Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  Dental abscess covers a clinical spectrum from minor well-localized infection to severe life-threatening complications involving multiple fascial spaces. […] The vast majority of otherwise healthy patients presenting with a dental infection can be managed on an outpatient basis. […] Common presenting symptoms include dental pain/toothache; intraoral and/or extraoral edema, erythema, or discharge; and thermal hypersensitivity. […] A major consideration is the potential for airway obstruction as a consequence of extension of the infection into fascial spaces surrounding the oropharynx. […] Panoramic dental radiograph reveals the source of infection in most cases; however, a periapical radiograph may also be helpful. A computed tomography scan is recommended if there is suspicion of a fascial space infection or if panoramic or periapical radiographs are not available.

• #1 Tooth abscess – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/symptoms-causes/syc-20350901

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus that’s caused by a bacterial infection. […] Dentists will treat a tooth abscess by draining it and getting rid of the infection. They may be able to save your tooth with a root canal treatment. […] A periapical tooth abscess occurs when bacteria invade the dental pulp. […] If the abscess doesn’t drain, the infection may spread to your jaw and to other areas of your head and neck. […] If you have a weakened immune system and you leave a tooth abscess untreated, your risk of a spreading infection increases even more. […] See your dentist promptly if you have any signs or symptoms of a tooth abscess. […] If you have a fever and swelling in your face and you can’t reach your dentist, go to an emergency room.

• #1 Tooth Abscess Diagnosis? Here’s What You Need to Know: Tompkins Dental: General Dentistry

  https://www.tompkinsdental.com/blog/tooth-abscess-diagnosis-heres-what-you-need-to-know

  Having a toothache is never a pleasant experience, but we often don’t think of it as a serious medical concern. However, when tooth or gum pain is accompanied by swelling, fever, and a foul taste in your mouth, it could be a sign of a more serious problem known as a tooth abscess. […] A tooth abscess is a pocket of infection in or around a tooth that typically become filled with pus and can be very painful. […] If you experience any of these symptoms seek dental care right away. Left untreated, a dental abscess can lead to severe complications. The infection can potentially spread to bone and soft tissues in and around the face and neck, as well as to other parts of the body. In more serious cases, abscess can result in inflammation and infections in the brain and heart and can even lead to death. […] A tooth abscess is a serious dental condition that requires immediate attention from a skilled dental professional.

• #1 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/abscessed-tooth

  How Is an Abscessed Tooth Diagnosed? An abscessed tooth wont go away on its own. See your dentist right away if you have signs of one. Its important to treat it because theres a chance it could spread to your jaw or other parts of your head or neck. This is especially true if your immune system is weak because of a health condition such as AIDS or if you are being treated for certain conditions such as cancer or an organ transplant. To find out if you have an abscessed tooth, your dentist probably will: […] Take an X-ray. This can tell your dentist if you have an abscess and if it has spread to other parts of your mouth. […] If your dentist cant diagnose the abscess on their own, theyll probably send you to an endodontist, whos specially trained to work on abscessed teeth. They can tell for sure if you have an abscess and treat it if you do.

• #1 Dental Abscess- Diagnosis and Treatment | Kirkland Premier Dentistry

  https://www.kirklandpremierdentistry.com/dental-abscess-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  How Is an Abscessed Tooth Diagnosed? […] Recommend an X-ray to help recognize the origin of the dental disease that might have led to the infection. X-rays can also be used to determine if the infection has spread to or is affecting other areas. […] Suggest a CT scan to ascertain if the infection has spread to other areas within the neck and also to identify the extent of the infection. […] Tap and press on the teeth as the tooth that has an abscess at its root is typically sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Recommend Thermal tests to determine the health of the pulpal tissues.

• #1 Signs of Tooth Abscess: Stages and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dental-abscess/

  If a dental abscess is suspected, the affected person should visit the dentist as soon as possible. […] The dentist will perform an examination of the affected area. They may test the affected tooth by pressing on it or tapping it with an instrument. If the tooth is infected, it will usually be very sensitive to pressure or tapping (percussion), and may often be painful. Further, if the abscess is periapical, the swelling at the root will push the tooth upwards in its socket, and it will feel higher than the surrounding teeth. […] While laboratory testing is not usually needed to establish whether or not an abscess is present, dentists will usually do an X-ray of the affected tooth and the mouth as a whole to establish the exact location and the size of the abscess. […] The abscess may be aspirated and the pus cultured to determine which strains of bacteria are involved. This helps to guide antibiotic therapy if it is needed.

• #1 Dental infections | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/dental-infections-18482435.html

  Infection arising as a secondary complication of an inflammation of the dental pulp. The severity and the treatment of dental infections depend on their evolution: localised to the infected tooth, extended to adjacent anatomical structures or diffuse infections. […] Intense and continuous pain. […] On examination: swelling limited to the gum surrounding the infected tooth. Purulent exudate may be present draining either through the root canal, or through the periodontal ligament (loosening the tooth) or through a gingival fistula. There are no signs of the infection extending to adjacent anatomical structures nor general signs of infection. […] Treatment is only surgical (the source of infection is inaccessible to antibiotics): root canal therapy (disinfection of the root canal) if possible or extraction of the tooth.

• #1 Dental Diagnosis Explained. What is an Abscess? – Red Bank Smiles • NJ

  https://redbanksmilesnj.com/dental-diagnosis-explained-what-is-an-abscess/

  When it comes to your teeth, pain is almost never a good sign. […] Understanding some of the signs of an Abscess is the first step in getting the right treatment as quickly as possible. […] The first step in treatment is to consult with a qualified dental team for an initial diagnosis. An oral screening will take place, often coupled with x-rays to verify that the damage has not spread. […] Because an Abscess is an untreated infection, it is important to seek treatment immediately.

• #1 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  1st tests to order include CBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Tests to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, ESR, serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #1 Tooth abscess – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tooth-abscess/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350907

  In addition to examining your tooth and the area around it, your dentist may: […] Recommend an X-ray. An X-ray of the aching tooth can help identify an abscess. Your dentist may also use X-rays to determine whether the infection has spread, causing abscesses in other areas. […] Recommend a computed tomography (CT) scan. If the infection has spread to other areas within your neck, a CT scan may be used to see how severe the infection is.

• #1 Dental abscess | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dental-abscess?lang=us

  Dental (periapical) abscesses are an acute infection of the periapical tissue around the root of the tooth. […] Patients may present with pain, edema, and purulent discharge localized to the site of pathology with or without fever and tender cervical lymphadenopathy. […] Early dental abscesses, within the first ten days, may not have any radiographic features. […] Some dental abscesses will spontaneously resolve but dental surgery and antibiotics are generally required. […] Most (~90%) will show some evidence of healing (bone filling the lucency) one-year post-treatment. […] Possible differential considerations include periapical cyst and periapical granuloma.

• #1 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #1 Periapical Abscess: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24896-periapical-abscess

  A periapical abscess is a pocket of infection around your tooth root. […] If you think you have an abscess, you should seek care immediately. […] Dentists use visual exams and radiographic (X-ray) imaging to diagnose periapical tooth abscesses. […] A dentist will examine your teeth and gums. They may also tap gently on the affected tooth to see if its sensitive to pressure. […] Your dentist will take dental X-rays of your abscessed tooth. These images can tell them how far the infection has spread. […] In some cases, your dentist may request a CT (computed tomography) scan, especially if they think the infection may have spread to your neck. A dental CT gives your dentist a 3D view of your mouth. […] Periapical abscess treatment depends on how far the infection has spread. Options include medicine and procedures, such as:

• #1 Know About Diagnosis & Treatment of Dental Abscess | Blog

  https://www.springvaledental.com.au/blog/know-about-diagnosis-treatment-of-dental-abscess/

  Diagnosis of a dental abscess usually involves a physical examination as well as a CT scan or a dental X-ray. […] However, it is always recommended that a dental X-ray be conducted to examine the extent of the damage for proper treatment. […] If the infection is extensive, then a CT scan is always used for assessment.

• #1 Dental Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493149/

  Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. […] Identifying, treating, and educating patients about a dental abscess will grant symptomatic relief and prevent dangerous complications. This activity explains when this condition should be considered for differential diagnosis, articulates how to evaluate this condition properly, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Assess the examination and evaluation process for dental abscesses, including any necessary diagnostic imaging. […] CT and MRI are sensitive modalities in detecting abscesses. Initial workup should include an x-ray of the head and neck and a complete blood cell count. […] A complete blood cell count can help rule out infectious etiology based on the total white blood cell count and the predominant white blood cell line that appears.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11282-022-00646-7

  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of emergency magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in odontogenic maxillofacial infections, the clinical and surgical significance of MRI findings, and whether MRI can identify the tooth responsible for the infection. […] The diagnostic accuracy of MRI in identifying abscesses was studied relative to surgical findings. […] Imaging showed a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.95, 0.84, and 0.92, respectively, for MRI diagnosis of an odontogenic abscess. […] Emergency neck MRI can accurately detect odontogenic abscesses and reliably point to the causative tooth. […] MRI has high diagnostic accuracy for odontogenic abscesses, that MRI findings can predict clinical severity and surgical approach and that MRI can point to the causative tooth. […] Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values of 0.95, 0.84, and 0.92 were found, respectively, for the MRI diagnosis of an odontogenic abscess. […] MRI can pinpoint the causative infected tooth (within a margin of error of one tooth) with good accuracy.

• #1 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  A dentoalveolar abscess is an acute lesion characterized by localization of pus in the structures that surround the teeth. Most patients are treated easily with analgesia, antibiotics, drainage, and/or referral to a dentist or oral-maxillofacial surgeon. However, the physician should be aware of potential complications of simple dentoalveolar abscess. […] For uncomplicated dental abscess, no laboratory studies are needed. […] For complicated abscess (accompanying cellulitis), the following are recommended: Complete blood cell (CBC) count, Blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before starting parenteral antibiotic therapy, Needle aspirate for Gram staining and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Depending on the severity of the abscess based on clinical presentation, the following is recommended: Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation, Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations.

• #1 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  Prompt operative intervention to identify and eliminate the source of infection and provide a path for drainage, along with antibiotic therapy and supportive care, is required. Operative treatment is considered the cornerstone of successful management. […] Immunocompromised patients must be treated in a timely fashion as tooth-related infections may spread rapidly. […] Key diagnostic factors include dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intraoral and/or extraoral edema, intraoral and/or extraoral erythema, intraoral and/or extraoral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension.

• #1 Dental Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493149/

  Treatment involves draining the abscess, providing antibiotic support, controlling pain, and removing infectious tooth sources. […] Dental abscesses may not require admission to the hospital and administration of intravenous antibiotics unless the patient presents with worrisome features that include fever, dyspnea, or airway compromise secondary to swelling. […] The differential diagnoses for dental abscesses include: Buccal bifurcation cyst, Eosinophilic granuloma, Gingival abscess, Langerhans cells histiocytosis, Lateral periodontal cyst, Osteomyelitis, Periapical abscess, Peritonsillar abscess, Periapical granuloma or cyst, Vertical root fracture. […] For complicated dental abscesses, consult maxillofacial surgery or a dentist if there is 1 on staff. […] Patients with a dental abscess usually present with oral cavity pain, fever, and difficulty chewing.

• #1 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  A dental abscess is a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth. The most common type of dental abscess is a periapical abscess, and the second most common is a periodontal abscess. […] A periodontal abscess may be difficult to distinguish from a periapical abscess. Indeed, sometimes they can occur together. […] If the swelling is over the area of the root apex, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess; if it is closer to the gingival margin, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] Similarly, in a periodontal abscess pus most likely discharges via the periodontal pocket, whereas a periapical abscess generally drains via a parulis nearer to the apex of the involved tooth. […] If the tooth has pre-existing periodontal disease, with pockets and loss of alveolar bone height, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess; whereas if the tooth has relatively healthy periodontal condition, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess.

• #1 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  In periodontal abscesses, the swelling usually precedes the pain, and in periapical abscesses, the pain usually precedes the swelling. […] A history of toothache with sensitivity to hot and cold suggests previous pulpitis, and indicates that a periapical abscess is more likely. […] If the tooth gives normal results on pulp sensibility testing, is free of dental caries and has no large restorations; it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] A dental radiograph is of little help in the early stages of a dental abscess, but later usually the position of the abscess, and hence indication of endodontal/periodontal etiology can be determined. […] Generally, periodontal abscesses will be more tender to lateral percussion than to vertical, and periapical abscesses will be more tender to apical percussion.

• #1 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10943-abscessed-tooth

  A tooth abscess is a pocket of pus from a bacterial infection in your gums. […] In addition to examining the tooth and surrounding tissue for signs of infection, your dentist may: […] Recommend a dental X-ray: This can help identify sources of dental disease that may have led to the abscessed tooth. […] How is an abscessed tooth diagnosed? […] A tooth abscess should clear up after treatment. […] A tooth abscess won’t go away on its own. […] Left untreated, a tooth abscess will eventually spread to the surrounding tissues and beyond, wreaking havoc on your oral and overall health. […] If you develop mouth pain, a toothache or a red, swollen bump on your gums, schedule an appointment with a dentist right away.

• #1 Dental Abscess | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20350

  Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. […] Identifying, treating, and educating patients about dental abscesses grants symptomatic relief and can prevent dangerous complications. […] A dental abscess should be considered when patients report severe pain, admit to poor dental hygiene and lack of adequate dental follow-up, admit to dental trauma that was not repaired, localized pain that is reproducible with palpation, facial erythema, trismus, dysphagia, fever, lymphadenopathy. […] CT and MRI are sensitive modalities in detecting abscesses. Initial workup should include an x-ray of the head and neck and a complete blood cell count. […] Treatment involves draining the abscess, providing antibiotic support, controlling pain, and removing infectious tooth sources.

• #1 Dental Abscess: Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.dezy.com/blogs/dental-abscess-signs-and-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-cost

  Dental X-rays, clinical examinations, and occasionally additional imaging methods are used by dentists to identify dental abscesses. […] The X-rays assist in determining the proper course of treatment and the extent of the infection. […] A tooth abscess is regarded as a dental emergency because of the excruciating pain and its consequences. […] It’s critical to get dental care right away if you think you may have a dental abscess to stop the infection.

• #1 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  Dental infections are not an uncommon presentation in the medical setting, mainly in emergency departments. Of all dental-related visits, dental abscesses account for the majority of cases. […] Medical practitioners often have limited knowledge regarding dental infections, making these conditions challenging to manage. […] Furthermore, medical practitioners in the primary care setting have a unique opportunity to identify the early stages of dental infections, provide oral education, and make the appropriate referral to dental practitioners. […] An apical abscess is usually a localized infection that does not require antimicrobials before referral to the dentist. […] Antibiotics are only indicated when there are signs of systemic spread of the infection, eg, fever or cellulitis. […] The standard of care for dental infections is surgically controlling the infection source.

• #1 Apical Abscess: Symptoms, Diagnosis And Treatment | Colgate®

  https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/mouth-sores-and-infections/apical-abscess-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Apical abscesses are one of the most common dental abscesses and can develop into serious dental issues. If you experience symptoms, it’s essential to visit a dental professional promptly for diagnosis and treatment. Arriving at your appointment armed with a basic knowledge of what the abscess is can also help. […] A dental abscess is your body’s inflammatory reaction to an infection in the tooth’s nerve. The abscess itself is a collection of pus arising from a source of infection at the tooth’s root, which can break through the tissues and discharge into the mouth. […] Your dentist will tap your teeth to assess sensitivity, take X-rays and possibly recommend a CT scan for further evaluation. Your history of symptoms will also aid the diagnosis. […] Sometimes, it can be unclear which tooth is causing the abscess. If this is the case, your dentist may insert a gutta-percha point—a flexible material—into the draining opening of the abscess. An X-ray will then trace the opening of the abscess straight to the primary source of infection.

• #1 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  Definitive treatment can only be administered by a dental practitioner. […] Patients should be referred to a dental practitioner for further management if emergency treatment is not indicated. […] It is essential to understand that such conditions are treated by removing the source of the infection via drainage, pulp treatment, or extracting the offending tooth and that antibiotics alone are insufficient to control dental infections.

• #2 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Dental abscess covers a clinical spectrum from minor well-localised infection to severe life-threatening complications involving multiple fascial spaces. […] Common presenting symptoms include dental pain/toothache; intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, erythema, or discharge; and thermal hypersensitivity. […] Panoramic dental radiograph reveals the source of infection in most cases; however, a periapical radiograph may also be helpful. A computed tomography scan is recommended if there is suspicion of a fascial space infection or if panoramic or periapical radiographs are not available. […] Prompt operative intervention to identify and eliminate the source of infection and provide a path for drainage, along with antibiotic therapy and supportive care, is required. Operative treatment is considered the cornerstone of successful management.

• #2 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  A dental abscess is a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth. The most common type of dental abscess is a periapical abscess, and the second most common is a periodontal abscess. […] A periodontal abscess may be difficult to distinguish from a periapical abscess. Indeed, sometimes they can occur together. […] If the swelling is over the area of the root apex, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess; if it is closer to the gingival margin, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] Similarly, in a periodontal abscess pus most likely discharges via the periodontal pocket, whereas a periapical abscess generally drains via a parulis nearer to the apex of the involved tooth. […] If the tooth has pre-existing periodontal disease, with pockets and loss of alveolar bone height, it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess; whereas if the tooth has relatively healthy periodontal condition, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess.

• #2 Dental Abscess – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493149/

  Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. […] Identifying, treating, and educating patients about a dental abscess will grant symptomatic relief and prevent dangerous complications. This activity explains when this condition should be considered for differential diagnosis, articulates how to evaluate this condition properly, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for patients with this condition. […] Assess the examination and evaluation process for dental abscesses, including any necessary diagnostic imaging. […] CT and MRI are sensitive modalities in detecting abscesses. Initial workup should include an x-ray of the head and neck and a complete blood cell count. […] A complete blood cell count can help rule out infectious etiology based on the total white blood cell count and the predominant white blood cell line that appears.

• #2 Signs of Tooth Abscess: Stages and Treatments | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/dental-abscess/

  If a dental abscess is suspected, the affected person should visit the dentist as soon as possible. […] The dentist will perform an examination of the affected area. They may test the affected tooth by pressing on it or tapping it with an instrument. If the tooth is infected, it will usually be very sensitive to pressure or tapping (percussion), and may often be painful. Further, if the abscess is periapical, the swelling at the root will push the tooth upwards in its socket, and it will feel higher than the surrounding teeth. […] While laboratory testing is not usually needed to establish whether or not an abscess is present, dentists will usually do an X-ray of the affected tooth and the mouth as a whole to establish the exact location and the size of the abscess. […] The abscess may be aspirated and the pus cultured to determine which strains of bacteria are involved. This helps to guide antibiotic therapy if it is needed.

• #2 Oral abscess: Causes and treatment | CURAPROX

  https://curaprox.us/blog/post/oral-abscess-why-it-needs-to-be-taken-seriously?srsltid=AfmBOopwKYctZopMVinHrbLZM6Ym-nKGcx0YUi66IjzeM1kDRuyzVLoO

  What abscess treatment methods do dental practitioners recommend? The health care professional in charge of your treatment will provide all the information you need. In more severe cases, root canal treatment or root-end surgery may be necessary. Moreover, a root-treated tooth is, unfortunately, more susceptible to the formation of an abscess. Pus can also collect at the root tip of the dead tooth. Usually, the tooth then becomes increasingly sensitive to gentle tapping with a dental instrument. In other words, the dentist performs a „tapping test”. A healthy tooth will not be tender to tapping, while an unhealthy one may experience a short, sharp, shooting pain even after a very gentle tap if there is inflammation present. Patients often also complain about feeling pressure pain in the mouth, teeth and jaw.

• #2 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1206

  Key diagnostic factors include presence of risk factors, dental pain/toothache, thermal sensitivity of teeth, fever, intra-oral and/or extra-oral oedema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral erythema, intra-oral and/or extra-oral discharge, trismus, tooth percussion sensitivity, mobile teeth, deep periodontal pockets, bleeding, gingival recession, bone loss around teeth, elevated/extruded tooth, tachypnoea, dysphagia/drooling, dysphonia, dyspnoea/respiratory stridor, posturing, uvular deviation, floor of mouth elevation, hypotension. […] 1st investigations to order include FBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Investigations to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #2 Dental Abscess: Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.dezy.com/blogs/dental-abscess-signs-and-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-cost

  In addition to looking for symptoms of infection in the tooth and surrounding tissue, the dentist may: […] Recommend an X-ray to help identify the source of the oral condition that may have caused the infection. X-rays can also be used to see if the illness has spread to or is affecting other parts of the body. […] Suggest a CT scan to determine whether the infection has spread to other parts of the neck and to determine the degree of the infection. […] Tap and press on the teeth since an abscessed tooth is usually sensitive to touch or pressure. […] Recommend Thermal tests are used to assess the health of the pulpal tissues. […] A dental abscess is an accumulation of pus brought on by a bacterial infection that develops in the gums, teeth, or surrounding tissues. Severe pain and swelling may result from it.

• #2 Dental Abscess: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/909373-overview

  A dentoalveolar abscess is an acute lesion characterized by localization of pus in the structures that surround the teeth. Most patients are treated easily with analgesia, antibiotics, drainage, and/or referral to a dentist or oral-maxillofacial surgeon. However, the physician should be aware of potential complications of simple dentoalveolar abscess. […] For uncomplicated dental abscess, no laboratory studies are needed. […] For complicated abscess (accompanying cellulitis), the following are recommended: Complete blood cell (CBC) count, Blood culture (aerobic and anaerobic) before starting parenteral antibiotic therapy, Needle aspirate for Gram staining and aerobic and anaerobic cultures. […] Depending on the severity of the abscess based on clinical presentation, the following is recommended: Periapical radiography is the first level of investigation, Panoramic radiography (pantomography) is most helpful in emergency situations.

• #2 Periapical Abscess: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24896-periapical-abscess

  A periapical abscess is a pocket of infection around your tooth root. […] If you think you have an abscess, you should seek care immediately. […] Dentists use visual exams and radiographic (X-ray) imaging to diagnose periapical tooth abscesses. […] A dentist will examine your teeth and gums. They may also tap gently on the affected tooth to see if its sensitive to pressure. […] Your dentist will take dental X-rays of your abscessed tooth. These images can tell them how far the infection has spread. […] In some cases, your dentist may request a CT (computed tomography) scan, especially if they think the infection may have spread to your neck. A dental CT gives your dentist a 3D view of your mouth. […] Periapical abscess treatment depends on how far the infection has spread. Options include medicine and procedures, such as:

• #2 Dental Abscess | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20350

  Dental infections, while relatively straightforward regarding diagnosis and access, can be challenging to manage acutely. […] Identifying, treating, and educating patients about dental abscesses grants symptomatic relief and can prevent dangerous complications. […] A dental abscess should be considered when patients report severe pain, admit to poor dental hygiene and lack of adequate dental follow-up, admit to dental trauma that was not repaired, localized pain that is reproducible with palpation, facial erythema, trismus, dysphagia, fever, lymphadenopathy. […] CT and MRI are sensitive modalities in detecting abscesses. Initial workup should include an x-ray of the head and neck and a complete blood cell count. […] Treatment involves draining the abscess, providing antibiotic support, controlling pain, and removing infectious tooth sources.

• #2 Dental abscess – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1206

  1st tests to order include CBC with differential and panoramic radiograph. […] Tests to consider include periapical radiograph, CT head and neck (with contrast), infection site aspiration Gram stain/culture and sensitivity, CRP, ESR, serum electrolytes, plasma fibrinogen level, MRI head and neck, ultrasound of fascial spaces, electric pulp testing, thermal testing, blood cultures, C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide (CTX).

• #2 Dental Abscess | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/20350

  Most dental abscesses can be treated with antibiotics to cover gram negatives, facultative anaerobes, and strict anaerobes. […] The differential diagnoses for dental abscesses include: Buccal bifurcation cyst, Eosinophilic granuloma, Gingival abscess, Langerhans cells histiocytosis, Lateral periodontal cyst, Osteomyelitis, Periapical abscess, Peritonsillar abscess, Periapical granuloma or cyst, Vertical root fracture. […] Surgical management of a dental abscess can include a root canal or tooth extraction. […] The prognosis for a dental abscess is very good. However, if the abscess is left untreated, the prognosis can be quite poor; the mortality rate can increase to 40% if patients develop mediastinitis from descending infection. […] For complicated dental abscesses, consult maxillofacial surgery or a dentist if there is 1 on staff. […] Patients with a dental abscess usually present with oral cavity pain, fever, and difficulty chewing.

• #2 Dental abscess – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_abscess

  In periodontal abscesses, the swelling usually precedes the pain, and in periapical abscesses, the pain usually precedes the swelling. […] A history of toothache with sensitivity to hot and cold suggests previous pulpitis, and indicates that a periapical abscess is more likely. […] If the tooth gives normal results on pulp sensibility testing, is free of dental caries and has no large restorations; it is more likely to be a periodontal abscess. […] A dental radiograph is of little help in the early stages of a dental abscess, but later usually the position of the abscess, and hence indication of endodontal/periodontal etiology can be determined. […] Generally, periodontal abscesses will be more tender to lateral percussion than to vertical, and periapical abscesses will be more tender to apical percussion.

• #2 Tooth Abscess: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/abscessed-tooth

  How Is an Abscessed Tooth Diagnosed? An abscessed tooth wont go away on its own. See your dentist right away if you have signs of one. Its important to treat it because theres a chance it could spread to your jaw or other parts of your head or neck. This is especially true if your immune system is weak because of a health condition such as AIDS or if you are being treated for certain conditions such as cancer or an organ transplant. To find out if you have an abscessed tooth, your dentist probably will: […] Take an X-ray. This can tell your dentist if you have an abscess and if it has spread to other parts of your mouth. […] If your dentist cant diagnose the abscess on their own, theyll probably send you to an endodontist, whos specially trained to work on abscessed teeth. They can tell for sure if you have an abscess and treat it if you do.

• #2 Dental abscess: Symptoms, treatment, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/170136

  A dental abscess, or tooth abscess, is a buildup of pus that forms inside the teeth or gums. A dental abscess typically comes from a bacterial infection, often one that has accumulated in the soft pulp of the tooth. […] Any person with symptoms linked to a dental abscess should see a dentist immediately. Dental abscesses are easily diagnosed by a qualified dentist. […] A doctor cannot treat an abscess, but they may prescribe medication and advise on self-care and pain management and are also likely to know the fastest way of getting emergency treatment if required. […] The type of abscess will dictate the severity and location of symptoms. […] Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent the infection from spreading and may be taken together with painkillers. […] A dental abscess is, in most cases, a complication of a dental infection. Bacteria, often bacteria present in plaque, infect and make their way into a tooth. […] If a dental abscess comes back, even after surgery, the tooth may be taken out.

• #2 Dental abscess

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dental-abscess/

  A dental abscess is a build-up of pus in the teeth or gums caused by an infection. It needs urgent treatment by a dentist. A dental abscess will not go away on its own. […] Signs of a dental abscess include: intense toothache or pain in your gums, redness inside the mouth, or outside the mouth on the face or jaw, sensitivity to hot or cold food and drink in the affected area, a bad taste in your mouth, difficulty opening your mouth and chewing food, a swollen face or jaw, a high temperature. […] Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent dentist appointment or get help from NHS 111 if you think you have a dental abscess. […] Dental abscesses are usually treated by a dentist. The dentist will drain away the pus. […] If a problem with your tooth has caused the abscess, you may need root canal treatment, or the tooth may be removed. You’ll be given a local anaesthetic, so you do not feel any pain. […] You may be offered painkillers to take for a few days after treatment and may also be given antibiotics.

• #2 Dental Health | Sepsis Alliance

  https://www.sepsis.org/sepsisand/dental-health/

  A dental infection within or below a tooth can be caused by tooth decay or a broken tooth that causes the pulp to become infected. […] When an infection occurs, bacteria can move out of the tooth to the bone or tissue below, forming a dental abscess. […] A dental infection can lead to sepsis.

• #2 Dental Infections – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542165/

  Definitive treatment can only be administered by a dental practitioner. […] Patients should be referred to a dental practitioner for further management if emergency treatment is not indicated. […] It is essential to understand that such conditions are treated by removing the source of the infection via drainage, pulp treatment, or extracting the offending tooth and that antibiotics alone are insufficient to control dental infections.

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