Zaburzenia głosu – Etiologia i przyczyny

Zaburzenia głosu
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zaburzenia głosu obejmują zmiany w jakości, wysokości lub głośności głosu, wynikające z nieprawidłowego funkcjonowania strun głosowych. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa i obejmuje przyczyny organiczne (np. guzki, polipy, obrzęk, stenoza głośni, ziarniniaki, brodawczaki HPV), czynnościowe (fonotrauma, nadużywanie głosu, dysfonia napięciowa mięśniowa), psychogenne (stres, lęk, afonia konwersyjna) oraz neurologiczne (porażenie strun głosowych, choroby neurodegeneracyjne jak Parkinson, SM, ALS, dystonia krtaniowa). Dodatkowo, stany zapalne (laryngitis, infekcje wirusowe, alergie), czynniki środowiskowe (palenie, alkohol, odwodnienie), refluks żołądkowo-przełykowy (GERD) oraz zaburzenia hormonalne (niedoczynność tarczycy, zaburzenia hormonów płciowych i wzrostu) mogą wpływać na funkcję głosu. Warto podkreślić, że GERD jest przyczyną u około 66% pacjentów otolaryngologicznych z zaburzeniami krtani i głosu. Proces starzenia się (sarkopenia) oraz urazy (jatrogenny, intubacja, złamanie krtani) również przyczyniają się do dysfunkcji głosu.

Etiologia zaburzeń głosu

Zaburzenia głosu to zmiany w jakości, wysokości lub głośności głosu, które odbiegają od normy dla wieku, płci, pochodzenia kulturowego czy lokalizacji geograficznej danej osoby ¹. Występują, gdy struny głosowe nie poruszają się lub nie wibrują prawidłowo ²³. Przyczyny tych zaburzeń są bardzo zróżnicowane i często wieloczynnikowe. Dokładne zidentyfikowanie przyczyny lub przyczyn jest kluczowym pierwszym krokiem w leczeniu zaburzeń głosu ⁴.

Przyczyny organiczne

Przyczyny organiczne odnoszą się do fizycznych lub strukturalnych zmian w obrębie strun głosowych lub otaczających ich tkanek ⁵⁶. Obejmują one:

Zmiany strukturalne strun głosowych, takie jak guzki głosowe, torbiele, polipy ⁷
Obrzęk strun głosowych ⁷
Zwężenie głośni (stenoza głośni) ⁷
Nawracające brodawczaki dróg oddechowych ⁷
Sarkopenia (zanik mięśni związany ze starzeniem się) ⁷
Ziarniniak (granuloma) – obszar przewlekłego stanu zapalnego ⁸
Sieć głosowa (web) – pasmo tkanki między strunami głosowymi ⁹

Zmiany organiczne mogą wynikać z chorób, urazów, raka lub nadużywania głosu ⁸. Powodują one, że struny głosowe nie funkcjonują prawidłowo, co prowadzi do zaburzeń głosu ¹⁰.

Przyczyny czynnościowe

Zaburzenia czynnościowe głosu powstają w wyniku niewłaściwego lub nieodpowiedniego używania aparatu głosowego, bez anatomicznych lub neurologicznych nieprawidłowości ¹¹. Do głównych przyczyn należą:

Fonotrauma spowodowana niewłaściwym używaniem, nadużywaniem lub przeciążaniem głosu ¹¹
Krzyczenie, wrzeszczenie i głośne „dźwięki zabawowe” ⁹¹²
Nadmierne odkasływanie i kaszel ¹¹
Mówienie ze zwiększoną głośnością ¹¹
Mówienie w zbyt wysokim lub zbyt niskim tonie ⁷¹³

Długotrwałe i częste nadużywanie głosu stanowi istotne ryzyko rozwoju zmian anatomicznych krtani, takich jak guzki (tzw. „guzki śpiewacze”) i krwiaki oraz ich następstwa ¹¹. Nawet po wyleczeniu oczywistej przyczyny, problem z głosem może się utrzymywać z powodu złych lub nieefektywnych technik kompensacyjnych ⁷.

Przyczyny psychogenne

Zaburzenia psychogenne głosu powstają, gdy stresory psychologiczne prowadzą do nawykowej, nieadaptacyjnej afonii lub dysfonii ¹⁴. Do przyczyn tych zaliczamy:

Przewlekłe zaburzenia stresowe ⁷
Lęk i depresja ⁷¹¹
Reakcje konwersyjne, takie jak afonia konwersyjna i dysfonia konwersyjna ⁷¹¹
Stres emocjonalny ¹⁵

Zaburzenia psychogenne głosu są najczęściej spotykane u pacjentów z podstawowymi problemami zdrowia psychicznego ¹¹. Należy jednak podkreślić, że opinia, iż dysfonii spastycznej ma podłoże psychogenne, nie jest podtrzymywana przez ekspertów w środowisku naukowym ¹⁶.

Przyczyny neurologiczne

Zaburzenia neurologiczne mogą wpływać na nerwy kontrolujące struny głosowe, powodując zaburzenia głosu ⁸. Do najczęstszych przyczyn neurologicznych należą:

Porażenie strun głosowych (jednostronne lub obustronne) ⁹
Choroby neurodegeneracyjne, takie jak:
- Choroba Parkinsona ¹⁰
- Stwardnienie rozsiane (SM) ⁸
- Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne (ALS) ⁸
- Choroba Huntingtona ⁸
- Miastenia ⁸
Udar mózgu ¹⁰
Dystonia krtaniowa (dysfonia spastyczna) ¹⁷
Drżenie głosu (tremor) ¹⁸

Dysfonia spastyczna rozpoczyna się w obszarze mózgu zwanym jądrami podstawnymi, które pomagają koordynować mimowolne ruchy mięśni. Schorzenia, które powodują niekontrolowane ruchy mięśni z powodu wadliwych sygnałów mózgowych, są nazywane dystoniami ¹⁹. Badacze nie wiedzą dokładnie, co wywołuje dysfonię spastyczną. W niektórych przypadkach może być ona związana z wariantami genów odziedziczonymi po rodzicach biologicznych. Około 1 na 4 zdiagnozowane osoby ma rodzinną historię dystonii. Możliwe jest również, że występuje po urazie lub chorobie ¹⁹.

Czynniki zapalne i infekcyjne

Stany zapalne i infekcyjne mogą prowadzić do obrzęku i zapalenia strun głosowych, powodując zaburzenia głosu ⁸. Te czynniki obejmują:

Zapalenie krtani (laryngitis), najczęściej spowodowane infekcją wirusową górnych dróg oddechowych ¹³
Przeziębienia i infekcje górnych dróg oddechowych ¹⁰
Alergie ¹⁰⁸
Kandydoza ²⁰
Nawracająca brodawczakowatość dróg oddechowych (infekcja wirusowa strun głosowych spowodowana wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego) ²¹

Zapalenie krtani może mieć postać ostrego stanu wynikającego z infekcji górnych dróg oddechowych lub niedawnej wibracji strun głosowych o wysokim natężeniu (np. krzyk na imprezie sportowej) do bardziej przewlekłej, takiej jak refluksowe zapalenie krtani ¹⁸.

Czynniki środowiskowe i styl życia

Różne czynniki środowiskowe i związane ze stylem życia mogą przyczyniać się do rozwoju zaburzeń głosu ¹³. Należą do nich:

Palenie tytoniu ¹⁰⁸
Spożywanie alkoholu ¹⁰⁸
Odwodnienie gardła ¹⁰
Ekspozycja na niektóre substancje chemiczne ⁸
Zanieczyszczenie powietrza ²²
Niska wilgotność ²²
Niewystarczające nawodnienie ²³

Zmniejszone spożycie wody może wpływać na struny głosowe i głos. Jeśli struny głosowe są odwodnione, powtarzający się kontakt powoduje tarcie, a tym samym prowadzi do uszkodzenia powierzchni strun głosowych ²³.

Refluks żołądkowo-przełykowy

Refluks żołądkowo-przełykowy (GERD) jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn zaburzeń głosu ²⁴. Kwas żołądkowy cofający się do gardła może powodować:

Podrażnienie i zapalenie strun głosowych ¹³⁶
Refluks krtaniowo-gardłowy ²⁵
Dysfonię mięśniowo-napięciową, gdzie mięśnie krtani i strun głosowych stają się bardzo napięte, co skutkuje większym wysiłkiem podczas mówienia, niską głośnością i brakiem możliwości komfortowego mówienia przez dłuższy czas ²³

Szacuje się, że prawie dwie trzecie pacjentów otolaryngologicznych z zaburzeniami krtani i głosu ma chorobę refluksową przełyku (GERD) jako pierwotną przyczynę ²⁴.

Zaburzenia hormonalne

Zaburzenia wpływające na hormony mogą powodować zaburzenia głosu ⁸. Należą do nich:

Zaburzenia tarczycy ¹⁰
Zaburzenia hormonów płciowych (żeńskich i męskich) ⁸
Zaburzenia hormonów wzrostu ⁸

Badania wykazały, że niedoczynność tarczycy powoduje chrypkę i zmniejszony zakres głosowy ²³. Zaobserwowano również, że nadmierna lub niewystarczająca produkcja hormonu wzrostu z przysadki mózgowej prowadzi do chrypki, wysokich lub niskich tonów głosowych oraz niskiej głośności ²³.

Urazy i czynniki jatrogenne

Urazy fizyczne i procedury medyczne mogą również prowadzić do zaburzeń głosu ¹⁰. Do tych przyczyn należą:

Blizny po operacji szyi lub urazu przodu szyi ¹⁰
Złamanie krtani ²⁰
Uraz jatrogenny (np. podczas intubacji) ²⁰²⁶
Uraz inhalacyjny ²⁰
Uraz tępy/penetrujący ²⁰
Przedłużona intubacja ²²

Ziarniniaki mogą wystąpić na wiele sposobów, ale większość jest związana z ostrym lub przewlekłym urazem, takim jak: uraz po intubacji podczas operacji, przedłużony epizod kaszlu lub inny uraz głosowy, przewlekły refluks, przewlekły łagodny uraz, taki jak częste odkasływanie ¹⁸.

Starzenie się

Proces starzenia się może prowadzić do zmian w głosie i zaburzeń głosu ¹⁰²⁷. Wraz z wiekiem struny głosowe mogą naturalnie tracić elastyczność i stawać się cieńsze, co prowadzi do słabszego głosu lub częstszych zmian głosu ²⁸. Jest to związane z sarkopenią, czyli zanikiem mięśni związanym ze starzeniem się ⁷.

Nowotwory

Rak gardła i krtani może prowadzić do zaburzeń głosu ¹⁰. Głównym czynnikiem ryzyka przednowotworu i nowotworów złośliwych krtani jest palenie tytoniu ²⁰. Nowotwory mogą wpływać na struny głosowe bezpośrednio lub poprzez wpływ na nerwy kontrolujące krtań ²⁹.

Warto jednak zauważyć, że rak krtani lub jakiejkolwiek części gardła nie jest uważany za zaburzenie głosu jako takie, choć może być jego przyczyną ³⁰.

Interakcje między czynnikami

Ważne jest zrozumienie, że zaburzenia głosu często mają złożoną etiologię z wieloma nakładającymi się czynnikami ¹⁴. Jeden czynnik może prowadzić do powstania innego problemu głosowego. Na przykład osoby z neurologicznym problemem głosowym mogą nauczyć się używać innego zestawu fałdów głosowych, zwanych fałszywymi fałdami głosowymi, które znajdują się w krtani, do wytwarzania wadliwego głosu. Osoby, które mają funkcjonalny problem z głosem, mogą rozwinąć zmiany strukturalne z powodu nadużywania głosu ³¹.

Wzajemne relacje między tymi organicznymi, funkcjonalnymi i psychogennymi wpływami sprawiają, że wiele zaburzeń głosu ma wkład więcej niż jednego czynnika etiologicznego ¹⁴. Na przykład, guzki strun głosowych mogą wynikać z behawioralnego niewłaściwego używania głosu (etiologia funkcjonalna). Jednak niewłaściwe używanie głosu prowadzi do powtarzających się urazów strun głosowych, co może następnie prowadzić do strukturalnych (organicznych) zmian w tkance strun głosowych ¹⁴.

Rozpoznanie zależności między tymi czynnikami, wraz z wywiadem pacjenta, może pomóc w identyfikacji możliwych przyczyn zaburzenia głosu. Nawet gdy zidentyfikowana zostanie oczywista przyczyna i zostanie ona leczona, problem z głosem może się utrzymywać ⁷.

Typy zaburzeń głosu według etiologii

Zaburzenia głosu można podzielić na kilka głównych kategorii w zależności od ich etiologii ³⁰³².

Zaburzenia strukturalne

Zaburzenia strukturalne są spowodowane jakąś zmianą (fizyczną nieprawidłowością) krtani ³². Obejmują one:

Guzki głosowe (często nazywane „guzkami śpiewaczymi”) – powstają u osób, które intensywnie używają głosu przez dłuższy czas ¹⁸
Polipy – mogą wynikać z jakiegoś rodzaju urazu lub uderzenia w struny głosowe lub powstać z nieznanej przyczyny ¹⁸
Torbiele – dokładna przyczyna jest zwykle nieznana, często może wystąpić z drobnym krwawieniem w błonie śluzowej struny głosowej ¹⁸
Ziarniaki – są jednym ze sposobów, w jaki organizm leczy się lub chroni przed procesem zapalnym lub infekcyjnym ¹⁸
Brodawczaki – związane z wirusem brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) ¹⁸
Krwotok struny głosowej – występuje, gdy mały naczynie krwionośne w strunie głosowej pęka ¹⁸
Leukoplakia – białe plamy na strunach głosowych ³³
Zmiany przedrakowe ³³

Zaburzenia neurologiczne głosu

Zaburzenia neurologiczne głosu są spowodowane jakimś problemem w układzie nerwowym podczas jego interakcji z krtanią ³². Należą do nich:

Porażenie strun głosowych – może być spowodowane przez:
- Uraz głowy, szyi lub klatki piersiowej ³⁴
- Powikłania podczas operacji ³⁴
- Udar ³⁴
- Guz ³⁴
- Rak płuc lub tarczycy ³⁴
- Określone zaburzenia neurologiczne ³⁴
- Infekcję wirusową ³⁴
Dysfonia spastyczna (dystonia krtaniowa) – dokładna przyczyna nie jest znana, ale uważa się, że jest to zaburzenie neurologiczne ¹⁸
Drżenie głosu – spowodowane problemem ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, który może również powodować drżenie ręki, głowy lub innych kończyn ¹⁸

Zaburzenia czynnościowe głosu

Zaburzenia czynnościowe są spowodowane złym funkcjonowaniem mięśni ³². Przy zaburzeniach czynnościowych fizyczna struktura jest normalna, ale występuje napięcie mięśni z powodu niewłaściwego użycia lub napięcia, które uniemożliwia normalną produkcję głosu ³⁰. Do najczęstszych zaburzeń czynnościowych głosu należą:

Zmęczenie głosowe (vocal fatigue) ²²
Dysfonia napięciowa mięśni (muscle tension dysphonia) lub afonia ²²
- Powstaje gdy mięśnie wokół krtani są tak napięte podczas mówienia, że krtań nie działa efektywnie ³⁵
- Nikt do końca nie rozumie, co powoduje MTD. Zazwyczaj zaczyna się bez ostrzeżenia lub wyjaśnienia ³⁵
- Może być spowodowana czynnikami drażniącymi, takimi jak infekcja górnych dróg oddechowych, bierne palenie, refluks kwaśny lub nadmierne obciążenie głosu ³⁵
Dwugłos (diplofonia) ²²
Fonacja komorowa (ventricular phonation) ²²

Zaburzenia psychogenne głosu

Zaburzenia psychogenne istnieją, ponieważ możliwe jest zakłócenie głosu z przyczyn psychologicznych ³². Rzadko zdarza się, aby zaburzenie psychologiczne było jedyną przyczyną problemu z głosem, ale komponent psychogenny jest często obecny ze względu na emocjonalny wpływ, jaki zaburzenie głosu może mieć ³⁰.

Dysfonia czynnościowa jest czasami związana z chorobą wirusową (w tym odrą i świnką) oraz poważnym stresem życiowym ³⁶. Zwykle dotyka pacjentów z podstawowymi problemami zdrowia psychicznego, takimi jak lęk, depresja i zaburzenie konwersyjne ³⁷.

Czynniki ryzyka

Istnieje wiele czynników ryzyka, które mogą przyczynić się do zaburzenia głosu ¹³. Do tych czynników należą:

Spożywanie alkoholu ¹³
Alergie ¹³
Odwodnienie ¹³
Częste odkasływanie przez długi okres czasu ¹³
GERD lub choroba refluksowa przełyku ¹³
Choroby – przeziębienia, grypa, infekcje górnych dróg oddechowych ¹³
Zaburzenia neurologiczne ¹³
Stres psychologiczny ¹³
Blizny ¹³
Palenie ¹³
Rak gardła ¹³
Choroby tarczycy ¹³
Nadużywanie głosu ¹³
Krzyczenie ¹³
Historia rodzinna (w przypadku niektórych zaburzeń, jak dysfonia spastyczna) ¹⁹

W przypadku dysfonii spastycznej, około 1 na 4 zdiagnozowane osoby ma rodzinną historię dystonii, co sugeruje możliwy komponent genetyczny ¹⁹. Jednak dowody na genetyczny wkład w dystonię obejmującą krtań są nadal słabe i potrzebne są dalsze badania w celu ustalenia związku przyczynowego między SD a określonymi genami ¹⁶.

Podsumowanie etiologii zaburzeń głosu

Zaburzenia głosu mają złożoną i wieloczynnikową etiologię ³⁰. Dokładne zidentyfikowanie przyczyny lub przyczyn jest kluczowe dla skutecznego leczenia ⁴. Chociaż niewłaściwe używanie lub nadużywanie głosu jest najczęstszą przyczyną zaburzeń głosu, nie powinno się ono stawać standardową diagnozą ⁴. Nawet jeśli niewłaściwe używanie głosu jest oczywistą przyczyną zaburzenia głosu, należy zbadać inne możliwe przyczyny ⁴.

Identyfikacja jednej przyczyny nie wyklucza możliwości, że może istnieć kilka wzajemnie oddziałujących przyczyn, które przyczyniają się do zaburzenia głosu pacjenta ⁴. Wzajemnie oddziałujące przyczyny mogą obejmować przyczyny medyczne, przyczyny niemedyczne oraz zachowania pacjenta, które kompensują problemy z głosem. Wszystkie one mogą przyczyniać się i pogarszać zaburzenie głosu ⁴.

Rozumienie złożoności etiologii zaburzeń głosu jest kluczowe dla skutecznej diagnozy i leczenia. Specjalistyczne badania mogą być konieczne do pełnego zbadania niektórych zaburzeń głosu, zwłaszcza gdy zaburzenie głosu jest skomplikowane przez wiele przyczyn (etiologia wieloczynnikowa) ⁴.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Voice Disorders
https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOorQFttlYzLYLVKlAwLsFNg9uLp6fgwz4l2wdZaH856n0DBdYFSd
A voice disorder occurs when voice quality, pitch, and loudness differ or are inappropriate for an individuals age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location (Aronson Bless, 2009; Boone et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2004). […] Voice quality can also be affected when psychological stressors lead to habitual, maladaptive aphonia or dysphonia. The resulting voice disorders are referred to as psychogenic voice disorders or psychogenic conversion aphonia/dysphonia (Stemple et al., 2010). […] The complementary relationships among these organic, functional, and psychogenic influences ensure that many voice disorders will have contributions from more than one etiologic factor (Stemple et al., 2014; Verdolini et al., 2006). For example, vocal fold nodules may result from behavioral voice misuse (functional etiology). However, the voice misuse results in repeated trauma to the vocal folds, which may then lead to structural (organic) changes to the vocal fold tissue.
#2 CoxHealth | Voice Disorders
https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/voice-disorders/
You may have a voice disorder if you have a problem with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of your voice. These problems occur when your vocal cords don’t move or vibrate normally. […] Voice disorders can be caused by many factors. In some cases, the cause is not known. Possible causes can include: […] In some cases, extra tissue may form on the vocal cords. This stops the cords from working normally. The growths can include fluid-filled sacs called cysts, wartlike lumps called papilloma, or calluslike bumps called nodules. There may be patches of damaged tissue called lesions or areas of scar tissue. In some people, a band of tissue called a web can grow between the vocal cords. Other growths include a small area of chronic inflammation (granuloma) and small blisters called polyps. Growths can have many causes. These include illness, injury, cancer, and vocal abuse.
#3 Voice Disorders | UMass Memorial Health
https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/voice-disorders
A voice disorder is when a person has a problem with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of their voice. These problems occur when the vocal cords don’t vibrate normally. […] Voice disorders can be caused by many factors. In some cases, the cause is not known. Possible causes can include: […] Growths. In some cases, extra tissue may form on the vocal cords. This stops the cords from working normally. The growths can include fluid-filled sacs called cysts, wartlike lumps called papilloma, or calluslike bumps called nodules. There may be patches of damaged tissue called lesions or areas of scar tissue. In some people, a band of tissue called a web can grow between the vocal cords. Other growths include a small area of chronic inflammation (granuloma) and small blisters called polyps. Growths can have many causes. These include illness, injury, cancer, and vocal abuse.
#4 Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention – THE VOICE FOUNDATION
https://voicefoundation.org/health-science/voice-disorders/overview-of-diagnosis-treatment-prevention/
Identifying the cause or causes of a voice disorder is the first key step in its treatment. […] Accuracy in pinpointing the cause or causes of a voice disorder is essential to effective treatment. Proper treatment can be given only if the correct cause of the voice disorder is identified. […] The identification of one cause does not rule out the possibility that there may be several interacting causes that contribute to a patient’s voice disorder. […] Interacting causes may include medical causes, non-medical causes, and patient behaviors that compensate for voice problems. All can contribute and aggravate the voice disorder. […] Specialized tests may be necessary to fully investigate certain voice disorders. This is especially true when a voice disorder is complicated by multiple causes (multifactorial etiology). […] Although voice misuse or abuse is the most frequent cause of voice disorders, it should not become a standard diagnosis. Even if voice misuse is a clear cause of a voice disorder, other possible causes of voice disorders need to be investigated.
#5 Voice Disorders | Conditions & Treatments | UR Medicine
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/conditions-and-treatments/voice-disorders
A voice disorder is a change in how the voice sounds. […] Functional voice disorders are changes to the voice in the absence of a clear anatomic or physiologic cause. […] Organic voice disorders are caused by structural or physiological changes in the vocal folds or surrounding tissues. […] The most common cause of voice disorders is overuse, such as yelling, singing, or even talking too much. […] Sometimes, voice disorders result from short-term illnesses like a cold or an infection. […] Some autoimmune disorders can negatively affect the voice by targeting the joints, muscles, nerves, and/or surface tissues of the throat and larynx.
#6 Voice disorders – Symptoms and causes – OrbRom Center
https://orbrom.com/voice-disorders-symptoms-causes/
A voice disorder is a condition that alters the quality, pitch, or loudness of your voice in a way that deviates from the expected range for your age, gender, and cultural background. […] There are many factors that can contribute to a voice disorder. These can be broadly categorized into two main groups: […] Organic Causes: These stem from physical problems with the vocal cords or the surrounding structures. Examples include: Vocal fold nodules and polyps: Noncancerous growths on the vocal cords caused by vocal strain or misuse. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box, often due to a viral infection or vocal overuse. Vocal fold paralysis: Inability to move one or both vocal cords due to nerve damage. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Stomach acid backing up into the throat, irritating the vocal cords.
#7 Voice Disorders
https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOorQFttlYzLYLVKlAwLsFNg9uLp6fgwz4l2wdZaH856n0DBdYFSd
A disturbance in one of these subsystems or in the physiological balance among the systems may lead to or contribute to a voice disorder. Disruptions can be due to organic, functional, and/or psychogenic causes. […] Organic causes include the following: structural vocal fold abnormalities such as vocal nodules, cysts, or polyps, edema, glottal stenosis, recurrent respiratory papilloma, sarcopenia (muscle atrophy associated with aging). […] Functional causes include the following: phonotrauma such as yelling, screaming, excessive throat clearing/coughing, speaking in too high or too low pitch. […] Psychogenic causes include the following: chronic stress disorders, anxiety, depression, conversion reaction such as conversion aphonia, conversion dysphonia. […] Recognizing associations among these factors, along with patient history, may help in identifying the possible causes of the voice disorder. Even when an obvious cause is identified and treated, the voice problem may persist. For example, an upper respiratory infection could be the cause of the dysphonia, but poor or inefficient compensatory techniques may cause dysphonia to persist, even when the infection has been successfully treated.
#8 CoxHealth | Voice Disorders
https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/voice-disorders/
You may have a voice disorder if you have a problem with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of your voice. These problems occur when your vocal cords don’t move or vibrate normally. […] Voice disorders can be caused by many factors. In some cases, the cause is not known. Possible causes can include: […] In some cases, extra tissue may form on the vocal cords. This stops the cords from working normally. The growths can include fluid-filled sacs called cysts, wartlike lumps called papilloma, or calluslike bumps called nodules. There may be patches of damaged tissue called lesions or areas of scar tissue. In some people, a band of tissue called a web can grow between the vocal cords. Other growths include a small area of chronic inflammation (granuloma) and small blisters called polyps. Growths can have many causes. These include illness, injury, cancer, and vocal abuse.
#8 CoxHealth | Voice Disorders
https://www.coxhealth.com/condition/voice-disorders/
Many things can cause vocal cord inflammation and swelling. These include surgery, respiratory illness or allergies, GERD, some medicines, exposure to certain chemicals, smoking, alcohol abuse, and vocal abuse. […] Certain health conditions can affect the nerves that control the vocal cords. These can include multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington disease. Surgery or laryngitis can also harm nerves. […] Disorders affecting thyroid hormone, female and male hormones, and growth hormones can cause voice disorders. […] The vocal cords can be stressed by using too much tension when speaking. This can cause problems in the throat muscles and affect the voice. Vocal abuse can also cause a voice disorder. Vocal abuse is anything that strains or harms the vocal cords. Examples include too much talking, shouting, or coughing. Smoking and constantly clearing the throat is also vocal abuse. Vocal abuse can cause the vocal cords to get nodules and polyps. These change how the voice sounds. In some cases, a vocal cord can break or burst from vocal abuse. This causes the cord to bleed (hemorrhage). You can lose your voice. Vocal cord bleeding must be treated right away.
#9 Voice Disorders | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/v/voice-disorder
Voice disorders can occur when the vocal folds do not vibrate well enough to produce a clear sound. […] The most common voice disorder in children is the result of phono trauma or voice misuse such as yelling or making loud „play” sounds, throat clearing, and excessive coughing. […] Other types and causes of voice disorders can include: vocal fold paralysis (one or both vocal folds do not move), vocal fold cysts (fluid-filled sac), papilloma (wart-like growths), laryngeal web (band of tissue between vocal folds), muscle tension dysphonia (excessive muscle tightness), resulting in a strained voice, and subglottic stenosis (narrowing of the airway).
#10 Voice disorders // Middlesex Health
https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/voice-disorders
People develop a voice disorder for many reasons. […] Treatment depends on what’s causing the voice change. […] If vocal cords become swollen, or inflamed, develop growths or can’t move as they should, they can’t work properly. Any of these might cause a voice disorder. […] Many factors can lead to a voice disorder, such as: Aging, Alcohol use, Allergies, Conditions related to the brain and nervous system, such as Parkinson’s disease or a stroke, Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Illnesses, such as colds or upper respiratory infections, Scarring from neck surgery or from trauma to the front of the neck, Screaming, Smoking, Throat cancer, Throat dehydration, Thyroid problems, Voice misuse or overuse.
#11 Functional Voice Disorders – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563182/
Functional voice disorders (FVD) are caused by insufficient or improper use of the phonation apparatus without either anatomical or neurological abnormalities. […] Functional voice disorders also result from vocal misuse or abuse as well as from behavioral health pathology. […] Common causes of functional voice disorders include: phonotrauma, which is caused by misuse, abuse, and overuse of the voice (yelling, screaming, excessive throat-clearing, and talking with increased loudness). […] Psychogenic aphonia and dysphonia, which are most commonly encountered in patients with underlying behavioral health issues, such as anxiety, depression, and conversion disorder. […] Prolonged and frequent vocal abuse is a significant risk for developing anatomical lesions of the larynx, such as nodules (also known as „singer’s nodes”) and hematomas and their sequelae.
#12 Voice disorders
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/voice_disorders/
Voice disorders are fairly common in children, with about five per cent of children experiencing a chronic (long-lasting) voice disorder. […] A voice disorder is when the quality of a person’s voice is noticeably different to the voices of others who are the same age and sex. […] Most voice disorders are harmless and disappear on their own, though some require the help of a specialist. […] What causes voice disorders? […] Voice disorders in children are usually caused by: excessive shouting or loud talking, excessive use of harsh voice 'sound effects’ during play, common childhood infections. […] There are also some rare medical conditions that may cause voice disorders in children. […] Hoarseness is usually related to the way children use their voices, rather than a serious illness.
#13 Voice Disorders – Causes of a Hoarse Voice or DysphoniaFacebookInstagramLinkedIn
https://coloradoent.com/blog/voice-disorders-causes-of-a-hoarse-voice-or-dysphonia/
Everyone has had trouble with a hoarse voice or dysphonia at some point. […] People can develop voice problems for multiple reasons. But prolonged trouble with your voice is usually the result of a medical disorder. […] Laryngitis is caused by a swelling of the vocal cords. This is usually due to an infection. A viral infection in the upper respiratory tract is the most common cause of problems with the voice box. […] Benign or non-cancerous growths on the vocal cords can be caused by voice overuse, trauma, or injury to the vocal cords. […] Hoarseness and other vocal issues can be caused by problems between the nerves and muscles within the voice box or larynx. […] Acid Reflux into the throat from stomach acid can cause many issues in the esophagus and throat. […] Speaking at an abnormally or uncomfortable pitch (too high or too low) can lead to hoarseness and other voice problems.
#13 Voice Disorders – Causes of a Hoarse Voice or DysphoniaFacebookInstagramLinkedIn
https://coloradoent.com/blog/voice-disorders-causes-of-a-hoarse-voice-or-dysphonia/
Throat cancer is very serious and requires immediate medical attention. […] There are many risk factors that can contribute to a voice disorder. These include: Alcohol use, Allergies, Dehydration, Frequent throat clearing over a long period of time, Gerd or gastroesophageal reflux disease, Illness â colds, the flu, upper respiratory infections, Neurological disorders, Phycological stress, Scarring, Smoking, Throat Cancer, Thyroid Conditions, Voice Overuse, Yelling. […] Hoarseness or roughness in your voice is often caused by a medical problem.
#14 Voice Disorders
https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/voice-disorders/?srsltid=AfmBOorQFttlYzLYLVKlAwLsFNg9uLp6fgwz4l2wdZaH856n0DBdYFSd
A voice disorder occurs when voice quality, pitch, and loudness differ or are inappropriate for an individuals age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location (Aronson Bless, 2009; Boone et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2004). […] Voice quality can also be affected when psychological stressors lead to habitual, maladaptive aphonia or dysphonia. The resulting voice disorders are referred to as psychogenic voice disorders or psychogenic conversion aphonia/dysphonia (Stemple et al., 2010). […] The complementary relationships among these organic, functional, and psychogenic influences ensure that many voice disorders will have contributions from more than one etiologic factor (Stemple et al., 2014; Verdolini et al., 2006). For example, vocal fold nodules may result from behavioral voice misuse (functional etiology). However, the voice misuse results in repeated trauma to the vocal folds, which may then lead to structural (organic) changes to the vocal fold tissue.
#15 Recognizing and Treating Voice Disorders in Children
https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/recognizing-and-treating-voice-disorders-in-children
Voice disorders can stem from factors like vocal strain, respiratory issues, reflux, neurological or congenital conditions, and stress or emotional influences. […] Pediatric voice problems can arise from various causes, often related to how they use their voice daily or due to underlying medical conditions. […] Vocal strain from frequent shouting, screaming, or loud talking can lead to issues like nodules on the vocal folds. […] Acid reflux is a significant cause of pediatric voice disorders. […] Vocal nodules are small growths on the vocal folds within the larynx (voice box). […] Neurological disorders, such as vocal fold paralysis, can weaken the muscles involved in voice production. […] Emotional stress or trauma can sometimes manifest as a voice disorder, where no physical cause is present.
#16 Spasmodic dysphonia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia
SD is a neurological disorder rather than a disorder of the larynx, and as in other forms of dystonia, interventions at the end organ (i.e., larynx) have not offered a definitive cure, only symptomatic relief. […] The opinion that SD is psychogenic is not upheld by experts in the scientific community.
#16 Spasmodic dysphonia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia
Causes Unknown. […] Risk factors may include family history. […] Triggers may include an upper respiratory infection, injury to the larynx, overuse of the voice, and psychological stress. […] Although the exact cause of spasmodic dysphonia is still unknown, epidemiological, genetic, and neurological pathogenic factors have been proposed in recent research. […] It has not been established whether these factors directly affect the development of spasmodic dysphonia (SD), however, these factors could be used to identify possible and/or at-risk patients. […] Researchers have also explored the possibility of a genetic component to SD. […] However, evidence of a genetic contribution for dystonia involving the larynx is still weak, and more research is needed in order to establish a causal relationship between SD and specific genes.
#17 What is a Vocal Cord Disorder? Symptoms and Causes | UC Health
https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/vocal-cord-disorders
Vocal fold hemorrhage is a rupture of a blood vessel on the surface of the vocal cord that causes sudden loss of voice following yelling, shouting or other strenuous vocal tasks. […] Vocal cord paralysis may happen when one or both vocal cords don’t open or close correctly. It can range from fairly mild to life-threatening. […] Spasmodic dysphonia is a nerve problem that causes the vocal cords to spasm. […] For normal speech, your vocal cords need to touch together smoothly inside your larynx. Anything that interferes with vocal cord movement or contact can cause a voice disorder. Many voice disorders can be cured with treatment when diagnosed early. […] Voice disorders can be caused by many factors. In some cases, the cause is not known. Possible causes can include: […] In some cases, extra tissue may form on the vocal cords. This stops the cords from working normally.
#18 Organic Voice Disorders | Medical School
https://med.umn.edu/ent/patient-care/lions-voice-clinic/treatments/specific-voice-disorders/organic-disorders
Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) can occur in very early childhood, or can come on in adulthood. Although it is related to the Human Papilloma Virus, the cause for each individual is unclear. It is not related to sexual activity. […] Like cysts, polyps may result from some sort of trauma or impact to the vocal folds, or arise for some unknown reason. Although polyps tend to be more associated with sudden, acute trauma, smokers’ polyps are a reaction of the vocal fold mucosa to the chronic insult of smoking. They cause the well-known „smoker’s voice.” […] Damage to one of the two nerves that go from the brain to the larynx, most commonly the recurrent laryngeal nerve. […] Though we know that Spasmodic Dysphonia is a neurologic disorder, the exact cause is unknown. […] Tremor is caused by a central nervous system problem that can also cause tremor of the hand, head, or other extremities. Tremor may be hereditary.
#18 Organic Voice Disorders | Medical School
https://med.umn.edu/ent/patient-care/lions-voice-clinic/treatments/specific-voice-disorders/organic-disorders
The exact cause is too complex for this website, but it’s helpful to think of this as like a scab that the skin forms as it heals from a wound or protects itself from an irritant. In this case the „scab” is on the vocal fold. […] Laryngitis can be an acute condition from upper respiratory infection or recent high-impact vocal fold vibration (such as screaming at a sporting event) to more chronic, such as reflux laryngitis. […] The exact cause is too complex for this website, but it’s helpful to think of this as like a scab that the skin forms as it heals from a wound or protects itself from an irritant. In this case the „scab” is on the vocal fold. […] Nodules typically occur in people who use their voice in an intense manner over an extended period of time. The nodules appear as small bumps along the mid portion of the vocal folds, and are a result of the thickening of the surface layer of the vocal folds. The nodules are a natural response to increased trauma, similar to calluses on the hands.
#18 Organic Voice Disorders | Medical School
https://med.umn.edu/ent/patient-care/lions-voice-clinic/treatments/specific-voice-disorders/organic-disorders
The exact cause of any cyst is usually unknown. It often can occur with minute bleeding (hemorrhage) in the mucosa of the vocal fold. The bleeding resolves, but leaves a tiny bit of scar tissue, and the cyst forms around it. […] The granuloma is actually one of the body’s ways of healing or protecting itself from an inflammatory or infectious process. It is believed to be related to an infectious process within the cartilage of the larynx. Granulomas can occur in a number of ways, but most are related to some acute or chronic injury, such as: trauma from intubation during surgery, an extended bout of coughing or other vocal trauma, chronic reflux, chronic mild trauma such as frequent throat-clearing. […] A hemorrhage occurs when a tiny blood vessel within the vocal fold bursts, creating a bleed into the mucosal covering. The accumulation of blood under the surface of the vocal fold makes the fold stiff, which makes vibration more difficult.
#19 Spasmodic Dysphonia: Types, Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21838-spasmodic-dysphonia
Spasmodic dysphonia starts in an area of your brain called the basal ganglia. This part of your brain helps coordinate involuntary muscle movements. Conditions that cause uncontrollable muscle movements because of faulty brain signals are called dystonias. This is why this condition is also called laryngeal dystonia. […] The faulty signaling makes the muscles in your larynx and your vocal cords go into spasms. […] Researchers dont know what triggers spasmodic dysphonia. In some cases, it may be related to gene variants you inherit from your biological parents. About 1 in 4 people diagnosed have a family history of dystonia. Its also possible that it occurs after an injury or sickness.
#20 Dysphonia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565881/
Dysphonia occurs when there is an alteration in normal voice quality, which can be due to structural and/or functional causes. […] A wide range of laryngeal and extra-laryngeal conditions can lead to dysphonia, and there are many caveats associated with its evaluation. […] The pathophysiology of dysphonia is characterized by irregularities in vocal fold oscillations related to muscle tone irregularity which may be due to hypertonicity, incomplete closure of the glottis during phonation, a change in vocal fold bulk, or a vocal fold lesion or tumor. […] Vocal fold nodules are common and typically caused by voice misuse or overuse. […] The main risk factor for premalignant and malignant laryngeal cancer is smoking. […] Dysphonia is a symptom that can be attributed to many diseases. […] Other conditions that may result in dysphonia include the following: Neurologic – vocal fold paralysis, spasmodic dysphonia, essential tremor, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Gastrointestinal – reflux esophagitis, eosinophilic esophagitis; Rheumatologic/autoimmune – rheumatic arthritis, Sjgren syndrome, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis; Allergic; Pulmonary – chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; Musculoskeletal – muscle tension dysphonia, fibromyalgia, cervicalgia; Psychological; Traumatic – laryngeal fracture, iatrogenic injury, inhalational injury, blunt/penetrating trauma; Infectious – candidiasis; Medication side effects – inhaled steroids, anticholinergics, antihistamines, decongestants, and antihypertensives. […] The prevalence of dysphonia associated with these conditions varies. […] Dysphonia has a lifetime prevalence of 29.9%. […] The prognosis for patients with dysphonia depends on the underlying condition.
#21 Voice disorders
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/voice_disorders/
Other common causes of hoarseness in children include vocal nodules/cysts/polyps: these are known as benign lesions (areas of damage that are not cancer) of the vocal folds, and they are caused by tissue stress during excessive voice use, such as screaming or prolonged loud talking or crying. […] Less common causes of hoarseness in children include Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (a viral infection in the vocal folds caused by the human papillomavirus) or, in extremely rare cases, tumours or cancers. […] A weak voice is often the result of poor vocal fold movement or incomplete closure of the vocal folds during speech. […] There are some surgical procedures that are used to correct vocal fold paralysis in adults, but these are not commonly done for children. […] Most voice disorders either get better by themselves over time, or get better with the help of a specialist, such as a speech therapist or ENT specialist.
#22 Hoarseness (Dysphonia): Causes and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/hoarseness-pro
Laryngeal nerve palsy (see 'Some specific voice disorders and their management’, below): this has various causes, including lung cancer, other tumours and thoracic aortic aneurysm. […] Congenital – eg, laryngeal web, laryngomalacia, congenital cyst. […] Various rare causes of hoarseness are described in case reports. […] Drying of the laryngeal mucosa – from low humidity, nasal obstruction, smoking, and air pollution, or from medication (eg, antihistamines, inhaled steroids and anticholinergics). […] Upper respiratory tract infection. […] Voice overuse (see 'Some specific voice disorders and their management’, below). […] Gastro-oesophageal reflux (reflux laryngitis or laryngopharyngeal reflux). […] Scarring – eg, after prolonged intubation. […] Age-related loss of pliability (normal ageing of the voice).
#22 Hoarseness (Dysphonia): Causes and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/hoarseness-pro
Voice problems are often multifactorial and due to voice overuse. Serious pathology must be excluded (see 'Investigation and referral’ section, below). […] These are caused by insufficient or improper use of the larynx and diaphragm without any identifiable physical structural abnormality or neurological dysfunction. […] The most common functional voice disorders are vocal fatigue, muscle tension dysphonia or aphonia, diplophonia, and ventricular phonation. […] Acute laryngitis (common), often with upper respiratory infection. Usually viral (may have secondary infection with staphylococci or streptococci). […] Voice overuse – common. […] Benign lesions of the vocal cords – eg, nodules (singer’s nodes), polyps and papillomas (responsible for 10-30%. […] Laryngeal cancer – smoking is major risk factor.
#23 Some Unexpected Causes Of Voice Disorders — Well Said: Toronto Speech Therapy | Providing Speech Therapy for Adults since 2012
https://www.torontospeechtherapy.com/blog/2023/some-unexpected-causes-of-voice-disorders
It has also been seen that an excess or inadequate production of growth hormone from the pituitary gland leads to hoarseness, high or low vocal pitches, and low volume. […] Studies have shown that hypothyroidism results in hoarseness of voice and reduced vocal range. […] GERD can also lead to muscle tension dysphonia where the muscles in the larynx and vocal folds become very tight resulting in greater effort to speak, low volume and not being able to speak comfortably for a longer time. […] Reduced water intake could affect vocal folds and voice. […] If the vocal folds are dehydrated, this repeated touch causes friction and hence leads to damage to the surface of the vocal folds. […] Using throat resonance for speaking increases vocal strain and makes it difficult to speak comfortably with a good volume. […] There are certain conditions that are generally not expected to cause a permanent voice disorder but these can cause mild to severe voice disorders.
#24 Voice Disorders
https://www.dysphonia.org/sdbb-archive/5269.html
It has been estimated that almost two-thirds of otolaryngology (ORL) patients with laryngeal and voice disorders have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GER, GERD) as the primary cause. GERD appears to be the single most common cause of voice disorders. […] A paresis of the vocal cord would tend to oppose adductor SD, but they are not mutually exclusive. […] I have SD, but also have Essential Tremor which also causes a voice disorder.
#25 Exploring Voice Disorders: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment | Otolaryngology Associates of Tennessee
https://www.oatenn.com/blog-posts/2023/9/28/exploring-voice-disorders-causes-diagnosis-and-treatment
Voice disorders can arise from: […] Vocal cord nodules, polyps, and cysts: These are non-cancerous growths on the vocal cords causing voice changes. […] Vocal cord paralysis or weakness: When one or both vocal cords don’t move correctly. […] Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Stomach acid backs up into the throat, irritating the vocal cords. […] Excessive yelling or singing can strain the voice. […] Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke irritate the vocal cords. […] Allergies and postnasal drip: These can irritate the throat, altering voice quality. […] Thyroid problems can change voice quality. […] Neurological conditions, like Parkinsons disease, may lead to voice changes.
#26 Hoarse Voice (Dysphonia): Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention | Nationwide Children’s Hospital
https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/hoarse-voice-dysphonia
Dysphonia has many causes which are detailed below. […] Most commonly, dysphonia is caused by an abnormality with the vocal cords (also known as vocal folds) but there can be other causes from problems with airflow from the lungs or abnormalities with the structures of the throat near the vocal cords. […] There are numerous causes of dysphonia which are detailed below in the following common categories: […] Patients can develop scarring of the vocal cords from trauma/injury to the vocal cords or from previous breathing tubes being in place for surgery or while on a ventilator. […] Patients can be born with a weak vocal cord or develop weakness with movement of the vocal cords from a nerve injury. The patient will often have a raspy voice that is weak or breathy.
#27 Voice Disorder Symptoms & Treatment, Salt Lake City | University of Utah Health
https://healthcare.utah.edu/ent/specialties/voice-disorders-center/types
Voice disorders occur for many reasons: […] Aging […] Viral infection […] Lifestyle habits, such as smoking and vaping […] Overuse and misuse […] Effects of surgery or another type of medical procedure […] Traumatic injury to the larynx or neck […] Underlying health problems, such as cancer, Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), dystonia, and others.
#28 Voice Disorders
https://speechplan.com/voice-disorders/
Vocal cord nodules, polyps, or cysts can form due to constant vocal strain or injury, disrupting normal voice production. […] Conditions like Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke can interfere with the brain’s ability to control the vocal muscles, leading to voice issues. […] Stress, anxiety, and emotional trauma can sometimes cause a person to lose their voice temporarily or experience difficulties in speaking clearly. […] As people age, the vocal cords may naturally lose flexibility and become thinner, leading to a weaker voice or more frequent voice changes.
#29 Voice Disorders
https://healthlibrary.bvhealthsystem.org/Library/DiseasesConditions/Pediatric/Infectious/134,239
You may have a voice disorder if you have a problem with pitch, volume, tone, and other qualities of your voice. These problems occur when your vocal cords don’t move or vibrate normally. […] Voice disorders can be caused by many factors. In some cases, the cause is not known. Possible causes can include: […] Common causes include a chronic cough, smoking, using inhalers for asthma, and GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). […] The vocal cords can be paralyzed or partly paralyzed (paresis). This can be caused by a viral infection that affects your vocal cord nerves, an injury to a nerve during surgery or when a breathing tube is placed in the throat, a stroke, or cancer. […] Many things can cause vocal cord inflammation and swelling. These include surgery, respiratory illness or allergies, GERD, some medicines, exposure to certain chemicals, smoking, alcohol abuse, and vocal abuse.
#30 Types Of Voice Disorders | Charlotte, Monroe, Indian Land
https://cornerstoneent.com/voice-and-throat/voice-disorders
With functional disorders, the physical structure is normal but there is muscle tension due to improper use or strain causing muscle tension when vocalizing and preventing normal voice production. […] It is rare for a psychological disorder to be the sole cause for a voice problem, but a psychogenic component is often present because of the emotional impact a voice disorder can have. […] Cancer of the larynx or any part of the throat is not considered a voice disorder. […] There are a variety of treatment options available depending on the patients specific condition. In many cases, treatment of underlying causes of laryngeal inflammation such as acid reflux and postnasal drainage are initiated. […] Anyone with persistent hoarseness that does not get better after 2 weeks should be evaluated by an ENT physician.
#30 Types Of Voice Disorders | Charlotte, Monroe, Indian Land
https://cornerstoneent.com/voice-and-throat/voice-disorders
Each year millions of people are affected by voice disorders. […] There are many causes of vocal disorders and the underlying problem with many patients is often multifactorial. Vocal overuse, acid reflux, tobacco use, and chronic allergies are a few of the many potential causes of vocal dysfunction. […] Voice disorders fall into a few main categories: Structural, neurogenic, functional, and psychogenic. Often, a patients disorder may fit more than one category and the challenge lies in determining the primary cause. […] With structural disorders there is a problem involving the tissues or structures of the vocal cords. […] Neurogenic disorders are related to problems with the nervous system, including paralysis or weakness of the vocal cords, tremor, or other neurologic conditions.
#31 Voice Disorders | Problems in Voice Production – Causes Symptoms Types
https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/voice-disorders.htm
Sometimes, one type of voice disorder may lead to another voice problem. For instance, persons with neurological voice problem may learn to use another set of vocal folds, called false vocal folds, that is present in the larynx, to produce a faulty voice. Those who have a functional voice problem may develop structural lesion due to abuse of voice.
#32 Categories of Voice Disorders | Medical School
https://med.umn.edu/ent/patient-care/lions-voice-clinic/treatments/voice-disorder-categories
Structural disorders are caused by some lesion (physical abnormality) of the larynx. […] Neurological Voice Disorders are caused by some problem in the nervous system as it interacts with the larynx. […] Functional disorders are caused by poor muscle functioning. […] Psychogenic disorders exist because it is possible for the voice to be disturbed for psychological reasons.
#33 Voice Disorders – Dr. Madison Richardson F.A.C.S.
https://www.madisonrichardsonmd.com/services/voice-disorders/
Voice disorders can be problematic and cause you to have difficulty communicating with others. […] There are some common causes of voice disorders, including Muscle tension dysphonia, Laryngitis, and neurological voice disorders, such as spasmodic dysphonia, polyps, nodules, or cysts on the vocal cords. […] When voice disorders develop, the main cause is typically inflammation, growths, or paralyzation causing them to not work properly. […] The most common voice disorders are: Muscle Tension Dysphonia, Voice disorders from neurological sources, Laryngitis, Vocal cord paralysis, Vocal cord nodules, cysts, or polyps, Leukoplakia white patches, Precancerous lesions. […] There are certain situations that can increase the possibility to develop a voice disorder, such as: Allergies, Gastro reflux diseases (GERD), Increased age, Thyroid issues, Consuming alcohol, Neurological diseases and issues, Respiratory sicknesses and colds or infections, Raised volume (such as a scream), Clearing your throat improperly for a long time, Stress on the psyche, Dehydrated throat, Throat cancer, Trauma or surgery scarring on the front of your neck, Being a smoker, Overusing or misusing your voice, Cancer of the throat.
#34 Vocal Cord and Voice Disorders | Cooper University Health Care
https://www.cooperhealth.org/services/vocal-cord-and-voice-disorders
Vocal cord/voice disorders are often caused by vocal abuse or misuse. This includes excessive use of the voice when singing, talking, coughing, or yelling. Smoking or inhaling irritants of any kind are also considered vocal abuse. Nervous system disorders also play a role in certain vocal cord/voice disorders. […] Vocal nodules are noncancerous growths on the vocal cords caused by vocal abuse. […] Vocal cord paralysis may be caused by: Head, neck, or chest injury, Problem during surgery, Stroke, Tumor, Lung or thyroid cancer, Certain neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson’s disease, Viral infection. […] While the exact cause of spasmodic dysphonia isn’t known, a nervous system or movement disorder such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, myasthenia gravis, ALS or multiple sclerosis is thought to cause most cases.
#35 Muscle Tension Dysphonia | University of Michigan Health
https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ear-nose-throat/muscle-tension-dysphonia
A dysphonia (diss-PHONE-nee-ah) is the medical term for a voice disorder. […] Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is one of the most common voice disorders. It occurs when the muscles around the larynx (voice box) are so tight during speaking that the voice box does not work efficiently. […] No one fully understands what causes MTD. It usually begins without warning or explanation. It may be caused by irritants such as an upper respiratory infection, passive smoking, acid reflux or excessive demand placed on your voice. Sometimes, more than one of these factors are present when MTD begins.
#36 Functional Dysphonia | University of Michigan Health
https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/ear-nose-throat/functional-dysphonia
Dysphonia (diss-PHONE-nee-yah) is the medical term for disorders of the voice. […] Functional dysphonia is occasionally associated with viral illness (including measles and mumps) and major life stress.
#37 Functional Voice Disorders – MD Searchlight
https://mdsearchlight.com/ear-nose-and-throat/functional-voice-disorders/
Psychogenic aphonia and dysphonia, which are usually seen in patients with underlying mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and conversion disorder. […] How do you get Functional Voice Disorders? […] Functional voice disorders can be caused by phonotrauma, which is the result of misusing, overstraining, and overusing the voice, as well as psychogenic aphonia and dysphonia, which are usually seen in patients with underlying mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and conversion disorder.