Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365113

  Diagnosing drug addiction (substance use disorder) requires a thorough evaluation and often includes an assessment by a psychiatrist, a psychologist, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. Blood, urine or other lab tests are used to assess drug use, but they’re not a diagnostic test for addiction. However, these tests may be used for monitoring treatment and recovery. […] For diagnosis of a substance use disorder, most mental health professionals use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.

• #2 Psychiatry.org – What Is a Substance Use Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders/what-is-a-substance-use-disorder

  Substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex condition in which there is uncontrolled use of a substance despite harmful consequences. People with SUD have an intense focus–sometimes called an addiction–on using a certain substance(s) such as alcohol, tobacco, or other psychoactive substances, to the point where their ability to function in day-to-day life becomes impaired. People keep using the substance even when they know it is causing or will cause problems. […] A medical professional should conduct a formal assessment of symptoms to identify if a substance use disorder is present. All patients can benefit from treatment, regardless of whether the disorder is mild, moderate, or severe. Unfortunately, many people who meet criteria for a substance use disorder and could benefit from treatment dont receive help.

• #3 Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental Disorders – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health

  Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a persons brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. […] When someone has a SUD and another mental health disorder, it is usually better to treat them at the same time rather than separately. […] It can be challenging to make an accurate diagnosis because some symptoms are the same for both disorders, so the provider should use comprehensive assessment tools to reduce the chance of a missed diagnosis and provide the right treatment. […] It also is essential that the provider tailor treatment, which may include behavioral therapies and medications, to an individuals specific combination of disorders and symptoms. […] Research has found several behavioral therapies that have promise for treating individuals with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders.

• #4 Diagnosing addiction: Process and criteria

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323487

  Addiction is a chronic condition that is difficult to diagnose and treat. […] The diagnosis of addiction caused controversy in previous editions of the Diagnosis and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). The newest edition has combined substance abuse and dependence into a new category, substance use disorder. […] The first step in diagnosis relies on a friend, family member, or the person with addiction themselves acknowledging a need for treatment. […] The doctor will ask questions about frequency of use, impairment of daily living, and whether the use of a substance is increasing and how the pattern of use is impacting important social, occupational, educational or other functional areas. […] To receive a diagnosis of substance use disorder, a person must demonstrate two of the following criteria within a 12-month period: regularly consuming larger amounts of a substance than intended or for a longer amount of time than planned; often attempting to or expressing a wish to moderate the intake of a substance without reducing consumption; spending long periods trying to get hold of a substance, use it, or recover from use; craving the substance, or expressing a strong desire to use it; failing to fulfill professional, educational, and family obligations; regularly using a substance in spite of any social, emotional, or personal issues it may be causing or making worse; giving up pastimes, passions, or social activities as a result of substance use; consuming the substance in places or situations that could cause physical injury; continuing to consume a substance despite being aware of any physical or psychological harm it is likely to have caused; increased tolerance, meaning that a person must consume more of the substance to achieve intoxication; withdrawal symptoms, or a physical response to not consuming the substance that is different for varying substances but might include sweating, shaking and nausea.

• #5 DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders

  https://www.verywellmind.com/dsm-5-criteria-for-substance-use-disorders-21926

  The DSM-5-TR criteria for substance use disorders are based on decades of research and clinical knowledge. […] If you think you or someone you love has a substance use disorder, getting an official diagnosis is important and can ensure that you receive the appropriate treatment. […] To diagnose a substance use disorder, a healthcare practitioner will evaluate the individual by completing a physical exam and taking a medical history. […] Substance use disorders should be evaluated by a psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed counselor specializing in drug and alcohol addictions. […] There is no one-size-fits-all approach for treating substance use disorders.

• #6 Addiction: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6407-addiction

  Healthcare providers and the medical community now call substance addiction substance use disorder. The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has concrete diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders. […] To diagnose addiction, your healthcare provider may refer you to a psychiatrist, psychologist or drug and alcohol counselor. Your provider will ask you (and possibly your loved ones) questions about your patterns of substance use or problematic behaviors. […] Your provider may want to do a physical exam and may request blood and urine tests. These tests give your provider information about your overall health. They can also help rule out underlying health conditions.

• #7 Substance use disorders: Clinical assessment – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/substance-use-disorders-clinical-assessment

  Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent. According to a United States national survey, approximately 14.5 percent of individuals age 12 or over had a diagnosable SUD in the past year, including approximately 10.2 percent with an alcohol use disorder and 6.6 percent with an illicit drug use disorder. […] A thorough substance use assessment includes a detailed inventory of the type, amount, frequency, and consequences of the patient’s substance use, their perception of their use, and readiness to change. Additionally, we review past medical and psychiatric history and assess for co-occurring psychiatric disorders. […] The clinical assessment of substance use disorders is reviewed here. Screening for substance use is reviewed separately. The clinical presentation and diagnosis of SUDs specific to individual classes of substances are also reviewed separately.

• #8 Assessing Addiction: Concepts and Instruments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2797097/

  Efficient, organized assessment of substance use disorders is essential for clinical research, treatment planning, and referral to adjunctive services. […] The appropriate way to assess a substance use disorder depends on the objective. […] For many essential clinical and research purposes, however, only structured (scripted) interviews afford sufficient information and reliability. […] In research, these instruments yield the diagnostic consistency that is indispensable to avoid misclassifying patients and compromising the interpretation of research results. […] The assessment instruments we will discuss, with the exception of the ASI, all elicit the information required to diagnose substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 2000).

• #9

  https://www.mercy.net/service/substance-use-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/

  All too many people and their families have felt the devastating impact of addiction and substance use disorder. […] Your Mercy doctor will likely conduct a blood, urine or saliva test to gauge the level of dangerous substances in the body. […] Recognizing a problem and seeking help is an important step for anyone looking to beat their drug addiction. […] However, medical tests alone cant diagnose an addiction. […] A variety of treatment approaches currently exist, and programs can be customized based on specific needs. […] Detox is often the first step to treating patients recovering from moderate or severe forms of substance dependency. […] Inpatient rehab is the best option for people battling chronic addiction, as well as those suffering from a co-occurring mental or behavioral disorder. […] Outpatient rehab is best suited for people with mild addictions who have a firm commitment to recovery.

• #10 Diagnosing Addiction | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/addiction/diagnosis

  Addiction is a chronic condition that may occur as a result of the long-term use of alcohol or drugs. […] To diagnose alcohol or drug addiction, NYU Langone doctors perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and conduct a toxicology screening. […] The answers to these questions can indicate whether a person is dependent on a substance and, if so, the severity of the addiction. […] The laboratory tests used in toxicology screening help to determine the type and estimated number of drugs a person is taking. […] Based on the results of the diagnostic evaluation, the person and his or her family decide if theyd like to schedule a consultation with an NYU Langone specialist to discuss treatment.

• #11 Substance Use Disorders – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/substance-related-disorders/substance-use-disorders

  Substance use disorders involve a pathologic pattern of behaviors in which patients continue to use a substance despite experiencing significant problems related to its use. Diagnosis of substance use disorder is based on diagnostic criteria for the pattern of behaviors. […] Diagnosis of substance use disorder is based on identifying a pathologic pattern of behaviors in which patients continue to use a substance despite experiencing significant problems related to its use. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM5-TR) gives 11 criteria divided into 4 categories. Individuals meeting 2 or more of these criteria within a 12-month period are considered to have a substance use disorder. […] The severity of the substance use disorder is determined by the number of symptoms: Mild: 2 to 3 criteria, Moderate: 4 to 5 criteria, Severe: 6 criteria.

• #12 Substance use disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder

  Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite substantial harm and adverse consequences to self and others. […] In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (2013), also known as DSM-5, the DSM-IV diagnoses of substance abuse and substance dependence were merged into the category of substance use disorders. […] The severity of substance use disorders can vary widely; in the DSM-5 diagnosis of a SUD, the severity of an individual’s SUD is qualified as mild, moderate, or severe on the basis of how many of the 11 diagnostic criteria are met. […] Diagnosis usually involves an in-depth examination, typically by psychiatrist, psychologist, or drug and alcohol counselor. […] The most commonly used guidelines are published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

• #13 Substance Use Disorders vs. Substance Abuse and Dependence: DSM-5 changes » Online Graduate Certificate in Addiction and Recovery » College of Medicine » University of Florida

  https://addiction-certificate.psychiatry.ufl.edu/about-the-program/articles/substance-use-disorders-vs-substance-abuse-and-dependence-dsm-5-changes/

  Stigma often surrounds the use of terms such as addiction, dependence and substance abuse. […] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the official guide for diagnosing behavioral disorders, had in its fourth edition (DSM IV) the classifications substance abuse and substance dependence. […] Things changed with the 2013 publication of the manuals fifth edition, the DSM-5, which combines substance abuse and substance dependence into a single category called substance use disorder, which has levels ranging from mild to severe. […] The DSM-5 establishes 11 criteria as the basis that addiction counselors and other professionals use in assessing the extent of a patients substance use disorder. […] The 11 criteria apply to various substances.

• #14

  https://webcampus.med.drexel.edu/nida/module_2/content/5_0_AbuseOrDependence.htm

  According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), substance-related disorders are categorized into 10 classes based on use of the following substances: alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other (or unknown) substances. There are two categories of substance-related disorders: (a) substance use disorders and (b) substance-induced disorders. […] There are 11 symptoms for each substance class (except for caffeine) that are used to make a substance use disorder diagnosis. The diagnosis is made along a continuum mild, moderate, or severe based on the number and severity of the symptoms. […] The information above is only an overview of the criteria used. Consult the DSM-5 before making a diagnosis. […] Substance-induced disorders include intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance/medication-induced disorders. See the DSM-5 manual for a complete description of criteria for each category.

• #15 The Diagnostic Criteria For Substance Use Disorders (Addiction)

  https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/diagnostic-criteria-for-substance-use-disorders

  The DSM-5 establishes nine types of Substance-Related Disorders:1. Alcohol 2. Caffeine* 3. Cannabis (e.g., marijuana) 4. Hallucinogens 5. Inhalants 6. Opioid (e.g., heroin) 7. Sedatives, Hypnotics, or Anxiolytics (e.g., valium, “qualudes”) 8. Stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine) 9. Tobacco […] Regardless of the particular substance, the diagnosis of a substance use disorder is based upon a pathological set of behaviors related to the use of that substance. […] A person needs to meet at least 2 of these criteria to be diagnosed with a substance-use disorder. The severity of addiction is determined by the number of criteria met.

• #16 DSM criteria for substance use disorders | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/dsm-criteria-substance-use-disorders

  Substance use disorder (SUD) is characterized by the harmful use of substances leading to significant impairment in various aspects of life, including control, social relationships, and risky behaviors. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides specific criteria for diagnosing SUD, which integrates previously separate categories of substance dependence and substance abuse into a single diagnosis. This diagnosis is assessed on a spectrum of severity, ranging from mild to severe, based on the number of criteria met. […] To qualify for a diagnosis, individuals must exhibit at least two of eleven criteria across four categories: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological dependence. […] According to the DSM-5-TR, in order to be diagnosed with substance use disorder an individual must meet at least two of eleven separate diagnostic criteria. The number of diagnostic criteria determines the level of severity: meeting two to three criteria indicates a mild substance use disorder, meeting four to five criteria indicates a moderate substance use disorder, and meeting six or more criteria indicates a severe substance use disorder.

• #17 DSM criteria for substance use disorders | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/dsm-criteria-substance-use-disorders

  The eleven criteria fall into four categories: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological dependence. The criteria within the category of impaired control include taking more of the substance and for a longer period of time than intended; unsuccessful attempts to reduce or stop use; spending a lot of time obtaining, using, or recovering from use; and craving the substance. The criteria within the category of social impairment include failure to fulfill obligations due to use; continued use despite problems that are caused or worsened by use; and important activities that are reduced or given up because of the use. Criteria based on evidence of risky use include repeated use in hazardous situations and continued use despite physical or psychological problems that are caused or exacerbated by substance use. Pharmacological dependence is indicated by tolerance to the effects of the substance and symptoms of withdrawal when using less.

• #18 Appendix A: DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria – Public Safety Medicine

  https://www.publicsafetymedicine.org/leo/substance-use-disorders/appendix-a-dsm-iv-tr-and-dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria

  DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria: Substance (e.g., Alcohol) Use Disorder: A problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by 2 of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: Alcohol is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol. Recurrent alcohol use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home. Continued alcohol use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of alcohol. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of alcohol use. Recurrent alcohol use in situations in which it is physically hazardous. Alcohol use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by alcohol.

• #19 Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Use Disorder

  https://thearbor.com/blog/the-diagnostic-criteria-for-substance-use-disorder/

  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is what treating professionals look at when diagnosing someone with a mental illness or substance use disorder. There are certain criteria that need to be met in order for someone to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder. The newest edition, the Fifth Edition, was released by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013. […] DSM-5: 11 Diagnostic Criteria: The individual may take the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was originally intended. The individual may express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use and may report multiple unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use. The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects. Craving is manifested by an intense desire or urge for the drug that may occur at any time but is more likely when in an environment where the drug previously was obtained or used. Recurrent substance use may result in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home. The individual may continue substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of substance use. Risky substance use may take the form of recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous. The individual may continue substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance. Tolerance is signaled by requiring a markedly increased dose of the substance to achieve the desired effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed. Withdrawal is a syndrome that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance.

• #20 Appendix A: DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria – Public Safety Medicine

  https://www.publicsafetymedicine.org/leo/substance-use-disorders/appendix-a-dsm-iv-tr-and-dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria

  DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Substance Abuse: A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligation at work, school, or home; Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous; Recurrent substance-related legal problems; Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance. […] The symptoms have never met the criteria for substance dependence for this class of substance. […] DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Substance Dependence: A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period: Tolerance, as defined by either the following: Need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.

• #21 Appendix A: DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria – Public Safety Medicine

  https://www.publicsafetymedicine.org/leo/substance-use-disorders/appendix-a-dsm-iv-tr-and-dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria

  Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance. The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. […] The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended. There is persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use. A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance or recover from its effects. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use. The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance.

• #22 Diagnosing addiction: Process and criteria

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323487

  The number of criteria a person demonstrates defines the severity of the dependence. If a person regularly fulfills two of three of these criteria, the DSM advises that they have mild substance use disorder. […] Diagnosing substance use disorder involves an important first step from either the person with the condition or someone close to them: Acknowledging and accepting the fact that a health problem exists. […] A doctor will ask about patterns of use to determine whether a person fits the criteria for addiction. […] To fit the criteria, a person must show two or more signs of addiction over the previous 12 months, including consuming ever-larger quantities, continued use despite severe consequences, and a reducing interest in activities and socializing. […] A person who fits a high number of criteria has a severe substance use disorder.

• #23 How is Substance Use Disorder Diagnosed? -Carolina Center for Recovery

  https://carolinacenterforrecovery.com/addiction-blog/how-is-substance-use-disorder-diagnosed/

  To be diagnosed with substance use disorder, you must meet two of the above criteria within a one-year period. […] While the diagnosing physician should make appropriate treatment recommendations if a diagnosis is made, there are several types of addiction treatment programs that meet the needs of people suffering from substance-related disorders.

• #24 DSM-5 Criteria for Addiction Simplified

  https://www.addictionpolicy.org/post/dsm-5-facts-and-figures

  The DSM 5 has eleven criteria for substance use disorders based on decades of research. […] The DSM-5 has eleven criteria, or symptoms, for substance use disorders based on decades of research. […] The DSM-5 includes guidelines for clinicians to determine how severe a substance use disorder is depending on the number of symptoms. […] A severe SUD is also known as having an addiction. […] Doctors determine the severity level of the substance use disorder to help develop the best treatment plan. […] Like other illnesses, addiction gets worse over time. Similar to stages of cancer, there are levels of severity to describe a substance use disorder.

• #25 Substance use disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder

  There are 11 diagnostic criteria which can be broadly categorized into issues arising from substance use related to loss of control, strain to one’s interpersonal life, hazardous use, and pharmacologic effects. […] A physician trained to evaluate and treat substance use disorders will take these nuances into account during a diagnostic evaluation.

• #26 Assessing Addiction: Concepts and Instruments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2797097/

  The ASIs psychometric properties have been tested extensively. […] The ASI, by itself, may not be a highly reliable screen for special populations, such as the homeless or dually diagnosed. […] The reliability of individual dependence criteria in the SSADDA has been tested to determine the extent to which independent interviewers arrive at the same diagnostic conclusions. […] The reliability of the CIDI, version 3.0, was tested in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys by comparing CIDI-derived diagnoses to those derived with the SCID. […] The PRISM sections on substance use disorders are placed at the beginning of the interview and provide a background for the overall clinical picture. […] A recent test-retest study of 285 heavy substance users showed good to excellent reliability for most dependence diagnoses, including alcohol, cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and sedative dependence.

• #27 Alcohol and Substance Abuse Evaluation: Overview, Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805084-overview

  A single positive response to the CAGE questions is considered suggestive of an alcohol problem, and two or more positive responses indicate the presence of such a problem with a sensitivity and specificity of approximately 90% in most studies. […] The physical examination should take into account that this population is much less likely to have regular medical care than the general population. […] The specialist’s initial decisions may be based in large measure on the information gathered by the EP’s assessments. […] Substance abuse is a life-long disease that only can be controlled, not cured.

• #28 Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/addictions/substance-use-disorder-symptoms

  Symptoms of substance use disorder vary widely from person to person and may include physical, psychological, or behavioral signs. […] SUD is a complex and challenging condition that affects nearly 21 million people in the United States. […] Learning to recognize the signs and symptoms of substance use disorder can be the first step toward seeking help and receiving treatment. […] To assess a persons risk for SUD, a healthcare professional may begin with a short screening. This may then be followed by a comprehensive evaluation and a referral to a licensed alcohol and drug counselor, psychologist, or psychiatrist. […] One commonly used short screening for substance use is the UNCOPE questionnaire. […] For a more comprehensive evaluation and to diagnose substance use disorder, most clinicians rely on the following 11 criteria published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5):

• #29 Assessing Addiction: Concepts and Instruments

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2797097/

  The current edition of the DSM, DSM-IV-TR, sets diagnostic criteria for two types of substance use disorder: dependence and abuse. […] Drug or alcohol dependence is diagnosed by documenting that a patient has experienced at least three of seven criteria for a particular substance within a 12-month period. […] Patients who do not meet the criteria for substance dependence may be diagnosed with substance abuse if they report experiencing one or more of four abuse symptoms repeatedly over a 12-month period. […] Extensive comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders has been reported consistently in patients as well as in the general population. […] To be accurate, assessments must address the fact that substance intoxication and withdrawal can mimic symptoms of depression, psychosis, or other independent psychiatric disorders.

• #30 Differential Diagnosis What is It and Why is It Important?

  https://drugfree.org/article/differential-diagnosis/

  Having co-occurring depression and substance use can make both conditions worse and harder to treat. […] Are your loved ones concerning thoughts, emotions and behaviors the result of a mental health disorder, a substance use disorder, or both? […] Determining the right diagnosis is important because treatment for a mental health disorder can be very different from treatment for a substance use disorder. […] A differential diagnosis depends on reports from your loved one, your family, teachers in the case of teens, other doctors and the healthcare providers observations. […] Effective treatment requires a detailed evaluation. […] It is critical for healthcare providers to talk with family and others (e.g., teachers, other providers) to get a full picture in order to develop the right treatment plan.

• #31 Differential Diagnosis What is It and Why is It Important?

  https://drugfree.org/article/differential-diagnosis/

  Differential diagnosis may show that substance use is a consequence of a mental health disorder. […] On the other hand, mental health symptoms could result from the direct effect of the use of substances. […] Even if it turns out that a loved ones substance use and mental health symptoms are not directly related to each other, they can still make each other worse.

• #32 Navigating the Complex Intersection of Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/4/999

  The co-occurrence of substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychiatric conditions, often referred to as comorbidity or concurrent disorders, presents intricate challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. […] This narrative review endeavors to offer a comprehensive synthesis and review of existing evidence pertaining to the treatment of individuals with comorbid SUDs and psychiatric conditions. Comorbidity in these domains carries substantial implications for clinical practice, research, and policymaking. […] Comorbidity significantly transforms the landscape of clinical practice, demanding a comprehensive grasp of the intricate dynamics that arise when these conditions coexist. […] The co-occurrence of SUDs and psychiatric conditions introduces distinct challenges, particularly when arriving at a diagnosis involving two or more comorbid disorders.

• #33 Substance Abuse Diagnostic Criteria: Why is An Accurate Diagnosis So Important?

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/treatment-program/diagnostic-criteria/

  In substance abuse treatment, an accurate diagnosis is the key to developing an effective, personalized care plan. […] Diagnosis makes it possible for doctors, therapists, nurses, and other members of the treatment team to provide the best possible care for the individual patient, regardless of the challenges that he or she faces. […] Neuropsychological testing can help disengage the symptoms of a substance use disorder from mental illness. […] In order to make a correct diagnosis, professionals usually administer not just one test, but rather a series of tests known as a battery. […] Receiving a psychiatric diagnosis is just the first step in the journey of recovery. The treatment team will use this diagnosis as a basis for developing a program that meets the patients needs. […] Diagnostic testing begins at the admission stage and may continue throughout treatment to ensure that the initial treatment plan is meeting the patients needs. If the patient is not making progress, the program and perhaps the diagnosis must be reviewed and revised to improve the outcome.

• #34 Substance Use Disorders | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/common-with-mental-illness/substance-use-disorders/

  Substance use disorders — the repeated misuse of alcohol and/or drugs — often occur simultaneously in individuals with mental illness, usually to cope with overwhelming symptoms. The combination of these two illnesses has its own term: dual diagnosis, or co-occurring disorders. Either disorder (substance use or mental illness) can develop first. […] According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 17 million U.S. adults experienced both mental illness and a substance use disorder in 2020. […] Because many combinations of dual diagnosis can occur, symptoms vary widely. Mental health clinics are starting to use alcohol and drug screening tools to identify people at risk. Symptoms of substance use disorder may include: […] The best treatment for dual diagnosis is integrated intervention, when a person receives care for both their diagnosed mental illness and substance use disorder. The idea that “I cannot treat your depression because you are also drinking” is outdated — current thinking requires both issues be addressed.

• #35 Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders | Psych Central

  https://psychcentral.com/addictions/substance-use-disorder-symptoms

  A substance use disorder can be considered mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of symptoms a person exhibits within a 12-month period. […] Diagnosis is also more complex for people with both a substance use disorder and a mental health condition known as a dual diagnosis. […] People with a dual diagnosis often have symptoms that are more severe, persistent, and resistant to treatment than those with an SUD alone.

• #36 Substance Use and Eating Disorders – NEDA

  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/substance-use-and-eating-disorders/

  One of the most important reasons to seek help if you have an eating disorder plus addiction is that each of these illnesses alone significantly increases mortality rates. […] When the two occur together, medical problems occur earlier and tend to be more severe, suicide rates are higher, co-occurring mental health and trauma related disorders tend to be more severe, and treatment needs become greater. […] Most eating disorder treatment facilities are equipped to deal with patients who abuse over-the-counter diet pills, laxatives, emetics and diuretics, but not all are able to accommodate the patient that requires medical detoxification or to provide actual treatment to those with addiction. […] Educate yourself, be proactive, and know that both these disorders are treatable.

• #37 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  People struggling with addiction usually deny they have a problem and hesitate to seek treatment. An intervention presents a loved one with a structured opportunity to make changes before things get even worse and can motivate someone to seek or accept help. […] It’s important to plan an intervention carefully. It may be done by family and friends in consultation with a health care provider or mental health professional such as a licensed alcohol and drug counselor, or directed by an intervention professional.

• #38 Substance Use Disorder – Addiction treatment | Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/mental-behavioral/substance-use-disorder-addiction-treatment

  Substance use disorder, also known as drug addiction, is characterized by a pattern of uncontrolled use of a substance despite it causing harm physically, mentally and socially. […] It’s important to remember that substance use disorder is a complex brain condition that often requires professional medical help to treat. Substance use disorder isn’t a result of a person’s lack of judgment or failures. […] Substance use disorder is a diagnosis that offers better clarity to the condition a person might be experiencing while reducing the stigma around words such as addiction, addict and drug abuse. […] We have a diverse continuum of care that offers various sorts of treatment for substance use disorder. Your treatment will begin with an initial evaluation to decide what type and level of care is right for you.

• #39 Substance Use Disorder Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U

  https://cura4u.com/conditions/substance-use-disorder

  Substance use disorder (SUD), commonly known as drug addiction, refers to the condition in which a person persistently uses illicit drugs despite knowing that they are harmful and have adverse effects. […] A substance abuse patient can come to the clinic for the complaints related to the drug used, can especially come for help and support to stop the drugs, or can present in the emergency department due to drug overdose. […] Most of the time, patients underestimate their consumption. They will deny the excess use and consider themselves as occasional users. […] The doctors use a special questioning technique called CAGE questions; […] One positive answer to the above questions is considered suggestive of the SUD. Two or more positive responses are indicative of the disorder. […] Following disorders need to be ruled out while diagnosing substance use disorder.

• #40 Alcohol use disorder, substance use disorder, and addiction

  https://womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder-substance-use-disorder-and-addiction

  Treatment for an alcohol use disorder depends on how severe it is. Talk to your doctor or nurse about how much you drink. Your doctor or nurse can help find the ways alcohol negatively affects your life and can help you make a plan to stop. […] Treatment for substance use disorder and addiction are often the same. Treatments usually include: Medicine and behavior therapy, used alone or together. […] Women may also face unique barriers to getting treatment for drug and alcohol problems. Women may be pregnant or breastfeeding and unwilling to tell someone that they are addicted, because they fear losing custody of their child.

• #41 Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112

  Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person’s brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine. […] Help from your health care provider, family, friends, support groups or an organized treatment program can help you overcome your drug addiction and stay drug-free. […] If your drug use is out of control or causing problems, get help. The sooner you seek help, the greater your chances for a long-term recovery. Talk with your health care provider or see a mental health provider, such as a doctor who specializes in addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. […] Make an appointment to see a provider if: You can’t stop using a drug; You continue using the drug despite the harm it causes; Your drug use has led to unsafe behavior, such as sharing needles or unprotected sex; You think you may be having withdrawal symptoms after stopping drug use.

• #42 Drug Use and Addiction: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/druguseandaddiction.html

  Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease. It causes a person to take drugs repeatedly, despite the harm they cause. Repeated drug use can change the brain and lead to addiction. […] The brain changes from addiction can be lasting, so drug addiction is considered a „relapsing” disease. This means that people in recovery are at risk for taking drugs again, even after years of not taking them. […] If you have a mental disorder along with an addiction, it is known as a dual diagnosis. It is important to treat both problems. This will increase your chance of success. […] Treatments for drug addiction include counseling, medicines, or both. Research shows that combining medicines with counseling gives most people the best chance of success. […] Drug use and addiction are preventable. Prevention programs involving families, schools, communities, and the media may prevent or reduce drug use and addiction. These programs include education and outreach to help people understand the risks of drug use. […] Drug Testing From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish. […] Mental Health Screening From the National Institutes of Health (National Library of Medicine) Also in Spanish. […] Substance use disorder (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish.

• #43 Treatment of Substance Use Disorders | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/treatment/index.html

  While no single treatment method is right for everyone, recovery is possible, and help is available for patients with SUDs. […] Evidence-based guidelines can assist doctors with choosing the right treatment options. […] Specific conditions like opioid use disorder may require medication as the first course of treatment. […] MOUD can help with cravings and withdrawal symptoms. […] Research has demonstrated that MOUD is effective in helping people recover from their OUD. […] SUD is a treatable, chronic disease that can affect people of any race, sex, income level, or social class. […] No one driving factor leads to SUD. […] Finding a doctor who is comfortable discussing SUDs can help ensure long-term recovery.

• #44 Psychiatry.org – What Is a Substance Use Disorder?

  https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders/what-is-a-substance-use-disorder

  Symptoms of substance use disorder are grouped into four categories: […] Many people experience substance use disorder along with another psychiatric disorder. Another psychiatric disorder can, but does not necessarily, precede another psychiatric disorder. It is also possible that the use of a substance may trigger or worsen another psychiatric disorder. […] Effective treatments for substance use disorders are available. […] Treatment approaches that address an individuals specific situation and any co-occurring medical, psychiatric, and social problems are optimal for sustained recovery. […] These 13 principles of effective drug addiction treatment were developed based on three decades of scientific research. Research shows that treatment can help drug-addicted individuals stop drug use, avoid relapse and successfully recover their lives. […] Medically assisted detoxification is only the first stage of addiction treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug abuse.

• #45 DSM-5 and Substance Use Disorders: Clinicolegal Implications | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/42/4/443

  Presumed distinctions between substance dependence and substance abuse have been at the heart of the development and utilization of substance-based diversion from criminal prosecution to treatment for the past several decades, including its use in drug courts. […] With the release of DSM-5 and the replacement of abuse and dependence categories with a single use disorder construct, the legal grounds for diversion in many states now stand at odds with organized psychiatry and its adoption of recent science. […] Many states have statutes that provide for the diversion to treatment of criminal defendants with substance abuse disorders. […] Organized psychiatry’s early attempts at diagnostic classification suggested that addiction reflected an antisocial personality. […] Iterations of the DSM from the third edition (DSM-III) through the fourth edition, revised (DSM-IV-TR), discriminated between out-of-control use (dependence) and harmful use (abuse).

• #46 DSM-5 and Substance Use Disorders: Clinicolegal Implications | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/42/4/443

  The Work Group was focused on the scientific evidence concerning substance use, for clinical purposes. […] The United States Supreme Court recognized the value of substance treatment for criminal offenders more than a half-century ago, in Robinson v. California. […] The dependence/addiction construct is important not only to the future of substance use diversion statutes but also to the role and operation of the nation’s many drug courts. […] Our review of the law identified 18 jurisdictions in the United States with substance use diversion statutes. […] Seven states offer specific statutory definitions of dependence or addiction. […] The other state that makes specific reference to the DSM is Connecticut. […] The most expedient and practical solution, given the time constraints and available information, was simply to redefine dependence in the Connecticut statutes as a condition that meets the criteria for moderate or severe use disorder, as described in the most recent edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

• #47 DSM-5 and Substance Use Disorders: Clinicolegal Implications | Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

  https://jaapl.org/content/42/4/443

  Connecticut has made preliminary reforms, supported by data about optimal concordance between DSM-IV dependence and moderate-severe SUD under the DSM-5, but on the basis of U.S. studies, it appears that as many as one-fifth of individuals previously eligible for diversion (under the dependence/addiction approach) may not be eligible with the use of this new approach. […] The DSM-5 changes have implications as well for the constancy of law and public policy, certainly in jurisdictions with diversion statutes in place but likely in all jurisdictions, given the ubiquity of drug courts. […] In light of contemporary scientific knowledge and clinical practice advancing the unidimensional construct of SUD, states may be hard pressed not to expand diversion eligibility to broader categories of persons with use disorders.

• #48 Treatment of Substance Use Disorders | Overdose Prevention | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/overdose-prevention/treatment/index.html

  Millions of Americans have a substance use disorder (SUD), and it remains an important health issue in our country. […] In 2022, more than one in six Americans aged 12 or older reported experiencing a SUD. […] A substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable, chronic disease characterized by a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems. […] Patterns of symptoms resulting from substance use (drugs or alcohol) can help a doctor diagnose a person with a SUD or SUDs and connect them to appropriate treatment. […] SUDs can range in severity from mild to severe and can affect people of any race, sex, income level, or social class. […] Like many other chronic conditions, treatment is available for substance use disorders.

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