Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] More women are affected by depression than men. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.

• #2 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. […] The prevalence of depression is increasing yearly. About 300 million people in the world are affected by MDD, which has become one of the main causes of disability. […] In 2018, MDD ranked third in terms of disease burden according to the WHO, and it is predicted to rank first by 2030. […] Pregnant women, elderly people, children, and others have a higher incidence rate of MDD, which may be related to genetic, psychological, and social factors. […] The clinical symptoms of MDD include a depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in weight or appetite, and increased likelihood of committing suicide. […] However, due to the lack of characteristic symptoms and objective diagnostic evidence for MDD, identification and early prevention are difficult in the clinic.

• #3 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. […] The prevalence of depression is increasing yearly. About 300 million people in the world are affected by MDD, which has become one of the main causes of disability. […] In 2018, MDD ranked third in terms of disease burden according to the WHO, and it is predicted to rank first by 2030. […] Pregnant women, elderly people, children, and others have a higher incidence rate of MDD, which may be related to genetic, psychological, and social factors. […] The clinical symptoms of MDD include a depressed mood, loss of interest, changes in weight or appetite, and increased likelihood of committing suicide. […] However, due to the lack of characteristic symptoms and objective diagnostic evidence for MDD, identification and early prevention are difficult in the clinic.

• #4 Statistics About Major Depressive Disorder – Prevenlance, Onset, & More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/major-depressive-disorder/major-depression-statistics/

  Major depressive disorder prognosis depends on factors such as relapse and remission. One study shows that 80% of patients will have a recurrent episode of depression. According to another article, depression is likely to be the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020. By 2030, depression is expected to be the leading cause of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.

• #5 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Major depressive disorder affected approximately 163 million people in 2017 (2% of the global population). […] The percentage of people who are affected at one point in their life varies from 7% in Japan to 21% in France. In most countries the number of people who have depression during their lives falls within an 8–18% range. Lifetime rates are higher in the developed world (15%) compared to the developing world (11%). […] In the United States, 8.4% of adults (21 million individuals) have at least one episode within a year-long period; the probability of having a major depressive episode is higher for females than males (10.5% to 6.2%), and highest for those aged 18 to 25 (17%). […] Major depression is about twice as common in women as in men, although it is unclear why this is so, and whether factors unaccounted for are contributing to this.

• #6 The Epidemiological Modelling of Major Depressive Disorder: Application for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069637

  Existing reviews of the global prevalence of MDD suggest that the 12-month prevalence ranges between 0.8% and 5.8% or between 2.2% and 10.4%, depending on study methodology and sampling. […] Our review estimated that the global point (defined as current or past-month) prevalence of MDD was 4.7% (4.4%5.0%) ranging from 3.7% (3.1%4.3%) in North America to 8.6% (5.2%14.0%) in South Asia, a region which included prevalence from countries in conflict. […] The aim is to correct for the former and to retain the latter in order to present an accurate epidemiological profile of the burden of MDD. […] The systematic literature review identified 136 relevant studies covering 17 GBD world regions. […] Epidemiological estimates were reported for males, females and/or persons, across broad and/or specific age groups.

• #7 SciELO Brazil – Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review Prevalence and correlates of major depressive disorder: a systematic review

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbp/a/gC5yf6KyWB7F4wBc7ChbcKv/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling mental illnesses and it has a significant impact on society. This review aims to provide updated scientific evidence about the epidemiology of MDD. […] The lifetime prevalence of MDD ranged from 2 to 21%, with the highest rates found in some European countries and the lowest in some Asian countries. […] MDD is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. There are remarkable interregional differences in the disorders prevalence, as well as in certain sociodemographic correlates. […] Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide, as well as one of the most disabling. […] Information on the prevalence and correlates of MDD is key to its prevention and management. […] The results show that MDD is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, and there is no evidence of a substantial change in the prevalence of MDD over the past few decades. […] Interregional differences in the prevalence of MDD are notable.

• #8 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  In 2019, major depressive disorder was identified (using either the DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10) in the Global Burden of Disease Study as the fifth most common cause of years lived with disability and the 18th most common for disability-adjusted life years. […] People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60. […] The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis, and during the first year after childbirth (Postpartum depression). […] Major depression was the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV, according to the WHO.

• #9

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  Depressive disorder, or depression, is a common mental health condition that can happen to anyone. […] In 2019, an estimated 280 million people, including 5% of all adults, experienced depression. […] Depression is more common among women than men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] Depression can cause difficulties in all aspects of life, including performance at school, productivity at work, relationships with family, friends and community. […] Researchers estimate that 12 billion productive work days are lost every year to depression and anxiety alone, at a cost of nearly US$ 1 trillion. […] People with depression are at increased risk of suicide. […] Research also shows strong relationships between depression and physical health, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and respiratory diseases.

• #10 Major Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

  Major depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. For some individuals, major depression can result in severe impairments that interfere with or limit ones ability to carry out major life activities. […] The past year prevalence data presented here for major depressive episode are from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. An estimated 21.0 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. This number represented 8.3% of all U.S. adults. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adult females (10.3%) compared to males (6.2%). The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged 18-25 (18.6%). In 2021, an estimated 14.5 million U.S. adults aged 18 or older had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year. This number represented 5.7% of all U.S. adults. In 2021, an estimated 61.0% U.S. adults aged 18 or older with major depressive episode received treatment in the past year. Among those individuals with major depressive episode with severe impairment, an estimated 74.8% received treatment in the past year.

• #11 Depression Statistics: Types, Symptoms, Treatments, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/facts-statistics-infographic

  At least 21 million Americans experience a major depressive episode. Risk factors include family history, history of trauma, substance use disorders, and other mental health issues. […] Major depressive disorder (MDD) also called major depression or clinical depression involves a low or sad mood that persists for 2 weeks or longer. […] The National Insitute of Mental Health (NIMH) estimates that 21 million U.S. adults had at least one major depressive episode in 2021. This represents 8.3% of the U.S. adult population. […] The NIMH estimates that 21 million adults, or 8.3% of all adults in the United States, had at least one episode of major depression in 2021. […] Episodes of major depression were more common among: females (10.3% compared to 6.2% in males), people between the ages of 18 and 25 (18.6%), people who describe themselves as being of two or more races or ethnicities (13.9%).

• #12 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] During 2020, 18.4% of U.S. adults reported having ever been diagnosed with depression; state-level age-standardized estimates ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia. Model-based age-standardized county-level prevalence estimates ranged from 10.7% to 31.9%, and there was considerable state-level and county-level variability. […] Depression is a major contributor to mortality, morbidity, disability, and economic costs in the United States. […] During 2020, the age-standardized prevalence of depression among adults was 18.5%. Among states, the age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 12.7% to 27.5% (median = 19.9%); most of the states with the highest prevalence were in the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions.

• #13 Major Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

  An estimated 5.0 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. This number represented 20.1% of the U.S. population aged 12 to 17. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females (29.2%) compared to males (11.5%). In 2021, an estimated 3.7 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year. This number represented 14.7% of the U.S. population aged 12 to 17. In 2021, an estimated 40.6% of U.S. adolescents with major depressive episode received treatment in the past year. Among adolescents with major depressive episode with severe impairment, an estimated 44.2% received treatment in the past year.

• #14 Depression Statistics: Types, Symptoms, Treatments, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/facts-statistics-infographic

  According to a 2022 study looking at 2015 through 2020, the rates of depression in the United States increased as follows: Ages 2015 2020 1217 12.7% 16.9% 1825 10.3% 17.2% 2634 7.5% 9.9%. […] In general, the researchers found that in 2020, having depression for longer than a year occurred in 1 in 10 Americans and almost 1 in 5 adolescents and young adults. […] Major depressive disorder with psychotic features (aka psychotic depression) describes depression that involves psychosis, hallucinations, delusions, or paranoia. […] According to a 2021 research review, depression with psychotic features affects: about 4 in every 1,000 adults, between 14 and 30 adults in every 1,000 people over age 60. […] Living with depression is also known to increase your chances of experiencing suicidal thoughts. In the United States alone, depression leads to about 40,000 deaths by suicide each year.

• #15 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #16

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] More women are affected by depression than men. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.

• #17 Major Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

  Major depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. For some individuals, major depression can result in severe impairments that interfere with or limit ones ability to carry out major life activities. […] The past year prevalence data presented here for major depressive episode are from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. An estimated 21.0 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. This number represented 8.3% of all U.S. adults. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adult females (10.3%) compared to males (6.2%). The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged 18-25 (18.6%). In 2021, an estimated 14.5 million U.S. adults aged 18 or older had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year. This number represented 5.7% of all U.S. adults. In 2021, an estimated 61.0% U.S. adults aged 18 or older with major depressive episode received treatment in the past year. Among those individuals with major depressive episode with severe impairment, an estimated 74.8% received treatment in the past year.

• #18 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #19 Gender differences in major depressive disorder: findings from the Singapore Mental Health Study | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/gender-differences-major-depressive-disorder-findings-singapore-mental-health-study

  The prevalence of MDD was higher among women (7.2%) compared to men (4.3%), a finding that has been consistently reported in psychiatric epidemiology. […] While the exact reason for such gender differences in relation to MDD prevalence is not known, it is likely to be a myriad of social, behavioural, psychological and biological factors that possibly interact with one another. […] Results from our study showed that among the subsample of respondents with MDD, there were a number of gender differences relating to other psychiatric comorbidities. For example, GAD was significantly more prevalent among women compared to men, and women with MDD were 6.2 times more likely to have a comorbid GAD diagnosis during their lifetime. […] Among those with MDD, men were significantly more likely to have high blood pressure compared to women. […] This study has highlighted key gender-specific predictors and risk factors for MDD.

• #20 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #21 Gender differences in major depressive disorder: findings from the Singapore Mental Health Study | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/gender-differences-major-depressive-disorder-findings-singapore-mental-health-study

  The prevalence of MDD was higher among women (7.2%) compared to men (4.3%), a finding that has been consistently reported in psychiatric epidemiology. […] While the exact reason for such gender differences in relation to MDD prevalence is not known, it is likely to be a myriad of social, behavioural, psychological and biological factors that possibly interact with one another. […] Results from our study showed that among the subsample of respondents with MDD, there were a number of gender differences relating to other psychiatric comorbidities. For example, GAD was significantly more prevalent among women compared to men, and women with MDD were 6.2 times more likely to have a comorbid GAD diagnosis during their lifetime. […] Among those with MDD, men were significantly more likely to have high blood pressure compared to women. […] This study has highlighted key gender-specific predictors and risk factors for MDD.

• #22

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] More women are affected by depression than men. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.

• #23 Major Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

  Major depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. For some individuals, major depression can result in severe impairments that interfere with or limit ones ability to carry out major life activities. […] The past year prevalence data presented here for major depressive episode are from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. An estimated 21.0 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. This number represented 8.3% of all U.S. adults. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adult females (10.3%) compared to males (6.2%). The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged 18-25 (18.6%). In 2021, an estimated 14.5 million U.S. adults aged 18 or older had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year. This number represented 5.7% of all U.S. adults. In 2021, an estimated 61.0% U.S. adults aged 18 or older with major depressive episode received treatment in the past year. Among those individuals with major depressive episode with severe impairment, an estimated 74.8% received treatment in the past year.

• #24 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  In 2019, major depressive disorder was identified (using either the DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10) in the Global Burden of Disease Study as the fifth most common cause of years lived with disability and the 18th most common for disability-adjusted life years. […] People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60. […] The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis, and during the first year after childbirth (Postpartum depression). […] Major depression was the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV, according to the WHO.

• #25 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/mood/1-depression/home

  Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by persistent, often daily, low mood and/or decreased interest (anhedonia). There are also associated neurovegetative symptoms, such as a change in sleep, appetite, cognition, and energy levels. Suicidal ideation or attempts may also occur during depressive episodes. […] In Canada, the annual prevalence of a depressive episode is 4.7%, and a lifetime prevalence is 11.3%. In the United States, the annual prevalence is 7%, with 18 to 29-year-olds having a three times higher prevalence than individuals 60 and older. Females have a 2 to 3 times higher rate of being diagnosed with depression than males. […] MDD can appear at any age, but the chance increases with the onset of puberty. The age of onset peaks in the mid-20s. The course of MDD can vary significantly between individuals, such that some individuals have a chronic illness course, while others can have years with few or no symptoms between depressive episodes. 50% of depressive episodes are brief and resolve within three months.

• #26 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  In 2019, major depressive disorder was identified (using either the DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10) in the Global Burden of Disease Study as the fifth most common cause of years lived with disability and the 18th most common for disability-adjusted life years. […] People are most likely to develop their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60. […] The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple sclerosis, and during the first year after childbirth (Postpartum depression). […] Major depression was the leading cause of disease burden in North America and other high-income countries, and the fourth-leading cause worldwide as of 2006. In the year 2030, it is predicted to be the second-leading cause of disease burden worldwide after HIV, according to the WHO.

• #27 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Major depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. The 1990–92 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reported that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder. […] Depression is common among those over 65 years of age and increases in frequency beyond this age. […] The risk of depression increases in relation to the frailty of the individual. […] Depression is one of the most important factors which negatively impact quality of life in adults, as well as the elderly. […] Major depressive episodes often resolve over time, whether or not they are treated. Outpatients on a waiting list show a 10–15% reduction in symptoms within a few months, with approximately 20% no longer meeting the full criteria for a depressive disorder.

• #28 Major depressive episode – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_episode

  Estimates of the number of people with major depressive episodes and major depressive disorder (MDD) vary significantly. Overall, 13-20% of people will experience significant depressive symptoms at some point. The overall prevalence of MDD is slightly lower, ranging from 3.7% to 6.7% of people. In their lifetime, 20% to 25% of women and 7% to 12% of men will have a major depressive episode. The peak period of development is between the ages of 25 and 44. The onset of major depressive episodes or MDD often occurs in people in their mid-20s and less often in those over 65. The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly is around 12%. Elderly persons in nursing homes may have increased rates, up to 15-25%. African-Americans have higher rates of depressive symptoms compared to other races. Prepubescent girls are affected at a slightly higher rate than prepubescent boys.

• #29 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #30 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1080288

  In Korea, the prevalence of major depression is 4 per 100 and the world prevalence is 10 per 100. […] The mean age of onset ranges from late twenties to early thirties, but the age of onset becomes earlier and the prevalence of major depression is increasing. […] The recurrence rate is 85% and patients experience four episodes of depression on average and major depression is ranked as the fourth disabling disease. […] It was proven that major depression is one of most chronic and disabling diseases. […] In conclusion, the rate of depression is rising and depression is one of the most chronic and disabling diseases.

• #31 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] During 2020, 18.4% of U.S. adults reported having ever been diagnosed with depression; state-level age-standardized estimates ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia. Model-based age-standardized county-level prevalence estimates ranged from 10.7% to 31.9%, and there was considerable state-level and county-level variability. […] Depression is a major contributor to mortality, morbidity, disability, and economic costs in the United States. […] During 2020, the age-standardized prevalence of depression among adults was 18.5%. Among states, the age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 12.7% to 27.5% (median = 19.9%); most of the states with the highest prevalence were in the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00802013

  Using prospective data on 3,170 respondents aged 18 years and over who were at risk for a first-onset major depression from the New Haven site of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, these analyses assessed the effects of social status, physical health status, and social isolation on first-onset depression in a 1-year period, controlling for demographic characteristics and baseline psychiatric factors. Among the assessed potential risk factors, poverty status [odds ratio (OR=2.034,P0.05)] and confinement to a bed or chair (OR=4.015,P0.05) were independently associated with an increased risk for a first-onset depressive episode when controlling for gender, age, past history of substance abuse, and subclinical depressive symptoms. […] The effects of poverty, and to a lesser degree homebound status, were substantially reduced when controlling for degree of isolation from friends and family, suggesting that social isolation mediates some of the relationships between social and physical statuses and major depression.

• #33 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #34 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/mood/1-depression/home

  MDD is associated with chronic medical conditions including heart disease, arthritis, back pain, chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, and migraine. […] MDD occurs most often in persons without close interpersonal relationships or in those who are divorced or separated. There is no correlation between socioeconomic status. It is slightly more common in rural areas than in urban areas. High neuroticism, adverse childhood events are risk factors for depression. First-degree family members of an individual with MDD have a 2 to 4 times higher risk for depression. The heritability of MDD is estimated to be 40%. Medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease also increase the risk for depression.

• #35 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #36 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/mood/1-depression/home

  MDD is associated with chronic medical conditions including heart disease, arthritis, back pain, chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, and migraine. […] MDD occurs most often in persons without close interpersonal relationships or in those who are divorced or separated. There is no correlation between socioeconomic status. It is slightly more common in rural areas than in urban areas. High neuroticism, adverse childhood events are risk factors for depression. First-degree family members of an individual with MDD have a 2 to 4 times higher risk for depression. The heritability of MDD is estimated to be 40%. Medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease also increase the risk for depression.

• #37 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. […] During 2020, 18.4% of U.S. adults reported having ever been diagnosed with depression; state-level age-standardized estimates ranged from 12.7% in Hawaii to 27.5% in West Virginia. Model-based age-standardized county-level prevalence estimates ranged from 10.7% to 31.9%, and there was considerable state-level and county-level variability. […] Depression is a major contributor to mortality, morbidity, disability, and economic costs in the United States. […] During 2020, the age-standardized prevalence of depression among adults was 18.5%. Among states, the age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 12.7% to 27.5% (median = 19.9%); most of the states with the highest prevalence were in the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions.

• #38 National, State-Level, and County-Level Prevalence Estimates of Adults Aged ≥18 Years Self-Reporting a Lifetime Diagnosis of Depression — United States, 2020 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7224a1.htm

  Among counties, the model-based age-standardized prevalence of depression ranged from 10.7% to 31.9% (median = 21.8%); most of the counties with the highest prevalence were in the Appalachian region, the southern Mississippi Valley region, and Missouri, Oklahoma, and Washington. […] The age-standardized prevalence of depression among U.S. adults was 18.5% (crude = 18.4%). […] The highest prevalence of having ever been diagnosed with depression by a health care professional was found among young adults (aged 18-24 years). […] There was considerable geographic variation in the prevalence of depression, with the highest state and county estimates of depression observed along the Appalachian and southern Mississippi Valley regions. […] This report provides current estimates of national, state-level, and county-level prevalence of adults reporting a lifetime diagnosis of depression.

• #39 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #40 Temporal and spatial trend analysis of all-cause depression burden based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62381-9

  Further analysis of the relationship between illness and sociodemographic and geographic factors suggests that depression is more pronounced in terms of incidence in high-SDI and high-income countries, while the burden of depression is significantly higher in low-income and low-SDI countries. […] In conclusion, the burden of depression varies across regions for a number of reasons.

• #41 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #42 Previous disorders and depression outcomes in individuals with 12-month major depressive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/previous-disorders-and-depression-outcomes-in-individuals-with-12month-major-depressive-disorder-in-the-world-mental-health-surveys/07AA707569DC194F1F91C84BB0B6A40A

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by a recurrent course and high comorbidity rates. A lifespan perspective may therefore provide important information regarding health outcomes. The aim of the present study is to examine mental disorders that preceded 12-month MDD diagnosis and the impact of these disorders on depression outcomes. […] Among respondents with 12-month MDD, 94.9% (s.e. = 0.4) had at least one prior disorder (including previous MDD), and 64.6% (s.e. = 0.9) had at least one prior, non-MDD disorder. Previous non-depressive distress, fear and externalising disorders, but not depressive distress disorders, predicted higher impairment (OR = 1.41.6) and suicidality (OR = 1.52.5), after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. […] These results illustrate the importance of careful psychiatric history taking regarding current anxiety disorders and lifetime externalising disorders in individuals with MDD.

• #43 Major depressive disorder – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

  Major depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. The 1990–92 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reported that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder. […] Depression is common among those over 65 years of age and increases in frequency beyond this age. […] The risk of depression increases in relation to the frailty of the individual. […] Depression is one of the most important factors which negatively impact quality of life in adults, as well as the elderly. […] Major depressive episodes often resolve over time, whether or not they are treated. Outpatients on a waiting list show a 10–15% reduction in symptoms within a few months, with approximately 20% no longer meeting the full criteria for a depressive disorder.

• #44 Major Depressive Disorder – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559078/

  Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder. It has a lifetime prevalence of about 5 to 17 percent, with the average being 12 percent. The prevalence rate is almost double in women than in men. This difference has been considered to be due to the hormonal differences, childbirth effects, different psychosocial stressors in men and women, and behavioral model of learned helplessness. Though the mean age of onset is about 40 years, recent surveys show trends of increasing incidence in younger population due to the use of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. […] MDD is more common in people without close interpersonal relationships, and who are divorced or separated, or widowed. No difference in the prevalence of MDD has been found among races and socioeconomic status. Individuals with MDD often have comorbid disorders such as substance use disorders, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these comorbid disorders in those diagnosed with MDD increases their risk of suicide. In older adults, depression is prevalent among those with comorbid medical illnesses. Depression is found to be more prevalent in rural areas than in urban areas.

• #45 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The presence of MDD is a risk factor for a variety of complications, including neurodegenerative diseases (such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases (such as ischemic coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction), metabolic and endocrine diseases (such as obesity in females and diabetes in males), and some autoimmune diseases. […] The HPA axis, a component of the neuroendocrine system, is commonly associated with the stress response. […] Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is thought to be an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying depression. […] Some data suggest that HPA axis imbalance and high levels of GCs play a core role in the pathogenesis of MDD and suggest that GR may serve as an important target for treating depression. […] MDD is a heterogeneous disease, its pathological and pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear, and diagnostic and therapeutic methods for MDD are limited.

• #46 Depression (major depressive disorder) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007

  Depression often gets worse if it isn’t treated, resulting in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life. […] Examples of complications associated with depression include: Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes. […] Help is available. You don’t have to deal with depression by yourself. […] Effective treatments for depression exist and you do have options to see what works best for you.

• #47 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The presence of MDD is a risk factor for a variety of complications, including neurodegenerative diseases (such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases (such as ischemic coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction), metabolic and endocrine diseases (such as obesity in females and diabetes in males), and some autoimmune diseases. […] The HPA axis, a component of the neuroendocrine system, is commonly associated with the stress response. […] Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is thought to be an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying depression. […] Some data suggest that HPA axis imbalance and high levels of GCs play a core role in the pathogenesis of MDD and suggest that GR may serve as an important target for treating depression. […] MDD is a heterogeneous disease, its pathological and pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear, and diagnostic and therapeutic methods for MDD are limited.

• #48 Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment | Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-024-01738-y

  The presence of MDD is a risk factor for a variety of complications, including neurodegenerative diseases (such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease), cardiovascular diseases (such as ischemic coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction), metabolic and endocrine diseases (such as obesity in females and diabetes in males), and some autoimmune diseases. […] The HPA axis, a component of the neuroendocrine system, is commonly associated with the stress response. […] Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is thought to be an important pathophysiological mechanism underlying depression. […] Some data suggest that HPA axis imbalance and high levels of GCs play a core role in the pathogenesis of MDD and suggest that GR may serve as an important target for treating depression. […] MDD is a heterogeneous disease, its pathological and pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear, and diagnostic and therapeutic methods for MDD are limited.

• #49 Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) – PsychDB

  https://www.psychdb.com/mood/1-depression/home

  MDD is associated with chronic medical conditions including heart disease, arthritis, back pain, chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, and migraine. […] MDD occurs most often in persons without close interpersonal relationships or in those who are divorced or separated. There is no correlation between socioeconomic status. It is slightly more common in rural areas than in urban areas. High neuroticism, adverse childhood events are risk factors for depression. First-degree family members of an individual with MDD have a 2 to 4 times higher risk for depression. The heritability of MDD is estimated to be 40%. Medical conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease also increase the risk for depression.

• #50 Previous disorders and depression outcomes in individuals with 12-month major depressive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/previous-disorders-and-depression-outcomes-in-individuals-with-12month-major-depressive-disorder-in-the-world-mental-health-surveys/07AA707569DC194F1F91C84BB0B6A40A

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by a recurrent course and high comorbidity rates. A lifespan perspective may therefore provide important information regarding health outcomes. The aim of the present study is to examine mental disorders that preceded 12-month MDD diagnosis and the impact of these disorders on depression outcomes. […] Among respondents with 12-month MDD, 94.9% (s.e. = 0.4) had at least one prior disorder (including previous MDD), and 64.6% (s.e. = 0.9) had at least one prior, non-MDD disorder. Previous non-depressive distress, fear and externalising disorders, but not depressive distress disorders, predicted higher impairment (OR = 1.41.6) and suicidality (OR = 1.52.5), after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. […] These results illustrate the importance of careful psychiatric history taking regarding current anxiety disorders and lifetime externalising disorders in individuals with MDD.

• #51 Previous disorders and depression outcomes in individuals with 12-month major depressive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys | Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-psychiatric-sciences/article/previous-disorders-and-depression-outcomes-in-individuals-with-12month-major-depressive-disorder-in-the-world-mental-health-surveys/07AA707569DC194F1F91C84BB0B6A40A

  Depressive disorders are ranked as the third leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. This is due in part to their high prevalence, with a lifetime prevalence of 10.6% and a 12-month prevalence of 4.5% for major depressive disorder (MDD). Additionally, MDD is often characterised by a recurrent course, suggesting the importance of taking a lifespan perspective when studying MDD. […] Comorbidity with other mental disorders is high in individuals with MDD. […] The overall aim of the present study is to examine associations between 12-month MDD, previous mental disorders and MDD outcomes. […] The results of this study show the importance of applying a lifespan perspective when studying MDD. We found that 95% of respondents with 12-month MDD had a previous mental disorder. […] Importantly, previous mental disorders in respondents with MDD were associated with impairment and suicidality. Previous non-depressive distress disorders and fear disorders were most strongly associated with impairment. […] Previous externalising disorders were most strongly associated with suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. The risks of adverse depression outcomes associated with previous mental disorders were reduced in strength, but did not disappear, after adjustment for MDD characteristics.

• #52 Major depressive disorder in adults: Approach to initial management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-depressive-disorder-in-adults-approach-to-initial-management

  Major depression is highly prevalent and disabling. Depressive disorders rank 13th worldwide as a cause of disability and mortality, with a lifetime prevalence of 12 percent. Nationally or regionally representative surveys in 21 countries estimate that the 12-month prevalence of major depression is 5 percent. In the United States, major depression ranks second among all diseases and injuries as a cause of disability, and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) ranks 20th. […] In addition, major depression is often recurrent. More than 40 percent of patients who recover from an initial episode will experience a recurrence within two years. After two episodes, the risk of recurrence within five years is approximately 75 percent. […] The first step in managing individuals with MDD includes determining whether they can safely be managed as outpatients. This includes assessing for functional impairment, symptom severity, and the presence of suicidal intent or behavior.

• #53 Major depressive disorder in adults: Approach to initial management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-depressive-disorder-in-adults-approach-to-initial-management

  Major depression is highly prevalent and disabling. Depressive disorders rank 13th worldwide as a cause of disability and mortality, with a lifetime prevalence of 12 percent. Nationally or regionally representative surveys in 21 countries estimate that the 12-month prevalence of major depression is 5 percent. In the United States, major depression ranks second among all diseases and injuries as a cause of disability, and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) ranks 20th. […] In addition, major depression is often recurrent. More than 40 percent of patients who recover from an initial episode will experience a recurrence within two years. After two episodes, the risk of recurrence within five years is approximately 75 percent. […] The first step in managing individuals with MDD includes determining whether they can safely be managed as outpatients. This includes assessing for functional impairment, symptom severity, and the presence of suicidal intent or behavior.

• #54 Major depressive disorder in adults: Approach to initial management – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-depressive-disorder-in-adults-approach-to-initial-management

  Major depression is highly prevalent and disabling. Depressive disorders rank 13th worldwide as a cause of disability and mortality, with a lifetime prevalence of 12 percent. Nationally or regionally representative surveys in 21 countries estimate that the 12-month prevalence of major depression is 5 percent. In the United States, major depression ranks second among all diseases and injuries as a cause of disability, and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) ranks 20th. […] In addition, major depression is often recurrent. More than 40 percent of patients who recover from an initial episode will experience a recurrence within two years. After two episodes, the risk of recurrence within five years is approximately 75 percent. […] The first step in managing individuals with MDD includes determining whether they can safely be managed as outpatients. This includes assessing for functional impairment, symptom severity, and the presence of suicidal intent or behavior.

• #55 Statistics About Major Depressive Disorder – Prevenlance, Onset, & More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/major-depressive-disorder/major-depression-statistics/

  Major depressive disorder prognosis depends on factors such as relapse and remission. One study shows that 80% of patients will have a recurrent episode of depression. According to another article, depression is likely to be the second leading cause of disability worldwide by 2020. By 2030, depression is expected to be the leading cause of disability worldwide, according to the World Health Organization.

• #56 Major Depression – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/major-depression-a-to-z

  Major depression is more than just a passing blue mood, a „bad day,” or temporary sadness. […] Depression is diagnosed in women twice as often as in men. People who have a family member with major depression are more likely to develop depression or drinking problems. […] A primary care physician or a mental health professional usually can diagnose depression by asking questions about medical history and symptoms. By definition, major depression is diagnosed when a person has many of the symptoms listed above for at least two weeks. […] On average, untreated episodes last several months. However, episodes of major depression can last any length of time. And symptoms can vary in intensity during an episode. […] There is no way to prevent major depression, but detecting it early can help. Treatment can both reduce symptoms and help to prevent the illness from returning. […] Treatment of depression has become quite sophisticated and effective. The prognosis with treatment is excellent. The intensity of symptoms and the frequency of episodes often are significantly reduced. Many people recover completely.

• #57 The Epidemiological Modelling of Major Depressive Disorder: Application for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069637

  Although the detrimental impact of major depressive disorder (MDD) at the individual level has been described, its global epidemiology remains unclear given limitations in the data. […] There were over 298 million cases of MDD globally at any point in time in 2010, with the highest proportion of cases occurring between 25 and 34 years. […] Global point prevalence was very similar across time (4.4% (95% uncertainty: 4.24.7%) in 1990, 4.4% (4.14.7%) in 2005 and 2010), but higher in females (5.5% (5.06.0%) compared to males (3.2% (3.03.6%) in 2010. […] The annual incidence of an episode of MDD followed a similar age and regional pattern to prevalence but was about one and a half times higher, consistent with an average duration of 37.7 weeks. […] We were also able to estimate the epidemiology of MDD in regions with no available data.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] More women are affected by depression than men. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] More women are affected by depression than men. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.

• #60 Major Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

  Major depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the United States. For some individuals, major depression can result in severe impairments that interfere with or limit ones ability to carry out major life activities. […] The past year prevalence data presented here for major depressive episode are from the 2021 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. An estimated 21.0 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. This number represented 8.3% of all U.S. adults. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adult females (10.3%) compared to males (6.2%). The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged 18-25 (18.6%). In 2021, an estimated 14.5 million U.S. adults aged 18 or older had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year. This number represented 5.7% of all U.S. adults. In 2021, an estimated 61.0% U.S. adults aged 18 or older with major depressive episode received treatment in the past year. Among those individuals with major depressive episode with severe impairment, an estimated 74.8% received treatment in the past year.

• #61 Depression | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/depression/

  Major depression is one of the most common mental illnesses, affecting more than 8% (21 million) of American adults each year. […] 15% of youth (3.7 million) ages 12-17 are affected by major depression. […] While most individuals with depression have a full remission of the disorder with effective treatment, only about a third (35%) of those suffering from severe depression seek treatment from a mental health professional. […] Major depressive disorder (clinical depression): a mental health condition characterized by an inescapable and ongoing low mood often accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in activities that a person used to find enjoyable. […] To meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), symptoms must be present nearly every day for at least two weeks. […] MDD is also often referred to as major depression. […] Depression is also a feature of bipolar disorder. […] Depression is very treatable, with the overwhelming majority of those who seek treatment showing improvement.

• #62 Major Depression – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

  https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

  An estimated 5.0 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. This number represented 20.1% of the U.S. population aged 12 to 17. The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females (29.2%) compared to males (11.5%). In 2021, an estimated 3.7 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least one major depressive episode with severe impairment in the past year. This number represented 14.7% of the U.S. population aged 12 to 17. In 2021, an estimated 40.6% of U.S. adolescents with major depressive episode received treatment in the past year. Among adolescents with major depressive episode with severe impairment, an estimated 44.2% received treatment in the past year.

• #63 Epidemiology of depressive disorders among youth during Gaokao to college in China: results from Hunan Normal University mental health survey | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-023-04972-w

  The lifetime prevalence rate for DDs in the youth sample was 7.5%, which was comparable to those reported in the recent China Mental Health Survey of community residents aged 18 years or older. […] The results may indicate that the period from late adolescence to early adulthood might be high-risk times for first-onset depression across cultures. […] The treatment rate of depressive disorders was considerably low in youth in the sample, which suggests that the low service utilization for depression is a greater problem in young people in China.

• #64 The Epidemiological Modelling of Major Depressive Disorder: Application for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0069637

  The prevalence of MDD was very consistent between 1990 (4.4% (95% uncertainty: 4.24.7%)), 2005 (4.4% (4.14.7%) and 2010 (4.4% (4.14.7%)). […] Prevalence in 2010 was higher in females at 5.5% (5.06.0%) compared to males at 3.2% (3.03.6%), equivalent to a male: female prevalence ratio of 0.59 (0.540.64). […] When multiplied with United Nation’s region-, sex-, year- and age-specific population size, the overall prevalence of MDD in 2010 corresponded to over 111 million male and 187 million female prevalent cases of MDD. […] The majority of cases appeared between 25 and 34 years at over 57 million cases and the least number of cases between 1 and 4 years at 19 thousand cases. […] The conflict covariates together with the survey instrument and prevalence type study-level covariates allowed us to accommodate for some, but not all of the variability in the epidemiological data available for MDD as DisMod-MR assumes the same level of adjustment for covariates across regions.

• #65 Temporal and spatial trend analysis of all-cause depression burden based on Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-62381-9

  Depression has been reported as one of the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses globally. […] The age-standardized rate and estimated annual percentage change were used to assess the global burden of depression. Individuals with documented depression globally ranged from 182,183,358 in 1990 to 290,185,742 in 2019, representing an increase of 0.59%. More patients experienced major depressive disorder than dysthymia. […] Mental disorders are recognized as a major contributor to the global burden of disease, accounting for 1566.2 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 of the global population in 2019. Among these, depressive disorders (major depressive disorder [MDD] and dysthymia) constituted the most significant proportion of mental disorder DALYs (37.3%). […] Around the world, in excess of 300 million people experience depression, which the WHO ranks it as the greatest contributor to global disability.

• #66 Depression Statistics: Types, Symptoms, Treatments, More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/facts-statistics-infographic

  According to a 2022 study looking at 2015 through 2020, the rates of depression in the United States increased as follows: Ages 2015 2020 1217 12.7% 16.9% 1825 10.3% 17.2% 2634 7.5% 9.9%. […] In general, the researchers found that in 2020, having depression for longer than a year occurred in 1 in 10 Americans and almost 1 in 5 adolescents and young adults. […] Major depressive disorder with psychotic features (aka psychotic depression) describes depression that involves psychosis, hallucinations, delusions, or paranoia. […] According to a 2021 research review, depression with psychotic features affects: about 4 in every 1,000 adults, between 14 and 30 adults in every 1,000 people over age 60. […] Living with depression is also known to increase your chances of experiencing suicidal thoughts. In the United States alone, depression leads to about 40,000 deaths by suicide each year.

• #67 The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/prevalence-national-burden-treatment-resistant-depression-major-depressive-disorder-in-us/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that clinically manifests through changes in mood and cognition as well as a loss of interest or pleasure lasting at least 2 weeks. Annual prevalence of a major depressive episode among US adults is 7.1%, among whom half receive medication treatment for their condition. […] Estimates of the prevalence of TRD vary widely in the literature (12%-55%) in part due to the lack of uniformity in the criteria used to define it. […] MDD and, in particular, TRD impose a substantial economic burden in the United States. […] The annual prevalence of TRD was estimated at 30.9% among adults with medication-treated MDD, representing 2.8 million adults or 1.1% of the US adult population. […] The national economic burden of TRD was estimated as $43.8 billion annually and accounted for 47.2% of the burden of medication-treated MDD. […] The findings of this study suggest that TRD is a disproportionately burdensome condition, and its effective management could potentially bring large economic and societal gains.

• #68 The Prevalence and National Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression and Major Depressive Disorder in the United States

  https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/prevalence-national-burden-treatment-resistant-depression-major-depressive-disorder-in-us/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that clinically manifests through changes in mood and cognition as well as a loss of interest or pleasure lasting at least 2 weeks. Annual prevalence of a major depressive episode among US adults is 7.1%, among whom half receive medication treatment for their condition. […] Estimates of the prevalence of TRD vary widely in the literature (12%-55%) in part due to the lack of uniformity in the criteria used to define it. […] MDD and, in particular, TRD impose a substantial economic burden in the United States. […] The annual prevalence of TRD was estimated at 30.9% among adults with medication-treated MDD, representing 2.8 million adults or 1.1% of the US adult population. […] The national economic burden of TRD was estimated as $43.8 billion annually and accounted for 47.2% of the burden of medication-treated MDD. […] The findings of this study suggest that TRD is a disproportionately burdensome condition, and its effective management could potentially bring large economic and societal gains.

• #69 Major Depressive Disorder – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium

  https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/major-depressive-disorder-epidemiology-and-burden/

  Depression is a highly prevalent disorder […] MDD is a leading cause of burden […] The burden associated with depression is large and increasing […] Depression is the most burdensome disorder of all brain diseases in the EU […] Depression has detrimental effects on overall health […] Depression is associated with significant personal and societal consequences […] The personal burden of MDD can be significant and wide-ranging […] MDD has significant costs to society […] Depression is associated with significant economic costs […] Mood disorders bears the highest total costs of brain disorders in Europe 2010 […] Depressive symptoms persist during periods of remission and subsequent depressive episodes […] Depression costs more to employers than is spent on managing it […] Depression directly impacts working time […] MDD has a worldwide prevalence of 4.4%, corresponding to 298 million people […] Amongst the classes of non-communicable disease, neuropsychiatric disorders are the largest contributor to the global disease burden

• #70 Statistics About Major Depressive Disorder – Prevenlance, Onset, & More

  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/major-depressive-disorder/major-depression-statistics/

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common mental health disorders in the United States. A 2018 study reported that for a 12-month prevalence period, 10.4% of Americans had major depressive disorder, while 20.6% of Americans had a lifetime prevalence. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), between 2013 and 2016: Women were approximately twice as likely (10.4%) as men (5.5%) to have MDD. Non-Hispanic adults had the lowest prevalence of major depression at (3.1%). African Americans had a prevalence of 9.2%. The prevalence of depression increased as family income decreased. Approximately 15.8% of the U.S. population that were living below the federal poverty level were suffering from depression. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, impacting 300 million people.

• #71

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression is a common mental disorder. […] Globally, an estimated 5% of adults suffer from depression. […] More women are affected by depression than men. […] An estimated 3.8% of the population experience depression, including 5% of adults (4% among men and 6% among women), and 5.7% of adults older than 60 years. […] Approximately 280 million people in the world have depression. […] Depression is about 50% more common among women than among men. […] Worldwide, more than 10% of pregnant women and women who have just given birth experience depression. […] More than 700,000 people die due to suicide every year. […] Although there are known, effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries receive no treatment. […] Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors.

• #72 Major depression in adults: Epidemiology – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-depression-in-adults-epidemiology

  Major depression in adults: Epidemiology […] Depression is a major public health problem associated with increased functional disability and mortality. In the United States in 2010, the estimated annual economic consequences of major depressive disorder, including direct medical costs and workplace costs, exceeded 200 billion dollars. […] This topic reviews the epidemiology of major depression in adults. The clinical features, course of illness, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of depression are discussed separately.

• #73 Major Depressive Disorder – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium

  https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/major-depressive-disorder-epidemiology-and-burden/

  Depression is a highly prevalent disorder […] MDD is a leading cause of burden […] The burden associated with depression is large and increasing […] Depression is the most burdensome disorder of all brain diseases in the EU […] Depression has detrimental effects on overall health […] Depression is associated with significant personal and societal consequences […] The personal burden of MDD can be significant and wide-ranging […] MDD has significant costs to society […] Depression is associated with significant economic costs […] Mood disorders bears the highest total costs of brain disorders in Europe 2010 […] Depressive symptoms persist during periods of remission and subsequent depressive episodes […] Depression costs more to employers than is spent on managing it […] Depression directly impacts working time […] MDD has a worldwide prevalence of 4.4%, corresponding to 298 million people […] Amongst the classes of non-communicable disease, neuropsychiatric disorders are the largest contributor to the global disease burden

• #74 Major Depressive Disorder – Epidemiology and Burden – Neurotorium

  https://neurotorium.org/slidedeck/major-depressive-disorder-epidemiology-and-burden/

  Depression is a highly prevalent disorder […] MDD is a leading cause of burden […] The burden associated with depression is large and increasing […] Depression is the most burdensome disorder of all brain diseases in the EU […] Depression has detrimental effects on overall health […] Depression is associated with significant personal and societal consequences […] The personal burden of MDD can be significant and wide-ranging […] MDD has significant costs to society […] Depression is associated with significant economic costs […] Mood disorders bears the highest total costs of brain disorders in Europe 2010 […] Depressive symptoms persist during periods of remission and subsequent depressive episodes […] Depression costs more to employers than is spent on managing it […] Depression directly impacts working time […] MDD has a worldwide prevalence of 4.4%, corresponding to 298 million people […] Amongst the classes of non-communicable disease, neuropsychiatric disorders are the largest contributor to the global disease burden

• #75 Prevalence estimates of major depressive disorder in 27 European countries from the European Health Interview Survey: accounting for imperfect diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 | BMJ Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/26/1/e300675

  Findings Overall, major depression prevalence was 2.1% (95% credible interval (CrI) 1.0% to 3.8%). […] Prevalence was lower than the 6.4% (95% CI 6.2% to 6.5%) estimated previously. […] Conclusions Prevalence estimation needs to account for imperfect diagnostic accuracy. […] Clinical implications Major depression prevalence in European countries is likely lower than previously reported on the basis of the EHIS survey. […] Depression is a leading cause of burden from disease worldwide, responsible for approximately 2.2 million excess deaths in 2010 with numbers rising over recent decades. […] The largest study of depression prevalence across European countries in recent years was based on data from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), a large-scale population survey intended to inform health policy in Europe.

• #76 Prevalence estimates of major depressive disorder in 27 European countries from the European Health Interview Survey: accounting for imperfect diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 | BMJ Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/26/1/e300675

  Depression screening tools, including the PHQ-8 used in the EHIS, are designed to identify many more people than those who will be eventually determined to have a disorder after more comprehensive clinical assessment. […] Reporting of the positive test rate of the PHQ-8 as an index of population prevalence leads to an overestimation of true prevalence and can misinform public health policy making. […] The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate prevalence of major depression in Europe, taking into account the imperfect diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 screening tool, (2) assess differences in prevalence between countries and (3) compare results with those from a previous EHIS study, which assumed perfect PHQ-8 diagnostic accuracy for identifying major depression. […] We incorporated the best available evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8, using a cut-off of 10, to estimate major depression prevalence in Europe using data from the EHIS survey. Our main findings were that major depression prevalence across Europe was 2.1% (95% CrI 1.0% to 3.8%), that accounting for the imperfect diagnostic accuracy resulted in insufficient power to establish prevalence differences between countries and that previous prevalence estimates from the EHIS are likely overestimates.

• #77 Prevalence estimates of major depressive disorder in 27 European countries from the European Health Interview Survey: accounting for imperfect diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 | BMJ Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/26/1/e300675

  Findings Overall, major depression prevalence was 2.1% (95% credible interval (CrI) 1.0% to 3.8%). […] Prevalence was lower than the 6.4% (95% CI 6.2% to 6.5%) estimated previously. […] Conclusions Prevalence estimation needs to account for imperfect diagnostic accuracy. […] Clinical implications Major depression prevalence in European countries is likely lower than previously reported on the basis of the EHIS survey. […] Depression is a leading cause of burden from disease worldwide, responsible for approximately 2.2 million excess deaths in 2010 with numbers rising over recent decades. […] The largest study of depression prevalence across European countries in recent years was based on data from the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), a large-scale population survey intended to inform health policy in Europe.

• #78 Prevalence estimates of major depressive disorder in 27 European countries from the European Health Interview Survey: accounting for imperfect diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 | BMJ Mental Health

  https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/26/1/e300675

  Depression screening tools, including the PHQ-8 used in the EHIS, are designed to identify many more people than those who will be eventually determined to have a disorder after more comprehensive clinical assessment. […] Reporting of the positive test rate of the PHQ-8 as an index of population prevalence leads to an overestimation of true prevalence and can misinform public health policy making. […] The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate prevalence of major depression in Europe, taking into account the imperfect diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 screening tool, (2) assess differences in prevalence between countries and (3) compare results with those from a previous EHIS study, which assumed perfect PHQ-8 diagnostic accuracy for identifying major depression. […] We incorporated the best available evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8, using a cut-off of 10, to estimate major depression prevalence in Europe using data from the EHIS survey. Our main findings were that major depression prevalence across Europe was 2.1% (95% CrI 1.0% to 3.8%), that accounting for the imperfect diagnostic accuracy resulted in insufficient power to establish prevalence differences between countries and that previous prevalence estimates from the EHIS are likely overestimates.

• #79

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/depression

  WHO works with Member States and partners to reduce the burden of mental health conditions, including depression. […] The Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan 20132030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental health conditions, including depression. […] Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHO’s Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). […] The programme aims to help countries increase services for people with depression and other disorders through care provided by non-specialist health workers in primary health care. […] WHO has developed brief psychological intervention manuals for depression that may be delivered by non-specialists to individuals and groups.

• #80

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person’s life situation and the depression itself. […] Depression is closely related to and affected by physical health. […] There are effective treatments for depression. […] Psychological treatments are the first treatments for depression. […] Antidepressant medications include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine. […] WHOs Mental health action plan 20132030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental disorders including depression. […] Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHOs Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP).

• #81

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

  Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person’s life situation and the depression itself. […] Depression is closely related to and affected by physical health. […] There are effective treatments for depression. […] Psychological treatments are the first treatments for depression. […] Antidepressant medications include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine. […] WHOs Mental health action plan 20132030 highlights the steps required to provide appropriate interventions for people with mental disorders including depression. […] Depression and self-harm/suicide are among the priority conditions covered by WHOs Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP).

• #82 An Update on the Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder Across Cultures | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-6580-4_25

  Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recognized and highly prevalent public health issue of worldwide importance. Estimates of prevalence of MDD vary across countries. In general, studies have found a higher prevalence of MDD in high-income countries compared to low- and middle-income countries. […] International epidemiological studies attempting to address methodological challenges and other lines of evidence indicate that there may be substantive factors (differences in genetic vulnerability and environmental risk factors) playing a role on the prevalence estimate variations of MDD. […] Despite the inherent limitations of this mostly cross-sectional epidemiological data, it confirms MDD is a major public health concern across cultures, indicating associations of MDD with numerous adverse outcomes. Among these outcomes are elevated risks of other psychiatric and medical disorders, in addition to poor functional outcomes in areas such as education, employment status, financial success, teen childbearing, parent functioning, and marital stability. […] Investigating the worldwide prevalence of MDD and its associated features may contribute to the proper identification of environmental risk factors for this disorder, which may facilitate the identification of vulnerable individuals, who might benefit from targeted preventative strategies.

• #83 Global, regional, and national time trends in incidence for depressive disorders, from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019 | Annals of General Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://annals-general-psychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12991-024-00513-1

  The present research findings present a thought-provoking question in the field of mental health: how to cope with and manage depression? […] The scale-up of quality mental health services has not occurred in the majority of countries, and our study underscores the imperative need to enhance mental health care provision with increased urgency. […] Depressive disorders are important contributors of the global burden from mental disorders worldwide. […] The scope of healthcare to improve the progression of depressive disorders attacks can be expanded to include males and females of all ages, with a particular focus on vulnerable populations.

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