Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Etiology – Pathways of Addiction – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232972/

  Etiological research focuses primarily on the likely causes and correlates of drug use; it has identified many factors that affect drug use, although no single variable or set of variables explains drug use by an individual. […] There is no reason to believe that the same factor will affect all individuals in the same way, nor is there any reason to believe that the factors responsible for initiation of drug use are of equal importance in the continuation or escalation of use. […] Two general categories of variables have been examined-risk factors and protective factorsalthough research, to date, has focused primarily on risk factors associated with drug use rather than on abuse and dependence. […] Risk factors are related to the probability of an individual’s developing a disease or to vulnerability, which is a predisposition to a specific disease process.

• #2 Substance use disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001522.htm

  Substance use disorder occurs when a person’s use of alcohol or another substance (prescribed medicine or illegal drug) leads to health issues or problems at work, school, or home. […] The exact cause of substance use disorder is not known. A person’s genes, the action of the prescribed medicine or illegal drug, peer pressure, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and environmental stress can all be factors. […] Many who develop a substance use problem have depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or another mental health issue. A stressful or chaotic lifestyle and low self-esteem are also common. […] Children who grow up seeing their parents misuse substances may have a high risk of developing substance use problem later in life for both environmental and genetic reasons.

• #3 Etiology: What Causes Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/etiology-what-causes-addiction/

  VULNERABILITY: The degree of accumulated risk factors at it relates to overall susceptibility to substance use disorder. […] Genes account for 40-60% of the risk for addiction development. […] Males are more likely than females to develop a substance use disorder. […] Personality traits such as high impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking. […] The prevalence of other mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Having a parent or sibling that has a substance use disorder. […] Substance use among peers and time spent with substance-using peers. […] Accessibility of a substance (e.g., number of liquor stores). […] Exposure to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or trauma. […] Age at first use of alcohol and other drugs.

• #4 Addiction: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6407-addiction

  Theres not a single cause of addiction its a very complex condition. A significant part of how addiction develops is through changes in your brain chemistry. […] Other factors that contribute to the development of addictions include: Genetics: Studies show that genetic factors are responsible for 40% to 60% of the vulnerability to any SUD. If you have a first-degree relative (biological sibling or parent) with a substance abuse disorder, youre more likely to develop one. […] Mental health conditions: Theres a strong link between addiction and mental health conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bipolar disorder. About half of the people who experience a mental health condition will also experience a substance abuse disorder SUD and vice versa. […] Environmental factors: Access to substances is a particularly significant environmental risk factor. Factors that increase the extent of exposure and the opportunity for substance use include the use of substances by a member of your household or your peers and being prescribed medications that can be misused, such as opioids or stimulants. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) also play a role. ACEs are stressful or traumatic events during childhood. ACEs are strongly related to the development of a wide range of health problems throughout a persons lifespan, including addiction.

• #5 Understanding Addiction and Root Causes of Substance Use Disorder

  https://ziarecoverycenter.com/root-causes-substance-use-disorder/

  Researchers found that there is a moderate to strong genetic influence on addiction to drugs and alcohol, such that 30-70% of the variability in risk of developing addiction can be explained by genetic contributions. […] Additionally, they determined that these genetics could increase the risk for individuals to experience sustained difficulty with substance use and abuse. […] In another study focused on family and adoption studies of illicit drug use, researchers found that risk of drug abuse was twice as high among those with first-degree (parent or sibling) biological relatives with drug abuse compared to adoptees without an affected first degree relative. […] At the biological level, the dopamine receptors and reward pathways in the brain play a crucial role in addiction. […] Genetic variations in dopamine receptors can affect how sensitive an individuals reward system is, making some people more prone to addictive behaviors.

• #6 Etiology – Pathways of Addiction – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232972/

  Protective factors are variables that are statistically associated with reduced likelihood of drug use. […] One of the goals of etiologic research has been to identify variables (such as risk and protective factors) that may be associated with drug use. […] The underlying interest in such variables is to determine if manipulation of risk and protective factors can moderate drug use outcomes. […] Finally, intervention efforts must be carried out as well-controlled, rigorous experiments for the analysis of results to be meaningful. […] Over the past 25 years, progress has been made in understanding risk factors associated with drug use, including biological, psychosocial, and contextual (social and environmental) risk factors. […] Family studies are important for identifying genetic vulnerability for drug abuse; for example, studies that have investigated generational differences in the transmission of drug abuse revealed that drug use or abuse is elevated among siblings of drug abusers and that there is a direct relationship between parental drug use or abuse and offspring use or abuse.

• #7 Understanding Addiction and Root Causes of Substance Use Disorder

  https://ziarecoverycenter.com/root-causes-substance-use-disorder/

  Researchers found that there is a moderate to strong genetic influence on addiction to drugs and alcohol, such that 30-70% of the variability in risk of developing addiction can be explained by genetic contributions. […] Additionally, they determined that these genetics could increase the risk for individuals to experience sustained difficulty with substance use and abuse. […] In another study focused on family and adoption studies of illicit drug use, researchers found that risk of drug abuse was twice as high among those with first-degree (parent or sibling) biological relatives with drug abuse compared to adoptees without an affected first degree relative. […] At the biological level, the dopamine receptors and reward pathways in the brain play a crucial role in addiction. […] Genetic variations in dopamine receptors can affect how sensitive an individuals reward system is, making some people more prone to addictive behaviors.

• #8 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/drug-addiction-substance-use-disorder?content_id=CON-20319260

  Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person’s brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine. […] Like many mental health disorders, several factors may contribute to development of drug addiction. The main factors are: Environment. Environmental factors, including your family’s beliefs and attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, seem to play a role in initial drug use. […] Genetics. Once you’ve started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits, which may delay or speed up the disease progression. […] Physical addiction appears to occur when repeated use of a drug changes the way your brain feels pleasure. The addicting drug causes physical changes to some nerve cells (neurons) in your brain. Neurons use chemicals called neurotransmitters to communicate. These changes can remain long after you stop using the drug.

• #9 Substance use disorder: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001522.htm

  Substance use disorder occurs when a person’s use of alcohol or another substance (prescribed medicine or illegal drug) leads to health issues or problems at work, school, or home. […] The exact cause of substance use disorder is not known. A person’s genes, the action of the prescribed medicine or illegal drug, peer pressure, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and environmental stress can all be factors. […] Many who develop a substance use problem have depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or another mental health issue. A stressful or chaotic lifestyle and low self-esteem are also common. […] Children who grow up seeing their parents misuse substances may have a high risk of developing substance use problem later in life for both environmental and genetic reasons.

• #10 5 Causes of Substance Abuse | Substance Abuse Treatment TX

  https://thearbor.com/blog/5-causes-of-substance-abuse/

  Substance use disorder, often referred to as substance abuse, is a severe health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. This disorder is characterized by an individuals inability to control or abstain from using one or more substances, leading to serious health, social, and economic repercussions. […] The causes of substance abuse are varied and complex, but the prevalence of this growing public health crisis cannot be denied. […] Understanding the causes of substance abuse is crucial in devising effective treatment strategies. Here are five common causes: Genetics Research suggests that an individuals genetic makeup can increase their vulnerability to substance abuse. Certain genes may make some people more prone to addiction than others. […] Environment Factors such as peer pressure, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and exposure to drugs can contribute to substance abuse. For instance, individuals who grow up in homes where drug use is normalized are more likely to develop substance use disorders.

• #11 Addiction: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6407-addiction

  Theres not a single cause of addiction its a very complex condition. A significant part of how addiction develops is through changes in your brain chemistry. […] Other factors that contribute to the development of addictions include: Genetics: Studies show that genetic factors are responsible for 40% to 60% of the vulnerability to any SUD. If you have a first-degree relative (biological sibling or parent) with a substance abuse disorder, youre more likely to develop one. […] Mental health conditions: Theres a strong link between addiction and mental health conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bipolar disorder. About half of the people who experience a mental health condition will also experience a substance abuse disorder SUD and vice versa. […] Environmental factors: Access to substances is a particularly significant environmental risk factor. Factors that increase the extent of exposure and the opportunity for substance use include the use of substances by a member of your household or your peers and being prescribed medications that can be misused, such as opioids or stimulants. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) also play a role. ACEs are stressful or traumatic events during childhood. ACEs are strongly related to the development of a wide range of health problems throughout a persons lifespan, including addiction.

• #12 What Causes Drug or Alcohol Addiction? | Footprints to Recovery

  https://footprintstorecovery.com/drug-addiction/underlying-causes/

  The link between trauma and substance abuse is strong. Types of trauma that can contribute to alcohol abuse and drug addiction include: Assault, Rape, Military combat, Physical or sexual abuse, Natural disasters, Witnessing traumatic events. Emotional trauma from childhood like abuse and neglect can also trigger drug and alcoholism and alcohol abuse later in life. […] Growing up in an environment where drinking was common can predict problem drinking later in life. For example, some research shows that if your parents regularly drank alcohol and had permissive attitudes around alcohol, you’re more likely to drink. […] Researchers found that being asked to drink or smoke by friends is one of the strongest predictors of substance use in adolescents — even outweighing parenting styles or parental drinking behaviors.

• #13 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  Peer pressure. Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for young people. […] Lack of family involvement. Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision. […] Early use. Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction. […] Taking a highly addictive drug. Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs.

• #14 5 Causes of Substance Abuse | Substance Abuse Treatment TX

  https://thearbor.com/blog/5-causes-of-substance-abuse/

  Mental health disorders Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can lead to substance abuse as individuals may use drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism. […] Early use Studies show that individuals who start using drugs at an early age are more likely to develop substance use disorders later in life. […] Lack of family involvement A lack of strong familial bonds or support can lead to substance abuse. Individuals with strong family ties are less likely to turn to drugs or alcohol. […] More than one of these can occur in combination, thus increasing the risk factors leading to substance use disorder and the need for substance abuse treatment.

• #15 Root Causes of Addiction: Know What Leads to Dependency

  https://thedawnrehab.com/blog/major-causes-of-addiction/

  The environment in which people were raised and currently live in has a broad and significant impact on their mental and physical well-being and therefore, is one of the major causes of addiction. […] One of the environmental causes of drug addiction is if drug use is common in the home. […] Other factors like socioeconomic status have also been shown to factor into higher risks of addiction. […] Peer networks can also influence addiction. […] Cultural and societal influences can also lead to addiction, as the normalisation of problematic behaviours can eventually result in a dependency. […] This combination of social pressure and lack of access to helpful resources can result in greater numbers of addiction disorders. […] A few key risk factors can increase the likelihood that an addiction will develop, along with the presence of other causal factors.

• #16 Exploring the Complex Relationship between Poverty and Addiction

  https://stjosephinstitute.com/blog/understanding-the-relationship-between-poverty-and-addiction/

  The relationship between addiction and poverty is complicated. Lower income people are slightly more likely to struggle with drug or alcohol abuse, but this doesn’t necessarily mean that poverty causes addiction. In some cases, financial troubles are the result of a substance use disorder. […] Poverty increases stress. Stress is well recognized as a risk factor for substance abuse and relapse after treatment. Worrying about how to afford shelter, food, and other basic needs causes a tremendous amount of stress. When you’re struggling to make ends meet, there is a great temptation to turn to drugs or alcohol to temporarily escape from your problems. […] Poverty increases feelings of hopeless. When meeting daily expenses is difficult, dreams of attending college, buying a home, opening a business, or traveling the world seem impossible. Feeling as though you are powerless over your own future creates a vulnerability to substance abuse.

• #17 The Root Causes of Addiction | The Phoenix Recovery Center

  https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/addiction-recovery/root-cause-of-addiction/

  Addiction can prevent someone from experiencing meaning in life, ruin relationships, and lead to serious health complications. […] The truth is its complicated, and many factors contribute to substance abuse becoming an addiction. […] The root causes of addiction include trauma, mental health struggles, and genetic predisposition. […] However, its important to keep in mind that there is no one cause of addiction. […] None of these factors necessarily cause addiction, having trauma, mental health struggles, or specific genetics doesnt mean youre bound to suffer from addiction. […] Trauma can include physical, psychological, and emotional experiences that overwhelm your ability to cope. […] Trauma correlates with addiction. […] A traumatic experience or ongoing condition can lead to despair and enduring pain, and some people will turn to substances to cope with or dull the pain.

• #18 What Causes Drug or Alcohol Addiction? | Footprints to Recovery

  https://footprintstorecovery.com/drug-addiction/underlying-causes/

  The link between trauma and substance abuse is strong. Types of trauma that can contribute to alcohol abuse and drug addiction include: Assault, Rape, Military combat, Physical or sexual abuse, Natural disasters, Witnessing traumatic events. Emotional trauma from childhood like abuse and neglect can also trigger drug and alcoholism and alcohol abuse later in life. […] Growing up in an environment where drinking was common can predict problem drinking later in life. For example, some research shows that if your parents regularly drank alcohol and had permissive attitudes around alcohol, you’re more likely to drink. […] Researchers found that being asked to drink or smoke by friends is one of the strongest predictors of substance use in adolescents — even outweighing parenting styles or parental drinking behaviors.

• #19 The Root Causes of Addiction | The Phoenix Recovery Center

  https://thephoenixrc.com/blog/addiction-recovery/root-cause-of-addiction/

  Childhood trauma in particular has a high correlation with developing an addiction later in life. […] About 59% of young people who suffer from PTSD (as a result of childhood trauma) will suffer from substance abuse problems that could potentially lead to addiction. […] Mental health struggles are another underlying factor that can lead to addiction. […] Studies have shown that 50% of those who experience mental illness will also develop an addiction at some point. […] Just as with trauma, mental illness as a child can lead to an increased risk of addiction later in life. […] Genetics can also affect addiction. […] About 50% of your risk for drug or alcohol addiction comes from your genetic makeup. […] Growing up in an environment surrounded by drug and alcohol use can lead to an increased risk of addiction later. […] Addicts often have a deficient brain-reward system, leading them to use substances for balance. […] Withdrawal symptoms can be severe, leading individuals to use substances again to feel normal. […] This creates a vicious cycle of dependence.

• #20 Etiology of substance use | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-substance-use-3/46335131

  According to classic theories, substance abuse is: 1. A masturbatory equivalent (some heroin users describe the initial rush as similar to a prolonged sexual orgasm), 2. A defense against anxious impulses, or a manifestation of oral regression (i.e., dependency). Recent psychodynamic formulations relate substance use as a reflection of disturbed ego functions (i.e., the inability to deal with reality). […] Stress activates the same brain [reward] systems responsible for the positive reinforcing effect of drugs. It increases physiological sensitivity to drugs. It increases desire to improve mood with drugs after exposure to stress. Stress more strongly predicts drug use when there is a psychiatric disorder, poor parenting, family dysfunction, and adverse neighborhood characteristics. […] Mental Health Disorders are strongly linked to drug use and dependence. Internalizing Disorders (PTSD, Depression, Anxiety disorders, Bipolar disorder) Brain responses are heightened in response to drugs. Tendency to self-medicate the anxiety depression this process causes drug use. […] There is likely to be a genetic component to substance abuse and addiction. That is, inherited differences among individuals affect their response to drugs. The children of alcoholic parents are at higher risk for developing alcoholism and drug dependence than are children of nonalcoholic parents.

• #21 Addiction: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6407-addiction

  Theres not a single cause of addiction its a very complex condition. A significant part of how addiction develops is through changes in your brain chemistry. […] Other factors that contribute to the development of addictions include: Genetics: Studies show that genetic factors are responsible for 40% to 60% of the vulnerability to any SUD. If you have a first-degree relative (biological sibling or parent) with a substance abuse disorder, youre more likely to develop one. […] Mental health conditions: Theres a strong link between addiction and mental health conditions, such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bipolar disorder. About half of the people who experience a mental health condition will also experience a substance abuse disorder SUD and vice versa. […] Environmental factors: Access to substances is a particularly significant environmental risk factor. Factors that increase the extent of exposure and the opportunity for substance use include the use of substances by a member of your household or your peers and being prescribed medications that can be misused, such as opioids or stimulants. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) also play a role. ACEs are stressful or traumatic events during childhood. ACEs are strongly related to the development of a wide range of health problems throughout a persons lifespan, including addiction.

• #22 Addiction | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/addiction

  Mental health issues: More than 50 per cent of people with substance use disorders have also had mental health problems at some point during their lifetimes. When people have mental health problems, even limited substance use can worsen the problem. […] Coping with thoughts and feelings: People may turn to substances as a way of coping with difficult emotions or situations. They start to rely on substances to regulate their emotions. […] Researchers have tried various ways to sort out the complex causes of substance use problems. One way is to ask which factors put people at risk and which protect them from substance use problems. Since substance use often begins in youth, research has focused on this age group. […] Risk factors for substance use problems in youth include: alcohol or other drug problems among family members, poor school performance, poverty, family conflicts, chaos or stress, having friends who drink or use drugs, not fitting in socially or being excluded because of factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation, emotional, physical or sexual abuse, experiencing discrimination or oppression.

• #23 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  Genetics. Once you’ve started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits, which may delay or speed up the disease progression. […] Physical addiction appears to occur when repeated use of a drug changes the way your brain feels pleasure. The addicting drug causes physical changes to some nerve cells (neurons) in your brain. Neurons use chemicals called neurotransmitters to communicate. These changes can remain long after you stop using the drug. […] People of any age, sex or economic status can become addicted to a drug. Certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction: Family history of addiction. Drug addiction is more common in some families and likely involves an increased risk based on genes. […] Mental health disorder. If you have a mental health disorder such as depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post-traumatic stress disorder, you’re more likely to become addicted to drugs.

• #24 Etiology: What Causes Addiction? – Recovery Research Institute

  https://www.recoveryanswers.org/addiction-101/etiology-what-causes-addiction/

  VULNERABILITY: The degree of accumulated risk factors at it relates to overall susceptibility to substance use disorder. […] Genes account for 40-60% of the risk for addiction development. […] Males are more likely than females to develop a substance use disorder. […] Personality traits such as high impulsivity, aggression, and sensation seeking. […] The prevalence of other mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). […] Having a parent or sibling that has a substance use disorder. […] Substance use among peers and time spent with substance-using peers. […] Accessibility of a substance (e.g., number of liquor stores). […] Exposure to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or trauma. […] Age at first use of alcohol and other drugs.

• #25 What Is Drug Addiction? Symptoms, Causes And Effects

  https://valleyspringrecovery.com/addiction/drug/

  The environment plays a crucial role in determining the likelihood of addiction. Peer groups that promote substance misuse encourage similar behaviors in others. A family history of substance abuse intensifies this risk. Additionally, socioeconomic barriers, such as limited access to education and healthcare, increase susceptibility to addiction. […] Continuous stress and negative life events are significant psychological triggers for substance dependency. Disorders like Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety frequently accompany addiction, necessitating a dual-diagnosis approach for effective treatment. […] Early initiation of substance use markedly increases the risk of developing a long-term dependency. Certain personality traits or disorders predispose individuals to addiction. A comprehensive understanding of these diverse risk factors offers a holistic perspective on susceptibility to addiction, highlighting the complex interaction between biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

• #26 Psychiatry.org – What Is a Substance Use Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders/what-is-a-substance-use-disorder

  According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, people begin taking drugs for a variety of reasons, including: To feel good feeling of pleasure, high or „intoxication.” To feel better relieve stress, forget problems, or feel numb. To do better improve performance or thinking. Curiosity and peer pressure or experimenting. […] Many people experience substance use disorder along with another psychiatric disorder. Another psychiatric disorder can, but does not necessarily, precede another psychiatric disorder. It is also possible that the use of a substance may trigger or worsen another psychiatric disorder. […] Effective treatments for substance use disorders are available. The first step is recognition of the problem. […] Because SUDs affect many aspects of a persons life, multiple types of treatment are often required. For most, a combination of medication and individual or group therapy is most effective.

• #27 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  Peer pressure. Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for young people. […] Lack of family involvement. Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision. […] Early use. Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction. […] Taking a highly addictive drug. Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs.

• #28 Substance use disorder | Description, Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/substance-use-disorder

  Recurrent substance use has many different causes. […] For example, some persons may be genetically predisposed to substance use and addiction. […] In other cases, underlying psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety or depression, or factors such as environmental or social stressors, including exposure to drugs in adolescence and peer pressure, may influence whether or the extent to which a person uses a substance. […] Adverse childhood experiences, such as sexual abuse, may also have a role. […] Persons with substance use disorders can exhibit a wide range of symptoms. […] Substance use disorders are diagnosed through evaluation of medical history and behaviours that suggest recurring substance use, as well as through drug testing and prescription drug monitoring. […] A diagnosis of mild substance use disorder is generally based on the presence of two or more signs or symptoms for a period of at least 12 months, whereas severe cases are diagnosed when the individual exhibits six or more symptoms.

• #29 Substance Use Disorders: Types, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/substance-abuse-disorder-5105009

  Substance use disorder is a treatable chronic condition that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances such as legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. […] There is no known cause of substance use disorder, but several risks have been identified. A person may be more likely to develop a substance use disorder if one of several factors are present. […] A person’s genes, ethnicity, gender, and the presence of mental health disorders may all increase the risk of developing an addiction. […] A person’s environment such as experiencing abuse or neglect during childhood, peer pressure during adolescence, or intense stress levels at any age can raise the risk of developing a substance use disorder. […] Adolescence is a particularly risky time due to the developing, not-yet-mature brain. Drug use impacts the impulse control part of the brain. Thus, drug use causes changes in the brain that can result in a lack of self-control and poor decision-making and judgment. […] The causes of substance use disorder are unknown, but risk factors have been identified.

• #30 Root Causes of Addiction: Know What Leads to Dependency

  https://thedawnrehab.com/blog/major-causes-of-addiction/

  90% of people with substance use disorders began using substances as teenagers, highlighting the impacts of this behaviour on the developing brain. […] Identifying your exposure to what leads to addiction, and the risk factors around those causes, can help you assess your potential for dependency and guide your decisions about whether or how to engage in potentially addictive behaviours.

• #31 NCDAS: Substance Abuse and Addiction Statistics [2023]

  https://drugabusestatistics.org/

  Drug abuse and substance disorders are more likely to affect young males […] 70% of users who try an illegal drug before age 13 develop a substance abuse disorder within the next 7 years compared to 27% of those who try an illegal drug after age 17. […] 25.4% of illegal drug users have a drug disorder. […] 24.7% of those with drug disorders have an opioid disorder; this includes prescription pain relievers or pain killers and heroin. […] Non-sanctioned/non-medical/non-prescribed use of these controlled substances is considered drug abuse. They are likely to create physical or psychological dependence. […] Drug abuse often results in comorbidity- nearly 50% of persons who have substance abuse disorder also experience mental illness.

• #32 1. Understanding Substance Use Problems and Addiction: Continuum of substance use problems

  https://moodle8.camhx.ca/moodle/mod/book/view.php?id=113&chapterid=213

  Substance use becomes a problem when it: […] Addiction occurs when the repeated use of alcohol or other drugs causes problems in day-to-day functioning, such as health problems or failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school or home.

• #33 Etiology of substance use | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/etiology-of-substance-use-3/46335131

  The document discusses substance use disorders and addiction. It provides definitions and classifications from the DSM-5 and ICD-10. It then covers the biology and neuroscience of addiction, including how drugs of abuse activate the brain’s reward system, especially the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. Repeated drug use conditions the amygdala through reward learning. Cues later trigger drug seeking through the reactive reward system. The reflective reward system involves the prefrontal cortex and can provide willpower to resist drugs through pursuit of natural rewards. […] Substance abuse and addiction are complex phenomena that defy simple explanation or description. A tangled interaction of factors contributes to an individual’s seeking out, using, and perhaps subsequently abusing drugs. Since more individuals experiment with drugs than eventually develop substance abuse problems, great interest persists in understanding what differentiates these groups. Factors that can play a role in drug abuse susceptibility include a person’s psychological makeup, biological response to drugs and environmental situation, and the availability of drugs.

• #34 Understanding Substance Use Disorder | NCTC

  https://newchoicestc.com/blog/substance-use-disorder/

  Prolonged substance use can change the brain’s structure, particularly in areas responsible for: Judgment, Decision-making, Learning, Memory. […] These alterations can make it difficult for people to control their actions and resist urges. […] The brain’s remarkable plasticity allows it to adapt to repeated drug use. These adaptations can become long-lasting, even persisting after a period of abstinence. This highlights the importance of ongoing support and treatment for people recovering from SUD. […] Addressing both the psychological and physiological aspects of substance use disorders is crucial for comprehensive and effective treatment. Physiologically, substance use affects the brain and body, leading to dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Proper medical care is necessary to manage detoxification and stabilize the individual physically. Psychologically, substance use disorders often involve underlying emotional and mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety, or trauma. These issues can drive the cycle of addiction, making it essential to address them through therapy and counseling.

• #35 Substance Use Problems – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com

  https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/substance-use-problems

  A substance use problem is a medical condition. It is substance use that: […] Almost all substances associated with substance use problems affect the „reward mechanism” in the brain. The main chemical messenger involved in the brain’s reward mechanism is dopamine. Each time the person uses the substance, they feel good, which makes them want to use the substance again. Over time, changes in the brain occur (e.g., less dopamine is produced), which lessens the pleasurable effects of the substance and larger amounts are needed to get the same feeling. […] The causes of substance use problems aren’t clear, although there are many factors that are thought to play a role. Heredity (genetics) appears to be involved, as the risk of substance use problems is higher for people with family members with these problems. A person’s environment, such as school, work, friends, family, and cultural and religious beliefs, can also affect substance use problems.

• #36 Understanding Substance Use Disorder | NCTC

  https://newchoicestc.com/blog/substance-use-disorder/

  Brain disorders like anxiety and depression can also make people more likely to use drugs as a form of self-medication. […] Environmental factors can increase the risk of substance misuse as a coping mechanism. These may include: Exposure to trauma, Neglect, Chaotic family environment. […] Impulsivity, low self-esteem, and difficulty managing stress can make people more susceptible to substance use. The purpose of this is to self-medicate or escape emotional discomfort. […] The neurobiology of substance use disorder extends beyond just dopamine. Other neurotransmitters also play a role in regulating reward, motivation, and memory. […] Substance misuse disrupts the delicate balance of these neurochemicals. This leads to impaired decision-making and difficulty experiencing pleasure from non-drug activities.

• #37 Understanding Substance Use Disorder | NCTC

  https://newchoicestc.com/blog/substance-use-disorder/

  The compulsive drug-seeking behavior associated with SUD is not simply a matter of willpower. The changes in the brain’s reward system create a powerful drive to use the substance. This makes it extremely challenging to resist without support and treatment. […] Relapse is a common occurrence in the recovery process from substance use disorder. It doesn’t signify failure. Instead, it is an opportunity to identify triggers and adjust treatment strategies. Support systems and relapse prevention techniques can be crucial in navigating these challenges.

• #38 Causes of Addiction | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction/causes-addiction

  There are many risk factors for addiction, from individual factors such as stress tolerance and personality makeup to social factors such as friendships and educational and job opportunities. […] But what addiction may come down to for everyone is the emotional and physical appeal of a substance at a particular moment in a persons life. […] Some studies show that genes can account for as much as 50 percent of a persons risk for addiction, although the degree of genetic influence shifts in importance over time. […] Nevertheless, there is no single gene for addiction nor even a group of genes. […] However, there are a number of personality traits, each of which is partly genetically influenced, that contribute to the risk of addiction. […] Impulsivity is thought to play its strongest role in the early stages of addiction, driving the motivation for seeking drugs.

• #39 What Causes Drug and Alcohol Addiction? – Substance Use Disorder

  https://www.kolmac.com/blog/what-causes-drug-and-alcohol-addiction/

  What Causes Drug and Alcohol Addiction? The cause of drug and/or alcohol addiction is never simple and straightforward. Many biological, psychological, environmental, and social risk factors are correlated with substance use and addiction. However, it is not always clear whether these correlations reflect a cause-and-effect relationship. Nor is it clear which would be the cause, and which would be the effect. Nevertheless, researchers have identified several different factors that can contribute to a substance use disorder. […] Some people may be genetically predisposed to substance use disorders because of some genes related to their dopaminergic system. The dopamine receptors are involved in feelings of pleasure and reward. […] A family history of substance use disorders can, for genetic and nongenetic reasons, increase a person’s risk of using a substance. So can some factors from their personal history. These personal risk factors may include certain personality traits are linked to addiction. These include impulsivity, sensation seeking, low-risk sensitivity, and neuroticism.

• #40 Causes of Addiction | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction/causes-addiction

  There are many risk factors for addiction, from individual factors such as stress tolerance and personality makeup to social factors such as friendships and educational and job opportunities. […] But what addiction may come down to for everyone is the emotional and physical appeal of a substance at a particular moment in a persons life. […] Some studies show that genes can account for as much as 50 percent of a persons risk for addiction, although the degree of genetic influence shifts in importance over time. […] Nevertheless, there is no single gene for addiction nor even a group of genes. […] However, there are a number of personality traits, each of which is partly genetically influenced, that contribute to the risk of addiction. […] Impulsivity is thought to play its strongest role in the early stages of addiction, driving the motivation for seeking drugs.

• #41 Causes of Addiction | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction/causes-addiction

  It is a myth that there is some personality factor that is specific for the development of addiction and makes addiction likely. […] For example, people prone to thrill-seeking may be more likely than others to find themselves in situations where drugs are used or to experiment with any number of activitiesthink: bungee jumping, base-jumpingor substances that provide outsize rewards. […] There is some evidence that natural variation in genetic makeup of the dopamine system may influence who gets addicted. […] Some people may be more prone to addiction because they feel less pleasure through natural routes, such as from work, friendships, and romance. […] A person cannot get addicted to a substance without exposure to the substance, but exposure alone does not lead to addiction. […] Addiction develops only after repeated use of a substance.

• #42 Exploring the Complex Relationship between Poverty and Addiction

  https://stjosephinstitute.com/blog/understanding-the-relationship-between-poverty-and-addiction/

  Poverty decreases self-esteem. In a culture that values material possessions and financial success, being poor can feel like a moral failing. This can lead to feelings of guilt, shame, and diminished self-worth. According to Psychology Today, people struggling with low self-esteem have an increased vulnerability to developing substance use disorders. […] Poverty decreases social support. Having the emotional support of friends and family helps people cope with difficult situations in their lives. However, lower income adults are less likely to have strong social support networks simply because they are expending all of their energy on trying to survive from day to day. […] Poverty decreases access to healthcare. Although the number of uninsured adults has decreased in recent years, the Henry J. Kaiser Foundation found that 45 percent of uninsured adults lacked coverage simply because the cost was too high.

• #43 Causes of Substance Abuse | Serenity Light Recovery Center

  https://serenitylightrecovery.com/addiction-treatment-blog/causes-of-substance-abuse/

  The causes of substance abuse are as varied as the individuals who struggle with the condition. […] Doctors and researchers still aren’t sure about the causes of substance abuse. That being said, there are some factors that have been shown to increase the risk of developing a substance use disorder. These include the following: […] For some people, genetics account for a significant amount of their risk. Some estimates estimate this number to be as much as 40 to 60 percent. […] A lack of effective coping skills that allow a person to deal with stress, difficulties in life, and setbacks can make them more vulnerable to the allure of drugs and alcohol. Using these substances over a long period of time can increase tolerance. This can lead to addiction and substance use disorder. […] There are numerous other causes of substance abuse. Getting to the root of these causes is the key to recovering from substance use disorder.

• #44 Addiction | CAMH

  https://www.camh.ca/en/health-info/mental-illness-and-addiction-index/addiction

  Mental health issues: More than 50 per cent of people with substance use disorders have also had mental health problems at some point during their lifetimes. When people have mental health problems, even limited substance use can worsen the problem. […] Coping with thoughts and feelings: People may turn to substances as a way of coping with difficult emotions or situations. They start to rely on substances to regulate their emotions. […] Researchers have tried various ways to sort out the complex causes of substance use problems. One way is to ask which factors put people at risk and which protect them from substance use problems. Since substance use often begins in youth, research has focused on this age group. […] Risk factors for substance use problems in youth include: alcohol or other drug problems among family members, poor school performance, poverty, family conflicts, chaos or stress, having friends who drink or use drugs, not fitting in socially or being excluded because of factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation, emotional, physical or sexual abuse, experiencing discrimination or oppression.

• #45 Five Psychological Effects of Drug Addiction | RACNJ

  https://www.racnj.com/5-devastating-psychological-effects-of-drug-addiction/

  Often, people in addiction treatment centers are recovering from experiencing an endless cycle of guilt, emotional pain, and short-term relief from substances. […] Chronic substance use is a risk factor for the following illnesses: Disorders that affect decision-making, heart disease including high blood pressure, psychosis, reduced immune function, stomach issues, respiratory problems, liver damage, kidney disease. […] Just like addiction, mental disorders aren’t usually the result of one trigger or cause. […] There’s a stigma attached to addiction in society, and there’s a lot of guilt and shame for the individuals who struggle with the condition. […] These unhelpful emotions contribute to the negative feedback loop that sends people spiraling into addiction. […] However, the truth is far more complicated and nuanced — so much so that it can be very difficult for people to overcome a substance use disorder without inpatient or outpatient addiction program.

• #46 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  Peer pressure. Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for young people. […] Lack of family involvement. Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision. […] Early use. Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction. […] Taking a highly addictive drug. Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs.

• #47 Etiology – Pathways of Addiction – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232972/

  The high recurrence of alcoholism among offspring of parents with alcoholism demonstrates that family history is one of the most potent predictors of vulnerability to alcohol abuse, which results to some extent from genetic factors. […] However, the mechanism through which the family confers an increased risk is unknown. […] In addition to the contributions of genetic and biological factors to individual vulnerability for drug abuse, both transmitted and nontransmitted family factors, as well as unique environmental factors, appear to be involved in the vulnerability for drug abuse. […] The peer environment also makes a substantial contribution to variation in drug use and abuse. […] Among older adolescents, peers have a greater effect than parents on drug use and abuse among several groups, including whites, African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics.

• #48 What Causes Drug or Alcohol Addiction? | Footprints to Recovery

  https://footprintstorecovery.com/drug-addiction/underlying-causes/

  The link between trauma and substance abuse is strong. Types of trauma that can contribute to alcohol abuse and drug addiction include: Assault, Rape, Military combat, Physical or sexual abuse, Natural disasters, Witnessing traumatic events. Emotional trauma from childhood like abuse and neglect can also trigger drug and alcoholism and alcohol abuse later in life. […] Growing up in an environment where drinking was common can predict problem drinking later in life. For example, some research shows that if your parents regularly drank alcohol and had permissive attitudes around alcohol, you’re more likely to drink. […] Researchers found that being asked to drink or smoke by friends is one of the strongest predictors of substance use in adolescents — even outweighing parenting styles or parental drinking behaviors.

• #49 Etiology – Pathways of Addiction – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232972/

  The sociocultural factors that have an impact on drug use or abuse include community drug use patterns and neighborhood disorganization. […] Growing up and living in a community with high rates of crime, ready availability of drugs, association with delinquent peers, and acceptance of drug use and abuse are all associated with drug abuse. […] Drug abuse is the end product of a series of biological, psychosocial, and contextual (social and environmental) factors that have complex interrelationships. […] A family history of drug abuse is one of the most important risk factors for the development of drug abuse. […] However, the extent to which the increased risk is attributable to genetic factors involved in the metabolic, physiological, or subjective effects of drugs or to shared environmental factors such as impaired family relationships, negative role modeling, or, indirectly, transmission of psychopathology, should be examined.

• #50 Root Causes of Addiction: Know What Leads to Dependency

  https://thedawnrehab.com/blog/major-causes-of-addiction/

  The environment in which people were raised and currently live in has a broad and significant impact on their mental and physical well-being and therefore, is one of the major causes of addiction. […] One of the environmental causes of drug addiction is if drug use is common in the home. […] Other factors like socioeconomic status have also been shown to factor into higher risks of addiction. […] Peer networks can also influence addiction. […] Cultural and societal influences can also lead to addiction, as the normalisation of problematic behaviours can eventually result in a dependency. […] This combination of social pressure and lack of access to helpful resources can result in greater numbers of addiction disorders. […] A few key risk factors can increase the likelihood that an addiction will develop, along with the presence of other causal factors.

• #51 Substance use disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder

  This section divides substance use disorder causes into categories consistent with the biopsychosocial model. However, it is important to bear in mind that these categories are used by scientists partly for convenience; the categories often overlap (for example, adolescents and adults whose parents had (or have) an alcohol use disorder display higher rates of alcohol problems, a phenomenon that can be due to genetic, observational learning, socioeconomic, and other causal factors); and these categories are not the only ways to classify substance use disorder etiology. […] Similarly, most researchers in this and related areas (such as the etiology of psychopathology generally), emphasize that various causal factors interact and influence each other in complex and multifaceted ways. […] Psychological causal factors include cognitive, affective, and developmental determinants, among others. For example, individuals who begin using alcohol or other drugs in their teens are more likely to have a substance use disorder as adults. Other common risk factors are being male, being under 25, having other mental health problems (with the latter two being related to symptomatic relapse, impaired clinical and psychosocial adjustment, reduced medication adherence, and lower response to treatment), and lack of familial support and supervision.

• #52 Causes of Addiction | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction/causes-addiction

  There are many theories about the causes of addiction, the use and abuse of legal and illegal psychoactive substances. […] Biology, psychology, and social and cultural elements all play a role in the enormously complex causal bouquet that results in addiction, and different theories weight the elements differently. […] Together they reflect the fact that there is no one path to addiction, and no one factor makes addiction an inevitable outcome. […] Instead, research indicates that it is more related to what else is, or isnt, going on in a persons life that makes the sensation a substance induces so attractive. […] Among the many factors that have been shown to influence the development of an addiction are feelings about oneself, emotional state, quality of family relationships, social ties, community attributes, employment status, stress reactivity and coping skills, physical or emotional pain, personality traits, educational opportunities, compelling goals and progress toward them, opportunities for and access to rewards in life, as well as physiological responses. […] While no factor predominates, each exerts some degree of influence.

• #53 Causes of Addiction | Psychology Today

  https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction/causes-addiction

  There are many theories about the causes of addiction, the use and abuse of legal and illegal psychoactive substances. […] Biology, psychology, and social and cultural elements all play a role in the enormously complex causal bouquet that results in addiction, and different theories weight the elements differently. […] Together they reflect the fact that there is no one path to addiction, and no one factor makes addiction an inevitable outcome. […] Instead, research indicates that it is more related to what else is, or isnt, going on in a persons life that makes the sensation a substance induces so attractive. […] Among the many factors that have been shown to influence the development of an addiction are feelings about oneself, emotional state, quality of family relationships, social ties, community attributes, employment status, stress reactivity and coping skills, physical or emotional pain, personality traits, educational opportunities, compelling goals and progress toward them, opportunities for and access to rewards in life, as well as physiological responses. […] While no factor predominates, each exerts some degree of influence.

• #54 Understanding the Causes and Effects of Drug Addiction and How Treatment Can Help – Alta Mira Recovery

  https://www.altamirarecovery.com/blog/understanding-causes-effects-drug-addiction-treatment-can-help/

  Drug addiction is a complex illness with multifaceted roots and its effects can impact virtually every aspect of your loved one’s life. Healing from addiction requires intensive, holistic, and evidence-based treatment that targets the full scope of your loved one’s needs in order to create durable recovery. Identifying both the causes and effects of their addiction and offering meaningful interventions to address them is essential to this process.

• #55 Drug Use and Addiction: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/druguseandaddiction.html

  Various risk factors can make you more likely to become addicted to drugs, including: Your biology. People can react to drugs differently. Some people like the feeling the first time they try a drug and want more. Others hate how it feels and never try it again. Mental health problems. People who have untreated mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to become addicted. This can happen because drug use and mental health problems affect the same parts of the brain. Also, people with these problems may use drugs to try to feel better. […] Drug use and addiction are preventable. Prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and the media may prevent or reduce drug use and addiction. These programs include education and outreach to help people understand the risks of drug use.

• #56 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365113

  Diagnosing drug addiction (substance use disorder) requires a thorough evaluation and often includes an assessment by a psychiatrist, a psychologist, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. […] For diagnosis of a substance use disorder, most mental health professionals use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. […] Although there’s no cure for drug addiction, treatment options can help you overcome an addiction and stay drug-free. […] Your treatment depends on the drug used and any related medical or mental health disorders you may have. […] Withdrawal from different categories of drugs such as depressants, stimulants or opioids produces different side effects and requires different approaches.

• #57 Substance Use Disorders | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/common-with-mental-illness/substance-use-disorders/

  Detoxification. The first major hurdle that people with a substance use disorder will have to pass is detoxification. Inpatient detoxification is generally more effective than outpatient for initial sobriety and safety. […] Inpatient Rehabilitation. A person experiencing a mental illness and dependent patterns of substance use may benefit from an inpatient rehabilitation center where they can receive medical and mental health care 24/7. […] Psychotherapy is usually a large part of an effective treatment plan. In particular, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps people with dual diagnosis learn how to cope and change ineffective patterns of thinking, which may increase the risk of substance use. […] Medications are useful for treating mental illness. Certain medications can also help people experiencing substance use disorders ease withdrawal symptoms during the detoxification process.

• #58 Substance Use Disorders | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/common-with-mental-illness/substance-use-disorders/

  Substance use disorders — the repeated misuse of alcohol and/or drugs — often occur simultaneously in individuals with mental illness, usually to cope with overwhelming symptoms. The combination of these two illnesses has its own term: dual diagnosis, or co-occurring disorders. Either disorder (substance use or mental illness) can develop first. […] According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 17 million U.S. adults experienced both mental illness and a substance use disorder in 2020. […] The best treatment for dual diagnosis is integrated intervention, when a person receives care for both their diagnosed mental illness and substance use disorder. The idea that “I cannot treat your depression because you are also drinking” is outdated — current thinking requires both issues be addressed.

• #59 Etiology – Pathways of Addiction – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK232972/

  The sociocultural factors that have an impact on drug use or abuse include community drug use patterns and neighborhood disorganization. […] Growing up and living in a community with high rates of crime, ready availability of drugs, association with delinquent peers, and acceptance of drug use and abuse are all associated with drug abuse. […] Drug abuse is the end product of a series of biological, psychosocial, and contextual (social and environmental) factors that have complex interrelationships. […] A family history of drug abuse is one of the most important risk factors for the development of drug abuse. […] However, the extent to which the increased risk is attributable to genetic factors involved in the metabolic, physiological, or subjective effects of drugs or to shared environmental factors such as impaired family relationships, negative role modeling, or, indirectly, transmission of psychopathology, should be examined.

• #60 Understanding the Causes and Effects of Drug Addiction and How Treatment Can Help – Alta Mira Recovery

  https://www.altamirarecovery.com/blog/understanding-causes-effects-drug-addiction-treatment-can-help/

  Drug addiction is a complex illness with multifaceted roots and its effects can impact virtually every aspect of your loved one’s life. Healing from addiction requires intensive, holistic, and evidence-based treatment that targets the full scope of your loved one’s needs in order to create durable recovery. Identifying both the causes and effects of their addiction and offering meaningful interventions to address them is essential to this process.

• #61 What Is Addiction? Causes, Signs & Treatment | Greenhouse

  https://greenhousetreatment.com/drug-addiction/

  Having more risk factors can increase a persons chances of developing a substance use disorder, but does not guarantee a person will become addicted to drugs or alcohol. Conversely, protective factors decrease a persons chances of developing an addiction, but does not guarantee a person will not become addicted to drugs or alcohol. These include supportive family relationships, access to community resources, and participation in extracurricular activities and hobbies.

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