however, coughing from smoking (including vaping) can worsen symptoms of pleurisy.

• #22 Pleurisy: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/pleurisy-overview-7110453

  Pleurisy can affect people of all ages but is most common in those 65 and older. Preventive measures include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to respiratory infections, and treating health conditions that increase the risk of pleurisy. […] To prevent pleurisy, you can: Get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal (pneumonia), and COVID-19; Wash your hands frequently and avoid close contact with people who are sick; Quit smoking to improve your lung health; Follow your treatment regimen for chronic conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #23 Pleurisy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://eroffortworthtx.com/blog/pleurisy-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Pleurisy Prevention – ER of Fort Worth TX […] While its not always possible to prevent pleurisy, certain measures can reduce your risk: […] Vaccination: Stay up-to-date with vaccinations for pneumonia, influenza, and other respiratory infections. […] Timely treatment of infections: Address respiratory infections promptly to reduce the risk of them spreading to the pleura. […] Manage chronic conditions: For individuals with autoimmune diseases, regular treatment and monitoring can help prevent inflammation of the pleura.

• #24 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #25 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #26 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] Get vaccinated […] Stop smoking […] Do not drink too much alcohol […] Lead a healthy lifestyle, including eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity […] Control other medical conditions, such as diabetes, if you have them. […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia.

• #27 Patient education: Pneumonia in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  If you have an underlying medical condition such as asthma, congestive heart failure, or diabetes, controlling this condition can also help to prevent pneumonia. […] Infection control — „Infection control” refers to measures used to prevent the spread of any type of infection, including pneumonia. Infection control is most commonly practiced in health care settings but is useful in the community as well. Simple practices such as frequent hand washing with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs can be effective. […] Because pneumonia can be spread through the air (eg, if you inhale respiratory secretions from an infected person’s cough or sneeze), people with pneumonia should limit face-to-face contact with family and friends. To help prevent the infection from spreading, be careful to cover your mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing, and throw away tissues immediately after use. Sneezing or coughing into your sleeve (ie, at the inner elbow) is another way to prevent the spray of saliva and secretions; this also helps you to keep your hands clean.

• #28 Pleurisy: Symptoms, causes, treatments, diagnosis, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158813

  Detecting and managing the underlying health problem quickly may prevent pleurisy from developing. […] For example, an early diagnosis and timely treatment of an infection may either prevent fluid from building up in the pleural cavity or minimize levels of inflammation. […] Getting plenty of rest and maintaining a healthy diet can also help prevent issues such as pleurisy from developing in response to an illness.

• #29 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/chest-pain-leaflet/pleurisy

  Can I prevent pleurisy? […] It’s difficult to prevent pleurisy completely. But there are some things that can reduce the chances of developing one of the causes of pleurisy, such as: […] Getting vaccinations when recommended (eg the flu vaccine). […] Hygiene, such as washing your hands after using the toilet, before preparing or eating food, before touching your face, and before and after caring for other people. This can reduce the chances of getting viral or bacterial infections. […] Avoiding or stopping smoking. Smoking increases the risk of lung infections and other serious causes of pleurisy, like lung cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight. Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of blood clots.

• #30 Pleurisy: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/pleurisy-overview-7110453

  Pleurisy can affect people of all ages but is most common in those 65 and older. Preventive measures include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to respiratory infections, and treating health conditions that increase the risk of pleurisy. […] To prevent pleurisy, you can: Get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal (pneumonia), and COVID-19; Wash your hands frequently and avoid close contact with people who are sick; Quit smoking to improve your lung health; Follow your treatment regimen for chronic conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #31 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pneumonia

  Dont skip shots (immunizations). All children, starting at 2 months old, should begin a series of immunizations that helps prevent bacterial pneumonia. […] All children 6 months of age or older should get a flu vaccine every year, even if they have an egg allergy. Preventing the flu helps keep away dangerous breathing problems and higher chance of getting pneumonia. […] If your child has a weak immune system or chronic conditions of the lungs, heart, or kidneys, ask their doctor or health care provider if other vaccines are needed. […] Teach your child to cover their nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing. […] Teach and practice good hand hygiene. This includes hand washing or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Wash surfaces that are touched often (like toys, tables, and doorknobs) with soap and water or a disinfectant wipe.

• #32 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | FamilyDoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pneumonia/

  Can pneumonia be prevented or avoided? […] Ways to help prevent pneumonia: […] Get the flu vaccine each year. People can develop bacterial pneumonia after a case of the flu. You can reduce this risk by getting the yearly flu shot. […] Get the pneumococcal vaccine. This helps prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria. […] Practice good hygiene. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking damages your lungs and makes it harder for your body to defend itself from germs and disease. If you smoke, talk to your family doctor about quitting as soon as possible. […] Practice a healthy lifestyle. Eat a balanced diet full of fruits and vegetables. Exercise regularly. Get plenty of sleep. These things help your immune system stay strong.

• #33 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/pneumonia

  Dont skip shots (immunizations). All children, starting at 2 months old, should begin a series of immunizations that helps prevent bacterial pneumonia. […] All children 6 months of age or older should get a flu vaccine every year, even if they have an egg allergy. Preventing the flu helps keep away dangerous breathing problems and higher chance of getting pneumonia. […] If your child has a weak immune system or chronic conditions of the lungs, heart, or kidneys, ask their doctor or health care provider if other vaccines are needed. […] Teach your child to cover their nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing. […] Teach and practice good hand hygiene. This includes hand washing or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Wash surfaces that are touched often (like toys, tables, and doorknobs) with soap and water or a disinfectant wipe.

• #34 Pleurisy: Symptoms, causes, treatments, diagnosis, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158813

  Detecting and managing the underlying health problem quickly may prevent pleurisy from developing. […] For example, an early diagnosis and timely treatment of an infection may either prevent fluid from building up in the pleural cavity or minimize levels of inflammation. […] Getting plenty of rest and maintaining a healthy diet can also help prevent issues such as pleurisy from developing in response to an illness.

• #35 A Caregiver’s Guide to Pleurisy

  https://training.mmlearn.org/blog/a-caregivers-guide-to-pleurisy

  Pleurisy prevention depends on its causes, there are some ways to reduce your aging loved ones risk of developing pleurisy, including maintaining a healthy lifestyle, keeping conditions known to cause pleurisy under control, regular vaccinations for pneumonia and the flu, and smoking cessation. […] In most cases, pleurisy leads to no long-term problems.

• #36 Pneumonia: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment | FamilyDoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/pneumonia/

  Can pneumonia be prevented or avoided? […] Ways to help prevent pneumonia: […] Get the flu vaccine each year. People can develop bacterial pneumonia after a case of the flu. You can reduce this risk by getting the yearly flu shot. […] Get the pneumococcal vaccine. This helps prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria. […] Practice good hygiene. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking damages your lungs and makes it harder for your body to defend itself from germs and disease. If you smoke, talk to your family doctor about quitting as soon as possible. […] Practice a healthy lifestyle. Eat a balanced diet full of fruits and vegetables. Exercise regularly. Get plenty of sleep. These things help your immune system stay strong.

• #37 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] Get vaccinated […] Stop smoking […] Do not drink too much alcohol […] Lead a healthy lifestyle, including eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity […] Control other medical conditions, such as diabetes, if you have them. […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia.

• #38 Pleurisy: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/lungs-breathing-and-respiration/pleurisy

  You can’t prevent pleurisy, but you can lower your risk of pleurisy by seeking regular medical care and treating any underlying conditions or autoimmune disease that can cause or put you at risk for pleurisy. […] Healthy lifestyle practices can also reduce the risk of lung infection for people with pleurisy, including good hand washing, drinking plenty of fluids, eating a well-balanced diet, getting plenty of rest, and refraining from smoking. […] Smoking is not likely to cause pleurisy; however, coughing from smoking (including vaping) can worsen symptoms of pleurisy.

• #39 Pleurisy Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pleurisy-treatment

  Pleurisy Prevention […] You can’t predict whether a health condition or injury will cause pleurisy. But you can help protect your lung health and prevent infections by: […] Not smoking […] Getting the vaccinations your doctor recommends, such as the flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine […] Washing your hands well and often […] Following your doctor’s treatment recommendations for any health conditions you have […] Reaching and staying at a body weight that’s healthy for you.

• #40 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/chest-pain-leaflet/pleurisy

  Can I prevent pleurisy? […] It’s difficult to prevent pleurisy completely. But there are some things that can reduce the chances of developing one of the causes of pleurisy, such as: […] Getting vaccinations when recommended (eg the flu vaccine). […] Hygiene, such as washing your hands after using the toilet, before preparing or eating food, before touching your face, and before and after caring for other people. This can reduce the chances of getting viral or bacterial infections. […] Avoiding or stopping smoking. Smoking increases the risk of lung infections and other serious causes of pleurisy, like lung cancer. […] Maintaining a healthy weight. Having overweight or obesity increases the risk of blood clots.

• #41 Patient education: Pneumonia prevention in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pneumonia-prevention-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pneumonia is a common illness that can be serious or even life-threatening. Not all cases of pneumonia can be prevented but taking certain measures can help. To help prevent pneumonia, you should: […] Get vaccinated […] Stop smoking […] Do not drink too much alcohol […] Lead a healthy lifestyle, including eating a healthy diet and getting regular physical activity […] Control other medical conditions, such as diabetes, if you have them. […] When appropriate, getting vaccinated and encouraging others around you to do the same are the best ways to prevent pneumonia. […] Vaccination is particularly important for adults age 65 years or older, as well as any adults who smoke, have a weakened immune system, or have certain chronic illnesses that will predispose to serious illness if they should happen to develop pneumococcal pneumonia.

• #42 Pleurisy | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pleurisy

  Pleurisy can also be caused by: […] Get vaccinated against common infections, such as influenza (the flu), COVID-19 and pneumococcal disease, to help prevent chest infections. […] Avoid exposure to asbestos. […] Quit smoking and vaping and limit your exposure to passive smoke to keep your lungs healthy and reduce your risk of lung cancer.

• #43 Pleurisy – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/pleurisy

  Pleurisy can be prevented by avoiding lung infections and environmental causes of pleurisy such as asbestos exposure. […]

• #44 Understanding Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, And Treatment

  https://www.lungmds.com/pulmonary-disease/pleurisy/

  Pleurisy Prevention […] Since pleurisy is caused by other sicknesses, then it is best to remain as healthy as possible. […] There is really no true prevention for pleurisy, but you will be able to prevent other sicknesses in which pleurisy chances will become less. […] You will want to get properly vaccinated, avoid going out in public if there are certain sicknesses going around, and continually wash your hands. […] If you are a smoker, then you will also need to quit smoking immediately, as most of the lung irritations begin with this. […] Also, if you work in a place where there are harmful or irritating particles and/or chemicals in the air, then take proper precautions at work. […] For example, if your manager recommends wearing a mask when working, then you should always wear a mask.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia

  Preventing pneumonia in children is an essential component of a strategy to reduce child mortality. Immunization against Hib, pneumococcus, measles and whooping cough (pertussis) is the most effective way to prevent pneumonia. […] Addressing environmental factors such as indoor air pollution (by providing affordable clean indoor stoves, for example) and encouraging good hygiene in crowded homes also reduces the number of children who fall ill with pneumonia. […] In children infected with HIV, the antibiotic cotrimoxazole is given daily to decrease the risk of contracting pneumonia. […] The WHO and UNICEF integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) aims to accelerate pneumonia control with a combination of interventions to protect, prevent and treat pneumonia in children with actions to: prevent pneumonia with vaccinations, hand washing with soap, reducing household air pollution, HIV prevention and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-infected and exposed children.

• #46 Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/pneumocystis

  Recommendations for Preventing First Episode of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (Primary Prophylaxis) […] Indications for Initiating Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count 100-200 cells/mm3, if plasma HIV RNA level above detection limits (AI), or CD4 count 100 cells/mm3, regardless of plasma HIV RNA level (AIII). […] Patients who are receiving pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for treatment or suppression of toxoplasmosis do not require additional prophylaxis for PCP (AII). […] Preferred Therapy: TMP-SMX, 1 DS tablet PO daily (AI), or TMP-SMX, 1 SS tablet PO daily (AI). […] TMP-SMX also confers protection against toxoplasmosis and some protection against many respiratory bacterial infections. […] Alternative Therapy: The following regimens can be used for people who are seropositive or seronegative for Toxoplasma gondii: TMP-SMX 1 DS tablet PO three times weekly (BI), or Dapsone 50 mg PO daily with pyrimethamine 50 mg plus leucovorin 25 mg PO weekly (BI), or Dapsone 200 mg plus pyrimethamine 75 mg plus leucovorin 25 mg PO weekly (BI), or Atovaquone 1,500 mg PO daily with food (BI).

• #47 Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/pneumocystis

  The following regimens should only be used in people who are seronegative for Toxoplasma gondii: Dapsone 100 mg PO daily or dapsone 50 mg PO twice a day (BI), or Aerosolized pentamidine 300 mg via Respirgard II nebulizer every month (BI), or Intravenous pentamidine 300 mg every 28 days (CIII). […] Indication for Discontinuing Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count increased from 200 cells/mm3 to 200 cells/mm3 for 3 months in response to ART (AI). […] Can consider when CD4 count is 100-200 cells/mm3 and HIV RNA remains below limit of detection of the assay used for 3 to 6 months (BII). […] Indication for Restarting Primary Prophylaxis: CD4 count 100 cells/mm3 regardless of HIV RNA (AIII). […] CD4 count 100-200 cells/mm3 and HIV RNA consistently above detection limit of the assay used (AIII).

• #48 Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia prophylaxis in PWH – SHEA

  https://shea-online.org/shea-journal-club/june-2024/pneumocystis-jirovecii-pneumonia-prophylaxis-in-pwh/

  A network meta-analysis concludes that TMP-SMX remains the most effective agent for PJP prophylaxis in PWH and is the only agent associated with PJP-related & all-cause mortality benefit. […] Prophylactic regimens include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), dapsone-based regimens (DBRs), atovaquone, and aerosolized pentamidine (AP). […] The authors found that TMP-SMX is the most effective agent for PJP prophylaxis in PWH and is the only agent to confer a mortality benefit compared with no treatment/placebo but has a higher risk of discontinuation due to adverse events. […] In conclusion, TMP-SMX should continue to be recommended as the first-line agent for prophylaxis among PJP.

• #49 Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/pneumocystis

  During pregnancy, chemoprophylaxis for PCP should be administered to adults and adolescents as it would be for other persons with HIV (AIII). TMP-SMX is the recommended prophylactic agent (AIII). […] For women who are on TMP-SMX, clinicians should consider giving supplemental folic acid 4 mg/day if they are capable of becoming pregnant or as soon as possible in their first trimester (BIII). […] Given theoretical concerns about possible teratogenicity associated with first-trimester TMP-SMX exposure, clinicians may consider using alternative prophylactic regimens such as aerosolized pentamidine or oral atovaquone during the first trimester (CIII) rather than withholding chemoprophylaxis. […] Other Considerations/Comments: For people with HIV with non-life-threatening adverse reactions to TMP-SMX, the drug should be continued if clinically feasible.

• #50 Pneumocystis Pneumonia: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/pneumocystis

  If TMP-SMX is discontinued because of a mild adverse reaction, reinstitution of therapy should be considered after the reaction has resolved (AII). […] TMP-SMX should be permanently discontinued, with no rechallenge, in people with HIV with life-threatening adverse reactions including suspected or confirmed Stevens-Johnson Syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (AIII).

• #51 Pneumonia can occur across life’s stages—prevention should too | PATH

  https://www.path.org/our-impact/articles/pneumonia-can-occur-across-lifes-stagesprevention-should-too/

  Many experts believe that this approach is key for preventing pneumonia. […] A goal and best practice named in the Immunization Agenda 2030, life-course vaccination is a way to add more layers of defense, including against pneumonia, adds Dr. Innis. […] Life-course vaccination is a way to add more layers of defense, including against pneumonia. […] In addition to preventing disease in young infants, maternal immunization is also a robust tool for preventing respiratory infections with heightened risks during pregnancy, like COVID-19. […] The pandemic has highlighted how factors like pregnancy status can drive vaccine inequity. […] In a life-course approach, childhood vaccination is a cornerstone, including for pneumococcusa top cause of deadly pediatric pneumonia as well as meningitis, sepsis, and debilitating middle ear infections.

• #52 Pneumonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

  Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes mellitus, and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia. In children less than 6 months of age, exclusive breast feeding reduces both the risk and severity of disease. […] Testing pregnant women for Group B Streptococcus and Chlamydia trachomatis, and administering antibiotic treatment, if needed, reduces rates of pneumonia in infants; preventive measures for HIV transmission from mother to child may also be efficient.

• #53 Pleurisy: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and More

  https://www.health.com/pleurisy-overview-7110453

  Pleurisy can affect people of all ages but is most common in those 65 and older. Preventive measures include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to respiratory infections, and treating health conditions that increase the risk of pleurisy. […] To prevent pleurisy, you can: Get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal (pneumonia), and COVID-19; Wash your hands frequently and avoid close contact with people who are sick; Quit smoking to improve your lung health; Follow your treatment regimen for chronic conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

• #54 Pleurisy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1357.html

  A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to diagnose or exclude life-threatening causes of pleuritic pain before making a diagnosis of pleurisy. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used to control pleuritic pain. […] Management of pleurisy has two primary goals: (1) control the pleuritic chest pain, and (2) treat the underlying condition. To achieve pain control, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly are prescribed as the initial therapy. […] Smoking cessation should be advised for patients with pleurisy caused by asbestosis. […] Antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents are selected empirically based on the suspected underlying organism. […] Decortication is considered in cases of pleuritis associated with refractory pleural effusions resulting from malignancy, chronic renal failure, or rheumatoid pleurisy. […] NSAIDs are first-line therapy for patients with postcardiac injury syndrome; corticosteroids are reserved for those who are intolerant of or experience no response to NSAIDs.

• #55 Pleuritic Chest Pain: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0901/p306.html

  A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to diagnose or exclude life-threatening causes of pleuritic chest pain. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause of pleuritic chest pain and should be considered in all patients with this symptom. […] A validated clinical decision rule should be applied to guide the use of additional tests such as d-dimer assays and imaging studies. […] Patients with unexplained pleuritic chest pain should have chest radiography to evaluate for abnormalities, including pneumonia, that may be the cause of their pain. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used to control pleuritic pain. […] After excluding the six serious causes of pleuritic chest pain that require emergent evaluation, there are two primary management considerations: controlling the pain and treating the etiology of the underlying condition.

• #56 Pleuritic Chest Pain: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0901/p306.html

  A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to diagnose or exclude life-threatening causes of pleuritic chest pain. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause of pleuritic chest pain and should be considered in all patients with this symptom. […] A validated clinical decision rule should be applied to guide the use of additional tests such as d-dimer assays and imaging studies. […] Patients with unexplained pleuritic chest pain should have chest radiography to evaluate for abnormalities, including pneumonia, that may be the cause of their pain. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used to control pleuritic pain. […] After excluding the six serious causes of pleuritic chest pain that require emergent evaluation, there are two primary management considerations: controlling the pain and treating the etiology of the underlying condition.

• #57 Pleuritic Chest Pain: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0901/p306.html

  A thorough history and physical examination should be performed to diagnose or exclude life-threatening causes of pleuritic chest pain. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause of pleuritic chest pain and should be considered in all patients with this symptom. […] A validated clinical decision rule should be applied to guide the use of additional tests such as d-dimer assays and imaging studies. […] Patients with unexplained pleuritic chest pain should have chest radiography to evaluate for abnormalities, including pneumonia, that may be the cause of their pain. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used to control pleuritic pain. […] After excluding the six serious causes of pleuritic chest pain that require emergent evaluation, there are two primary management considerations: controlling the pain and treating the etiology of the underlying condition.

• #58 Pleuritic Chest Pain: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0901/p306.html

  Initial pain control is best achieved with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. […] Once pain is adequately controlled and serious underlying conditions are excluded, other conditions should be treated. […] In patients diagnosed with pneumonia who smoke tobacco, have persistent symptoms, or are older than 50 years, it is important to document resolution of the abnormality with repeat chest radiography performed six weeks after initial treatment. […] Further evaluation should be considered in patients with persisting symptoms or radiographic abnormalities.

• #59 Pleurisy Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pleurisy-treatment

  Pleurisy Prevention […] You can’t predict whether a health condition or injury will cause pleurisy. But you can help protect your lung health and prevent infections by: […] Not smoking […] Getting the vaccinations your doctor recommends, such as the flu vaccine and pneumonia vaccine […] Washing your hands well and often […] Following your doctor’s treatment recommendations for any health conditions you have […] Reaching and staying at a body weight that’s healthy for you.

• #60 Pleurisy – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Prognosis & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/pleurisy.htm

  Swift detection and effective management of the primary health issue can potentially thwart the onset of pleurisy. […] For instance, promptly diagnosing and treating infections early may hinder the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity or mitigate inflammation levels. […] Ensuring an ample amount of rest and adhering to a wholesome diet are also beneficial practices in preventing conditions like pleurisy from arising as a consequence of an illness.

• #61 Pleurisy And Pleural Effusion – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/pleurisy-and-pleural-effusion-a-to-z

  Pleurisy can develop many ways, including: […] In some cases, you can prevent pleurisy by preventing the medical condition that causes it. For example, some types of pneumonia can be prevented by vaccination. The risk of lung cancer is reduced by not smoking. […] Not all cases of pleurisy can be prevented.

• #62 Pleurisy And Pleural Effusion Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/pleurisy-and-pleural-effusion.html

  In some cases, you can prevent pleurisy by preventing the medical condition that causes it. For example, some types of pneumonia can be prevented by vaccination. The risk of lung cancer is reduced by not smoking. […] Not all cases of pleurisy can be prevented.

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