Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #2 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] Decision-makers can use these estimates to guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, possibly by implementing practices such as those recommended by The Guide to Community Preventive Services Task Force and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. […] Examining the geographic distribution of depression at the state and county levels can help guide state- and local-level efforts to prevent, treat, and manage depression. […] Population-level efforts to address prevention, treatment, and management of depression include tailored and targeted programs to address demographic and geographic disparities. […] In addition, CPSTF provides communities with a list of recommended interventions to improve mental health or address mental illness. Examples of recommended interventions include collaborative care for the management of depressive disorders, mental health benefits legislation, school-based cognitive behavioral therapy programs to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms (targeted and universal), and depression care management among older adults (clinic- and home-based). […] These estimates can help decision-makers guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, which might include consideration of evidence-based interventions and practices such as those recommended by CPSTF and SAMHSA.

• #3 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  Major depression can be prevented. […] The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders presented evidence that major depression can be prevented. […] Randomized controlled trials have shown that incidence of major depressive episodes can be significantly reduced. […] Meta-analyses suggest that 22% to 38% of major depressive episodes could be prevented with currently available methods. […] If major depressive episodes can be prevented, the health care system should provide routine access to evidence-based depression prevention interventions. […] Scientific evidence has shown that clinical depression can be averted. […] The 2009 IOM report listed several randomized trials in which the proportion of new cases of major depressive episodes was significantly reduced in participants randomly assigned to a preventive intervention compared with a control group.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #5 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  Major depression can be prevented. […] The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders presented evidence that major depression can be prevented. […] Randomized controlled trials have shown that incidence of major depressive episodes can be significantly reduced. […] Meta-analyses suggest that 22% to 38% of major depressive episodes could be prevented with currently available methods. […] If major depressive episodes can be prevented, the health care system should provide routine access to evidence-based depression prevention interventions. […] Scientific evidence has shown that clinical depression can be averted. […] The 2009 IOM report listed several randomized trials in which the proportion of new cases of major depressive episodes was significantly reduced in participants randomly assigned to a preventive intervention compared with a control group.

• #6 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #7 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  The Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) has been widely used in a variety of settings. […] The 2009 IOM report describes a vision for the future if prevention services are fully implemented. […] Preventing a quarter to a third of cases of major depression would have a substantial impact on individual and societal well-being.

• #8 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #9 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #11 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #12 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #13 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  We can prevent some depression, especially with indicated prevention, but also selective prevention approaches. However, the low uptake of preventive interventions limits their impact. […] It is currently unclear if universal prevention works. […] Selective prevention is promising, but this may very well just indirectly treat people with existing problems and the potential of this type of prevention is limited by the low predictive strength of risk factors. […] There is some evidence that indicated prevention works, but the uptake is too low to really make an impact on depression at the population level. […] Effective interventions with a large impact should start early in life, and focus on children and parents. We need structural long-term prevention offered across the life course.

• #14 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #15 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF found no evidence on the optimal frequency of screening for depression. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] MDD is a common disorder in the US that can have a substantial impact on an individuals life. […] Depression is common in postpartum and pregnant persons and affects both the birthing parent and infant. […] Suicide is the 10th-leading cause of death in US adults. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit.

• #16 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF found no evidence on the optimal frequency of screening for depression. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] MDD is a common disorder in the US that can have a substantial impact on an individuals life. […] Depression is common in postpartum and pregnant persons and affects both the birthing parent and infant. […] Suicide is the 10th-leading cause of death in US adults. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit.

• #17 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF found no evidence on the optimal frequency of screening for depression. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] MDD is a common disorder in the US that can have a substantial impact on an individuals life. […] Depression is common in postpartum and pregnant persons and affects both the birthing parent and infant. […] Suicide is the 10th-leading cause of death in US adults. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit.

• #18 Physical Activity for the Treatment and Prevention of Depression: A Rapid Review of Meta-Analyses

  https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2021/issue-6/physical-activity-for-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-depression-a-rapid-review-of-meta-analyses/

  Regular physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on incident depression in adults, reducing odds by 17 to 21%. […] Two meta-analyses were restricted to prospective cohort-studies on the protective effect of self-reported PA on incidence depression and found a comparable odds reduction of 17 to 21%. […] Further research should focus on possible mediating factors linking exercise with the amelioration of depressive symptoms. […] According to the evidence from meta-analyses, in patients suffering from chronic physical conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, aiming at reaching public health recommendations concerning PA seems advisable and might help to reduce depressive symptoms and hence increase wellbeing.

• #19 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  We can prevent some depression, especially with indicated prevention, but also selective prevention approaches. However, the low uptake of preventive interventions limits their impact. […] It is currently unclear if universal prevention works. […] Selective prevention is promising, but this may very well just indirectly treat people with existing problems and the potential of this type of prevention is limited by the low predictive strength of risk factors. […] There is some evidence that indicated prevention works, but the uptake is too low to really make an impact on depression at the population level. […] Effective interventions with a large impact should start early in life, and focus on children and parents. We need structural long-term prevention offered across the life course.

• #20 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #21 Prevention of depression in adults | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-adults_en

  Depression prevention aims at raising awareness, detecting groups at risk, developing coping strategies, and building resilience. […] Three categories of mental health primary prevention strategies have been identified: Universal prevention, targeting the general public or a whole population group; Selective prevention, targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing mental health disorders is significantly higher than the rest of the population; Indicated prevention, targeting persons at high risk for mental disorders. […] Preventive interventions in the field of mental health are particularly important for people who exhibit depressive symptoms which are sub-threshold to warrant a formal diagnosis, or people with high risk of developing depression, for instance after the exposure to transitions, or stressful life events.

• #22 Guidelines in major depressive disorder, and their limitations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921956/

  Depression is a highly disabling, recurrent disease that imposes a significant burden on the individual, their close contacts, and on society. […] Evidence-based treatment guidelines developed by the major mental health organizations advise that patients who have experienced either a first or a recurrent episode of major depression should receive continued therapeutic doses of medication for at least 4-6 months following symptom remission, to reduce the risk of relapse. […] Further to this, antidepressant prophylaxis is beneficial in any patient with a history of three or more major depressive episodes, or two or more episodes in the last 5 years. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have demonstrated excellent efficacy and tolerability in the treatment and prophylaxis of major depression, as well as being associated with significant reduction in suicide risk in some populations. […] In the absence of formal treatment guidelines for severe depression, or comorbid depression and anxiety, escitalopram appears to be a logical treatment choice.

• #23 Preventing Depression in Older Adults: Do These Popular Supplements Help? – Major Depressive Disorder: Contemporary Approaches

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-centers/major-depressive-disorder-contemporary-approaches/preventing-depression-older-adults-do-these-popular-supplements-help/4814

  Late-life depression (LLD) is costly to both individuals and their communities due to increased risk of dementia, greater morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), and higher healthcare costs associated with emergency and office visits, drug use, and risk for alcohol and substance abuse. […] The National Academy of Medicine’s framework for prevention of mental disorders suggests targeting individuals with subthreshold depression (indicated prevention) or high-risk factors (selective prevention). […] In fact, the presence of subthreshold depression is associated with 25% of all incident major depressive disorder (MDD) cases occurring late in life, while selective high-risk factors are associated with 50% of cases. […] Although recent trials assessing the long-term use of vitamin D3 or omega-3s for the prevention of depression have largely shown no benefit, these trials assessed a single risk factor.

• #24 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  We can prevent some depression, especially with indicated prevention, but also selective prevention approaches. However, the low uptake of preventive interventions limits their impact. […] It is currently unclear if universal prevention works. […] Selective prevention is promising, but this may very well just indirectly treat people with existing problems and the potential of this type of prevention is limited by the low predictive strength of risk factors. […] There is some evidence that indicated prevention works, but the uptake is too low to really make an impact on depression at the population level. […] Effective interventions with a large impact should start early in life, and focus on children and parents. We need structural long-term prevention offered across the life course.

• #25 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #26 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. […] This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress. […] The above preventive interventions, sleep improvement, physical exercise, dietary regulation, and social intervention, may prolong or reverse the subclinical pathological stage.

• #27 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #28 Physical Activity for the Treatment and Prevention of Depression: A Rapid Review of Meta-Analyses

  https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2021/issue-6/physical-activity-for-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-depression-a-rapid-review-of-meta-analyses/

  Regular physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on incident depression in adults, reducing odds by 17 to 21%. […] Two meta-analyses were restricted to prospective cohort-studies on the protective effect of self-reported PA on incidence depression and found a comparable odds reduction of 17 to 21%. […] Further research should focus on possible mediating factors linking exercise with the amelioration of depressive symptoms. […] According to the evidence from meta-analyses, in patients suffering from chronic physical conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, aiming at reaching public health recommendations concerning PA seems advisable and might help to reduce depressive symptoms and hence increase wellbeing.

• #29

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #30 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Exercise can help with prevention and mild-to-moderate symptoms. […] Relying solely on CAM methods is not enough to treat depression, but they may be useful when combined with psychotherapy and medication. Discuss your ideas of CAM interventions with your health care professional to be sure they will not cause side effects or adverse reactions. […] Studies show that aerobic exercise can help treat mild depression because it increases endorphins and stimulates norepinephrine, which can improve a person’s mood.

• #31 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Exercise can help with prevention and mild-to-moderate symptoms. […] Relying solely on CAM methods is not enough to treat depression, but they may be useful when combined with psychotherapy and medication. Discuss your ideas of CAM interventions with your health care professional to be sure they will not cause side effects or adverse reactions. […] Studies show that aerobic exercise can help treat mild depression because it increases endorphins and stimulates norepinephrine, which can improve a person’s mood.

• #32 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #33 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #34 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Consuming a Mediterranean diet consisting of whole grains, olive oil, fruit, vegetables, fish, low fat dairy products, and antioxidants, has repeatedly been found to lead to a 32% reduction in the risk of developing depression. […] Exercise similarly affects one’s mental health, by increasing their level of endorphins, which are mood regulators. […] Research has specifically shown that low-intensity aerobic exercise, carried out for 30-35 minutes a day and 3-5 times a week, is a reliable mood regulating activity.

• #35 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #36 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #37 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #38 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #39 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #40 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #41 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn’t worth living. […] There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #42 Depression: Causes, Symptoms, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9290-depression

  You cant always prevent depression, but you can help reduce your risk by: […] Maintaining a healthy sleep routine. […] Managing stress with healthy coping mechanisms. […] Practicing regular self-care activities such as exercise, meditation and yoga. […] If youve had depression before, you may be more likely to experience it again. If you have depression symptoms, get help as soon as possible.

• #43 Prevention of Depression – Can You Prevent Depression?

  https://www.brainsway.com/knowledge-center/can-you-prevent-depression/

  Major depression, also known simply as depression, is a common mood disorder defined by symptoms of low mood and an inability to feel pleasure (also known as anhedonia). […] But what about prevention of depression? Can steps be taken ahead of time to protect against its development? […] Studies have found several factors that help safeguard against depression, helping individuals avoid this burdensome condition. […] Learning how to manage the stressors in one’s life—and teaching one’s children how to do so—can have a protective effect against different mental health issues, particularly depression and anxiety. […] Developing greater awareness of the underlying issues of one’s depression can help work through the pain and trauma that may have contributed to its appearance. […] Nutrition and exercise have been found to protect against the appearance of mental health disorders, such as depression.

• #44 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn’t worth living. […] There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #45 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #46 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #47 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) and other affective disorders may surreptitiously arise in children and adolescents during their school period and impair their social and educational functioning. […] In this context, educators’ training is essential to detect early the onset of a depressive disorder, to spare later consequences through the timely establishment of adequate treatment. […] The first approach should be to establish a trustful relationship with the adolescent and his/her classmates, to reduce social and self-stigma and inform about mental illness. […] If symptoms do not subside and the suffering child or adolescent fails to reintegrate within his/her school environment, cognitive–behavioral interventions are recommended that are individual, group, or computer-based. […] When needed, these should be implemented with individualized pharmacotherapy.

• #48 International OCD Foundation | OCD and Depression

  https://iocdf.org/expert-opinions/ocd-and-depression/

  Although antidepressants seem to improve the symptoms of depression, they don’t seem to add to the effects of exposure therapy on OCD symptoms. […] My research group was fortunate enough to receive funding to develop and test a form of psychological treatment that could be used for severely depressed people with OCD to help them be able to benefit from exposure and response prevention. […] We have found that a few weeks of challenging negative thinking styles and engaging in pleasurable activities helps many depressed people with OCD to feel more confident and ready to address their obsessions and compulsions. […] A study we conducted several years ago indicated that over half of very depressed OCD patients did not show significant improvement when their depression was not specifically addressed. […] In some cases, our depressed OCD patients have had to be hospitalized or even put on antidepressant medication to stabilize their depressive symptoms before they are able to work on OCD.

• #49 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  There is evidence suggesting that BA may be particularly well-suited for individuals with more severe depression. […] CBT is particularly valuable for elderly patients, who may be more prone to problems or side effects with medications. […] The initial modality should be chosen on the basis of clinical assessment, presence of other disorders, stressors, patient preference, and reactions to previous treatment. […] The clinician must cautiously apply the above recommendation; whether longer SSRI treatment increases the number of pediatric patients with late improvement is not clear. […] The clinician should treat patients with adequate and tolerable doses for at least 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, if the patient has not shown even minimal improvement, the clinician should consider increasing the dose.

• #50 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  The 2023 ACP guideline advises that treatment for major depressive disorder should be altered if the patient does not have an adequate response to pharmacotherapy within 68 weeks. Once satisfactory response is achieved, treatment should be continued for 49 months in patients with a first episode of major depression that was not associated with significant suicidality or catastrophic outcomes. In those who have had 2 or more episodes of depression, a longer course of maintenance treatment may prove beneficial. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse is considered efficacious and specific. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence is also efficacious.

• #51 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  The 2023 ACP guideline advises that treatment for major depressive disorder should be altered if the patient does not have an adequate response to pharmacotherapy within 68 weeks. Once satisfactory response is achieved, treatment should be continued for 49 months in patients with a first episode of major depression that was not associated with significant suicidality or catastrophic outcomes. In those who have had 2 or more episodes of depression, a longer course of maintenance treatment may prove beneficial. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse is considered efficacious and specific. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence is also efficacious.

• #52 Understanding a depression relapse

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320269

  The warning signs of a depression relapse may include social withdrawal, fatigue, and irritability, and can be different each time. Spotting the red flags early may help prevent a more severe episode. […] Researchers do not know why some people experience a relapse, and others do not, but treatments are available to help people navigate through a relapse. […] These prevention strategies may help to stop depression from returning: Completing treatment: Finishing the entire course of a prescribed medication can significantly reduce the risk of relapse, especially during the critical 6 months after treatment begins. […] Mindfulness-based therapies: A 2019 study suggested people who had mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a lower risk of depression relapse after 60 weeks than people who did not or people who had other treatments.

• #53 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  The 2023 ACP guideline advises that treatment for major depressive disorder should be altered if the patient does not have an adequate response to pharmacotherapy within 68 weeks. Once satisfactory response is achieved, treatment should be continued for 49 months in patients with a first episode of major depression that was not associated with significant suicidality or catastrophic outcomes. In those who have had 2 or more episodes of depression, a longer course of maintenance treatment may prove beneficial. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse is considered efficacious and specific. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence is also efficacious.

• #54 Understanding a depression relapse

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320269

  The warning signs of a depression relapse may include social withdrawal, fatigue, and irritability, and can be different each time. Spotting the red flags early may help prevent a more severe episode. […] Researchers do not know why some people experience a relapse, and others do not, but treatments are available to help people navigate through a relapse. […] These prevention strategies may help to stop depression from returning: Completing treatment: Finishing the entire course of a prescribed medication can significantly reduce the risk of relapse, especially during the critical 6 months after treatment begins. […] Mindfulness-based therapies: A 2019 study suggested people who had mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a lower risk of depression relapse after 60 weeks than people who did not or people who had other treatments.

• #55 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #56 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #57 Depression | NAMI

  https://www.nami.org/about-mental-illness/mental-health-conditions/depression/

  Depressive disorder, frequently referred to simply as depression, is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch. It’s a serious mental health condition that requires understanding and medical care. Left untreated, depression can be devastating for those who have it and their families. Fortunately, with early detection, diagnosis and a treatment plan consisting of medication, psychotherapy and healthy lifestyle choices, many people can and do get better. […] Many treatment options are available for depression, but how well treatment works depends on the type of depression and its severity. For most people, psychotherapy and medications give better results together than either alone, but this is something to review with your mental health care provider. […] Although depressive disorder can be a devastating illness, it often responds to treatment. The key is to get a specific evaluation and treatment plan. Safety planning is important for individuals who have suicidal thoughts. After an assessment rules out medical and other possible causes, a patient-centered treatment plans can include any or a combination of the following: Psychotherapy including cognitive behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy and interpersonal therapy.

• #58 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Treatment consists of three phases: […] Remission and relapse have been defined by the American Psychiatric Association. […] The goal of acute phase treatment is to induce remission. […] For patients with severe major depression, evidence supports either pharmacotherapy alone, or the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. […] Patients with severe depression should be seen again in the office within 1-2 weeks of starting a new antidepressant medication for re-assessment. […] For patients with mild to moderate major depression, the initial treatment modalities may include pharmacotherapy alone, psychotherapy alone, or the combination of medical management and psychotherapy. […] The combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy may be the initial treatment approach for patients with moderate depression in the presence of psychosocial stressors, interpersonal difficulties, intra-psychic conflict, and personality disorders.

• #59 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #60 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #61

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. […] There are also effective psychological treatments and medications for depression. […] WHO works with Member States and partners to reduce the burden of mental health conditions, including depression. […] The programme aims to help countries increase services for people with depression and other disorders through care provided by non-specialist health workers in primary health care. […] WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by non-specialists to individuals and groups. […] WHO has also developed self-help tools that can be used by individuals (for example the online Step-by-Step programme).

• #62 What is Depression? | SAMHSALock

  https://www.samhsa.gov/mental-health/what-is-mental-health/conditions/depression

  Living with depression can feel lonely. People may be fearful or ashamed of being labeled with a serious mental illness, causing them to suffer in silence, rather than get help. In fact, most people with major depression never seek the right treatment. But those struggling with this illness are not alone. It’s one of the most common and most treatable mental health disorders. With early, continuous treatment, people can gain control of their symptoms, feel better, and get back to enjoying their lives. […] Participating in a self-management education (SME) program can help patients manage depression and take control of their symptoms, such as anxiety, depressed mood, tiredness, and appetite changes.

• #63 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. […] This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress. […] The above preventive interventions, sleep improvement, physical exercise, dietary regulation, and social intervention, may prolong or reverse the subclinical pathological stage.

• #64 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn’t worth living. […] There’s no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. […] Take steps to control stress, to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem. […] Reach out to family and friends, especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells. […] Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent depression from worsening. […] Consider getting long-term maintenance treatment to help prevent a relapse of symptoms.

• #65

  https://www.janssenwithme.com/en/mental-health/major-depressive-disorder

  Depression is often a lifelong struggle and 60-70% of people who suffer from MDD will relapse. […] Prevention programmes are also incredibly important. School programmes to enhance patterns of positive thinking, interventions for caregivers, exercise programmes for the elderly, etc. These all have been shown to reduce depression.

• #66 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  A longer duration of untreated illness in depression is associated with a longer overall duration of depression, more comorbidity, more severe depressive symptoms, and even higher cognitive impairment. […] Hence, preventive programs aiming at reducing the duration of untreated depressive illness and depression onset prevention have been implemented. […] Addressing stigma implies changing people’s beliefs about mental illness and is essential among youngsters, who have still to develop their empathic skills. […] Programs and treatments aiming at reducing social and self-stigma are currently implemented and show promise for both stigma reduction and treatment adherence. […] Recognizing it early can facilitate its management and increase the effectiveness of treatment, thus becoming a protective factor concerning the risk of illness chronicity.

• #67 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. […] This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress. […] The above preventive interventions, sleep improvement, physical exercise, dietary regulation, and social intervention, may prolong or reverse the subclinical pathological stage.

• #68 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Overall, if after the initial 4-8 weeks there is not a moderate improvement in baseline symptoms in the acute phase, then a reassessment of the diagnosis, medication regimen and/or psychotherapy, adherence, substance or alcohol use is in order. […] Patients who have been treated with antidepressant medications in the acute phase should be maintained with this regimen to prevent relapse. […] Maintenance phase treatment is designed to prevent recurrence. […] The same treatment that was effective in the acute and continuation phase should be continued in the maintenance phase. […] Factors that may influence this period may be frequency and severity of recurrent episodes, persistence of symptoms after a period of recovery, tolerability of treatment, and patient preference. […] If maintenance pharmacotherapy is discontinued, it is recommended to taper the medication over several weeks.

• #69 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Overall, if after the initial 4-8 weeks there is not a moderate improvement in baseline symptoms in the acute phase, then a reassessment of the diagnosis, medication regimen and/or psychotherapy, adherence, substance or alcohol use is in order. […] Patients who have been treated with antidepressant medications in the acute phase should be maintained with this regimen to prevent relapse. […] Maintenance phase treatment is designed to prevent recurrence. […] The same treatment that was effective in the acute and continuation phase should be continued in the maintenance phase. […] Factors that may influence this period may be frequency and severity of recurrent episodes, persistence of symptoms after a period of recovery, tolerability of treatment, and patient preference. […] If maintenance pharmacotherapy is discontinued, it is recommended to taper the medication over several weeks.

• #70 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  The prevalence of depression and the use of antidepressant medications have risen steadily in the United States over the past three decades. […] The combination of medication and psychotherapy is preferred for severe depression. […] There is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms when an antidepressant is discontinued, compared with continued use. […] When antidepressants are discontinued, the risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms is higher than when treatment is continued. […] When discontinuing antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy should be used to help prevent relapse and recurrence of depressive symptoms. […] Patients with untreated depression during pregnancy have a higher incidence of preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants compared with those without depression.

• #71 Guidelines in major depressive disorder, and their limitations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921956/

  Depression is a highly disabling, recurrent disease that imposes a significant burden on the individual, their close contacts, and on society. […] Evidence-based treatment guidelines developed by the major mental health organizations advise that patients who have experienced either a first or a recurrent episode of major depression should receive continued therapeutic doses of medication for at least 4-6 months following symptom remission, to reduce the risk of relapse. […] Further to this, antidepressant prophylaxis is beneficial in any patient with a history of three or more major depressive episodes, or two or more episodes in the last 5 years. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have demonstrated excellent efficacy and tolerability in the treatment and prophylaxis of major depression, as well as being associated with significant reduction in suicide risk in some populations. […] In the absence of formal treatment guidelines for severe depression, or comorbid depression and anxiety, escitalopram appears to be a logical treatment choice.

• #72 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  The prevalence of depression and the use of antidepressant medications have risen steadily in the United States over the past three decades. […] The combination of medication and psychotherapy is preferred for severe depression. […] There is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms when an antidepressant is discontinued, compared with continued use. […] When antidepressants are discontinued, the risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms is higher than when treatment is continued. […] When discontinuing antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy should be used to help prevent relapse and recurrence of depressive symptoms. […] Patients with untreated depression during pregnancy have a higher incidence of preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants compared with those without depression.

• #73 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Overall, if after the initial 4-8 weeks there is not a moderate improvement in baseline symptoms in the acute phase, then a reassessment of the diagnosis, medication regimen and/or psychotherapy, adherence, substance or alcohol use is in order. […] Patients who have been treated with antidepressant medications in the acute phase should be maintained with this regimen to prevent relapse. […] Maintenance phase treatment is designed to prevent recurrence. […] The same treatment that was effective in the acute and continuation phase should be continued in the maintenance phase. […] Factors that may influence this period may be frequency and severity of recurrent episodes, persistence of symptoms after a period of recovery, tolerability of treatment, and patient preference. […] If maintenance pharmacotherapy is discontinued, it is recommended to taper the medication over several weeks.

• #74 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Overall, if after the initial 4-8 weeks there is not a moderate improvement in baseline symptoms in the acute phase, then a reassessment of the diagnosis, medication regimen and/or psychotherapy, adherence, substance or alcohol use is in order. […] Patients who have been treated with antidepressant medications in the acute phase should be maintained with this regimen to prevent relapse. […] Maintenance phase treatment is designed to prevent recurrence. […] The same treatment that was effective in the acute and continuation phase should be continued in the maintenance phase. […] Factors that may influence this period may be frequency and severity of recurrent episodes, persistence of symptoms after a period of recovery, tolerability of treatment, and patient preference. […] If maintenance pharmacotherapy is discontinued, it is recommended to taper the medication over several weeks.

• #75 Guidelines in major depressive disorder, and their limitations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921956/

  Depression is a highly disabling, recurrent disease that imposes a significant burden on the individual, their close contacts, and on society. […] Evidence-based treatment guidelines developed by the major mental health organizations advise that patients who have experienced either a first or a recurrent episode of major depression should receive continued therapeutic doses of medication for at least 4-6 months following symptom remission, to reduce the risk of relapse. […] Further to this, antidepressant prophylaxis is beneficial in any patient with a history of three or more major depressive episodes, or two or more episodes in the last 5 years. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have demonstrated excellent efficacy and tolerability in the treatment and prophylaxis of major depression, as well as being associated with significant reduction in suicide risk in some populations. […] In the absence of formal treatment guidelines for severe depression, or comorbid depression and anxiety, escitalopram appears to be a logical treatment choice.

• #76 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  Screening pregnant and postpartum patients for depression is associated with a 2% to 9% reduction in absolute risk of depression at three to five months, with or without treatment. […] For patients taking antidepressants before pregnancy, discontinuation is more likely to lead to relapse when depression is severe or recurrent. […] Because each episode of depression adds to a patient’s risk of future episodes, indefinite maintenance treatment is often recommended for patients with three or more episodes of depression.

• #77 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Overall, if after the initial 4-8 weeks there is not a moderate improvement in baseline symptoms in the acute phase, then a reassessment of the diagnosis, medication regimen and/or psychotherapy, adherence, substance or alcohol use is in order. […] Patients who have been treated with antidepressant medications in the acute phase should be maintained with this regimen to prevent relapse. […] Maintenance phase treatment is designed to prevent recurrence. […] The same treatment that was effective in the acute and continuation phase should be continued in the maintenance phase. […] Factors that may influence this period may be frequency and severity of recurrent episodes, persistence of symptoms after a period of recovery, tolerability of treatment, and patient preference. […] If maintenance pharmacotherapy is discontinued, it is recommended to taper the medication over several weeks.

• #78 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  There is evidence suggesting that BA may be particularly well-suited for individuals with more severe depression. […] CBT is particularly valuable for elderly patients, who may be more prone to problems or side effects with medications. […] The initial modality should be chosen on the basis of clinical assessment, presence of other disorders, stressors, patient preference, and reactions to previous treatment. […] The clinician must cautiously apply the above recommendation; whether longer SSRI treatment increases the number of pediatric patients with late improvement is not clear. […] The clinician should treat patients with adequate and tolerable doses for at least 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, if the patient has not shown even minimal improvement, the clinician should consider increasing the dose.

• #79 Guidelines in major depressive disorder, and their limitations – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24921956/

  Depression is a highly disabling, recurrent disease that imposes a significant burden on the individual, their close contacts, and on society. […] Evidence-based treatment guidelines developed by the major mental health organizations advise that patients who have experienced either a first or a recurrent episode of major depression should receive continued therapeutic doses of medication for at least 4-6 months following symptom remission, to reduce the risk of relapse. […] Further to this, antidepressant prophylaxis is beneficial in any patient with a history of three or more major depressive episodes, or two or more episodes in the last 5 years. […] Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have demonstrated excellent efficacy and tolerability in the treatment and prophylaxis of major depression, as well as being associated with significant reduction in suicide risk in some populations. […] In the absence of formal treatment guidelines for severe depression, or comorbid depression and anxiety, escitalopram appears to be a logical treatment choice.

• #80 Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/duloxetine-in-the-prevention-of-relapse-of-major-depressive-disorder/AC6E2E75FF6CE10E83ABA337C5D49F10

  Relapse rates may be as high as 50% in people with major depressive disorder (MDD) previously treated to remission. […] Duloxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake that is licensed in Europe, the USA and elsewhere for the treatment of depressive episodes, was evaluated with regard to its efficacy, safety and tolerability in the prevention of relapse of MDD. […] Patients who received duloxetine (60 mg daily) experienced significantly longer times to relapse of MDD, and better efficacy global well-being, and quality-of-life outcomes compared with patients who received placebo. […] Duloxetine (60 mg daily) is effective in the prevention of relapse of MDD during continuation treatment. […] Failure to adhere to these guidelines may increase the risk of relapse by 70%.

• #81 Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/duloxetine-in-the-prevention-of-relapse-of-major-depressive-disorder/AC6E2E75FF6CE10E83ABA337C5D49F10

  To determine the efficacy of duloxetine in preventing relapse of MDD, and to assess its long-term safety and tolerability, a randomised relapse prevention study was conducted. […] It must therefore be possible to demonstrate that an antidepressant has the ability to prevent relapses of depression as well as having efficacy in the acute treatment of a depressive episode. […] This is a statistically and clinically significant difference which demonstrates the efficacy of duloxetine in the prevention of depressive relapse. […] Prevention of relapse by continuation of therapy beyond 12 weeks is an important aspect of the treatment of depressive illness. […] Duloxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake, is effective in preventing depressive relapse. […] Continuation treatment with duloxetine (60 mg daily) was not associated with the occurrence of adverse events at a greater frequency than that seen with placebo treatment.

• #82 Major Depressive Disorder Treatment Guidelines in America and Europe

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/major-depressive-disorder-treatment-guidelines-america/

  The NICE guidelines advise physicians to first try to manage depression from subthreshold to moderate severity via guided self-help based on CBT, computerized CBT, and group exercise, with the patient being allowed to select the most preferred mode of treatment, as well as sleep hygiene education. […] The WFSBP guidelines also promote the first-line use of TCAs and SNRIs for severe depression. […] The guidelines acknowledge only a limited value of benzodiazepines as short-term adjunctive therapy and only in certain cases. […] Benzodiazepines are not recommended for patients with substance use disorders and are not recommended for a period of use longer than 4 weeks. […] The NICE guidelines state that benzodiazepines do not have a specific antidepressant effect. […] Evidence-based treatment guidelines are necessary to aid clinicians in treating depression to remission, and the American and European guidelines reviewed here generally make similar recommendations.

• #83 Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/duloxetine-in-the-prevention-of-relapse-of-major-depressive-disorder/AC6E2E75FF6CE10E83ABA337C5D49F10

  To determine the efficacy of duloxetine in preventing relapse of MDD, and to assess its long-term safety and tolerability, a randomised relapse prevention study was conducted. […] It must therefore be possible to demonstrate that an antidepressant has the ability to prevent relapses of depression as well as having efficacy in the acute treatment of a depressive episode. […] This is a statistically and clinically significant difference which demonstrates the efficacy of duloxetine in the prevention of depressive relapse. […] Prevention of relapse by continuation of therapy beyond 12 weeks is an important aspect of the treatment of depressive illness. […] Duloxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake, is effective in preventing depressive relapse. […] Continuation treatment with duloxetine (60 mg daily) was not associated with the occurrence of adverse events at a greater frequency than that seen with placebo treatment.

• #84 Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder | The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/duloxetine-in-the-prevention-of-relapse-of-major-depressive-disorder/AC6E2E75FF6CE10E83ABA337C5D49F10

  Relapse rates may be as high as 50% in people with major depressive disorder (MDD) previously treated to remission. […] Duloxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake that is licensed in Europe, the USA and elsewhere for the treatment of depressive episodes, was evaluated with regard to its efficacy, safety and tolerability in the prevention of relapse of MDD. […] Patients who received duloxetine (60 mg daily) experienced significantly longer times to relapse of MDD, and better efficacy global well-being, and quality-of-life outcomes compared with patients who received placebo. […] Duloxetine (60 mg daily) is effective in the prevention of relapse of MDD during continuation treatment. […] Failure to adhere to these guidelines may increase the risk of relapse by 70%.

• #85 Prevention of depression in children and adolescents | Knowledge for policy

  https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway/depression-children-adolescents_en

  Depression is estimated to affect 2.5% of children in the WHO European region. […] Depression, otherwise known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a mental disorder, characterised by persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities that one normally enjoys, and inability to carry out daily activities. […] The prevention of depression has a wide range of benefits as mental well-being improves educational attainment, reduces school absenteeism and risky behaviours, promotes a healthier lifestyle, and improves social relationships. […] The prevention of child and adolescent mental health can take place in various domains, including individual factors as well as social and environmental factors.

• #86

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #87 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) and other affective disorders may surreptitiously arise in children and adolescents during their school period and impair their social and educational functioning. […] In this context, educators’ training is essential to detect early the onset of a depressive disorder, to spare later consequences through the timely establishment of adequate treatment. […] The first approach should be to establish a trustful relationship with the adolescent and his/her classmates, to reduce social and self-stigma and inform about mental illness. […] If symptoms do not subside and the suffering child or adolescent fails to reintegrate within his/her school environment, cognitive–behavioral interventions are recommended that are individual, group, or computer-based. […] When needed, these should be implemented with individualized pharmacotherapy.

• #88 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) and other affective disorders may surreptitiously arise in children and adolescents during their school period and impair their social and educational functioning. […] In this context, educators’ training is essential to detect early the onset of a depressive disorder, to spare later consequences through the timely establishment of adequate treatment. […] The first approach should be to establish a trustful relationship with the adolescent and his/her classmates, to reduce social and self-stigma and inform about mental illness. […] If symptoms do not subside and the suffering child or adolescent fails to reintegrate within his/her school environment, cognitive–behavioral interventions are recommended that are individual, group, or computer-based. […] When needed, these should be implemented with individualized pharmacotherapy.

• #89 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  A longer duration of untreated illness in depression is associated with a longer overall duration of depression, more comorbidity, more severe depressive symptoms, and even higher cognitive impairment. […] Hence, preventive programs aiming at reducing the duration of untreated depressive illness and depression onset prevention have been implemented. […] Addressing stigma implies changing people’s beliefs about mental illness and is essential among youngsters, who have still to develop their empathic skills. […] Programs and treatments aiming at reducing social and self-stigma are currently implemented and show promise for both stigma reduction and treatment adherence. […] Recognizing it early can facilitate its management and increase the effectiveness of treatment, thus becoming a protective factor concerning the risk of illness chronicity.

• #90 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  A longer duration of untreated illness in depression is associated with a longer overall duration of depression, more comorbidity, more severe depressive symptoms, and even higher cognitive impairment. […] Hence, preventive programs aiming at reducing the duration of untreated depressive illness and depression onset prevention have been implemented. […] Addressing stigma implies changing people’s beliefs about mental illness and is essential among youngsters, who have still to develop their empathic skills. […] Programs and treatments aiming at reducing social and self-stigma are currently implemented and show promise for both stigma reduction and treatment adherence. […] Recognizing it early can facilitate its management and increase the effectiveness of treatment, thus becoming a protective factor concerning the risk of illness chronicity.

• #91 Preventing Depression in Older Adults: Do These Popular Supplements Help? – Major Depressive Disorder: Contemporary Approaches

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-centers/major-depressive-disorder-contemporary-approaches/preventing-depression-older-adults-do-these-popular-supplements-help/4814

  Late-life depression (LLD) is costly to both individuals and their communities due to increased risk of dementia, greater morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), and higher healthcare costs associated with emergency and office visits, drug use, and risk for alcohol and substance abuse. […] The National Academy of Medicine’s framework for prevention of mental disorders suggests targeting individuals with subthreshold depression (indicated prevention) or high-risk factors (selective prevention). […] In fact, the presence of subthreshold depression is associated with 25% of all incident major depressive disorder (MDD) cases occurring late in life, while selective high-risk factors are associated with 50% of cases. […] Although recent trials assessing the long-term use of vitamin D3 or omega-3s for the prevention of depression have largely shown no benefit, these trials assessed a single risk factor.

• #92

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors. […] Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. Effective community approaches to prevent depression include school-based programmes to enhance a pattern of positive coping in children and adolescents. […] Exercise programmes for older persons can also be effective in depression prevention.

• #93 Preventing Depression in Older Adults: Do These Popular Supplements Help? – Major Depressive Disorder: Contemporary Approaches

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/resource-centers/major-depressive-disorder-contemporary-approaches/preventing-depression-older-adults-do-these-popular-supplements-help/4814

  Late-life depression (LLD) is costly to both individuals and their communities due to increased risk of dementia, greater morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), and higher healthcare costs associated with emergency and office visits, drug use, and risk for alcohol and substance abuse. […] The National Academy of Medicine’s framework for prevention of mental disorders suggests targeting individuals with subthreshold depression (indicated prevention) or high-risk factors (selective prevention). […] In fact, the presence of subthreshold depression is associated with 25% of all incident major depressive disorder (MDD) cases occurring late in life, while selective high-risk factors are associated with 50% of cases. […] Although recent trials assessing the long-term use of vitamin D3 or omega-3s for the prevention of depression have largely shown no benefit, these trials assessed a single risk factor.

• #94 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  The 2023 ACP guideline advises that treatment for major depressive disorder should be altered if the patient does not have an adequate response to pharmacotherapy within 68 weeks. Once satisfactory response is achieved, treatment should be continued for 49 months in patients with a first episode of major depression that was not associated with significant suicidality or catastrophic outcomes. In those who have had 2 or more episodes of depression, a longer course of maintenance treatment may prove beneficial. […] Hollon and Ponniah also identified empirically supported treatments for the prevention of relapse and recurrence. […] Prior CBT to prevent relapse is considered efficacious and specific. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) to prevent relapse/recurrence is also efficacious.

• #95 Anti-inflammatory interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Translational Psychiatry

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-025-03317-3

  The primary outcome of this meta-analysis focused on the efficacy and prevention of depression among older adults. […] pooling analysis indicated a moderate but not significant difference in the incidence of depression between anti-inflammatory treatment and placebo. […] our findings of the comprehensive meta-analysis support the notion that anti-inflammatory interventions might help to prevent and reduce depressive symptoms in older participants with or without depression.

• #96 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  The prevalence of depression and the use of antidepressant medications have risen steadily in the United States over the past three decades. […] The combination of medication and psychotherapy is preferred for severe depression. […] There is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms when an antidepressant is discontinued, compared with continued use. […] When antidepressants are discontinued, the risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms is higher than when treatment is continued. […] When discontinuing antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy should be used to help prevent relapse and recurrence of depressive symptoms. […] Patients with untreated depression during pregnancy have a higher incidence of preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants compared with those without depression.

• #97 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  Screening pregnant and postpartum patients for depression is associated with a 2% to 9% reduction in absolute risk of depression at three to five months, with or without treatment. […] For patients taking antidepressants before pregnancy, discontinuation is more likely to lead to relapse when depression is severe or recurrent. […] Because each episode of depression adds to a patient’s risk of future episodes, indefinite maintenance treatment is often recommended for patients with three or more episodes of depression.

• #98 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  Screening pregnant and postpartum patients for depression is associated with a 2% to 9% reduction in absolute risk of depression at three to five months, with or without treatment. […] For patients taking antidepressants before pregnancy, discontinuation is more likely to lead to relapse when depression is severe or recurrent. […] Because each episode of depression adds to a patient’s risk of future episodes, indefinite maintenance treatment is often recommended for patients with three or more episodes of depression.

• #99 Pharmacologic Treatment of Depression | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0200/pharmacologic-treatment-of-depression.html

  The prevalence of depression and the use of antidepressant medications have risen steadily in the United States over the past three decades. […] The combination of medication and psychotherapy is preferred for severe depression. […] There is an increased risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms when an antidepressant is discontinued, compared with continued use. […] When antidepressants are discontinued, the risk of relapse or recurrence of depressive symptoms is higher than when treatment is continued. […] When discontinuing antidepressants, cognitive behavior therapy should be used to help prevent relapse and recurrence of depressive symptoms. […] Patients with untreated depression during pregnancy have a higher incidence of preterm birth and low-birth-weight infants compared with those without depression.

• #100 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  The clinician needs to inform parents and patients about adverse effects, dose, timing of therapeutic effect, and danger of overdose, particularly with TCAs, before initiating pharmacologic treatment. […] In severe depression during pregnancy, especially in cases of psychosis, agitation, or severe intellectual disability, electroconvulsive therapy may be the safest and quickest treatment option. […] Principles of treatment of postpartum major depressive disorder are the same as for depression during any other time of life. Earlier initiation of treatment is associated with better prognosis. […] Most antidepressants probably can be used safely during breast-feeding; however, this has not been studied thoroughly, and the same risk-benefit considerations should be applied as when treating depression during pregnancy.

• #101 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  Adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, and older adults (65 years or older) The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the adult population, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. B […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in the adult population, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. I […] To achieve the benefit of depression screening and reduce disparities in depression-associated morbidity, it is important that persons who screen positive are evaluated further for diagnosis and, if appropriate, are provided or referred for evidence-based care. […] Treatment for MDD in adults includes psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy.

• #102 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #103 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF found no evidence on the optimal frequency of screening for depression. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] MDD is a common disorder in the US that can have a substantial impact on an individuals life. […] Depression is common in postpartum and pregnant persons and affects both the birthing parent and infant. […] Suicide is the 10th-leading cause of death in US adults. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit.

• #104 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  Adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, and older adults (65 years or older) The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in the adult population, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. B […] The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in the adult population, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. I […] To achieve the benefit of depression screening and reduce disparities in depression-associated morbidity, it is important that persons who screen positive are evaluated further for diagnosis and, if appropriate, are provided or referred for evidence-based care. […] Treatment for MDD in adults includes psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy.

• #105 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF found no evidence on the optimal frequency of screening for depression. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Risk factors for perinatal depression include life stress, low social support, history of depression, marital or partner dissatisfaction, and a history of abuse. […] MDD is a common disorder in the US that can have a substantial impact on an individuals life. […] Depression is common in postpartum and pregnant persons and affects both the birthing parent and infant. […] Suicide is the 10th-leading cause of death in US adults. […] The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults, has a moderate net benefit.

• #106 Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/major-depressive-disorder

  It is not always possible to prevent depression, but if a person knows their triggers and can recognize the start of an episode, they may find it easier to take action. […] As soon as a person notices the symptoms of depression, they should seek medical help. Starting treatment early can help prevent depression from becoming severe.

• #107 Increase the proportion of adolescents with depression who get treatment — MHMD‑06 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/mental-health-and-mental-disorders/increase-proportion-adolescents-depression-who-get-treatment-mhmd-06

  The earlier young people get treatment for depression, the more effective it can be. Early treatment can also help prevent more severe, long-term problems as children and adolescents get older. […] But many adolescents with depression dont get treatment. Treatment plans that connect primary care providers, patients, and mental health specialists can help adolescents get the care they need.

• #108

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. […] There are also effective psychological treatments and medications for depression. […] WHO works with Member States and partners to reduce the burden of mental health conditions, including depression. […] The programme aims to help countries increase services for people with depression and other disorders through care provided by non-specialist health workers in primary health care. […] WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by non-specialists to individuals and groups. […] WHO has also developed self-help tools that can be used by individuals (for example the online Step-by-Step programme).

• #109 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on the benefit and harms of screening for suicide risk in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Potential harms of screening include false-positive screening results that may lead to unnecessary referrals and treatment (and associated time and economic burden), labeling, anxiety, and stigma. […] Evidence is limited on the implementation of routine mental health screening in primary care settings in the US. […] The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends collaborative care for managing depressive disorders. […] The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration maintains a national registry of evidence-based programs and practices for substance abuse and mental health interventions. […] More evidence on whether and how screening for suicide risk can improve health outcomes is needed. […] The American College of Physicians recommends depression screening in all adults.

• #110

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression. […] There are also effective psychological treatments and medications for depression. […] WHO works with Member States and partners to reduce the burden of mental health conditions, including depression. […] The programme aims to help countries increase services for people with depression and other disorders through care provided by non-specialist health workers in primary health care. […] WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by non-specialists to individuals and groups. […] WHO has also developed self-help tools that can be used by individuals (for example the online Step-by-Step programme).

• #111 Increase the proportion of adolescents with depression who get treatment — MHMD‑06 – Healthy People 2030 | odphp.health.gov

  https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/mental-health-and-mental-disorders/increase-proportion-adolescents-depression-who-get-treatment-mhmd-06

  The earlier young people get treatment for depression, the more effective it can be. Early treatment can also help prevent more severe, long-term problems as children and adolescents get older. […] But many adolescents with depression dont get treatment. Treatment plans that connect primary care providers, patients, and mental health specialists can help adolescents get the care they need.

• #112 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] Decision-makers can use these estimates to guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, possibly by implementing practices such as those recommended by The Guide to Community Preventive Services Task Force and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. […] Examining the geographic distribution of depression at the state and county levels can help guide state- and local-level efforts to prevent, treat, and manage depression. […] Population-level efforts to address prevention, treatment, and management of depression include tailored and targeted programs to address demographic and geographic disparities. […] In addition, CPSTF provides communities with a list of recommended interventions to improve mental health or address mental illness. Examples of recommended interventions include collaborative care for the management of depressive disorders, mental health benefits legislation, school-based cognitive behavioral therapy programs to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms (targeted and universal), and depression care management among older adults (clinic- and home-based). […] These estimates can help decision-makers guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, which might include consideration of evidence-based interventions and practices such as those recommended by CPSTF and SAMHSA.

• #113 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] Decision-makers can use these estimates to guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, possibly by implementing practices such as those recommended by The Guide to Community Preventive Services Task Force and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. […] Examining the geographic distribution of depression at the state and county levels can help guide state- and local-level efforts to prevent, treat, and manage depression. […] Population-level efforts to address prevention, treatment, and management of depression include tailored and targeted programs to address demographic and geographic disparities. […] In addition, CPSTF provides communities with a list of recommended interventions to improve mental health or address mental illness. Examples of recommended interventions include collaborative care for the management of depressive disorders, mental health benefits legislation, school-based cognitive behavioral therapy programs to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms (targeted and universal), and depression care management among older adults (clinic- and home-based). […] These estimates can help decision-makers guide resource allocation to areas where the need is greatest, which might include consideration of evidence-based interventions and practices such as those recommended by CPSTF and SAMHSA.

• #114 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  There is evidence suggesting that BA may be particularly well-suited for individuals with more severe depression. […] CBT is particularly valuable for elderly patients, who may be more prone to problems or side effects with medications. […] The initial modality should be chosen on the basis of clinical assessment, presence of other disorders, stressors, patient preference, and reactions to previous treatment. […] The clinician must cautiously apply the above recommendation; whether longer SSRI treatment increases the number of pediatric patients with late improvement is not clear. […] The clinician should treat patients with adequate and tolerable doses for at least 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, if the patient has not shown even minimal improvement, the clinician should consider increasing the dose.

• #115 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  There is evidence suggesting that BA may be particularly well-suited for individuals with more severe depression. […] CBT is particularly valuable for elderly patients, who may be more prone to problems or side effects with medications. […] The initial modality should be chosen on the basis of clinical assessment, presence of other disorders, stressors, patient preference, and reactions to previous treatment. […] The clinician must cautiously apply the above recommendation; whether longer SSRI treatment increases the number of pediatric patients with late improvement is not clear. […] The clinician should treat patients with adequate and tolerable doses for at least 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, if the patient has not shown even minimal improvement, the clinician should consider increasing the dose.

• #116 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Treatment consists of three phases: […] Remission and relapse have been defined by the American Psychiatric Association. […] The goal of acute phase treatment is to induce remission. […] For patients with severe major depression, evidence supports either pharmacotherapy alone, or the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. […] Patients with severe depression should be seen again in the office within 1-2 weeks of starting a new antidepressant medication for re-assessment. […] For patients with mild to moderate major depression, the initial treatment modalities may include pharmacotherapy alone, psychotherapy alone, or the combination of medical management and psychotherapy. […] The combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy may be the initial treatment approach for patients with moderate depression in the presence of psychosocial stressors, interpersonal difficulties, intra-psychic conflict, and personality disorders.

• #117 Three Phases of Treatment of Major Depression | PCORE

  https://edblogs.columbia.edu/pcore/depression-treatment-recommendations-for-major-depressive-disorder/depression-three-phases-of-treatment-of-major-depression/

  Treatment consists of three phases: […] Remission and relapse have been defined by the American Psychiatric Association. […] The goal of acute phase treatment is to induce remission. […] For patients with severe major depression, evidence supports either pharmacotherapy alone, or the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. […] Patients with severe depression should be seen again in the office within 1-2 weeks of starting a new antidepressant medication for re-assessment. […] For patients with mild to moderate major depression, the initial treatment modalities may include pharmacotherapy alone, psychotherapy alone, or the combination of medical management and psychotherapy. […] The combination of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy may be the initial treatment approach for patients with moderate depression in the presence of psychosocial stressors, interpersonal difficulties, intra-psychic conflict, and personality disorders.

• #118 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  A wide range of effective treatments is available for major depressive disorder. Medication alone (see Medication) and brief psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) alone can relieve depressive symptoms. There is also empirical support for the ability of brief psychotherapy (CBT) to prevent relapse. […] In children and adolescents, however, pharmacotherapy by itself is insufficient treatment. Moreover, in all patient populations, the combination of medication and psychotherapy generally provides the quickest and most sustained response. Combination therapy has also been associated with significantly higher rates of improvement in depressive symptoms; increased quality of life; and better treatment compliance, especially when treatment is needed for longer than 3 months.

• #119 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  There is evidence suggesting that BA may be particularly well-suited for individuals with more severe depression. […] CBT is particularly valuable for elderly patients, who may be more prone to problems or side effects with medications. […] The initial modality should be chosen on the basis of clinical assessment, presence of other disorders, stressors, patient preference, and reactions to previous treatment. […] The clinician must cautiously apply the above recommendation; whether longer SSRI treatment increases the number of pediatric patients with late improvement is not clear. […] The clinician should treat patients with adequate and tolerable doses for at least 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, if the patient has not shown even minimal improvement, the clinician should consider increasing the dose.

• #120 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  We can prevent some depression, especially with indicated prevention, but also selective prevention approaches. However, the low uptake of preventive interventions limits their impact. […] It is currently unclear if universal prevention works. […] Selective prevention is promising, but this may very well just indirectly treat people with existing problems and the potential of this type of prevention is limited by the low predictive strength of risk factors. […] There is some evidence that indicated prevention works, but the uptake is too low to really make an impact on depression at the population level. […] Effective interventions with a large impact should start early in life, and focus on children and parents. We need structural long-term prevention offered across the life course.

• #121 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  We can prevent some depression, especially with indicated prevention, but also selective prevention approaches. However, the low uptake of preventive interventions limits their impact. […] It is currently unclear if universal prevention works. […] Selective prevention is promising, but this may very well just indirectly treat people with existing problems and the potential of this type of prevention is limited by the low predictive strength of risk factors. […] There is some evidence that indicated prevention works, but the uptake is too low to really make an impact on depression at the population level. […] Effective interventions with a large impact should start early in life, and focus on children and parents. We need structural long-term prevention offered across the life course.

• #122 Prevention of Depression in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: The Role of Teachers and Parents

  https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5318/2/3/27

  A longer duration of untreated illness in depression is associated with a longer overall duration of depression, more comorbidity, more severe depressive symptoms, and even higher cognitive impairment. […] Hence, preventive programs aiming at reducing the duration of untreated depressive illness and depression onset prevention have been implemented. […] Addressing stigma implies changing people’s beliefs about mental illness and is essential among youngsters, who have still to develop their empathic skills. […] Programs and treatments aiming at reducing social and self-stigma are currently implemented and show promise for both stigma reduction and treatment adherence. […] Recognizing it early can facilitate its management and increase the effectiveness of treatment, thus becoming a protective factor concerning the risk of illness chronicity.

• #123 Recommendation: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce

  https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults

  The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on the benefit and harms of screening for suicide risk in adults, including pregnant and postpartum persons, as well as older adults. […] The USPSTF recommends screening for depression in all adults regardless of risk factors. […] Potential harms of screening include false-positive screening results that may lead to unnecessary referrals and treatment (and associated time and economic burden), labeling, anxiety, and stigma. […] Evidence is limited on the implementation of routine mental health screening in primary care settings in the US. […] The Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends collaborative care for managing depressive disorders. […] The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration maintains a national registry of evidence-based programs and practices for substance abuse and mental health interventions. […] More evidence on whether and how screening for suicide risk can improve health outcomes is needed. […] The American College of Physicians recommends depression screening in all adults.

• #124 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  We can prevent some depression, especially with indicated prevention, but also selective prevention approaches. However, the low uptake of preventive interventions limits their impact. […] It is currently unclear if universal prevention works. […] Selective prevention is promising, but this may very well just indirectly treat people with existing problems and the potential of this type of prevention is limited by the low predictive strength of risk factors. […] There is some evidence that indicated prevention works, but the uptake is too low to really make an impact on depression at the population level. […] Effective interventions with a large impact should start early in life, and focus on children and parents. We need structural long-term prevention offered across the life course.

• #125 Treatments for partial remission of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMJ Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/26/1/1

  Moreover, there seems to be a minimal effect of psychotherapy on relapse rates compared with control groups, in this at-risk group. […] Given the chronic trajectory of depression in patients in partial remission, we call for well-designed and adequately powered studies to examine innovative, sequential or combined treatment options to get patients well and facilitate endurance of effects.

• #126 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  Prevention of new depressive disorders is very much needed because current treatments can only reduce the disease burden of depression to a limited extent. […] Research has shown that preventive interventions are effective, especially in indicated prevention, but also selective prevention. However, the impact of these interventions is limited because the uptake is low. […] Research should evaluate community-based indirect prevention for depression, which focuses on less stigmatising problems like sleep or stress.

• #127 Physical Activity for the Treatment and Prevention of Depression: A Rapid Review of Meta-Analyses

  https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2021/issue-6/physical-activity-for-the-treatment-and-prevention-of-depression-a-rapid-review-of-meta-analyses/

  Regular physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on incident depression in adults, reducing odds by 17 to 21%. […] Two meta-analyses were restricted to prospective cohort-studies on the protective effect of self-reported PA on incidence depression and found a comparable odds reduction of 17 to 21%. […] Further research should focus on possible mediating factors linking exercise with the amelioration of depressive symptoms. […] According to the evidence from meta-analyses, in patients suffering from chronic physical conditions, especially cardiovascular disease, aiming at reaching public health recommendations concerning PA seems advisable and might help to reduce depressive symptoms and hence increase wellbeing.

• #128 Depression Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy for Depression, Psychotherapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286759-treatment

  There is evidence suggesting that BA may be particularly well-suited for individuals with more severe depression. […] CBT is particularly valuable for elderly patients, who may be more prone to problems or side effects with medications. […] The initial modality should be chosen on the basis of clinical assessment, presence of other disorders, stressors, patient preference, and reactions to previous treatment. […] The clinician must cautiously apply the above recommendation; whether longer SSRI treatment increases the number of pediatric patients with late improvement is not clear. […] The clinician should treat patients with adequate and tolerable doses for at least 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, if the patient has not shown even minimal improvement, the clinician should consider increasing the dose.

• #129 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  Major depression can be prevented. […] The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders presented evidence that major depression can be prevented. […] Randomized controlled trials have shown that incidence of major depressive episodes can be significantly reduced. […] Meta-analyses suggest that 22% to 38% of major depressive episodes could be prevented with currently available methods. […] If major depressive episodes can be prevented, the health care system should provide routine access to evidence-based depression prevention interventions. […] Scientific evidence has shown that clinical depression can be averted. […] The 2009 IOM report listed several randomized trials in which the proportion of new cases of major depressive episodes was significantly reduced in participants randomly assigned to a preventive intervention compared with a control group.

• #130 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  MDD is a disease with a high prevalence worldwide, and preventing its occurrence and recurrence is crucial. […] In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and recurrence of MDD can be prevented by means of lifestyle medicine. […] Improving sleep is an important strategy to prevent the occurrence of depression. […] Treating insomnia can prevent the worsening of depressive symptoms, and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a recommended intervention for treating insomnia to improve sleep and mood. […] Dietary adjustment is an effective, safe, and widely applicable method for preventing MDD, especially by inhibiting MDD-related pathological inflammation. […] Various nutrients can possess different anti-inflammatory properties; in contrast, there are many proinflammatory foods, such as those high in refined starch, sugar, and saturated fat and low in fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, which can promote the occurrence of inflammation to increase the risk of MDD.

• #131 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Increasing evidence suggests that physical exercise can prevent some mental disorders in addition to cardiovascular disease. […] This finding suggests that physical exercise may be able to prevent MDD. […] Social support may have an influence on depression through neuroendocrine pathways, and social support can improve a person’s psychological wellbeing and make the individual more resistant to stress. […] The above preventive interventions, sleep improvement, physical exercise, dietary regulation, and social intervention, may prolong or reverse the subclinical pathological stage.

• #132 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #133 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  Major depression can be prevented. […] The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders presented evidence that major depression can be prevented. […] Randomized controlled trials have shown that incidence of major depressive episodes can be significantly reduced. […] Meta-analyses suggest that 22% to 38% of major depressive episodes could be prevented with currently available methods. […] If major depressive episodes can be prevented, the health care system should provide routine access to evidence-based depression prevention interventions. […] Scientific evidence has shown that clinical depression can be averted. […] The 2009 IOM report listed several randomized trials in which the proportion of new cases of major depressive episodes was significantly reduced in participants randomly assigned to a preventive intervention compared with a control group.

• #134 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Preventive efforts may result in decreases in rates of the condition of between 22 and 38%. […] Since 2016, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended screening for depression among those over the age 12, provided that it would be diagnosed accurately, treated efficiently, and followed-up as needed; […] Behavioral interventions, such as interpersonal therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy, are effective at preventing new onset depression. […] The Netherlands mental health care system provides preventive interventions, such as the „Coping with Depression” course (CWD) for people with sub-threshold depression. The course is claimed to be the most successful of psychoeducational interventions for the treatment and prevention of depression (both for its adaptability to various populations and its results), with a risk reduction of 38% in major depression and an efficacy as a treatment comparing favorably to other psychotherapies.

• #135 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  Preventing MDEs would prevent MDDs, by definition. […] The ideal preventive intervention would be administered once, as early in life as possible, and would last a lifetime. […] The IOM report included an extensive section on risk and protective factors. […] Two classes of risk factors for depression stand out: specific and nonspecific. […] The IOM report emphasized a developmental perspective on risk and protective factors. […] The most stringent test of prevention efficacy involves randomized controlled trials (RCTs). […] The overall incidence rate ratio of experimental to control groups was 0.78, that is, the risk of developing a depressive disorder in the next year was 22% lower in participants receiving interventions than in those in the control groups. […] Implementing existing depression prevention methods as a routine part of health care could result in prevention of 2 out of 9 cases of major depression each year.

• #136 Preventing depressive disorders #DepressionSolvingTheToll part 1

  https://www.nationalelfservice.net/treatment/mental-illness-prevention/preventing-the-onset-of-depressive-disorders-depressionsolvingthetoll-part-1/

  Prevention of new depressive disorders is very much needed because current treatments can only reduce the disease burden of depression to a limited extent. […] Research has shown that preventive interventions are effective, especially in indicated prevention, but also selective prevention. However, the impact of these interventions is limited because the uptake is low. […] Research should evaluate community-based indirect prevention for depression, which focuses on less stigmatising problems like sleep or stress.

• #137 Major Depression Can Be Prevented

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4533896/

  The Penn Resiliency Program (PRP) has been widely used in a variety of settings. […] The 2009 IOM report describes a vision for the future if prevention services are fully implemented. […] Preventing a quarter to a third of cases of major depression would have a substantial impact on individual and societal well-being.

• #138

  https://www.janssenwithme.com/en/mental-health/major-depressive-disorder

  Depression is often a lifelong struggle and 60-70% of people who suffer from MDD will relapse. […] Prevention programmes are also incredibly important. School programmes to enhance patterns of positive thinking, interventions for caregivers, exercise programmes for the elderly, etc. These all have been shown to reduce depression.

Zobacz więcej