Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pleurisy – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pleurisy/symptoms-causes/syc-20351863

  Pleurisy occurs when the pleural lining two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall becomes inflamed, causing chest pain. […] Pleurisy can occur along with pleural effusion, atelectasis or empyema: […] A variety of conditions can cause pleurisy. Causes include: […] Viral infection, such as the flu (influenza). […] Bacterial infection, such as pneumonia. […] Fungal infection. […] Autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. […] Lung cancer near the pleural surface. […] Pulmonary embolism. […] Tuberculosis (TB). […] Rib fracture or trauma. […] Certain inherited diseases, such as sickle cell disease. […] Certain medications and recreational drugs.

• #2 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21172-pleurisy

  Pleurisy is an inflammation of the lining of your lungs (pleura) that causes sharp chest pains. […] Viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases and lung conditions are common causes of pleurisy. […] You can get pleurisy when inflammation from your lungs caused by a virus, bacteria or other illness moves into your pleurae, causing them to swell up and rub against each other. […] If you’re otherwise healthy, you’re most likely to get pleurisy from a virus (like the flu), bacteria or other infection in your lungs. Infections can cause inflammation in your pleurae, which gives you chest pain. […] You can also get pleurisy from autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). […] Pleurisy can be mild or very serious. It depends on what’s causing it and whether you have additional complications.

• #3 Pleurisy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/

  Pleurisy has various causes, with 30% to 40% of cases classified as idiopathic. […] Both viral and bacterial infections are significant contributors to pleuritic pain, with viruses being among the most common causes. […] Viral causes of pleurisy: Below is a list of common viral infections that can lead to pleurisy. […] Bacterial causes of pleurisy: Below is a list of common bacterial infections that can lead to pleurisy. […] Parasitic causes, such as amebiasis and paragonimiasis (caused by consuming undercooked crab or crayfish infected with Paragonimus westermani), are potential contributors to pleurisy. […] Inflammatory and autoimmune disorders frequently affecting the pleura include rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. […] Additional inflammatory conditions causing pleurisy include:

• #4 Pleurisy – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy

  Pleurisy can be caused by a variety of conditions, including viral or bacterial infections, autoimmune disorders, and pulmonary embolism. The most common cause is a viral infection. Other causes include bacterial infection, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, autoimmune disorders, lung cancer, following heart surgery, pancreatitis and asbestosis. Occasionally the cause remains unknown. […] Viral infection (coxsackie B virus, HRSV, CMV, adenovirus, EBV, parainfluenza, influenza, COVID-19) is the most common cause of pleurisy. However, many other different conditions can cause pleuritic chest pain: […] Some cases of pleuritic chest pain are idiopathic, which means that the exact cause cannot be determined.

• #5 Pleurisy: Symptom or Condition?

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pleurisy-symptom-or-condition

  Pleurisy, also referred to as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the parietal pleura in the lungs. […] Pleurisy has a diverse array of possible causes. […] Common causes of pleurisy include trauma, postcardiac injury, infection (i.e., viral, bacterial, or parasitic), respiratory illness, caustic exposure (i.e., drug-induced), autoimmune disease, and malignancy. […] While viral infections tend to be one of the more common causes, the cause can also be idiopathic or nonspecific. […] Idiopathic pleuritis should be utilized as a diagnosis of exclusion after other causes have been ruled out through extensive diagnostic measures. […] A retrospective analysis by Branch and McNeil that involved adults aged 40 years or less sought to determine an approach for distinguishing patients with idiopathic or viral pleurisy from those with pulmonary embolism.

• #6 Pleurisy: Symptoms, causes, treatments, diagnosis, and prevention

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158813

  Pleurisy often results from an infection. Sometimes, it stems from other medical conditions or trauma to the chest. […] A variety of issues can cause pleurisy. In many cases, it is a complication of another medical condition. […] The most common cause of pleurisy is a viral infection. Pleurisy develops when the infection spreads to the pleural cavity. […] Some viral infections that can cause pleurisy include: influenza, Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, parainfluenza. […] Bacterial infections that can cause pleurisy include: meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), streptococcal bacteria, staphylococcal bacteria. […] Other causes of pleurisy include: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and other autoimmune conditions, a chest injury, a blood clot in the lung, called a pulmonary embolism, a pleural tumor, lung cancer, mesothelioma, which is a cancer caused by inhaling asbestos, cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, HIV or AIDS, sickle cell anemia. […] The most common cause of pleurisy is a viral infection, such as the flu.

• #7 What causes pleurisy?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/pleurisy-causes

  Pleurisy occurs when the pleura become inflamed. […] There are several different causes of pleurisy, such as: […] The most common cause of pleurisy is a bacterial or viral infection. […] Viral infections are the most common cause of pleurisy. […] Other infectious causes of pleurisy can be more serious, and require treatment. […] Bacterial infection (pneumonia), can irritate the pleura and cause pleurisy. […] Tuberculosis, which starts in the lung, can infect and irritate the pleural space, also causing a pleural effusion and pleurisy. […] Fungal infections can cause pneumonia and pleurisy. […] Other causes of pleurisy include: […] A blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism). […] A collapsed lung (pneumothorax). […] Injuries to the chest wall. […] Inflammation of the lining around the heart (pericarditis).

• #8 Pleuritic Chest Pain: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0901/p306.html

  Pleuritic chest pain is caused by inflammation of the parietal pleura and can be triggered by a variety of causes. […] Viruses are common causative agents of pleuritic chest pain. Coxsackieviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, mumps, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus are likely pathogens. […] Pleuritic chest pain has many etiologies. […] Studies of pleuritic chest pain have shown that pulmonary embolism is the most common life-threatening cause and the source of the pain 5% to 21% of the time. […] Viruses are common causative agents of pleuritic chest pain. Coxsackieviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, mumps, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus are likely pathogens.

• #9 Pleurisy

  https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/pleurisy/

  Pleurisy is usually caused by a virus, such as the flu virus. […] Less common causes include: bacterial infections, such as pneumonia or tuberculosis, a blood clot in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), injury if the ribs are bruised or fractured, the pleura can become inflamed, lung cancer, autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. […] There’s no evidence that COVID-19 directly causes pleurisy, despite having similar symptoms. COVID-19 causes conditions that can lead to pleurisy, such as respiratory infections and pneumonia.

• #10 Viral Pleuritis – Lung and Airway Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/lung-and-airway-disorders/pleural-and-mediastinal-disorders/viral-pleuritis

  Viral pleuritis is most commonly caused by infection with coxsackie B virus. […] Occasionally, an echovirus causes a rare condition known as epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease).

• #11 Pleurisy | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0501/p1357.html

  Pleuritic chest pain is a common presenting symptom and has many causes, which range from life-threatening to benign, self-limited conditions. […] Other clinically significant conditions that may cause pleuritic pain include pericarditis, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, and pneumo-thorax. […] When these other significant causes of pleuritic pain have been excluded, the diagnosis of pleurisy can be made. There are numerous causes of pleurisy, with viral pleurisy among the most common. […] Viral infection is one of the most common causes of pleurisy. Viruses that have been linked as causative agents include influenza, parainfluenza, coxsackieviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. […] The differential diagnosis of pleurisy when these causes have been ruled out is presented in Table 1.

• #12 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pleurisy-basics

  COVID-19. A few research papers and case reports have reported that pleuritic pain can be a symptom of COVID-19, the infection caused by the coronavirus. But much more research is needed. […] Other causes. Pleuritic chest pain can also happen because of: […] A chest injury […] Lung cancer […] Other types of cancer that affect your lungs or pleura […] Sickle cell anemia […] Mesothelioma (a rare but aggressive cancer that affects the pleura; caused by inhaling asbestos) […] Chemotherapy […] HIV or AIDS.

• #13 Is COVID-19 One of the Causes of Pleurisy?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/is_covid-19_one_of_the_causes_of_pleurisy/article.htm

  Pneumonia caused by COVID-19, which induces inflammation of the pleura, can lead to pleurisy. Both COVID-19 and pleurisy are severe medical conditions. […] The pleura can become inflamed for various reasons, but most commonly its caused by a viral infection. Other causes of pleurisy include: […] While the novel coronavirus and pleurisy display similar symptoms, theres no hard evidence showing that COVID-19 directly causes pleurisy. However, COVID-19 can cause conditions that can lead to pleurisy, such as pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the arteries in your lungs), and respiratory infections. COVID-19 can also aggravate existing conditions.

• #14 Pleurisy | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pleurisy

  Pleurisy is a condition whereby inflammation of the pleura causes the membranes to rub and grate against each other. […] Common causes of pleurisy include bacterial and viral infections which can lead to pneumonia. […] Other causes of pleurisy include a pulmonary embolus, cancer and trauma to the chest wall. […] Causes of pleurisy include: viral infection, bacterial infection, pneumonia (an infection of the lungs), tuberculosis, trauma to the chest wall, connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus, pulmonary embolus (blood clot), cancer. […] Bacterial pleurisy is often caused by pneumonia which is an infection of the lungs. The infection of the airways and lungs can then spread to include the pleura.

• #15 Pleurisy – Causes of pleurisy | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/pleurisy/causes-of-pleurisy

  Pleurisy is the inflammation of the pleura. It is usually caused by another condition, such as an infection. […] An infection is the most common cause of pleurisy. Any type of infection has the potential to spread to the pleura, but viral infections are usually responsible. […] In some cases, pleurisy is caused by bacteria, such as: streptococcal bacteria – often associated with pneumonia, throat infections and some types of skin infections, such as impetigo and cellulitis […] Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common cause of bacterial pleurisy which can sometimes affect hospital patients. […] Other possible causes of pleurisy include: injury – if the ribs are bruised or fractured the pleura can become inflamed […] Autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, are another possible cause of pleurisy.

• #16 Pleurisy | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/lungs-and-airways/pleurisy/

  Most cases are the result of a viral infection (such as the flu) or a bacterial infection (such as pneumonia). […] Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause pleurisy, especially in hospital patients. MRSA is a type of bacteria with a resistance to a number of commonly used antibiotics. […] In rarer cases, pleurisy can be caused by conditions such as a blood clot or lung cancer.

• #17 Pleurisy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hemothorax, pneumothorax, pulmonary adhesions, pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion, malignancy. […] Medications, including isoniazid, hydralazine, nitrofurantoin, and cyclophosphamide. […] The epidemiology of pleurisy is largely influenced by its underlying cause. […] A recent study revealed that when surgical pleural biopsy is used to investigate the cause of pleurisy, 56% of cases are attributed to neoplastic diseases, including mesothelioma (23%), lung cancer (16%), and lymphoma (2.5%). […] Infectious diseases account for 24%, with tuberculosis leading at 16.2%, followed by parapneumonic pleural effusion (3.6%), empyema (3.5%), nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (0.5%), and paragonimiasis (0.1%). […] The presence of a pleural effusion is linked to increased mortality, with 15% of patients dying within 30 days and 32% within 1 year of hospital admission.

• #18 Causes of pleurisy

  http://www.carrsconsulting.com/thepig/disorders/chest/pleurisy/pleurisy.htm

  Pleurisy is a common result of pathogens/ foreign material gaining access to the pleural cavity. Organism are moved to the pleural cavity as part of the respiratory systems defence mechanisms. […] Pleurisy can also be associated with other pathogens for example: Escherichia coli […] Respiratory infections.

• #19 Pleurisy And Pleural Effusion – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/pleurisy-and-pleural-effusion-a-to-z

  Pleurisy can develop many ways, including: […] In industrialized nations, bacterial pneumonia (lung infection) resulting from staphylococci, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae or other organisms is a frequent cause of pleurisy. […] In developing nations where tuberculosis is common, pulmonary tuberculosis is another important cause. […] When pleurisy is caused by a bacterial lung infection, it can be associated with a pus-filled pleural effusion (called an empyema). […] Viral lung infections, especially epidemic pleurodynia (an infection usually caused by coxsackieviruses or echoviruses), also can cause pleurisy. […] A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot that has floated through the bloodstream and lodged in the lungs. […] Pleurisy can develop in people with lung cancer. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) and other connective tissue disorders can cause inflammation of the pleura. […] Radiation therapy (for cancer), a collapsed lung (pneumothorax) and pericarditis (as with severe kidney failure or following a heart attack) all can be accompanied by pleurisy. […] Pleurisy can develop for no clear reason despite extensive investigation.

• #20 Pleurisy | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/pleurisy

  Pleurisy, also called 'pleuritis’, is inflammation of your pleura the membranes that line your lungs. […] There are several causes of pleurisy, and treatment depends on the cause. […] Pleurisy is often caused by a chest infection, such as pneumonia. […] Chest infections can be caused by a viral infection (such as influenza) or a bacterial infection. […] Pleurisy can also be caused by: a pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the lungs), a pneumothorax (air leaking into the pleural space), autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome, a chest injury, a reaction to a medicine. […] Other causes of pleurisy are: lung inflammation related to asbestos exposure, tuberculosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma (a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos).

• #21 Pleurisy | Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment | #1 Best Doctors

  https://novapulmonary.com/pleurisy/

  Pleurisy can result from various underlying conditions, including: […] Infections: Viral infections (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus), Bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis), Fungal infections (e.g., histoplasmosis) […] Autoimmune Disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus […] Other Medical Conditions: Pulmonary embolism, Lung cancer or metastasis to the pleura, Pleural effusion (fluid buildup in the pleural space), Pneumothorax (collapsed lung), Chest trauma […] Medications or Procedures: Certain drugs, like procainamide or hydralazine, can induce pleuritis. Chest surgery or procedures, such as thoracentesis.

• #22 Pleurisy and Pleural Effusion Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/pulmonary/pleural-effusion/causes-and-diagnoses

  The causes of pleurisy and pleural effusion differ, although pleurisy can sometimes lead to pleural effusion. […] Causes of pleurisy include: Viral infection, Bacterial infection, Fungal infection, Certain medications, Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs), Rib fracture, Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, Sickle cell disease, Lung cancer, Heart conditions, including a heart attack or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart). […] Causes of pleural effusion include: Congestive heart failure, Pulmonary embolism, Pneumonia, Complications from heart surgery, Kidney or liver disease, Blocked blood vessels or lymph vessels, Lung tumors, Pulmonary hypertension.

• #23 Pleurisy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/lupus-and-pleurisy-2249987

  Pleurisy also called pleuritis refers to inflammation of the pleura, the membrane that covers your lungs and chest cavity. Some potential causes of pleurisy are potentially life-threatening, like a heart attack or a blood clot in the lung. Others causes are related to an underlying disease process like infection, cancer, or an autoimmune disorder, such as lupus. […] There are many potential causes of pleurisy, and the following are just a few of them. Some are very serious, so immediate medical attention is warranted for pleuritic (or any) chest pain. […] Infection with a virus, such as influenza (the flu), is a common cause of pleurisy. Other types of infections, like those from a bacterium, fungus, or parasite, may also cause pleurisy. […] Various heart and lung conditions, some potentially life-threatening, may be the culprit behind a person’s pleurisy or cause symptoms similar to pleurisy.

• #24 Pleurisy | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pleurisy?lang=us

  Pleurisy (or pleuritis) refers to the disease entity characterized by inflammation of the pleura. It classically presents as pleuritic pain. […] Other signs and symptoms will depend on the underlying etiology. […] This is a list of etiologies of pleurisy, not for pleuritic pain, which would be different. […] infectious […] exogenous agents […] inflammatory: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus pleuritis, Sjogren syndrome […] cardiac: Dressler syndrome […] gastrointestinal: inflammatory bowel disease, spontaneous bacterial pleuritis […] familial Mediterranean fever […] renal: chronic renal failure.

• #25 What causes pleurisy?

  https://patient.info/news-and-features/pleurisy-causes

  Lung cancer. […] Some types of inflammatory (autoimmune) arthritis – also called connective tissue diseases – can cause inflammation in the pleura and pleurisy. […] A rare genetic condition called familial Mediterranean fever, which causes fevers and inflammation of tissues throughout the body, including the inside of joints, the lining of the abdomen, and the pleura.

• #26 Pleurisy: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/lupus-and-pleurisy-2249987

  Various autoimmune diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) and rheumatoid arthritis, can cause pleurisy. […] Pleurisy may also be caused by any condition that causes blood to buildup in the pleural space what’s called a hemothorax. […] Cancers like lymphoma or mesothelioma can also cause pleurisy, as can chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, or rare diseases, like familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). […] Certain drugs, such as procainamide and Apresoline (hydralazine), may cause a lupus-like reaction that leads to pleurisy.

• #27 Pleurisy – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558958/

  The prognosis of pleurisy and pleuritic chest pain largely depends on the underlying etiology and the effectiveness of treatment. […] The prognosis of lupus pleuritis is generally favorable. However, the prognosis of pleuritis associated with rheumatoid arthritis varies. […] Malignant pleural disease is associated with a poor prognosis. […] The potential complications of pleurisy vary widely and are closely tied to its underlying cause.

• #28 Pleuritic Chest Pain: Sorting Through the Differential Diagnosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28925655/

  Pleuritic chest pain is characterized by sudden and intense sharp, stabbing, or burning pain in the chest when inhaling and exhaling. […] Pulmonary embolism is the most common serious cause, found in 5% to 21% of patients who present to an emergency department with pleuritic chest pain. […] Myocardial infarction, pericarditis, aortic dissection, pneumonia, and pneumothorax are other serious causes that should be ruled out using history and physical examination, electrocardiography, troponin assays, and chest radiography before another diagnosis is made. […] Viruses are common causative agents of pleuritic chest pain. Coxsackieviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, mumps, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus are likely pathogens.

• #29 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/lung/understanding-pleurisy-basics

  Most of the time, pleurisy happens because of an infection. If your doctor treats your infection, that can make it, and the pain, go away. […] Things that can cause pleurisy include: […] Lung infections. Bacterial infections such as pneumonia often cause pleurisy. It can also be caused by a virus such as the flu or by a fungus. […] A blood clot in your lung. A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a clot that blocks blood flow to your lungs. It can be life-threatening. Usually, the clot forms in a deep vein (like in your lower legs), breaks free, and travels to your lungs. […] An autoimmune disease. These diseases happen when your immune system attacks healthy body tissues by mistake. There are many different types. Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are two common ones that can trigger pleuritic chest tightness.

• #30 Pleurisy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/signs-symptoms/chest-pain-leaflet/pleurisy

  Pleurisy is due to inflammation of the pleura next to the lung. It is most often caused by infection with a germ (a viral infection). […] Causes of pleurisy include: […] Viral infection (the most common cause) – pain typically lasts a few days and goes as the virus clears away and the inflammation settles. […] Bacterial infection (commonly bacterial pneumonia). […] Fungal infection (more common in people with a weakened immune system). […] Blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism). This is the most common serious cause of pleuritic chest pain. […] Chest injuries. […] A collapsed lung (pneumothorax). […] Lung cancer. […] Inflammation associated with some forms of arthritis.

• #31 Pleurisy – Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/respiratory-health/pleurisy

  Pleurisy results in sharp chest pain, called pleuritic pain, which worsens on breathing. […] Various underlying conditions can cause pleurisy, and the treatment aims to control pain and to treat the underlying condition. […] Earlier, bacterial infections were the main cause of pleurisy, which was easy to treat and prevent with antibiotics. But in the modern world, viral infections majorly cause this condition. […] Some of the causes that result in inflammation of the pleura are: Viral infection, Bacterial pneumonia, Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Chest injury, Trauma to the chest wall, Fungal infection, Parasitic infection, Lung tumors, Pulmonary emboli, Autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, Fractured ribs, Lymphoma, Sickle cell anemia, Certain medications. […] Inflammation of the pleural layer of the lungs limits lubrication at the area between the two pleural layers. This results in pleurisy. It is usually caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. The other causes may be autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, lung cancer, genetic disorders, and pulmonary embolism. […] Pleurisy is caused when the parietal and visceral pleural layers are severely inflamed due to any disease condition. The pain starts when the two layers start rubbing against each other every time the person inhales and exhales.

• #32 Pleurisy: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pleurisy

  Pleurisy or pleuritis is an inflammation of the pleura, the tissue that protects and cushions the lungs. It can present with pain and may be caused by different types of inflammation or infection. […] A variety of conditions can cause pleuritic inflammation and pain, though the most common causes are tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. […] Other causes include: cancerous tumors such as mesothelioma, pleural lymphoma, angiosarcoma of the pleura, pleuropulmonary blastoma, and synovial sarcoma, trauma to the chest, thoracic endometriosis, rheumatoid arthritis, pneumothorax, aortic dissection, pneumonia, acute pericarditis, viruses such as influenza, mumps, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, coxsackieviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus, familial Mediterranean fever, pulmonary embolism, lupus.

• #33 Pleurisy | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/pleurisy

  Pleurisy can occur along with pleural effusion, atelectasis or empyema: […] A variety of conditions can cause pleurisy. Causes include: […] Viral infection, such as the flu (influenza). […] Bacterial infection, such as pneumonia. […] Fungal infection. […] Autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. […] Lung cancer near the pleural surface. […] Pulmonary embolism. […] Tuberculosis (TB). […] Rib fracture or trauma. […] Certain inherited diseases, such as sickle cell disease. […] Certain medications and recreational drugs. […] The risk of pleurisy increases if you get certain infections, such as the flu or pneumonia. Some medical conditions, such as lupus, TB and sickle cell disease also can increase your risk. And taking certain medicines or certain recreational drugs raise the risk of pleurisy.

• #34 Pleurisy Information & Treatment

  https://www.columbiadoctors.org/health-library/condition/pleurisy/

  Pleurisy is sometimes called pleuritis. […] In young, healthy people, an infection of the lower respiratory system by a virus or bacteria may cause pleurisy. […] Other causes of pleurisy include air leaking into the pleural cavity from a hole in a lung (pneumothorax), injury to the chest (such as a broken rib), tuberculosis or other infections, or a tumor in the pleura. […] Other conditions may also cause pleurisy. These include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, sickle cell crisis, pulmonary embolism, or pancreatitis. Pleurisy may also develop as a complication of heart surgery. […] If your doctor thinks your pleurisy may be caused by an autoimmune disease such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, blood tests may be done.

• #35 Pleurisy | UMass Memorial Health

  https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/pleurisy

  Pleurisy occurs when inflammation affects the pleura. […] Many things can cause pleurisy, such as: […] Viral infections (like the flu) […] Pneumonia […] Cancer […] Lung diseases […] Tuberculosis […] Asbestos-related disease […] Inflammatory bowel disease […] Chest injuries or surgeries […] Pancreatitis […] Medicine reactions […] Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus, familial Mediterranean fever, or rheumatoid arthritis […] A blood clot in the lung (pulmonary embolism) […] Air between the pleura (pneumothorax) […] Large amount of extra fluid in the pleura (pleural effusion) […] Blood buildup in the pleural space (hemothorax) […] Serious heart problems that can cause pleurisy include: […] Heart attack […] Inflammation of the covering of the heart (pericarditis).

• #36

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tj8148

  Pleurisy is sometimes called pleuritis. […] In young, healthy people, an infection of the lower respiratory system by a virus or bacteria may cause pleurisy. […] Other causes of pleurisy include air leaking into the pleural cavity from a hole in a lung (pneumothorax), injury to the chest (such as a broken rib), tuberculosis or other infections, or a tumour in the pleura. […] Other conditions may also cause pleurisy. These include rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, sickle cell crisis, pulmonary embolism, or pancreatitis. Pleurisy may also develop as a complication of heart surgery. […] Many different health problems can lead to pleurisy, so your doctor will look for what is causing your inflammation. […] If your doctor thinks your pleurisy may be caused by an autoimmune disease such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, blood tests may be done. […] The treatment for pleurisy depends on the cause.

• #37 Understanding Pleurisy: Causes, Diagnosis, and Pleurisy Treatment at Home – Healthwire

  https://healthwire.pk/healthcare/causes-and-treatment-of-pleurisy/

  Pleurisy which is the inflammation of pleural membranes is due to multiple causes. The majority of the cases are reported due to viral or bacterial infections. […] The major causes that can lead to pleurisy include the following: Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Viral infections including cold and influenza, Lung cancer, Genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis. […] In rare cases, sudden physical trauma that may result in broken ribs can also lead to pleurisy. The broken ribs can lacerate the membrane surrounding the lungs. […] There are some other causes as well that can cause pleurisy. This may include: Heart surgery such as bypass surgery or angioplasty, Cardiac problems which may include pericarditis or abrupt heartbeats, Rheumatoid arthritis, Pulmonary embolism.

• #38 Pleurisy: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://eroffortworthtx.com/blog/pleurisy-symptoms-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Pleurisy Causes – ER of Fort Worth Emergency Room in Fort Worth […] Several underlying conditions can lead to pleurisy, so Identifying the root cause is essential for proper treatment. Some common causes include: […] Viral infections: Respiratory viruses are among the most frequent causes of Pleuritis. Influenza and other viral infections can trigger inflammation of the pleura. […] Bacterial infections: In some cases, bacterial infections such as pneumonia or tuberculosis can result in pleurisy. Bacterial Pleuritis tends to be more severe and may require antibiotics for treatment. […] Pulmonary embolism: This occurs when a blood clot travels to the lungs, blocking blood flow and causing inflammation and pain in the pleura. […] Autoimmune disorders: Conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis can cause inflammation of various body tissues, including the pleura. […] Lung cancer: Although less common, pleurisy can be a symptom of lung cancer, especially if a tumor presses against the pleura. […] Rib fractures or chest trauma: Physical injury to the chest can cause inflammation and lead to pleurisy. […] Heart failure: Fluid buildup in the lungs due to congestive heart failure can irritate the pleura and result in pleurisy.

• #39 Pleurisy – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Prognosis & Prevention

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/pleurisy.htm

  Pleurisy is often considered as a symptom of an underlying disease, rather than a disease itself. In some cases, the exact cause of pleurisy cannot be identified. Conditions that are commonly associated with pleurisy include: […] Causes of Pleurisy […] Respiratory Tract Infections of the pleura, which may spread from the lungs include: Viral infections, Bacterial infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis, Fungal infections, Parasitic infections, Infections just below the diaphragm like abscess, Pulmonary embolism, a condition where a clot is present in the blood vessels of the lungs, Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, Lung cancer. […] Chest trauma during accidents or surgery like coronary bypass or cardiac valve replacement surgery. […] Lung diseases like asbestosis. […] Other abdominal conditions like pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease. […] Intake of medications like procainamide, nitrofurantoin, methotrexate, procarbazine, hydralazine and isoniazid.

• #40 Pleurisy causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pleurisy_causes

  Pleurisy is commonly caused by bacterial and viral infections, as well as cancer. Other causes include drug side effects, physical chest trauma, and autoimmune conditions. […] Life Threatening Causes include Bronchogenic carcinoma, Lung cancer, Lung infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary Infarction, Tuberculosis, Renal failure, and Respiratory tract infection. […] Common Causes include Pneumonia, Pulmonary Embolism, Pulmonary Infarction, Lung Cancer, Tuberculosis, Chest Trauma, Cardiac Surgery, and Dressler syndrome. […] Causes by Organ System include Bacterial pleural infection, Bronchiectasis, Bronchitis, Bronchogenic carcinoma, Lung infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Respiratory tract infection, Tuberculosis, and Viral pleural infection.

• #41 Pleurisy: Symptom or Condition?

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pleurisy-symptom-or-condition

  The presence of pleural effusion significantly increased the probability that pleurisy was secondary to pulmonary embolism. […] There are numerous case reports discussing drug-induced lung disorders, but little attention has been paid to drug-induced pleural diseases, including pleural effusion, pleuritis, and/or pleural thickening. […] While many mechanisms for most drug-induced pleural diseases remain hypotheses, five mechanisms in which drug-induced pleural disease may occur have been identified: hypersensitivity or allergic reaction; direct toxic effect; increased oxygen free-radical production; suppression of antioxidant defenses; and chemical-induced inflammation.

• #42 Pleurisy | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/pleurisy?content_id=CON-20164035

  Pleurisy occurs when the pleural lining two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall becomes inflamed, causing chest pain. […] A variety of conditions can cause pleurisy. Causes include: Viral infection, such as the flu (influenza). Bacterial infection, such as pneumonia. Fungal infection. Autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Lung cancer near the pleural surface. Pulmonary embolism. Tuberculosis (TB). Rib fracture or trauma. Certain inherited diseases, such as sickle cell disease. Certain medications and recreational drugs. […] The risk of pleurisy increases if you get certain infections, such as the flu or pneumonia. Some medical conditions, such as lupus, TB and sickle cell disease also can increase your risk. And taking certain medicines or certain recreational drugs raise the risk of pleurisy.

• #43 Pleurisy – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/pleurisy

  Pleurisy may develop when you have lung inflammation due to infection, such as a viral infection, pneumonia, or tuberculosis. […] It may also occur with: Certain cancers, Chest trauma, Blood clot (pulmonary embolus), Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus). […] Treatment depends on the cause of the pleurisy. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics. Surgery or insertion of a tube in the chest may be needed to drain infected fluid from the lungs. Viral infections normally run their course without medicines. […] Early treatment of bacterial respiratory infections can prevent pleurisy.

• #44 Pleurisy Symptoms, Treatment, Causes & Recovery Time

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pleurisy/article_em.htm

  Pleurisy, also called pleuritis, results from an inflammation of this sac. […] There are many causes of pleurisy. […] Infectious disease caused by virus, bacteria, fungus, tuberculosis, or parasites […] Cancer such as mesothelioma, lung cancer, or cancer spread from other areas […] Collagen vascular disease such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoid disease, or scleroderma […] Trauma from bruised or broken ribs […] Gastrointestinal disease, for example pancreatitis, peritonitis, or a collection of pus under the diaphragm […] It may be drug induced and due to reaction to drugs such as methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) and penicillin […] Other causes of pleuritis include uremia, blood clot in lung called a pulmonary embolism, radiation therapy, sickle cell disease, chemotherapy drugs, asbestos, and HIV. […] Most pleurisy is caused by infection and is unavoidable.

• #45 Pleurisy – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/pleurisy

  The lungs are surrounded by a special lining called the pleura. […] Pleurisy is often caused by certain respiratory conditions. […] Environmental factors such as asbestos in the air can also cause pleurisy. […] Cancer that has spread from one area of the body or autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis may also result in inflammation of the lining of the lungs. […] A clot in a blood vessel of the lung, called a pulmonary embolism, can cause pleurisy. […] Pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, can also lead to pleurisy. […] Pleurisy can be prevented by avoiding lung infections and environmental causes of pleurisy such as asbestos exposure.

• #46 Pleurisy (Pleuritis): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Recovery

  https://www.medicinenet.com/pleurisy/article.htm

  Pleurisy is caused by inflammation of the linings around the lungs (the pleura), a condition also known as pleuritis. […] Pleurisy can be caused by any of the following conditions: Infections: bacterial (including those that cause tuberculosis), fungi, parasites, or viruses […] Pleuritis is caused by viral or bacterial infections within the pleura. The novel coronavirus is a viral infection of the lungs that can cause pneumonia, lung inflammation, and other bacterial infections in your lungs. […] Causes of exudative fluid include infections (such as pneumonia), cancer, tuberculosis, and collagen diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus). […] Causes of transudative fluid are congestive heart failure and liver and kidney diseases. Pulmonary emboli can cause either transudates or exudates in the pleural space. […] Some cases of pleurisy can be prevented, depending on the cause. For example, early intervention in treating pneumonia may prevent the accumulation of pleural fluid.

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