Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Voice Disorders

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOorCPndcsAuFT97nAg_n36ajoLG6603jPpydchJqUPoL8OQe6uo1

  The scope of this page focuses on voice disorders of organic, functional, and psychogenic origin(s). […] A voice disorder occurs when voice quality, pitch, and loudness differ or are inappropriate for an individuals age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location. A voice disorder is present when an individual expresses concern about having an abnormal voice that does not meet daily needs even if others do not perceive it as different or deviant. […] For the purposes of this document, voice disorders are categorized as follows: Organic physiological voice disorders that result from alterations in respiratory, laryngeal, or vocal tract mechanisms. […] Voice quality can also be affected when psychological stressors lead to habitual, maladaptive aphonia or dysphonia. The resulting voice disorders are referred to as psychogenic voice disorders or psychogenic conversion aphonia/dysphonia.

• #2 Voice Disorders: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23339-voice-disorders

  Voice disorders affect your ability to speak clearly. Theyre usually the result of overusing your voice or issues with your voice box or vocal cords. Symptoms include hoarseness and problems with your pitch and loudness. Most people can overcome voice disorders with voice therapy. Some will need medical or surgical treatment. […] Voice disorders affect your ability to speak. They may change the quality, pitch or loudness of your voice. […] But with a voice disorder, something interferes with this process and makes your voice sound different. […] A voice disorder can prevent you from communicating with others or expressing yourself. This can have a serious impact on your quality of life. But there are treatments that can help. […] Your primary healthcare provider may diagnose a voice disorder. They may refer you to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) or laryngologist (an ear, nose and throat doctor who specializes in voice box disorders).

• #3 Functional Voice Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563182/

  Functional voice disorders (FVD) are caused by insufficient or improper use of the phonation apparatus without either anatomical or neurological abnormalities. […] This activity reviews functional voice disorders by discussing their etiology, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, as well as the role of the interprofessional team in the evaluation and treatment of patients with functional voice disorders. […] Outline the evaluation of functional voice disorders. […] A functional voice disorder should be suspected when vocal quality is compromised without any identifiable anatomical or neurological factors. […] Although there is a vast amount of literature relating to the topic, there is no consensus regarding foundational concepts or methodology of evaluation of voice disorders, as very few authors have rigorously investigated the most effective vocal assessment or video laryngoscopic examination techniques required to produce a consistent and definitive diagnosis of FVD.

• #4 Voice Disorders

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOorCPndcsAuFT97nAg_n36ajoLG6603jPpydchJqUPoL8OQe6uo1

  The complementary relationships among these organic, functional, and psychogenic influences ensure that many voice disorders will have contributions from more than one etiologic factor. […] SLPs play a central role in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of voice disorders. […] SLPs are trained to evaluate voice use and function to determine the cause of reported symptoms and select treatment methods for improving voice production. […] A comprehensive assessment is conducted for individuals suspected of having a voice disorder, using both standardized and nonstandardized measures. […] Diagnostic therapy may be performed as part of the comprehensive assessment to help in making a diagnosis and to determine if the individual is stimulable to voice therapy efforts. […] SLPs often team with otolaryngologists/laryngologists and other medical professionals and, if appropriate, develop treatment plans to support the medical plan and to optimize outcomes.

• #5 Voice Disorders

  https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOorCPndcsAuFT97nAg_n36ajoLG6603jPpydchJqUPoL8OQe6uo1

  SLPs can only diagnose functional abnormalities, and only otolaryngologists can diagnose organic pathologies. […] Treatment selection depends on the type and severity of the disorder and the communication needs of the individual. […] The following subsections offer brief descriptions of general and specific treatments for individuals with voice disorders. […] Treatment selection depends on the type and severity of the disorder and the communication needs of the individual.

• #6 Spasmodic Dysphonia Diagnosis – Understanding Onset and Minimizing Impact

  https://dysphonia.org/about-sd/what-is-spasmodic-dysphonia/onset-diagnosis-sd/

  People with spasmodic dysphonia initially notice either a gradual or sudden onset of difficulty in speaking. […] Spasmodic dysphonia can be difficult to diagnose because the anatomy of the larynx is normal. […] Therefore, the best way to diagnose the problem is to find an experienced clinician with a good ear. […] Getting a diagnosis can be a team effort. […] Your visit with your primary care doctor may be frustrating. […] Seek out an Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) doctor, or otolaryngologist, that has experience with voice issues or specializes in voice issues. […] A Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) can help manage symptoms and is often used in conjunction with an ENT to confirm diagnosis. […] Since some voice disorders like SD have a neurological component, an appointment with a neurologist that focuses on movement disorders, will help determine if there is a neurological component present.

• #7 Psychogenic Voice Disorders Literature Review, Personal Experiences with Opera Singers and Case Report of Psychogenic Dysphonia in Opera Singer

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijda/international-journal-of-depression-and-anxiety-ijda-2-015.php

  Psychogenic voice disorder (PVD) is a voice impairment (foremost dysphonia or aphonia) caused by pathological psychological process with absence of organic structural or neurological pathologies. […] The course of PVD can be highly variable, usually the onset is sudden, but it can also develop gradually over hours or days. […] The diagnosis should be confirmed by psychological and speech therapy assessments. […] Making a diagnosis of patient with a PVD is a difficult process, especially with professional singers. […] Authors would suggest that the diagnosis process should be conducted in the following way: every patient with a voice complaint should undergo a voice assessment protocol. […] The remaining group of patients is likely to have a psychogenic voice disorder. […] Thorough psychological evaluation should be conducted, aimed to assess stress and anxiety levels using standardized scales.

• #8 Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/overview-of-diagnosis-treatment-prevention/

  Identifying the cause or causes of a voice disorder is the first key step in its treatment. […] Many voice disorders remain unidentified. […] If voice symptoms persist for more than two or three weeks after a cold or flu has gone away especially if the patient is a smoker an ear, nose, and throat physician specialist (ENT, otolaryngologist) or physician voice specialist (laryngologist) should be consulted right away. […] Even if a patients voice has been hoarse since childhood, hoarseness or any other voice complaint should be evaluated by an otolaryngologist or laryngologist. […] Accuracy in pinpointing the cause or causes of a voice disorder is essential to effective treatment. […] Proper treatment can be given only if the correct cause of the voice disorder is identified. […] If the voice disorder is caused by more than one cause, pinpointing all causes is critical for mapping out a comprehensive, effective treatment plan.

• #9 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Voice Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-46780-0_6

  Basic information for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of voice disorders is drawn from medical history (the nature of the change in the sound of the voice, pitch, extent and loudness of voice, frequently reported hoarseness and its severity, any occurrence of episodes of voice loss, fatigability of voice) and auditory evaluation (mean speaking pitch, voice onset, pitch range, capability of increasing loudness, perceptual scale of the sound of the voice including nasality, stability). […] Self-administered questionnaires have proven to be important instruments for the evaluation of the impact of a voice problem on the quality of life of patients. […] Objective data are available from acoustic analyses (phonetography [voice range profile], visible speech [spectrography], quantification of Fo, voicing %, perturbation parameters, harmonics-to-noise ratio, etc.) and from aerodynamic measurements (maximum phonation time, body plethysmography).

• #10 and Differential Diagnosis of Voice Disorders | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/and-differential-diagnosis-of-voice-disorders/

  Voice screening procedures allow early detection of voice disorders in the subclinical stage and the administration of the treatment, rehabilitation and prevention; they can, if necessary, be used to dissuade people with voice dysfunction from the so-called voice professions. […] Self-administered questionnaires are used to assess the impact of the health problems on the quality of life of the patients. […] The impact on the quality of life of a dysphonic problem is an important factor for clinicians not only to obtain a global evaluation but also to take the best therapeutic decision, in a field in which the prognosis is not with respect to life (quoad vitam) but with respect to health (quoad valetudinem). […] The most utilised self-assessment questionnaires are the VHI for common dysphonic diseases, the PVHI for paediatric voice disorders and the SVHI for dysphonia in voice professional users.

• #11 Diagnostics | MEDICAL VOICE CENTER

  https://mevoc.de/diagnostics/

  Voice disorders can have a variety of causes, which is why accurate diagnosis and selection of the best examination methods are crucial for subsequent treatment. […] The proven method of laryngoscopy provides excellent visualization of the larynx and vocal folds. […] These completely painless exams are performed in the chair under light spray anesthesia and provide meaningful information about the tissues and function of the larynx, vocal cords, and resonance chambers of the upper airway in just a few minutes. […] NBI can be used with digital video endoscopy to expand the physicians diagnostic capabilities. […] The physicians at the MEDICAL VOICE CENTER have many years of experience with this method, which is particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of singers. […] Some voice disorders are accompanied by swallowing disorders.

• #12 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Voice Disorders | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-46780-0_6

  In addition to the classic assessment of the laryngeal structures by means of laryngoscopy, stroboscopy is a widely used standard as a subjective tool for the visualisation of vocal fold vibration. […] Among objective approaches, videokymography is increasingly being used, and high-speed video with consecutive vibrogram display and electroglottography are other options. […] Vibrational analyses are particularly useful for the detection of beginning malignomas and hidden lesions. […] Electromyography (EMG) is indicated for vocal fold immobility of unknown origin to distinguish paralysis from mechanical fixation. […] Ultrasound sonography may concern spoken articulation as well as phonation. […] Proposals for voice loading tests, because of the complexity of the issue, need further improvement and standardisation.

• #13 Evaluating Voice Disorders – Advanced Head & Neck Rehabilitation Center of Texas

  https://www.hnrehabcenteroftx.com/evaluating-voice-disorders.html

  Your medical history, as well as your typical voice habits, onset and progression of dysphonia, etc. are all very important information in determining a diagnosis and management plan for your dysphonia. Following a general otolaryngology examination, usually including fiberoptic endoscopic examination of the larynx, further stroboscopic evaluation of your dysphonia will typically be performed. […] Stroboscopic examination is key to establishing the etiology, or cause, of the voice disorder, which then allows for proper management. […] Identifying areas that are not considered to be normal can be very important in determining a proper diagnosis and management plan. Measuring change and/or improvement in these areas is also helpful in determining the success of treatment.

• #14 Employing Energy and Statistical Features for Automatic Diagnosis of Voice Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/11/2758

  The voice recordings from the MEEI and Principe de Asturias (PdA) datasets are characterized. […] The area under the curve (AUC) obtained 0.94 and 0.84 for the jitter extracted from vowels for MEEI and PdA, respectively. […] Other widely accepted disturbance metrics that assess the existence of aspiration noise include the harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), normalized noise entropy (NNE), voice turbulence index, and glottal-to-noise excitation (GNE) ratio. […] The proposed system is assessed using recordings of the sustained vowel /a/ quarried from the MEEI dataset. […] The proposed technique, which is intended to enable comparisons with other relevant literature, an artificial neural network (ANN) efficiency of 90% is achieved. […] The proposed system achieved an average recognition rate of 99.99% and 99.60% for detection and classifying, respectively.

• #15 and Differential Diagnosis of Voice Disorders | Ento Key

  https://entokey.com/and-differential-diagnosis-of-voice-disorders/

  The clinical evaluation of phonation (non-instrumental) should be started by identifying the timbre of spoken voice in the perceptual examination. […] In order to standardise the terminology used to define dysphonia, a variety of perceptual scales have been developed to describe the quality of the voice. […] The GRBAS scale describes the voice disorder with the use of five well-defined parameters: G, the grade of hoarseness; R, roughness, an audible impression of irregularities of the vibration of the vocal folds; B, breathiness, an audible impression of the air leakage through the insufficient glottal closure; A, an asthenic voice; and S, a strained voice. […] The most important aerodynamic parameter of phonation is the measurement of the maximum phonation time (MPT) and the s/z ratio.

• #16 Voice & Swallow Disorders – Diagnosis & Treatment | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/locations/grabscheid-voice-swallowing-center/diagnostics-treatment

  Treatments, like the various contributors, are multifactorial. We try to improve the tissues while also helping you to improve your use of those tissues. Treatments that improve tissues include surgery, medications, and learning how to take care of the tissues. Improving the use of your voice or swallowing involves therapy. Just like any other repair of damaged structures (knee, spine, etc), you would expect to receive therapy to help those repairs heal correctly, and to re-learn how to make the best use of them. […] Surgical/physical techniques we utilize include: Direct Microlaryngoscopy: With various tools such as CO2 laser or microsurgery instruments the phonosurgeon is able to repair damaged tissues or remove pathologies with minimal effect on the structures necessary for voice or swallowing. Pulse Dye Laser: This focused wavelength of laser is used in-office to reduce the effects of varices (prominent blood vessels) and scar tissue in the larynx. Botox Injections/Injection Laryngoplasty: This again is an in office procedure that is used for spasmodic dysphonia, other dystonias and swallowing problems. Minimally Invasive Approaches: Advanced minimally invasive techniques are used to treat larynx neoplasms, pre-cancerous conditions and early cancer. Augmentation: Utilized to help correct gaps that can occur between the vocal cords as the result of vocal paralysis or loss of mas, this technique involves injecting material into one of the vocal cords to help it make contact with the other cord. Medialization: This technique is also used to move the vocal cords closer to each other and involves the placement of a silastic implant into the affected vocal cord. […] Therapies include: Voice therapy, Laryngeal desensitization, Respiratory re-training, Swallow therapy, Singing therapy, Voice lessons, Accent modification.

• #17 Voice & Swallowing – Diagnosis | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/ent/voice-swallowing-diagnosis

  During electromyography, small needles are inserted through the skin into the muscles of the larynx. […] Fluoroscopy is a technique, similar in principle to an ordinary X-ray. It is used to check and test how a patient is swallowing, if a swallowing problem is suspected. […] A FEES study uses a flexible scope to evaluate swallowing function. […] This examination and the techniques then can form the basis of swallowing treatment.

• #18 Diagnostics | MEDICAL VOICE CENTER

  https://mevoc.de/diagnostics/

  Because some voice disorders are associated with respiratory problems, this examination is recommended immediately after laryngoscopy. […] If the vibrations are periodic, the fundamental frequency can be accurately calculated. […] Restricted movement of the vocal cords is often due to a nerve disorder of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). […] The most modern methods also analyze the spoken language in addition to the vowels. […] Voice stress tests can be used to create profiles of vocal changes during and after stress with constant parameters of volume (sound pressure level in dB) and fundamental pitch (fundamental frequency). […] An essential part of this is the many years of personal experience of our staff.

• #19 Spasmodic Dysphonia: Types, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21838-spasmodic-dysphonia

  Spasmodic dysphonia is a rare speech disorder that can make it hard to use your voice. […] Spasmodic dysphonia also called laryngeal dystonia is a voice disorder that affects your larynx (voice box) and vocal cords. […] Diagnosis usually involves a team of healthcare providers. An otolaryngologist and a speech-language pathologist (SLP) will listen to you speak. […] Healthcare providers cant cure spasmodic dysphonia. But there are treatments to ease vocal cord spasms. […] Spasmodic dysphonia is a lifelong condition. Typically, symptoms develop gradually, level off and then remain the same for the rest of your life. […] Cleveland Clinic providers are experts in diagnosing spasmodic dysphonia.

• #20 Spasmodic Dysphonia Diagnosis – Understanding Onset and Minimizing Impact

  https://dysphonia.org/about-sd/what-is-spasmodic-dysphonia/onset-diagnosis-sd/

  To help differentiate the condition and sub-type, they often ask the patient to read and speak specific phrases and sentences loaded with certain types of sounds. […] While additional evaluations may help to determine the diagnosis, often times, the experienced clinician experts perceptual analysis usually serves as the basis for making the SD diagnosis. […] With a confirmed diagnosis, the doctor can work with you to find the best course of treatment for your symptoms.

• #21 20Q: Pediatric Voice Disorders: Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches – Article 20720

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-pediatric-voice-disorders-diagnostic-20720-20720

  Voice disorders are characterized by a noticeable deviance in the quality, pitch, and/or loudness of the voice during speaking. Voice disorders can affect the individuals ability to communicate clearly, and can also affect the individuals social and emotional well-being. […] Voice disorders in children differ significantly from voice disorders in adults. This is because of the inherent differences between these populations related to anatomy, etiology, and social and emotional influences. […] In 2019, Drs. Susan Brehm, Barbara Weinrich, and Lisa Kelchner submitted a 20Q article in which they discussed the causes and characteristics of pediatric voice disorders and provided important information regarding the evaluation and treatment of these disorders. […] Describe the diagnostic considerations for evaluating a voice disorder in a child.

• #22 20Q: Pediatric Voice Disorders: Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches – Article 20720

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-pediatric-voice-disorders-diagnostic-20720-20720

  The underlying etiology of a voice disorder must be identified prior to the start of any treatment for any individual at any age. […] The vocal folds and larynx must be inspected to determine the presence of lesions or other structural and physiological abnormalities. […] A comprehensive pediatric voice evaluation needs to reveal the circumstances leading to the development or discovery of the voice disorder; That is, the behavioral, anatomic, physiologic and environmental co-components of the childs phonatory function and voice use patterns. […] The evaluation should include a thorough intake (background and history); voice quality of life indices (e.g. Pediatric Voice Handicap Index (pVHI), Pediatric Voice-Related Quality of Life (PVRQoL); standardized clinician perceptual assessment, e.g., the Consensus Auditory Perceptual Assessment of Voice (CAPE-V); acoustic analysis including measures of average fundamental frequency and as possible, frequency range, cepstral peak prominence, and average fundamental intensity; aerodynamic measures, such as average airflow, estimated subglottal pressure, and maximum phonation time; and stroboscopic imaging via use of flexible nasal or transoral endoscopes.

• #23 20Q: Pediatric Voice Disorders: Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches – Article 20720

  https://www.speechpathology.com/articles/20q-pediatric-voice-disorders-diagnostic-20720-20720

  Vocal fold nodules are by far the most common cause of dysphonia in a child with more occurring in males than females. […] Yes, they can, particularly acid irritation from reflux. […] The primary challenges associated with treating pediatric voice disorders in the school system include the ability of the clinician to provide compelling evidence that the presence of a voice disorder is educationally limiting for the child, clinician caseload burden due to high demand for all communication disorders, and limited availability of speech language pathologists. […] Use of telepractice (TP) to extend SLP services in the public schools and to use with adults who had difficulty accessing physical healthcare settings was established in the early 2000s. […] There is a growing body of literature that documents positive outcomes for children, primarily with vocal fold nodules, who have undergone behavioral voice therapy.

• #24 Spasmodic dysphonia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia

  Symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia can come on suddenly or gradually appear over the span of years. […] Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia requires a multidisciplinary team and consideration of both perceptual and physiological factors. […] There is currently no universally accepted diagnostic test for spasmodic dysphonia, which presents a challenge for diagnosis. […] A team of professionals including a speechlanguage pathologist, an otolaryngologist, and a neurologist, are typically involved in spasmodic dysphonia assessment and diagnosis. […] Following the speech assessment, the otolaryngologist conducts a flexible transnasal laryngoscopy to view the vocal folds and activity of the muscles controlling them in order to eliminate other possible causes of the voice disorder. […] Diagnosis of spasmodic dysphonia is often delayed due to these challenges, which in turn presents difficulties in choosing the proper interventions.

• #25 Harris Talks Cutting-Edge Advancements in Voice and Neurological Disorder Treatments

  https://harriscollege.tcu.edu/stories/2024/communication-disorders-advancements.php

  Like all voice disorders, diagnosis must include assessment by an otolaryngologist. […] The treatment plan for these disorders will be made by the patient in consultation with the medical doctor. […] Technology is critical for diagnosis of both voice and swallowing disorders. Prior to any treatment plan being developed for a voice disorder, an otolaryngologist must visualize the vocal folds to make a diagnosis. […] Innovative technology is also being used to treat voice and swallowing disorders. […] My research team has conducted preliminary research on the application of external vibration to the muscles of the vocal folds in the rehabilitation of people with voice disorders, including MTD. […] The greatest driver of health care is technology, which is advancing at a rapid pace. As technology evolves, how it is applied to the assessment and treatment of voice and swallowing will also evolve and, hopefully, improve how we care for patients.

• #26 Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention – THE VOICE FOUNDATION

  https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/overview-of-diagnosis-treatment-prevention/

  Specialized tests may be necessary to fully investigate certain voice disorders. […] LEMG is a specialized test that measures the electrical activity in laryngeal muscles. […] Different voice and speech parameters are evaluated through an acoustic analysis, which is done by a speech-language pathologist or other trained professionals on the voice care team. […] Although voice misuse or abuse is the most frequent cause of voice disorders, it should not become a standard diagnosis. […] Even if voice misuse is a clear cause of a voice disorder, other possible causes of voice disorders need to be investigated.

• #27

  https://www.ijorl.com/index.php/ijorl/article/view/3927

  The presence of pathologies of vocal folds cause significant changes in their normal vibratory patterns, which impact the resulting voice. Accurate and early diagnosis is needed for proper and timely management of the underlying vocal cord pathology. […] A combination of video-stroboscopy, acoustic analysis and Voice handicap index (VHI) helps in detailed evaluation of vocal cord abnormalities. […] Acoustic analysis along with video-stroboscopy serve as a better diagnostic tool for quantification and categorisation of vocal cord pathologies. VHI-10 helps in assessing the limitations/the impact on quality of life (QOL) (caused by the various vocal cord pathology).

• #28 Employing Energy and Statistical Features for Automatic Diagnosis of Voice Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/11/2758

  The presence of laryngeal disease affects vocal fold(s) dynamics and thus causes changes in pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of the human voice. […] Traditional methods for examining voice dysfunction in medical practice are subjective and invasive. […] For the early and reliable assessment of laryngeal illnesses, an effective alternative approach focused on an acoustical analysis of the clinical voice may be possible. […] The numerous acoustic analysis-based approaches focused on machine learning are addressed in [8]. […] The analysis of pathological voice is challenged by the scarcity of available speech samples, as these samples come from patients whose illness may be so severe that only short recordings are possible. […] The framework based on these features is presented in [9].

• #29 Employing Energy and Statistical Features for Automatic Diagnosis of Voice Disorders

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/11/2758

  The purpose of this study is to create a voice condition assessment system that is independent of voice pathologies as well as the language, accent, age, cultural background, and gender of the speaker by utilizing three common descriptors from the top ten descriptors. […] This framework can be introduced as an android app that can be used to check the voice quality in daily life at any instant.

• #30 Publications | Plural Publishing

  https://www.pluralpublishing.com/publications/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-voice-disorders?srsltid=AfmBOoqIdQBsqBjXXb-Z4ldMVLZVAhXwO6A8jbusu6cN4EviDPrOg5TV

  Diagnosis and Treatment of Voice Disorders, now in its fourth edition, continues to serve as a definitive reference for students and professionals in the fields of otolaryngology, speech-language pathology, voice and singing, and related sciences. […] Each chapter has been updated with the most current and relevant information on the science of communication processes and voice disorders. […] This fourth edition has been extensively updated and expanded with ten new chapters: […] Introduction to the Laboratory Diagnosis of Vocal Disorders […] The Evaluation of Voice Outcomes and Quality of Life […] Voice Impairment, Disability, Handicap, and Medical/Legal Evaluation […] Common Medical Diagnoses and Treatments in Patients with Voice Disorders […] The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist in the Treatment of Voice Disorders […] The Role of the Voice Specialist in the Non-Medical Management of Benign Voice Disorders […] The Role of the Voice Coach in the Treatment of Vocal Disorders […] Diagnosis and Management of Postoperative Dysphonia […] Office-based Phonosurgery […] Telemedicine.

• #31 Voice Disorders: Types, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23339-voice-disorders

  To see how well your voice box and vocal cords are working, you may need imaging tests: […] Some short-term voice disorders might improve by resting your voice. […] Other treatments include: […] You may need surgery to remove a lesion on your vocal cords. […] Voice disorders associated with overuse or acute illnesses are usually temporary and dont cause permanent damage. […] Schedule a visit with your healthcare provider if youre noticing unexplained changes in your voice that dont get better within a few weeks. Early treatment can prevent worsening symptoms. […] Voice disorders can make it difficult to connect with others. But treatment can improve your voice quality.

• #32 Voice Disorders: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Top Doctors

  https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-articles/voice-call-disorders-recognising-symptoms-accurate-diagnosis-and-effective-treatment-strategies-for-a-healthier-voice

  Voice disorders can significantly disrupt everyday communication and may indicate underlying health problems. Early recognition, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment are essential for maintaining vocal health. […] Accurate diagnosis requires a thorough evaluation by an ENT specialist and typically involves: Medical history: Detailed review of symptoms, voice usage, lifestyle, and other health conditions. Laryngoscopy: Examination using an endoscope inserted through the nose or mouth to visualise the vocal cords. Stroboscopy: Advanced imaging that uses a strobe light to observe vocal cord vibrations in slow motion, detecting subtle abnormalities. Acoustic analysis: Computer-based measurement of vocal parameters like pitch, volume, and variability. Laryngeal electromyography (EMG): Assessment of muscle function and nerve activity in the larynx, useful for neurological voice disorders. […] By recognising symptoms early and seeking expert medical evaluation, patients experiencing voice disorders can achieve effective treatment outcomes, ensuring long-term vocal health and improved quality of life.

• #33 Voice Disorders: Diagnosis, Types and Treatment Options

  https://greaterknoxent.com/voice-disorders-diagnosis-types-and-treatment-options/

  Polyps can also grow on your vocal folds. They may develop in just one or both of your vocal folds. […] Generally, polyps are larger than nodules. You can think of polyps as blisters and nodules as callouses. […] Both nodules and polyps can cause hoarseness in voice, shooting pain from one ear to another, fatigue, and neck pain. […] Vocal Fold Paralysis Vocal fold paralysis can happen when one or both vocal cords are not able to move. […] Nerve damage, specifically of the vagus nerve, is the most common cause of vocal fold paralysis. The vagus nerve is responsible for controlling the vocal fold movement. Any damage to this can impact the movement of the vocal folds. […] With vocal fold paralysis, one may experience an inability to speak loudly, hoarseness of voice, coughing or choking while eating, and a breathy voice.

• #34 Voice disorders – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/voice-disorders/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353024

  Your health care provider will ask you about your voice problems and do an exam. Your provider might give you a numbing medicine before the exam. Your provider might use one or more of these tools: […] A care provider may use other tests such as: […] Depending on your diagnosis, your care provider might suggest one or more treatments: […] Sometimes one vocal cord can’t move. One paralyzed vocal cord can cause hoarseness. It also can cause choking when drinking liquids. But it rarely causes trouble when swallowing solid foods. Sometimes the problem goes away with time. […] If the problem doesn’t go away, one of two procedures can push the paralyzed vocal cord closer to the middle of the windpipe. Either procedure allows the vocal cords to meet and vibrate closer together. This improves the voice and allows the larynx to close when swallowing. Treatments include: […] Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

• #35 Voice Disorders: Diagnosis, Types and Treatment Options

  https://greaterknoxent.com/voice-disorders-diagnosis-types-and-treatment-options/

  PVFM is not the same as asthma. Aside from the difficulty in breathing, PVFM can also cause coughing, noisy breathing, tightness in the throat, rough-sounding voice, and sudden loss of voice. […] Spasmodic Dysphonia Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is a chronic voice disorder caused by the vocal folds not moving the way they should. […] If you have SD, your vocal folds may tighten or spasm each time you talk. This causes your voice to sound jerky, hoarse, or shaky. There can even be times when you don’t make any sounds at all! […] Some nervous system conditions such as dystonia can lead to SD. Chronic stress may also cause your vocal folds to tighten. […] Vocal Fold Nodules and Polyps Vocal fold nodules are growths that are formed in your vocal folds. While they can be benign (non-cancerous), they can get larger and stiffer.

• #36 Voice Disorders: Diagnosis, Types and Treatment Options

  https://greaterknoxent.com/voice-disorders-diagnosis-types-and-treatment-options/

  Voice Disorders: Diagnosis, Types and Treatment Options […] We communicate in different ways. The most common and known form is through talking. This means of communication can be a challenge if we’re experiencing changes in our voice. […] Changes in voice can be caused by different things. It can be due to age-related changes to the vocal cords or conditions affecting them. […] Common vocal cord conditions […] Paradoxical Vocal Cord Movement (PVFM) PVFM occurs when the vocal cords close when they should open. This makes it hard to talk or breathe. […] Normally, when we breathe, our vocal cords open to let the air get through the lungs. When you have PVFM, the vocal cords close or partially open. […] PVFM symptoms, especially the difficulty in breathing, can sometimes be mistaken for a symptom of asthma.

• #37 Functional Voice Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563182/

  Speech-language pathologists employ a holistic approach to treatment, striving to balance respiration, phonation, and resonance instead of directly addressing the symptoms of voice problems. […] Voice therapy is the standard of care for many of the nearly 140 million people in the United States who suffer from voice disorders; unfortunately, current therapies are not always effective for a number of reasons: incorrect diagnosis, patient noncompliance, and severity of the pathology being chief among them. […] A multidisciplinary approach, typically involving an otorhinolaryngologist or fellowship-trained laryngologist and an SLP, is likely to be most effective at alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.

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