Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2020806/

  Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, occurs at an annual incidence of about 1 per 1000 adults. Rates increase sharply after around age 45 years, and are slightly higher in men than women in older age. […] Venous thrombosis, comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), occurs with an incidence of approximately 1 per 1000 annually in adult populations. Rates are slightly higher in men than women. […] Venous thrombosis is a disease of aging, with a low rate of about 1 per 10,000 annually before the fourth decade of life, rising rapidly after age 45 years, and approaching 56 per 1000 annually by age 80. […] There are also differences in incidence of diagnosed venous thrombosis among ethnic groups with rates lower, in the United States, in Asians, Pacific Islanders and Hispanics than in whites, and with some studies reporting an approximate 25% higher rate in African-Americans.

• #1 Deep Vein Thrombosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507708/

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common venous thromboembolic (VTE) disorder with an incidence of 1.6 per 1000 annually. […] It is thought the annual incidence of DVT is 80 cases per 100,000, with a prevalence of lower limb DVT of 1 case per 1000 population. […] Annually in the United States, more than 200,000 people develop venous thrombosis; of those, 50,000 cases are complicated by pulmonary embolism. […] Deep-vein thrombosis is rare in children, and the risk increases with age, most occurring in the over-40 age group. […] There is evidence from the United States that there is an increased incidence of DVT and an increased risk of complications in African Americans and white people compared to Hispanic and Asian populations.

• #2

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  The estimated average annual incidence rate of overall VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years; overall VTE incidence is similar to that of stroke. […] Overall VTE incidence may be higher in African-Americans and lower in Asians, and may differ among African-Americans by United States region. […] Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30 % of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis.

• #3 Deep Vein Thrombosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507708/

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common venous thromboembolic (VTE) disorder with an incidence of 1.6 per 1000 annually. […] It is thought the annual incidence of DVT is 80 cases per 100,000, with a prevalence of lower limb DVT of 1 case per 1000 population. […] Annually in the United States, more than 200,000 people develop venous thrombosis; of those, 50,000 cases are complicated by pulmonary embolism. […] Deep-vein thrombosis is rare in children, and the risk increases with age, most occurring in the over-40 age group. […] There is evidence from the United States that there is an increased incidence of DVT and an increased risk of complications in African Americans and white people compared to Hispanic and Asian populations.

• #4 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Up to 900,000 people in the United States are affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE, a blood clot), each year. […] The precise number of people affected by either a DVT or PE is unknown, although as many as 900,000 people could be affected each year in the United States. […] More than a third of VTE cases diagnosed each year are related to a recent hospitalization and most of these do not occur until after discharge. […] VTE is a leading cause of preventable hospital death in the United States. […] VTE is the fifth most frequent reason for unplanned hospital readmissions after surgery, overall, and the third most frequent among patients undergoing total hip or knee joint replacement. […] As many as 70% of cases of healthcare-associated VTEs are preventable through measures such as use of anticoagulant medications or compression stockings.

• #5 Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2010.01.010

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), affect an estimated 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, resulting in several hundred thousand hospitalizations and about 300,000 deaths. […] Despite this substantial public health burden, no systematic collection of VTE-related morbidity and mortality data exists in the U.S. […] The workshop concluded that (1) improved utilization in clinical practice of existing, proven-effective preventive measures is critical to reducing the disease burden from VTE; (2) systematic surveillance of DVT and PE is needed to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence and annual incidence of DVT and PE in the U.S.; (3) tracking and documenting changes in the incidence of DVT and PE through systematic surveillance will be important to enhance prevention efforts; and (4) the CDC should convene a second group of experts to advise the agency in detail on the strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of possible approaches to systematic surveillance for DVT and PE.

• #6 Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview

  DVT usually affects individuals older than 40-45 years. The incidence of VTE increases with age in both sexes. The age-standardized incidence of first-time VTE is 1.92 per 1000 person-years. […] The male-to-female ratio is 1.2:1, indicating that males have a higher risk of DVT than females. […] From a US demographic viewpoint, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic populations have a lower risk compared to White patients, whereas Black individuals have a 25% higher risk of VTE. Among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Black individuals also had a much higher risk of VTE relative to their White or Asian cohorts.

• #7 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2020806/

  Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, occurs at an annual incidence of about 1 per 1000 adults. Rates increase sharply after around age 45 years, and are slightly higher in men than women in older age. […] Venous thrombosis, comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), occurs with an incidence of approximately 1 per 1000 annually in adult populations. Rates are slightly higher in men than women. […] Venous thrombosis is a disease of aging, with a low rate of about 1 per 10,000 annually before the fourth decade of life, rising rapidly after age 45 years, and approaching 56 per 1000 annually by age 80. […] There are also differences in incidence of diagnosed venous thrombosis among ethnic groups with rates lower, in the United States, in Asians, Pacific Islanders and Hispanics than in whites, and with some studies reporting an approximate 25% higher rate in African-Americans.

• #8 Deep vein thrombosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis

  During pregnancy and after childbirth, acute VTE occurs in about 1.2 of 1000 deliveries. Despite it being relatively rare, it is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. After surgery with preventive treatment, VTE develops in about 10 of 1000 people after total or partial knee replacement, and in about 5 of 1000 after total or partial hip replacement. About 400,000 Americans develop an initial VTE each year, with 100,000 deaths or more attributable to PE. Asian, Asian-American, Native American, and Hispanic individuals have a lower VTE risk than Whites or Blacks. Populations in Asia have VTE rates at 15 to 20% of what is seen in Western countries, with an increase in incidence seen over time. […] DVT occurs in the upper extremities in about 4-10% of cases, with an incidence of 0.4-1.0 people out of 10,000 a year. A minority of upper extremity DVTs are due to Paget-Schroetter syndrome, also called effort thrombosis, which occurs in 1-2 people out of 100,000 a year, usually in athletic males around 30 years of age or in those who do significant amounts of overhead manual labor.

• #9 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-venous-thromboembolism/

  The estimated average annual incidence rate of VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years.1,2,3,4,5,6 The incidence is similar or higher among African Americans7,8 and lower among Asians,9 and Asian10 and Native Americans.11 Unlike atherosclerotic arterial disease, the low incidence of VTE among Asians does not appear to increase after emigration and adoption of a western civilization diet and lifestyle, underscoring the probable role of heritability in the etiology of VTE. […] VTE is predominantly a disease of older age.1,2,3,4,5,6,12 In the absence of a central venous catheter13 or thrombophilia,14 VTE is rare prior to late adolescence.1,15 Incidence rates increase markedly with age for both men and women (FIGURE 82.1) and for both DVT and PE (FIGURE 82.2).1,5,6 The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is higher for men (130 per 100,000) than women (110 per 100,000; male:female sex ratio is 1.2:1).1,6

• #10 Deep Vein Thrombosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507708/

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common venous thromboembolic (VTE) disorder with an incidence of 1.6 per 1000 annually. […] It is thought the annual incidence of DVT is 80 cases per 100,000, with a prevalence of lower limb DVT of 1 case per 1000 population. […] Annually in the United States, more than 200,000 people develop venous thrombosis; of those, 50,000 cases are complicated by pulmonary embolism. […] Deep-vein thrombosis is rare in children, and the risk increases with age, most occurring in the over-40 age group. […] There is evidence from the United States that there is an increased incidence of DVT and an increased risk of complications in African Americans and white people compared to Hispanic and Asian populations.

• #11 Epidemiology of DVT (summarized from ESVS guidelines statement 2021)

  https://www.veinsveinsveins.com/newsDetail/319/epidemiology-of-dvt-(summarized-from-esvs-guidelines-statement-2021)/

  31Jan Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis from a summary put together by the European Society of Vascular Surgery in their guidelines statement published in 2021. These key points are summarized and some are taken verbatim from the manuscript: 1. The incidence of DVT is slightly greater in women aged 20 45 years, but men have a higher incidence between 45 and 60 years of age. 2. The incidence is higher for males for all age groups if female specific risk factors (oral contraceptives and pregnancy) are excluded. 3. The incidence of DVT increases two-fold per 10 year age increase. 4. At least one in 12 middle aged adults will develop either DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) in their remaining lifetime. 5. Sixty percent of all venous thromboembolism (VTE) events occur in patients aged 65 years. 6. African Americans have a higher incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 7. Asians (China and Korea) have a lower incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 8. A seasonal variation occurs, with a higher incidence of VTE in the winter, peaking in February. 9. The rate of recurrent VTE is around 10% the first year and 30% after 5 8 years for patients with unprovoked DVT with an unidentified triggering factor. 10. The annual incidence of VTE has not changed in the last two to three decades, although the prevalence of cancer, major surgery, trauma, and obesity has increased, and the widespread availability of improved diagnostic modalities with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) leading to increased detection of incidental VTE in patients with cancer. […] Dr Karamanoukian’s comment: these summaries of the epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis are certainly very interesting and clinically relevant to patients and vein specialists.

• #12 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thrombosis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2020806/

  Venous thrombosis, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, occurs at an annual incidence of about 1 per 1000 adults. Rates increase sharply after around age 45 years, and are slightly higher in men than women in older age. […] Venous thrombosis, comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), occurs with an incidence of approximately 1 per 1000 annually in adult populations. Rates are slightly higher in men than women. […] Venous thrombosis is a disease of aging, with a low rate of about 1 per 10,000 annually before the fourth decade of life, rising rapidly after age 45 years, and approaching 56 per 1000 annually by age 80. […] There are also differences in incidence of diagnosed venous thrombosis among ethnic groups with rates lower, in the United States, in Asians, Pacific Islanders and Hispanics than in whites, and with some studies reporting an approximate 25% higher rate in African-Americans.

• #13 Epidemiology of DVT (summarized from ESVS guidelines statement 2021)

  https://www.veinsveinsveins.com/newsDetail/319/epidemiology-of-dvt-(summarized-from-esvs-guidelines-statement-2021)/

  31Jan Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis from a summary put together by the European Society of Vascular Surgery in their guidelines statement published in 2021. These key points are summarized and some are taken verbatim from the manuscript: 1. The incidence of DVT is slightly greater in women aged 20 45 years, but men have a higher incidence between 45 and 60 years of age. 2. The incidence is higher for males for all age groups if female specific risk factors (oral contraceptives and pregnancy) are excluded. 3. The incidence of DVT increases two-fold per 10 year age increase. 4. At least one in 12 middle aged adults will develop either DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) in their remaining lifetime. 5. Sixty percent of all venous thromboembolism (VTE) events occur in patients aged 65 years. 6. African Americans have a higher incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 7. Asians (China and Korea) have a lower incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 8. A seasonal variation occurs, with a higher incidence of VTE in the winter, peaking in February. 9. The rate of recurrent VTE is around 10% the first year and 30% after 5 8 years for patients with unprovoked DVT with an unidentified triggering factor. 10. The annual incidence of VTE has not changed in the last two to three decades, although the prevalence of cancer, major surgery, trauma, and obesity has increased, and the widespread availability of improved diagnostic modalities with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) leading to increased detection of incidental VTE in patients with cancer. […] Dr Karamanoukian’s comment: these summaries of the epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis are certainly very interesting and clinically relevant to patients and vein specialists.

• #14

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60 % of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20 % of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE (22 and 24 %, respectively).

• #15 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-venous-thromboembolism/

  The estimated average annual incidence rate of VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years.1,2,3,4,5,6 The incidence is similar or higher among African Americans7,8 and lower among Asians,9 and Asian10 and Native Americans.11 Unlike atherosclerotic arterial disease, the low incidence of VTE among Asians does not appear to increase after emigration and adoption of a western civilization diet and lifestyle, underscoring the probable role of heritability in the etiology of VTE. […] VTE is predominantly a disease of older age.1,2,3,4,5,6,12 In the absence of a central venous catheter13 or thrombophilia,14 VTE is rare prior to late adolescence.1,15 Incidence rates increase markedly with age for both men and women (FIGURE 82.1) and for both DVT and PE (FIGURE 82.2).1,5,6 The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is higher for men (130 per 100,000) than women (110 per 100,000; male:female sex ratio is 1.2:1).1,6

• #16 Epidemiology of DVT (summarized from ESVS guidelines statement 2021)

  https://www.veinsveinsveins.com/newsDetail/319/epidemiology-of-dvt-(summarized-from-esvs-guidelines-statement-2021)/

  31Jan Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis from a summary put together by the European Society of Vascular Surgery in their guidelines statement published in 2021. These key points are summarized and some are taken verbatim from the manuscript: 1. The incidence of DVT is slightly greater in women aged 20 45 years, but men have a higher incidence between 45 and 60 years of age. 2. The incidence is higher for males for all age groups if female specific risk factors (oral contraceptives and pregnancy) are excluded. 3. The incidence of DVT increases two-fold per 10 year age increase. 4. At least one in 12 middle aged adults will develop either DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) in their remaining lifetime. 5. Sixty percent of all venous thromboembolism (VTE) events occur in patients aged 65 years. 6. African Americans have a higher incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 7. Asians (China and Korea) have a lower incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 8. A seasonal variation occurs, with a higher incidence of VTE in the winter, peaking in February. 9. The rate of recurrent VTE is around 10% the first year and 30% after 5 8 years for patients with unprovoked DVT with an unidentified triggering factor. 10. The annual incidence of VTE has not changed in the last two to three decades, although the prevalence of cancer, major surgery, trauma, and obesity has increased, and the widespread availability of improved diagnostic modalities with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) leading to increased detection of incidental VTE in patients with cancer. […] Dr Karamanoukian’s comment: these summaries of the epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis are certainly very interesting and clinically relevant to patients and vein specialists.

• #17 Epidemiology of DVT (summarized from ESVS guidelines statement 2021)

  https://www.veinsveinsveins.com/newsDetail/319/epidemiology-of-dvt-(summarized-from-esvs-guidelines-statement-2021)/

  31Jan Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis from a summary put together by the European Society of Vascular Surgery in their guidelines statement published in 2021. These key points are summarized and some are taken verbatim from the manuscript: 1. The incidence of DVT is slightly greater in women aged 20 45 years, but men have a higher incidence between 45 and 60 years of age. 2. The incidence is higher for males for all age groups if female specific risk factors (oral contraceptives and pregnancy) are excluded. 3. The incidence of DVT increases two-fold per 10 year age increase. 4. At least one in 12 middle aged adults will develop either DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) in their remaining lifetime. 5. Sixty percent of all venous thromboembolism (VTE) events occur in patients aged 65 years. 6. African Americans have a higher incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 7. Asians (China and Korea) have a lower incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 8. A seasonal variation occurs, with a higher incidence of VTE in the winter, peaking in February. 9. The rate of recurrent VTE is around 10% the first year and 30% after 5 8 years for patients with unprovoked DVT with an unidentified triggering factor. 10. The annual incidence of VTE has not changed in the last two to three decades, although the prevalence of cancer, major surgery, trauma, and obesity has increased, and the widespread availability of improved diagnostic modalities with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) leading to increased detection of incidental VTE in patients with cancer. […] Dr Karamanoukian’s comment: these summaries of the epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis are certainly very interesting and clinically relevant to patients and vein specialists.

• #18

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  The estimated average annual incidence rate of overall VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years; overall VTE incidence is similar to that of stroke. […] Overall VTE incidence may be higher in African-Americans and lower in Asians, and may differ among African-Americans by United States region. […] Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30 % of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis.

• #19 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery. […] One third (about 33%) of people with a VTE will have a recurrence within 10 years. […] Among people who have had a DVT, one third to one half will have long-term complications (post-thrombotic syndrome) such as swelling, pain, discoloration, and scaling in the affected limb.

• #20 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-venous-thromboembolism/

  Overall, survival after VTE is worse than expected, and survival after PE is much worse than after DVT alone (Table 82.1).16,17,18,19 The risk of early death among PE patients is 18-fold higher compared with DVT patients alone.16 PE is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years.26 The hazard of recurrence varies with the time since the incident event and is highest within the first 6 to 12 months but never falls to zero (FIGURE 82.3). […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index,26,37 neurologic disease with leg paresis,26 and active cancer.3,26,34,35,38,39 Among cancer patients, the hazard of VTE recurrence is significantly increased with lung, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary (uterus, kidney, ovary, testicle, bladder, prostate) cancer, and with extensive or moderately extensive cancer disease.35 […] While men have been reported to have a higher risk of recurrence compared to women,40,41,42 sex is not an independent predictor of recurrence after adjusting for sex-specific risk factors.26,43

• #21 Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview

  Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and thromboembolism remain a common cause of morbidity and mortality in bedridden or hospitalized patients, as well as generally healthy individuals. The exact incidence of DVT is unknown because most studies are limited by the inherent inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis. Existing data that probably underestimate the true incidence of DVT suggest that about 80 cases per 100,000 population occur annually. Approximately 1 person in 20 develops a DVT in the course of his or her lifetime. About 600,000 hospitalizations per year occur for DVT in the United States. […] In elderly persons, the incidence is increased by four-fold. The in-hospital case-fatality rate for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is 12%, rising to 21% in the geriatric population. In hospitalized patients, the incidence of venous thrombosis is considerably higher and varies from 20% to 70%. Venous ulceration and venous insufficiency of the lower leg, which are long-term complications of DVT, affect 0.5% of the entire population. Extrapolation of these data reveals that as many as 5 million people have venous stasis and varying degrees of venous insufficiency.

• #22

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  The estimated average annual incidence rate of overall VTE among persons of European ancestry ranges from 104 to 183 per 100,000 person-years; overall VTE incidence is similar to that of stroke. […] Overall VTE incidence may be higher in African-Americans and lower in Asians, and may differ among African-Americans by United States region. […] Data on trends in VTE incidence are limited; overall VTE incidence rates as well as incidence rates for PE DVT and DVT alone either remained relatively constant or increased for the period, 1981-2000, with a significant increase in the overall VTE incidence rate from 2001 to 2009, mostly due to an increasing incidence of PE DVT. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30 % of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years. […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index, male sex, active cancer, and neurologic disease with leg paresis.

• #23 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-venous-thromboembolism/

  Overall, survival after VTE is worse than expected, and survival after PE is much worse than after DVT alone (Table 82.1).16,17,18,19 The risk of early death among PE patients is 18-fold higher compared with DVT patients alone.16 PE is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years.26 The hazard of recurrence varies with the time since the incident event and is highest within the first 6 to 12 months but never falls to zero (FIGURE 82.3). […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index,26,37 neurologic disease with leg paresis,26 and active cancer.3,26,34,35,38,39 Among cancer patients, the hazard of VTE recurrence is significantly increased with lung, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary (uterus, kidney, ovary, testicle, bladder, prostate) cancer, and with extensive or moderately extensive cancer disease.35 […] While men have been reported to have a higher risk of recurrence compared to women,40,41,42 sex is not an independent predictor of recurrence after adjusting for sex-specific risk factors.26,43

• #24 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-venous-thromboembolism/

  Overall, survival after VTE is worse than expected, and survival after PE is much worse than after DVT alone (Table 82.1).16,17,18,19 The risk of early death among PE patients is 18-fold higher compared with DVT patients alone.16 PE is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years.26 The hazard of recurrence varies with the time since the incident event and is highest within the first 6 to 12 months but never falls to zero (FIGURE 82.3). […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index,26,37 neurologic disease with leg paresis,26 and active cancer.3,26,34,35,38,39 Among cancer patients, the hazard of VTE recurrence is significantly increased with lung, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary (uterus, kidney, ovary, testicle, bladder, prostate) cancer, and with extensive or moderately extensive cancer disease.35 […] While men have been reported to have a higher risk of recurrence compared to women,40,41,42 sex is not an independent predictor of recurrence after adjusting for sex-specific risk factors.26,43

• #25 Epidemiology and risk factors of acute venous thrombosis | 9 | v4 | Ha

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781315382449-9/epidemiology-risk-factors-acute-venous-thrombosis-mark-meissner

  Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) share many risk factors and pathophysiological features and are usually considered manifestations of the same disease: venous thromboembolism (VTE). The incidence of lower extremity DVT is highly dependent on the population studied, their underlying risk factors, and the means by which DVT is documented. DVT is a multi-causal disease resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental risk factors. Most risk factors for DVT can be related to the components of Virchows triadstasis, abnormalities of the vessel wall, and abnormalities of blood and many are associated with some component of hypercoagulability on a genetic, acquired, or situational basis. The simultaneous presence of multiple risk factors is in fact often a prerequisite for thrombosis. Gender differences in the incidence of DVT have been variable, and may be related to other risk factors. In addition to the tumor-related factors, cancer-associated VTE is related to a number of patient- and treatment-related risk factors.

• #26 Deep Vein Thrombosis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/deep-vein-thrombosis/

  Prevalence of lower extremity DVT: 1 per 1,000 population […] Incidence is slightly higher in males and increases with age. […] Proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVTs) are more likely to cause pulmonary embolism. […] 10% of proximal leg vein DVTs will lead to PE. […] 50% of untreated proximal DVTs will lead to PE within 3 months. […] 90% of PEs are due to lower leg DVTs. […] The 3 primary factors (known as the Virchow triad) that contribute to DVT formation include: venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and vascular endothelial damage. […] Any condition that worsens one (or more) of these three factors increases the risk of DVT formation. […] The primary etiologic factors that cause DVT: circulatory stasis, endothelial injury or dysfunction, and hypercoagulability.

• #27

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60 % of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20 % of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE (22 and 24 %, respectively).

• #28 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  Up to 900,000 people in the United States are affected by venous thromboembolism (VTE, a blood clot), each year. […] The precise number of people affected by either a DVT or PE is unknown, although as many as 900,000 people could be affected each year in the United States. […] More than a third of VTE cases diagnosed each year are related to a recent hospitalization and most of these do not occur until after discharge. […] VTE is a leading cause of preventable hospital death in the United States. […] VTE is the fifth most frequent reason for unplanned hospital readmissions after surgery, overall, and the third most frequent among patients undergoing total hip or knee joint replacement. […] As many as 70% of cases of healthcare-associated VTEs are preventable through measures such as use of anticoagulant medications or compression stockings.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60 % of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20 % of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE (22 and 24 %, respectively).

• #30 Deep Venous Thrombosis | Nutrition Guide for Clinicians

  https://nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342012/all/Deep_Venous_Thrombosis

  Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and acute pulmonary embolism (PE) are both integrated into a single disorder, venous thromboembolism (VTE). There are as many as 900,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States due to VTE, and as many as 60,000 to 300,000 deaths. […] DVT occurs most often in the lower extremities but can also develop in the upper extremities, especially in patients with indwelling central venous catheters. DVT most commonly affects the iliac, popliteal, and femoral veins. […] PE, due to embolization of a DVT, is the second-leading preventable cause of hospital mortality. […] Risk increases with age, due in part to increased comorbidities. […] Major surgeries (e.g., orthopedic, thoracic, abdominal, and genitourinary) pose the greatest risk, but individualized risk assessments should be done to determine if minor surgeries also require prophylaxis.

• #31

  https://samajournals.co.za/index.php/urhj/article/view/80

  Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) refers to the formation of blood clots in the major deep veins of the body and together with pulmonary embolism (PE), a complication of DVT, accounts for about 60000 to 100000 mortality cases worldwide. […] This review aims to provide data on recent information regarding DVT in surgical departments globally. […] Statistically, 50% of DVT occurs due to hospital admission and surgery. […] The pathogenesis of DVT follows Virchows triad of venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and endothelial damage. […] The diagnosis of DVT is done by evaluating signs, symptoms, D-dimer testing, and doppler ultrasound scans. […] Antithrombotic agents or mechanical prophylaxis agents remain the mainstay for the management of DVT. […] Recently established ACCP guidelines may be used to aid in the choice of management of patients with DVT.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60 % of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20 % of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE (22 and 24 %, respectively).

• #33 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery. […] One third (about 33%) of people with a VTE will have a recurrence within 10 years. […] Among people who have had a DVT, one third to one half will have long-term complications (post-thrombotic syndrome) such as swelling, pain, discoloration, and scaling in the affected limb.

• #34

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11239-015-1311-6

  Hospitalization and nursing home residence together account for almost 60 % of incident VTE events occurring in the community. […] Active cancer accounts for almost 20 % of all incident VTE occurring in the community. […] The risk appears to be higher for patients with cancer of the brain, pancreas, ovary, colon, stomach, lung, kidney and bone, and in patients with distant metastases. […] Hospitalization for medical illness and hospitalization for surgery account for almost equal proportions of VTE (22 and 24 %, respectively).

• #35 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery. […] One third (about 33%) of people with a VTE will have a recurrence within 10 years. […] Among people who have had a DVT, one third to one half will have long-term complications (post-thrombotic syndrome) such as swelling, pain, discoloration, and scaling in the affected limb.

• #36 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/deep-vein-thrombosis-pro

  The annual incidence of symptomatic VTE is 1-2 per 1,000, of which around two-thirds are a DVT. […] The incidence of DVT during pregnancy is approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. […] In people who are critically ill, an incidence of up to 37.2% has been reported. […] Major risk factors for VTE include a prior history of DVT, age over 60 years, surgery, obesity, prolonged travel, acute medical illness, cancer, immobility, thrombophilia and pregnancy/puerperium. […] One study found that 50-70% of patients had readily identifiable risk factors.

• #37 Deep vein thrombosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis

  During pregnancy and after childbirth, acute VTE occurs in about 1.2 of 1000 deliveries. Despite it being relatively rare, it is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. After surgery with preventive treatment, VTE develops in about 10 of 1000 people after total or partial knee replacement, and in about 5 of 1000 after total or partial hip replacement. About 400,000 Americans develop an initial VTE each year, with 100,000 deaths or more attributable to PE. Asian, Asian-American, Native American, and Hispanic individuals have a lower VTE risk than Whites or Blacks. Populations in Asia have VTE rates at 15 to 20% of what is seen in Western countries, with an increase in incidence seen over time. […] DVT occurs in the upper extremities in about 4-10% of cases, with an incidence of 0.4-1.0 people out of 10,000 a year. A minority of upper extremity DVTs are due to Paget-Schroetter syndrome, also called effort thrombosis, which occurs in 1-2 people out of 100,000 a year, usually in athletic males around 30 years of age or in those who do significant amounts of overhead manual labor.

• #38

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10270/ultrasound_surveillance_for_deep_venous_thrombosis.49.aspx

  The RUSS efficacy in adults with trauma at high risk for venous thromboembolism showed that it increases DVT detection, decreases PE incidence, and shortens the time to DVT diagnosis, with an uncertain impact on mortality. […] Major trauma is a significant risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). […] The estimated incidence of distal DVT is 58%, while the estimated incidence of proximal DVT ranges from 14.7% to 27.3% (depending on the test used for diagnosing lower extremity DVT [LE DVT] as well as the mechanism of injury). […] There is no consensus regarding the concept and practice of ultrasound (US) examination for LE DVT. […] RUSS can aid in the detection of asymptomatic or silent DVT. […] However, there are inconsistencies in the reported effects of RUSS on the mortality and PE detection rates in patients with DVT.

• #39 Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/deep-vein-thrombosis-pro

  The annual incidence of symptomatic VTE is 1-2 per 1,000, of which around two-thirds are a DVT. […] The incidence of DVT during pregnancy is approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. […] In people who are critically ill, an incidence of up to 37.2% has been reported. […] Major risk factors for VTE include a prior history of DVT, age over 60 years, surgery, obesity, prolonged travel, acute medical illness, cancer, immobility, thrombophilia and pregnancy/puerperium. […] One study found that 50-70% of patients had readily identifiable risk factors.

• #40

  https://www.actamedindones.org/index.php/ijim/article/view/1239

  Background: medically ill hospitalized patients are at risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and consequentially have high chances of mortality. […] Overall, incidence of DVT in eligible and evaluable patients was 37.1% and 40.3%, respectively. […] this study indicated that the incidence of DVT is high in medically ill patients in Indonesia and will provide new insights and awareness about DVT in Indonesia.

• #41 Incidence of proximal deep vein thrombosis in medical critical care patients | Thrombosis Journal | Full Text

  https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-022-00363-5

  Approximately 13-31% of medical critical care patients develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT). […] The prevalence at the beginning of the study was 5.7% (95%CI 2.6-10.5) and the incidence proportion was 10.1% (95%CI 5.9-15.9). […] Routine thromboprophylaxis is not used in our institution and the prevalence and incidence proportion of proximal DVT in Asian medical critical care patients were both substantial. […] The incidence proportion of proximal lower limb DVT among Asian medical critical care patients without thromboprophylaxis was slightly lower than reported for Caucasian populations.

• #42 Prevalence and incidence of venous thromboembolism in geriatric patients admitted to long-term care hospitals | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67480-1

  Previous studies have shown a substantial incidence of VTE in nursing home residents, up to 3.65 events per 100 person-years. […] The aim of this study was to provide data on rates of VTE in older adults admitted to long-term care hospitals. […] In this retrospective cohort study of geriatric patients admitted to long-term care hospitals, we identified a high lifetime prevalence of VTE of approximately 10%, along with an overall incidence rate of 2.82 per 100 person-years during their stay in long-term care hospitals. […] The incidence of VTE observed in our study is not only significantly higher compared to the general population, but it also exceeds population-wide estimates for individuals above the age of 80, which range around 0.8 VTE events per 100 person-years. […] The higher incidence of VTE in our study compared to the general population and its similarity to rates reported in nursing home studies indicate a substantial burden of VTE in older adults admitted to long-term care hospitals.

• #43 Prevalence and incidence of venous thromboembolism in geriatric patients admitted to long-term care hospitals | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-67480-1

  Previous studies have shown a substantial incidence of VTE in nursing home residents, up to 3.65 events per 100 person-years. […] The aim of this study was to provide data on rates of VTE in older adults admitted to long-term care hospitals. […] In this retrospective cohort study of geriatric patients admitted to long-term care hospitals, we identified a high lifetime prevalence of VTE of approximately 10%, along with an overall incidence rate of 2.82 per 100 person-years during their stay in long-term care hospitals. […] The incidence of VTE observed in our study is not only significantly higher compared to the general population, but it also exceeds population-wide estimates for individuals above the age of 80, which range around 0.8 VTE events per 100 person-years. […] The higher incidence of VTE in our study compared to the general population and its similarity to rates reported in nursing home studies indicate a substantial burden of VTE in older adults admitted to long-term care hospitals.

• #44 Risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19: nationwide self-controlled cases series and matched cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj-2021-069590

  Objective To quantify the risk of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19. […] Compared with the control period, incidence rate ratios were significantly increased 70 days after covid-19 for deep vein thrombosis, 110 days for pulmonary embolism, and 60 days for bleeding. […] The findings of this study suggest that covid-19 is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding. […] This study found an increased risk of a first deep vein thrombosis up to three months after covid-19, pulmonary embolism up to six months, and a bleeding event up to two months, with the risk of pulmonary embolism in the acute phase being especially high. […] The present findings have major policy implications. Our findings arguably support thromboprophylaxis to avoid thrombotic events, especially for high risk patients, and strengthens the importance of vaccination against covid-19.

• #45 Incidence of deep vein thrombosis through an ultrasound surveillance protocol in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in non-ICU setting: A multicenter prospective study | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0251966

  The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs, using serial compression ultrasound (CUS) surveillance, in acutely ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to a non-ICU setting. […] Over a two-month period, 227 consecutive patients with moderate-severe COVID-19 pneumonia were enrolled. The incidence of DVT was 13.7% (6.2% proximal, 7.5% distal), mostly asymptomatic. […] The incidence of DVT in acutely ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is relevant. A surveillance protocol by serial CUS of the lower limbs is useful to timely identify DVT that would go otherwise largely undetected. […] In this multicenter study, a surveillance protocol with systematic ultrasonography of the lower limbs in patients admitted to IMUs with COVID-19 pneumonia showed an overall incidence of DVT of 13.7%, 6.2% in proximal (6.2%) and 7.5% in distal venous district.

• #46 Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W56050800

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), affect an estimated 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, resulting in several hundred thousand hospitalizations and about 300,000 deaths. […] Despite this substantial public health burden, no systematic collection of VTE-related morbidity and mortality data exists in the U.S. […] The limited scope of the available data has raised the question of whether a systematic surveillance system for VTE should be established. […] The workshop concluded that (1) improved utilization in clinical practice of existing, proven-effective preventive measures is critical to reducing the disease burden from VTE; (2) systematic surveillance of DVT and PE is needed to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence and annual incidence of DVT and PE in the U.S.; (3) tracking and documenting changes in the incidence of DVT and PE through systematic surveillance will be important to enhance prevention efforts; and (4) the CDC should convene a second group of experts to advise the agency in detail on the strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of possible approaches to systematic surveillance for DVT and PE.

• #47 Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism | CoLab

  https://colab.ws/articles/10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2010.01.010

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), affect an estimated 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, resulting in several hundred thousand hospitalizations and about 300,000 deaths. […] Despite this substantial public health burden, no systematic collection of VTE-related morbidity and mortality data exists in the U.S. […] The workshop concluded that (1) improved utilization in clinical practice of existing, proven-effective preventive measures is critical to reducing the disease burden from VTE; (2) systematic surveillance of DVT and PE is needed to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence and annual incidence of DVT and PE in the U.S.; (3) tracking and documenting changes in the incidence of DVT and PE through systematic surveillance will be important to enhance prevention efforts; and (4) the CDC should convene a second group of experts to advise the agency in detail on the strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of possible approaches to systematic surveillance for DVT and PE.

• #48 Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W56050800

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), affect an estimated 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, resulting in several hundred thousand hospitalizations and about 300,000 deaths. […] Despite this substantial public health burden, no systematic collection of VTE-related morbidity and mortality data exists in the U.S. […] The limited scope of the available data has raised the question of whether a systematic surveillance system for VTE should be established. […] The workshop concluded that (1) improved utilization in clinical practice of existing, proven-effective preventive measures is critical to reducing the disease burden from VTE; (2) systematic surveillance of DVT and PE is needed to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence and annual incidence of DVT and PE in the U.S.; (3) tracking and documenting changes in the incidence of DVT and PE through systematic surveillance will be important to enhance prevention efforts; and (4) the CDC should convene a second group of experts to advise the agency in detail on the strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of possible approaches to systematic surveillance for DVT and PE.

• #49 Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W56050800

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), affect an estimated 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, resulting in several hundred thousand hospitalizations and about 300,000 deaths. […] Despite this substantial public health burden, no systematic collection of VTE-related morbidity and mortality data exists in the U.S. […] The limited scope of the available data has raised the question of whether a systematic surveillance system for VTE should be established. […] The workshop concluded that (1) improved utilization in clinical practice of existing, proven-effective preventive measures is critical to reducing the disease burden from VTE; (2) systematic surveillance of DVT and PE is needed to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence and annual incidence of DVT and PE in the U.S.; (3) tracking and documenting changes in the incidence of DVT and PE through systematic surveillance will be important to enhance prevention efforts; and (4) the CDC should convene a second group of experts to advise the agency in detail on the strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of possible approaches to systematic surveillance for DVT and PE.

• #50 Surveillance for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

  https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W56050800

  Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), known collectively as venous thromboembolism (VTE), affect an estimated 900,000 people in the U.S. each year, resulting in several hundred thousand hospitalizations and about 300,000 deaths. […] Despite this substantial public health burden, no systematic collection of VTE-related morbidity and mortality data exists in the U.S. […] The limited scope of the available data has raised the question of whether a systematic surveillance system for VTE should be established. […] The workshop concluded that (1) improved utilization in clinical practice of existing, proven-effective preventive measures is critical to reducing the disease burden from VTE; (2) systematic surveillance of DVT and PE is needed to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence and annual incidence of DVT and PE in the U.S.; (3) tracking and documenting changes in the incidence of DVT and PE through systematic surveillance will be important to enhance prevention efforts; and (4) the CDC should convene a second group of experts to advise the agency in detail on the strengths, weaknesses, and feasibility of possible approaches to systematic surveillance for DVT and PE.

• #51

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10270/ultrasound_surveillance_for_deep_venous_thrombosis.49.aspx

  Studies have shown routine ultrasound surveillance (RUSS) will facilitate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detection in patients with trauma and reduce the subsequent incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE); however, the findings were inconsistent. […] In adults with trauma at a high risk of venous thromboembolism, this systematic review and meta-analysis compared RUSS outcomes with those of no RUSS. […] Observational studies suggested RUSS is associated with higher odds of DVT detection (OR, 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.137.57; very low certainty). […] Whereas higher risks of DVT were associated with RUSS in the RCT (distal DVT: RR, 15.48; 95% CI, 7.6231.48; low certainty, and proximal DVT: RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.045.39; very low certainty). […] Reduced odds of PE risk were observed with the RUSS (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.240.91; very low certainty).

• #52

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10270/ultrasound_surveillance_for_deep_venous_thrombosis.49.aspx

  Studies have shown routine ultrasound surveillance (RUSS) will facilitate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detection in patients with trauma and reduce the subsequent incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE); however, the findings were inconsistent. […] In adults with trauma at a high risk of venous thromboembolism, this systematic review and meta-analysis compared RUSS outcomes with those of no RUSS. […] Observational studies suggested RUSS is associated with higher odds of DVT detection (OR, 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.137.57; very low certainty). […] Whereas higher risks of DVT were associated with RUSS in the RCT (distal DVT: RR, 15.48; 95% CI, 7.6231.48; low certainty, and proximal DVT: RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.045.39; very low certainty). […] Reduced odds of PE risk were observed with the RUSS (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.240.91; very low certainty).

• #53

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10270/ultrasound_surveillance_for_deep_venous_thrombosis.49.aspx

  Studies have shown routine ultrasound surveillance (RUSS) will facilitate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detection in patients with trauma and reduce the subsequent incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE); however, the findings were inconsistent. […] In adults with trauma at a high risk of venous thromboembolism, this systematic review and meta-analysis compared RUSS outcomes with those of no RUSS. […] Observational studies suggested RUSS is associated with higher odds of DVT detection (OR, 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.137.57; very low certainty). […] Whereas higher risks of DVT were associated with RUSS in the RCT (distal DVT: RR, 15.48; 95% CI, 7.6231.48; low certainty, and proximal DVT: RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.045.39; very low certainty). […] Reduced odds of PE risk were observed with the RUSS (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.240.91; very low certainty).

• #54

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10270/ultrasound_surveillance_for_deep_venous_thrombosis.49.aspx

  Studies have shown routine ultrasound surveillance (RUSS) will facilitate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detection in patients with trauma and reduce the subsequent incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE); however, the findings were inconsistent. […] In adults with trauma at a high risk of venous thromboembolism, this systematic review and meta-analysis compared RUSS outcomes with those of no RUSS. […] Observational studies suggested RUSS is associated with higher odds of DVT detection (OR, 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.137.57; very low certainty). […] Whereas higher risks of DVT were associated with RUSS in the RCT (distal DVT: RR, 15.48; 95% CI, 7.6231.48; low certainty, and proximal DVT: RR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.045.39; very low certainty). […] Reduced odds of PE risk were observed with the RUSS (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.240.91; very low certainty).

• #55

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2023/10270/ultrasound_surveillance_for_deep_venous_thrombosis.49.aspx

  The RUSS efficacy in adults with trauma at high risk for venous thromboembolism showed that it increases DVT detection, decreases PE incidence, and shortens the time to DVT diagnosis, with an uncertain impact on mortality. […] Major trauma is a significant risk factor for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). […] The estimated incidence of distal DVT is 58%, while the estimated incidence of proximal DVT ranges from 14.7% to 27.3% (depending on the test used for diagnosing lower extremity DVT [LE DVT] as well as the mechanism of injury). […] There is no consensus regarding the concept and practice of ultrasound (US) examination for LE DVT. […] RUSS can aid in the detection of asymptomatic or silent DVT. […] However, there are inconsistencies in the reported effects of RUSS on the mortality and PE detection rates in patients with DVT.

• #56 Duplex ultrasound surveillance for deep vein thrombosis after acute traumatic spinal cord injury at rehabilitation admission | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/publications/detail/11148

  Study determined the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detected through routine duplex screening and factors associated with DVT in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) on admission to rehabilitation. A retrospective review was conducted of medical records for 189 individuals admitted to rehabilitation within 2 weeks of initial traumatic SCI who underwent routine surveillance with duplex scan for lower-extremity DVT. Of the 189 patients, 31 patients (16.4 percent) had a positive scan for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT, with 9 (4.8 percent) positive for a proximal DVT and 22 (11.6 percent) positive for isolated distal DVT. Factors significantly associated with positive duplex scans for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT include more severe neurological injury and older age (50 years old). The results indicate that in acute traumatic SCI, older age and more severe neurological impairment are independent risk factors for positive duplex screening for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT detected on rehabilitation admission. […] Individuals with an acute distal DVT have a high likelihood for future thrombus progression. Routine surveillance for these patients may be warranted.

• #57 Duplex ultrasound surveillance for deep vein thrombosis after acute traumatic spinal cord injury at rehabilitation admission | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/publications/detail/11148

  Study determined the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detected through routine duplex screening and factors associated with DVT in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) on admission to rehabilitation. A retrospective review was conducted of medical records for 189 individuals admitted to rehabilitation within 2 weeks of initial traumatic SCI who underwent routine surveillance with duplex scan for lower-extremity DVT. Of the 189 patients, 31 patients (16.4 percent) had a positive scan for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT, with 9 (4.8 percent) positive for a proximal DVT and 22 (11.6 percent) positive for isolated distal DVT. Factors significantly associated with positive duplex scans for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT include more severe neurological injury and older age (50 years old). The results indicate that in acute traumatic SCI, older age and more severe neurological impairment are independent risk factors for positive duplex screening for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT detected on rehabilitation admission. […] Individuals with an acute distal DVT have a high likelihood for future thrombus progression. Routine surveillance for these patients may be warranted.

• #58 Duplex ultrasound surveillance for deep vein thrombosis after acute traumatic spinal cord injury at rehabilitation admission | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/publications/detail/11148

  Study determined the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) detected through routine duplex screening and factors associated with DVT in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) on admission to rehabilitation. A retrospective review was conducted of medical records for 189 individuals admitted to rehabilitation within 2 weeks of initial traumatic SCI who underwent routine surveillance with duplex scan for lower-extremity DVT. Of the 189 patients, 31 patients (16.4 percent) had a positive scan for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT, with 9 (4.8 percent) positive for a proximal DVT and 22 (11.6 percent) positive for isolated distal DVT. Factors significantly associated with positive duplex scans for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT include more severe neurological injury and older age (50 years old). The results indicate that in acute traumatic SCI, older age and more severe neurological impairment are independent risk factors for positive duplex screening for any (proximal and/or distal) DVT detected on rehabilitation admission. […] Individuals with an acute distal DVT have a high likelihood for future thrombus progression. Routine surveillance for these patients may be warranted.

• #59 A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3169

  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cause of death worldwide. The incidence of VTE varies according to different countries, ranging from 1–2 per 1000 person-years in Western Countries, while it is lower in Eastern Countries (<1 per 1000 person-years). [...] The incidence rate for VTE in a previous study on the general population in Norway was estimated at 1.43 per 1000 person-years, while that for DVT was 0.93 per 1000 person-years and that for PE was 0.50 per 1000 person-years. [...] However, during the last decades, several improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic management yielded a linear decrease in VTE-related incidence and deaths from 12.8 to 6.5 per 100,000 persons, without substantial sex-specific differences. [...] The healthcare costs attributable to VTE are estimated at EUR 1.5–2.2 billion regarding annual hospitalisations in Europe and USD 7–10 billion in the United States of America, with USD 12,000–14,000 in the first year for each survivor of a VTE event.

• #60 A Comprehensive Review of Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism: From Epidemiology to Pathophysiology

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/4/3169

  As VTE is a preventable disease in many cases, an early risk stratification of patients with the identification of high-risk patients may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies, with an estimated saving of EUR 0.5–1.1 billion/year. […] The aim of this comprehensive narrative review is to provide a general updated overview on the epidemiology of old and new risk factors for VTE considering the advances in the field of thrombosis that occurred in the last decade, mainly related to cancer, antiphospholipid syndrome and, more recently, COVID-19, and to describe the pathophysiological mechanisms through which each factor contributes to the risk of VTE.

• #61 Epidemiology of DVT (summarized from ESVS guidelines statement 2021)

  https://www.veinsveinsveins.com/newsDetail/319/epidemiology-of-dvt-(summarized-from-esvs-guidelines-statement-2021)/

  31Jan Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis from a summary put together by the European Society of Vascular Surgery in their guidelines statement published in 2021. These key points are summarized and some are taken verbatim from the manuscript: 1. The incidence of DVT is slightly greater in women aged 20 45 years, but men have a higher incidence between 45 and 60 years of age. 2. The incidence is higher for males for all age groups if female specific risk factors (oral contraceptives and pregnancy) are excluded. 3. The incidence of DVT increases two-fold per 10 year age increase. 4. At least one in 12 middle aged adults will develop either DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) in their remaining lifetime. 5. Sixty percent of all venous thromboembolism (VTE) events occur in patients aged 65 years. 6. African Americans have a higher incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 7. Asians (China and Korea) have a lower incidence of DVT than Caucasians and Native Americans. 8. A seasonal variation occurs, with a higher incidence of VTE in the winter, peaking in February. 9. The rate of recurrent VTE is around 10% the first year and 30% after 5 8 years for patients with unprovoked DVT with an unidentified triggering factor. 10. The annual incidence of VTE has not changed in the last two to three decades, although the prevalence of cancer, major surgery, trauma, and obesity has increased, and the widespread availability of improved diagnostic modalities with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) leading to increased detection of incidental VTE in patients with cancer. […] Dr Karamanoukian’s comment: these summaries of the epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis are certainly very interesting and clinically relevant to patients and vein specialists.

• #62 Data and Statistics on Venous Thromboembolism | Venous Thromboembolism (Blood Clots) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/blood-clots/data-research/facts-stats/index.html

  An estimated one in five cases of VTE are related to cancer and its treatment. […] Women are five times more likely to experience a VTE during pregnancy, childbirth, or the 3-month period after delivery. […] One third (about 33%) of people with a VTE will have a recurrence within 10 years. […] Among people who have had a DVT, one third to one half will have long-term complications (post-thrombotic syndrome) such as swelling, pain, discoloration, and scaling in the affected limb.

• #63 Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT): Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-overview

  Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and thromboembolism remain a common cause of morbidity and mortality in bedridden or hospitalized patients, as well as generally healthy individuals. The exact incidence of DVT is unknown because most studies are limited by the inherent inaccuracy of clinical diagnosis. Existing data that probably underestimate the true incidence of DVT suggest that about 80 cases per 100,000 population occur annually. Approximately 1 person in 20 develops a DVT in the course of his or her lifetime. About 600,000 hospitalizations per year occur for DVT in the United States. […] In elderly persons, the incidence is increased by four-fold. The in-hospital case-fatality rate for venous thromboembolism (VTE) is 12%, rising to 21% in the geriatric population. In hospitalized patients, the incidence of venous thrombosis is considerably higher and varies from 20% to 70%. Venous ulceration and venous insufficiency of the lower leg, which are long-term complications of DVT, affect 0.5% of the entire population. Extrapolation of these data reveals that as many as 5 million people have venous stasis and varying degrees of venous insufficiency.

• #64 Overview and Epidemiology of Venous Thromboembolism | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/overview-and-epidemiology-of-venous-thromboembolism/

  Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third most common cardiovascular disorder after myocardial infarction and stroke. […] VTE is a common complication of hospitalization and is the most preventable cause of death among hospitalized patients. […] While the majority of patients who develop VTE do so as outpatients, many have been hospitalized for medical or surgical illness within 3 months preceding the diagnosis of VTE. […] VTE is frequently a recurrent disease, with patients who suffer unprovoked VTE having the highest risk of future events. […] VTE is the third most common cardiovascular disorder after myocardial infarction and stroke. […] Long-term mortality in patients who have suffered an initial VTE is similar to that of age-matched individuals from the general population. […] Recurrent PE is an important cause of mortality in patients who have suffered an initial VTE.

• #65 Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism | Oncohema Key

  https://oncohemakey.com/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-for-venous-thromboembolism/

  Overall, survival after VTE is worse than expected, and survival after PE is much worse than after DVT alone (Table 82.1).16,17,18,19 The risk of early death among PE patients is 18-fold higher compared with DVT patients alone.16 PE is an independent predictor of reduced survival for up to 3 months after onset. […] VTE recurs frequently; about 30% of patients develop recurrence within the next 10 years.26 The hazard of recurrence varies with the time since the incident event and is highest within the first 6 to 12 months but never falls to zero (FIGURE 82.3). […] Independent predictors of recurrence include increasing patient age and body mass index,26,37 neurologic disease with leg paresis,26 and active cancer.3,26,34,35,38,39 Among cancer patients, the hazard of VTE recurrence is significantly increased with lung, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary (uterus, kidney, ovary, testicle, bladder, prostate) cancer, and with extensive or moderately extensive cancer disease.35 […] While men have been reported to have a higher risk of recurrence compared to women,40,41,42 sex is not an independent predictor of recurrence after adjusting for sex-specific risk factors.26,43

• #66 Risks of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19: nationwide self-controlled cases series and matched cohort study | The BMJ

  https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj-2021-069590

  Objective To quantify the risk of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding after covid-19. […] Compared with the control period, incidence rate ratios were significantly increased 70 days after covid-19 for deep vein thrombosis, 110 days for pulmonary embolism, and 60 days for bleeding. […] The findings of this study suggest that covid-19 is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and bleeding. […] This study found an increased risk of a first deep vein thrombosis up to three months after covid-19, pulmonary embolism up to six months, and a bleeding event up to two months, with the risk of pulmonary embolism in the acute phase being especially high. […] The present findings have major policy implications. Our findings arguably support thromboprophylaxis to avoid thrombotic events, especially for high risk patients, and strengthens the importance of vaccination against covid-19.

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