Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Uncovering the cause of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6684508/

  The cause of ulcerative colitis still remains unclear. The most popular hypothesis is that colitis develops because of a complex interaction of genetic, microbial, environmental, and immunologic factors. […] The most popular hypothesis for the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease involves a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility, gastrointestinal microbiota, environmental factors, and mucosal or more generalized immune responses. […] The high incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in industrialized countries has raised the strong possibility of important environmental factors linked to lifestyle and living conditions. […] Although important changes in diet have occurred over the past 100 years, contemporary studies comparing diets in recently diagnosed individuals and control subjects has only demonstrated minor changes of uncertain significance. Most of these environmental associations have been linked to effects on either the intestinal microbiota or immune responses. […] The importance of immunological factors is supported by the effectiveness of various immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. […] In contrast, there is little evidence of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.

• #2 Ulcerative Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

  Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the colon that results in diffuse friability and superficial erosions on the colonic wall and associated bleeding. […] The specific cause of inflammatory bowel disease is not known. There seems to be a primary genetic component since the most important independent risk factor is a family history of the disease (8% to 14% of patients). A first-degree relative of a patient with ulcerative colitis has a four times higher risk of developing the disease. Additionally, ulcerative colitis has a higher incidence in Jewish populations than other ethnicities. […] Although there is little evidence to support this, it has been postulated that alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and defects in mucosal immunity could lead to ulcerative colitis. Autoimmunity may also play an important role in the etiology of ulcerative colitis.

• #3 Ulcerative colitis: understanding its cellular pathology could provide insights into novel therapies | Journal of Inflammation | Full Text

  https://journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12950-020-00246-4

  UC is a disease of unknown aetiology characterized by inflammation of the mucosa and sub-mucosa of the colon and rectum lining, causing ulcers to develop. […] Several genetic factors and other inflammation-related genes are implicated in mediating the inflammation and development of the disease. […] Certain ethnic groups are more prone to UC, but environmental factors, such as smoking, oral contraceptives, diet, antibiotics, vaccination, infections and childhood hygiene also play a role. […] UC is a multifactorial disorder; genetic predisposition, epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated immune responses and environmental factors play a role in its pathogenesis. […] Although the exact aetiology of UC remains elusive, the commensal luminal flora is known to trigger an inappropriate and overactive mucosal immune response in genetically susceptible individuals, causing intestinal tissue damage.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/causes/

  The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, although it’s thought to be the result of a problem with the immune system. […] Some experts believe ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition (when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue). […] In ulcerative colitis, a theory is that the immune system mistakes „friendly bacteria” in the colon, which aid digestion, as a harmful infection, leading to the colon and rectum becoming inflamed. […] Alternatively, some researchers believe a viral or bacterial infection triggers the immune system, but for some reason it does not „turn off” once the infection has passed and continues to cause inflammation. […] It’s also been suggested that no infection is involved and the immune system may just malfunction, or that there’s an imbalance between good and bad bacteria within the bowel.

• #5

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] The most popular theory is that the immune system mistakes harmless bacteria inside the colon as a threat and attacks the tissues of the colon, causing it to become inflamed. […] Exactly what causes the immune system to behave in this way is unclear. […] Many experts think it’s a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

• #6 Ulcerative colitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326

  Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the superficial lining of the large intestine, also called the colon. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but there are things that appear to trigger or aggravate it. It may involve an abnormal immune response against some microorganism in which your tissues are also attacked. Genetics might also play a role. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isn’t known. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may worsen but don’t cause ulcerative colitis. Possible causes may include: […] One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an irregular immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too. […] Several genetic markers have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heredity also seems to play a role in that the condition is more common in people who have family members with the disease.

• #7 Ulcerative Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10351-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic condition that happens when you have inflammation in your colon. […] Researchers think the cause of ulcerative colitis is complex and involves many risk factors. Most agree that its related to an overactive immune response. Your immune systems job is to protect your body from germs and other dangerous substances. But sometimes, your immune system mistakenly attacks your body, which causes inflammation and tissue damage. […] Anyone can get ulcerative colitis, but your risk is greater based on your: […] Other factors, like stress and your diet, dont increase your risk of developing UC, but they can trigger a symptom flare-up. […] UC increases your risk of developing colon cancer. Your risk depends on where in your colon the inflammation is (with proctitis posing the least risk) and how long youve had UC. Discuss your risk factors with your provider.

• #8 Ulcerative Colitis

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/ulcerative-colitis

  In Colitis, parts of the large bowel become swollen, inflamed and ulcerated. […] Ulcerative Colitis is an Inflammatory Bowel Disease, or IBD, which causes problems with your immune system. This causes swelling and inflammation in your rectum and colon, which are two parts of the large bowel. […] Colitis happens when the body’s immune system goes wrong. Usually, the immune system protects the body against harmful substances and infections. It is thought that in Colitis, the immune system starts attacking the bowel. […] We don’t know for certain if Colitis is an autoimmune condition, but some experts think it might be. This is because in Colitis, the immune system seems to attack the bowel, which is something that happens in autoimmune conditions. […] Researchers have identified hundreds of genetic changes that affect your risk of developing Colitis. Many of these changes are in genes that control the immune system.

• #9 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis happens when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, it attacks invaders in your body, like the common cold. But when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, good gut bacteria, and the cells that line your colon are the intruders. White blood cells that usually protect you attack the lining of your colon instead. They cause the inflammation and ulcers. […] Doctors arent sure why people get the condition. Your genes may play a role; the disease sometimes runs in families. Other things in the world around you may make a difference, too. […] Things that can affect your risk of getting ulcerative colitis include: Age. Its most likely if youre between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60. Ethnicity. The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Family history. Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition. […] Food and stress dont cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.

• #10

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/causes/

  The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, although it’s thought to be the result of a problem with the immune system. […] Some experts believe ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition (when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue). […] In ulcerative colitis, a theory is that the immune system mistakes „friendly bacteria” in the colon, which aid digestion, as a harmful infection, leading to the colon and rectum becoming inflamed. […] Alternatively, some researchers believe a viral or bacterial infection triggers the immune system, but for some reason it does not „turn off” once the infection has passed and continues to cause inflammation. […] It’s also been suggested that no infection is involved and the immune system may just malfunction, or that there’s an imbalance between good and bad bacteria within the bowel.

• #11 Ulcerative Colitis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/ulcerative-colitis/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks healthy tissue. […] Research has shown that in ulcerative colitis, the immune system might be reacting to a bacteria or a virus, but it doesnt stop fighting long after the bacteria or virus is conquered. […] Other research has shown that several factors are involved: […] Genetics: A number of people with ulcerative colitis have a family member with the same condition. […] Ethnicity: Ulcerative colitis is most common among Caucasians of European descent, including Ashkenazi Jews. […] Stress: While not a cause, stress may aggravate ulcerative colitis symptoms. […] Diet: Certain foods may trigger symptoms in some individuals.

• #12 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Immune reactions that compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier may contribute to UC. Serum and mucosal autoantibodies against intestinal epithelial cells may be involved. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) is a well-known feature of inflammatory bowel disease. […] Environmental factors also play a role. For example, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which produce sulfides, are found in large numbers in patients with UC, and sulfide production is higher in patients with UC than in other people. Sulfide production is even higher in patients with active UC than in patients in remission. The bacterial microflora is altered in patients with active disease. […] NSAID use is higher in patients with UC than in control subjects, and one third of patients with an exacerbation of UC report recent NSAID use. This finding leads some clinicians to recommend avoidance of NSAID use in patients with UC.

• #13 Ulcerative colitis: understanding its cellular pathology could provide insights into novel therapies | Journal of Inflammation | Full Text

  https://journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12950-020-00246-4

  The autoantibodies detected in the serum of UC patients include the anti-colon antibody and the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). […] One recurrent UC feature is neutrophil accumulation in the inflamed intestinal mucosa. […] There is also considerable evidence that defective mucosal immunoregulation, including abnormal changes of T cells, B cells, granulocytes, macrophages and the cytokines and chemokines produced by these cells, plays a major role in UC pathogenesis.

• #14 Causes of Ulcerative colitis | BIOMES – Feel better

  https://biomes.world/en/interesting-facts/intestine/chronic-disease/ulcerative-colitis/ulcerative-colitis-causes/

  Ulcerative colitis appears to have several reasons. Numerous studies provide indications of what causes the onset of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, ulcerative colitis has not yet been completely researched. In addition to the genes, many other factors play a role. […] A single and specific cause of ulcerative colitis does not seem to exist. As with Crohns disease also a chronic inflammatory bowel disease studies suggest that a combination of several circumstances always leads to the outbreak of the disease. […] Scientists have repeatedly identified other genes whose alteration favours an outbreak of ulcerative colitis. However, the genetic predisposition plays a less important role in ulcerative colitis than in Crohns disease. Although the risk may be increased in the family, ulcerative colitis does not usually erupt solely due to genetic conditions.

• #15 Ulcerative Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

  Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the colon that results in diffuse friability and superficial erosions on the colonic wall and associated bleeding. […] The specific cause of inflammatory bowel disease is not known. There seems to be a primary genetic component since the most important independent risk factor is a family history of the disease (8% to 14% of patients). A first-degree relative of a patient with ulcerative colitis has a four times higher risk of developing the disease. Additionally, ulcerative colitis has a higher incidence in Jewish populations than other ethnicities. […] Although there is little evidence to support this, it has been postulated that alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and defects in mucosal immunity could lead to ulcerative colitis. Autoimmunity may also play an important role in the etiology of ulcerative colitis.

• #16 Patient education: Ulcerative colitis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ulcerative-colitis-beyond-the-basics

  Ulcerative colitis is part of a group of conditions called „inflammatory bowel diseases” (IBD). Crohn disease is another inflammatory bowel disease, although that disease can affect the entire digestive tract (anywhere from the mouth to the anus), while ulcerative colitis only affects the colon. Inflammatory bowel disease is not the same as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] The cause of ulcerative colitis is not known, although genetics and environmental factors both appear to play a role. […] Ulcerative colitis tends to run in families, suggesting that genetics play a role. However, only about 10 to 25 percent of people with ulcerative colitis have a first-degree relative (either a sibling or parent) with inflammatory bowel disease (ie, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease). […] When a person with a genetic susceptibility is exposed to a trigger (such as an infection, antibiotic, or something in the environment), the immune system can be activated. When this happens, the immune system recognizes the lining of the colon as foreign and attacks it, leading to inflammation. […] In addition, ulcerative colitis can present after a person quits smoking. However, no single factor has been proven to be a known trigger in all situations.

• #17 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15587-inflammatory-bowel-disease-overview

  IBD happens when immune system cells in your GI tract mistakenly attack healthy tissue, causing inflammation that leads to Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] Researchers don’t know the exact reason why this happens. But they’re studying mutations in certain genes that normally: […] When these genes mutate (change), it increases your risk of IBD. Researchers may call these genes susceptibility genes. […] There are more than 160 different susceptibility genes. If you inherited any number of them, several everyday activities could trigger IBD symptoms. […] Common IBD triggers include: […] Researchers are also investigating if issues with your gut microbiome may play a part in the chronic inflammation that causes IBD.

• #18 Ulcerative Colitis Causes and Risk Factors, Explained | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/ulcerative-colitis-causes

  A big one that has been explored is a Western-style diet, which is defined as being high in processed carbohydrates and animal proteins or fats, while being lower in dietary fiber and fresh fruits and vegetables. […] Genetics can play a role in causing ulcerative colitis. […] Up to 20% of diagnosed patients have a first-degree relative with UC, Dr. Holmer says. […] According to a review article published in the journal Lancet, over 200 genetic risk locations (areas on chromosomes) for IBD have been identified. […] The researchers hypothesize that these infections may potentially raise IBD risk in a variety of ways, such as affecting the balance of the microbiome, altering the immune response in the gut, or directly damaging the lining of the colon.

• #19 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  The exact etiology of UC is unknown, but the disease appears to be multifactorial and polygenic. The proposed causes include environmental factors, immune dysfunction, and a likely genetic predisposition. Some have suggested that children of below-average birth weight who are born to mothers with UC have a greater risk of developing the disease. […] Histocompatibility human leukocyte antigen (HLA)B27 is identified in most patients with UC, although this finding is not causally associated with the condition and the finding of HLA-B27 does not imply a substantially increased risk for UC. UC may also be influenced by diet, although diet is thought to play a secondary role. Food or bacterial antigens might exert an effect on the already damaged mucosal lining, which has increased permeability.

• #20 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  With ulcerative colitis, intestinal barrier dysfunction lets particles escape from the intestines. This causes the immune system to treat them like invaders, creating inflammation. […] There is a connection between ulcerative colitis and the CARDI15 gene mutation, which is a known contributor to Crohn’s disease (the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD) and can cause Blau syndrome (a hereditary autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, skin, and eyes). […] Compared to Crohns, ulcerative colitis has less of a genetic connection. […] While no single factor causes ulcerative colitis, the following risk factors can play a role. […] The risk of ulcerative colitis increases with smoking cessation (when someone quits smoking cigarettes). […] Its rare for those with ulcerative colitis to have a history of an appendectomy.

• #21 What causes Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)? | UNC Multidisciplinary Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/gi/ibd/what-causes-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/

  Despite numerous studies, the actual cause of the inflammatory bowel diseases remains elusive. […] It is likely, however, that these chronically recurring episodes of inflammation in the human bowel are related to a complex interaction between various environmental factors and a hereditary predisposition for these diseases. […] To date, changes in multiple genes (nearly 40) have been discovered that play a greater or lesser role in the development of Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. […] On the other hand, it is clear that this hereditary predisposition alone cannot lead to the outbreak of disease: this requires the presence of further, as yet unidentified factors. […] These factors may include viruses or bacteria, changes in nutritional behavior or the consumption of certain preservatives or other food additives, as well as disturbances of the bodys own immune defense system or the intestinal barrier.

• #22 Ulcerative colitis: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disorder that affects the digestive system. This condition is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface (epithelium) of the rectum and colon. […] A variety of genetic and environmental factors are likely involved in the development of ulcerative colitis. Recent studies have identified variations in dozens of genes that may be linked to ulcerative colitis; however, the role of these variations is not completely understood. Researchers speculate that this condition may be caused by changes in the intestinal lining’s protective function or an abnormal immune response to the normal bacteria in the digestive tract, both of which may be influenced by genetic variations. […] Genes that regulate the immune system may also contribute to ulcerative colitis, particularly genes that are involved in the maturation and function of immune cells called T cells. T cells identify foreign substances and defend the body against infection. Certain genetic variations may make some individuals more prone to an overactive immune response to the bacteria and other microbes in the intestines, which may cause the chronic inflammation that occurs in people with ulcerative colitis. Another possible explanation is that ulcerative colitis occurs when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the cells of the intestines, causing inflammation.

• #23 Causes of Ulcerative colitis | BIOMES – Feel better

  https://biomes.world/en/interesting-facts/intestine/chronic-disease/ulcerative-colitis/ulcerative-colitis-causes/

  There are certain geographical regions in which chronic inflammatory bowel diseases occur more frequently. In developing countries ulcerative colitis is less common than in industrialized countries. And city dwellers also have an increased incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, in contrast to people who live or at least grew up in rural areas. One of the differences is the hygienic conditions: a not too sterile environment seems to provide more resistance. […] What a person ingests also has an influence on the intestine and possible diseases such as ulcerative colitis. A balanced diet seems to reduce the risk of ulcerative colitis. […] According to current knowledge, however, all these factors cannot be considered as the sole cause of ulcerative colitis. The outbreak of the disease is in all probability influenced by a complex interaction of various environmental factors, genetic predisposition and the state of the intestinal flora.

• #24 Ulcerative Colitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition, ulcerative colitis affects the large intestine (colon). Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea and blood in the stool. […] The cause of ulcerative colitis is unclear, but its thought that a combination of genetics and environmental factors are at play. Up to 20 percent of people with ulcerative colitis have a parent, sibling or child with the disease. […] Most doctors believe that ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease, which means the bodys immune system wrongfully attacks harmless bacteria in the colon. This inflames healthy tissue. […] Ulcerative colitis is more common for people living in urban, industrialized areas compared to undeveloped countries, which indicates that highly refined diets may play a role.

• #25

  https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20240208/video-understanding-the-underlying-causes-of-ulcerative-colitis

  We know that the chronic inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, is a result of genetic predisposition and a dysregulated gut immune system and gut microbiome. […] This rise in the number of people with ulcerative colitis really coincides with the westernization of lifestyle and diet. […] Now we have many animal studies and human core studies that have looked at the role of diet as a potential factor for ulcerative colitis, for developing ulcerative colitis. […] Its a diet that is high in simple sugar, in animal fat and low in fiber. […] And all these diet components are actually either directly triggering the gut immune response and causing inflammation, or they are altering the composition of the gut microbiome. […] So again, theres a big interest now in looking at diet and what we eat and how we live as a potential factor in developing ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease in general.

• #26 Ulcerative colitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ulcerative-colitis

  Inflammatory bowel disease is much more common in industrialized nations, urban areas, and northern geographical latitudes. […] It could be that „Western” lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise, diets high in fat and sugar, stress) play some role. However, there is no strong evidence that diet or stress cause Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis, although they can aggravate the conditions.

• #27 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis happens when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, it attacks invaders in your body, like the common cold. But when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, good gut bacteria, and the cells that line your colon are the intruders. White blood cells that usually protect you attack the lining of your colon instead. They cause the inflammation and ulcers. […] Doctors arent sure why people get the condition. Your genes may play a role; the disease sometimes runs in families. Other things in the world around you may make a difference, too. […] Things that can affect your risk of getting ulcerative colitis include: Age. Its most likely if youre between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60. Ethnicity. The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Family history. Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition. […] Food and stress dont cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.

• #28 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163772

  People with IBD tend to have differences in the bacteria in their digestive tracts compared with people without IBD, though research is still ongoing to determine whether there is a connection. […] Known risk factors for UC include: […] UC can affect people at any age but is more common at 15 to 30 years of age. […] White people and those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher risk of developing the condition. […] Although recent studies have identified specific genes that may play a role in UC, the link is unclear due to the role of environmental factors.

• #29 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  The exact etiology of UC is unknown, but certain factors have been found to be associated with the disease, and some hypotheses have been presented. Etiologic factors potentially contributing to UC include genetic factors, immune system reactions, environmental factors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, low levels of antioxidants, psychological stress factors, a smoking history, and consumption of milk products. Certain types of food composition and the use of oral contraceptives may be associated with this condition. […] Some evidence exists to indicate smoking may be protective of UC, but a causal association remains unclear. […] The current hypothesis is that genetically susceptible individuals have abnormalities of the humoral and cell-mediated immunity and/or generalized enhanced reactivity against commensal intestinal bacteria, and that this dysregulated mucosal immune response predisposes to colonic inflammation.

• #30 Patient education: Ulcerative colitis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ulcerative-colitis-beyond-the-basics

  Ulcerative colitis is part of a group of conditions called „inflammatory bowel diseases” (IBD). Crohn disease is another inflammatory bowel disease, although that disease can affect the entire digestive tract (anywhere from the mouth to the anus), while ulcerative colitis only affects the colon. Inflammatory bowel disease is not the same as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). […] The cause of ulcerative colitis is not known, although genetics and environmental factors both appear to play a role. […] Ulcerative colitis tends to run in families, suggesting that genetics play a role. However, only about 10 to 25 percent of people with ulcerative colitis have a first-degree relative (either a sibling or parent) with inflammatory bowel disease (ie, either ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease). […] When a person with a genetic susceptibility is exposed to a trigger (such as an infection, antibiotic, or something in the environment), the immune system can be activated. When this happens, the immune system recognizes the lining of the colon as foreign and attacks it, leading to inflammation. […] In addition, ulcerative colitis can present after a person quits smoking. However, no single factor has been proven to be a known trigger in all situations.

• #31 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  With ulcerative colitis, intestinal barrier dysfunction lets particles escape from the intestines. This causes the immune system to treat them like invaders, creating inflammation. […] There is a connection between ulcerative colitis and the CARDI15 gene mutation, which is a known contributor to Crohn’s disease (the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD) and can cause Blau syndrome (a hereditary autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, skin, and eyes). […] Compared to Crohns, ulcerative colitis has less of a genetic connection. […] While no single factor causes ulcerative colitis, the following risk factors can play a role. […] The risk of ulcerative colitis increases with smoking cessation (when someone quits smoking cigarettes). […] Its rare for those with ulcerative colitis to have a history of an appendectomy.

• #32 Ulcerative Colitis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10351-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic condition that happens when you have inflammation in your colon. […] Researchers think the cause of ulcerative colitis is complex and involves many risk factors. Most agree that its related to an overactive immune response. Your immune systems job is to protect your body from germs and other dangerous substances. But sometimes, your immune system mistakenly attacks your body, which causes inflammation and tissue damage. […] Anyone can get ulcerative colitis, but your risk is greater based on your: […] Other factors, like stress and your diet, dont increase your risk of developing UC, but they can trigger a symptom flare-up. […] UC increases your risk of developing colon cancer. Your risk depends on where in your colon the inflammation is (with proctitis posing the least risk) and how long youve had UC. Discuss your risk factors with your provider.

• #33 Ulcerative Colitis Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis | MyCrohnsAndColitisTeam

  https://www.mycrohnsandcolitisteam.com/resources/ulcerative-colitis-symptoms-causes-and-diagnosis

  Environmental factors are also believed to play a role in triggering the condition when genetic risks are present, Dr. Ali said. He believes the most significant risk factors happen in the gut bacteria, which are naturally occurring bacteria that aid in digestion. He explained that recent research is pointing to red meat and refined sugars as environmental risk factors for ulcerative colitis.

• #34

  https://www.healio.com/news/gastroenterology/20240208/video-understanding-the-underlying-causes-of-ulcerative-colitis

  We know that the chronic inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis, is a result of genetic predisposition and a dysregulated gut immune system and gut microbiome. […] This rise in the number of people with ulcerative colitis really coincides with the westernization of lifestyle and diet. […] Now we have many animal studies and human core studies that have looked at the role of diet as a potential factor for ulcerative colitis, for developing ulcerative colitis. […] Its a diet that is high in simple sugar, in animal fat and low in fiber. […] And all these diet components are actually either directly triggering the gut immune response and causing inflammation, or they are altering the composition of the gut microbiome. […] So again, theres a big interest now in looking at diet and what we eat and how we live as a potential factor in developing ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease in general.

• #35 Ulcerative Colitis Causes and Risk Factors, Explained | SELF

  https://www.self.com/story/ulcerative-colitis-causes

  A big one that has been explored is a Western-style diet, which is defined as being high in processed carbohydrates and animal proteins or fats, while being lower in dietary fiber and fresh fruits and vegetables. […] Genetics can play a role in causing ulcerative colitis. […] Up to 20% of diagnosed patients have a first-degree relative with UC, Dr. Holmer says. […] According to a review article published in the journal Lancet, over 200 genetic risk locations (areas on chromosomes) for IBD have been identified. […] The researchers hypothesize that these infections may potentially raise IBD risk in a variety of ways, such as affecting the balance of the microbiome, altering the immune response in the gut, or directly damaging the lining of the colon.

• #36 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Its a chronic condition that irritates the lining of the intestines, causing inflammation and ulcers (sores). The most common symptoms are bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. […] Experts dont know the exact cause of ulcerative colitis. However, research currently links it to immune system problems, genetics, an imbalanced microbiome, and various environmental factors. […] Ulcerative colitis is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. The immune system incorrectly thinks that food, good bacteria, and the cells in the colon are invaders. It attacks them, leading to inflammation, irritation, and sores in the intestines. […] Studies show that the microbiome in people with ulcerative colitis differs from that of someone without it. In short, they have less microbiome diversity than the gut needs to be healthy.

• #37

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a35701775/what-is-ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood, or mucus in the stool, as well as rectal bleeding and bowel urgency (a strong need to defecate). These symptoms often develop over time and can wax and wane. Alternatively, they may worsen over time or improve and go away. […] Its still unclear exactly what causes ulcerative colitis. Its thought that it occurs when the immune system malfunctions and attacks healthy cells in the digestive tract. […] This change in immune function may be caused by imbalances in the gut microbiome, the bacteria that naturally live in our digestive system, Dr. McCutchen says. If the microbiome is off-balance, the intestinal barrier may allow particles to pass through it more easily. When that happens, it can mess with the mechanisms needed for maintaining a well-functioning immune system, she explains.

• #38 Ulcerative colitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis

  The cause of UC is unknown. Theories involve immune system dysfunction, genetics, changes in the normal gut bacteria, and environmental factors. […] Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cells infiltrating the colon. No direct causes for UC are known, but factors such as genetics, environment, and an overactive immune system play a role. […] A genetic component to the cause of UC can be hypothesized based on aggregation of UC in families, variation of prevalence between different ethnicities, genetic markers and linkages. […] Many hypotheses have been raised for environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, including diet, breastfeeding and medications. […] Levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria tend to be higher in persons with ulcerative colitis, which could indicate higher levels of hydrogen sulfide in the intestine. An alternative theory suggests that the symptoms of the disease may be caused by toxic effects of the hydrogen sulfide on the cells lining the intestine. […] Infection by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis, has been proposed as the ultimate cause of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

• #39 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Immune reactions that compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier may contribute to UC. Serum and mucosal autoantibodies against intestinal epithelial cells may be involved. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) is a well-known feature of inflammatory bowel disease. […] Environmental factors also play a role. For example, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which produce sulfides, are found in large numbers in patients with UC, and sulfide production is higher in patients with UC than in other people. Sulfide production is even higher in patients with active UC than in patients in remission. The bacterial microflora is altered in patients with active disease. […] NSAID use is higher in patients with UC than in control subjects, and one third of patients with an exacerbation of UC report recent NSAID use. This finding leads some clinicians to recommend avoidance of NSAID use in patients with UC.

• #40 Who’s At Risk for Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/uc-who-is-at-risk

  Taking several courses of antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum ones that act on different types of bacteria, may raise your risk for both UC and Crohns. This might be because antibiotics can affect the delicate balance of bacteria in your gut, known as the microbiome. […] Experts think that, when your genes put you at risk for UC, the condition could be triggered by something in your environment, like bacteria or a virus. The idea is that this trigger activates your immune system, leading to the inflammation of UC. Bowel infections and changes in your gut microbiome from antibiotics are thought to be important triggers for UC.

• #41 What Are the Factors That Contribute to Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.northlakegastro.com/what-are-the-factors-that-contribute-to-ulcerative-colitis

  Although the exact cause behind ulcerative colitis is unknown, there are several factors that are believed to contribute to developing or triggering ulcerative colitis. […] Inherited genes can be a factor when it comes to the development of ulcerative colitis. […] Studies show that over 100 genes can play a role in ulcerative colitis, and only ten to twenty percent of people with ulcerative colitis have a close relative who suffers from IBD. […] Bacteria, chemicals, or other substances in the environment might trigger inflammation and immune responses. […] One likely factor is medication. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics are not used often for people with ulcerative colitis because they have been associated with flare-ups. […] Research also shows that when antibiotics are taken for a period of over 30 days, it increases the chances of developing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.

• #42 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Immune reactions that compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier may contribute to UC. Serum and mucosal autoantibodies against intestinal epithelial cells may be involved. The presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) is a well-known feature of inflammatory bowel disease. […] Environmental factors also play a role. For example, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which produce sulfides, are found in large numbers in patients with UC, and sulfide production is higher in patients with UC than in other people. Sulfide production is even higher in patients with active UC than in patients in remission. The bacterial microflora is altered in patients with active disease. […] NSAID use is higher in patients with UC than in control subjects, and one third of patients with an exacerbation of UC report recent NSAID use. This finding leads some clinicians to recommend avoidance of NSAID use in patients with UC.

• #43 Ulcerative Colitis Causes | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/ulcerative-colitis/causes.html

  We do not know the exact cause of ulcerative colitis. However, research suggests that abnormal immune system responses play a role. […] Other possible causes include: […] Bacteria that produce toxins and irritate the lining of your colon […] Food sensitivity, which can cause symptoms when you eat trigger foods, such as dairy and gluten […] Genetic factors, which can be passed down from one generation to another […] Medications, including aspirin and ibuprofen, which can irritate the lining of your colon […] Severe reactions to antibiotics […] Other gastrointestinal conditions, such as malabsorption of acids made by the liver (bile acid), which can damage the lining of your colon […] Viruses that trigger inflammation.

• #44 Who’s At Risk for Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/uc-who-is-at-risk

  Taking several courses of antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum ones that act on different types of bacteria, may raise your risk for both UC and Crohns. This might be because antibiotics can affect the delicate balance of bacteria in your gut, known as the microbiome. […] Experts think that, when your genes put you at risk for UC, the condition could be triggered by something in your environment, like bacteria or a virus. The idea is that this trigger activates your immune system, leading to the inflammation of UC. Bowel infections and changes in your gut microbiome from antibiotics are thought to be important triggers for UC.

• #45 What Are the Factors That Contribute to Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.northlakegastro.com/what-are-the-factors-that-contribute-to-ulcerative-colitis

  Although the exact cause behind ulcerative colitis is unknown, there are several factors that are believed to contribute to developing or triggering ulcerative colitis. […] Inherited genes can be a factor when it comes to the development of ulcerative colitis. […] Studies show that over 100 genes can play a role in ulcerative colitis, and only ten to twenty percent of people with ulcerative colitis have a close relative who suffers from IBD. […] Bacteria, chemicals, or other substances in the environment might trigger inflammation and immune responses. […] One likely factor is medication. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics are not used often for people with ulcerative colitis because they have been associated with flare-ups. […] Research also shows that when antibiotics are taken for a period of over 30 days, it increases the chances of developing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease.

• #46

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/causes/

  The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, although it’s thought to be the result of a problem with the immune system. […] Some experts believe ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition (when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue). […] In ulcerative colitis, a theory is that the immune system mistakes „friendly bacteria” in the colon, which aid digestion, as a harmful infection, leading to the colon and rectum becoming inflamed. […] Alternatively, some researchers believe a viral or bacterial infection triggers the immune system, but for some reason it does not „turn off” once the infection has passed and continues to cause inflammation. […] It’s also been suggested that no infection is involved and the immune system may just malfunction, or that there’s an imbalance between good and bad bacteria within the bowel.

• #47 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315

  The exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease remains unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now, healthcare professionals know that these factors may aggravate IBD but aren’t the cause of it. Several factors likely play a role in its development. […] One possible cause is change in the function of the immune system. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an immune response that is not typical causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too. […] Several genetic markers have been associated with IBD. Traits passed down in families also seem to play a role in that IBD is more common in people who have family members with the disease. However, most people with IBD don’t have this family history. […] Researchers believe environmental factors may play a role in getting IBD, especially factors that affect the gut microbiome. These may include: Being raised in a sterile environment as a child, with limited exposure to germs. […] Having a gastrointestinal infection early in life. […] Taking antibiotics during the first year of life. […] Being mostly bottle-fed.

• #48 What are the main causes of ulcerative colitis?

  https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/main-ulcerative-colitis-3561222/

  An imbalance between the good and bad bacteria in the bowel is a possible contributing factor when it comes to ulcerative colitis. […] Environmental factors – a person’s surroundings and factors outside their body – are thought to play a role in the development of ulcerative colitis. […] Research has suggested there may be a link between the use of the acne medication isotretinoin and ulcerative colitis, but it is still unclear whether taking isotretinoin can actually cause ulcerative colitis. […] More research is still needed to uncover the environmental factors that may play a role in causing ulcerative colitis, but what we do know is that ulcerative colitis seems to be more common in countries with improved sanitation and reduced exposure to bacteria.

• #49 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Other factors that may be associated with UC include the following: Vitamins A and E, both considered antioxidants, are found in low levels in as many as 16% of children with UC exacerbation. Psychological and psychosocial stress factors can play a role in the presentation of UC and can precipitate exacerbations. Smoking is negatively associated with UC (although some evidence appears to show it having a protective effect). Milk consumption may exacerbate the disease.

• #50

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/causes/

  It also seems inherited genes may be a factor in the development of ulcerative colitis. […] Researchers have identified several genes that seem to make people more likely to develop ulcerative colitis. […] Where and how you live also seems to affect your chances of developing ulcerative colitis, which suggests environmental factors are important. […] Various environmental factors that may be linked to ulcerative colitis have been studied, including air pollution, medicine and certain diets. […] Although no factors have so far been identified, countries with improved sanitation seem to have a higher population of people with the condition.

• #51 Causes of Ulcerative colitis | BIOMES – Feel better

  https://biomes.world/en/interesting-facts/intestine/chronic-disease/ulcerative-colitis/ulcerative-colitis-causes/

  There are certain geographical regions in which chronic inflammatory bowel diseases occur more frequently. In developing countries ulcerative colitis is less common than in industrialized countries. And city dwellers also have an increased incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, in contrast to people who live or at least grew up in rural areas. One of the differences is the hygienic conditions: a not too sterile environment seems to provide more resistance. […] What a person ingests also has an influence on the intestine and possible diseases such as ulcerative colitis. A balanced diet seems to reduce the risk of ulcerative colitis. […] According to current knowledge, however, all these factors cannot be considered as the sole cause of ulcerative colitis. The outbreak of the disease is in all probability influenced by a complex interaction of various environmental factors, genetic predisposition and the state of the intestinal flora.

• #52 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Other factors that may be associated with UC include the following: Vitamins A and E, both considered antioxidants, are found in low levels in as many as 16% of children with UC exacerbation. Psychological and psychosocial stress factors can play a role in the presentation of UC and can precipitate exacerbations. Smoking is negatively associated with UC (although some evidence appears to show it having a protective effect). Milk consumption may exacerbate the disease.

• #53 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Other factors that may be associated with UC include the following: Vitamins A and E, both considered antioxidants, are found in low levels in as many as 16% of children with UC exacerbation. Psychological and psychosocial stress factors can play a role in the presentation of UC and can precipitate exacerbations. Smoking is negatively associated with UC (although some evidence appears to show it having a protective effect). Milk consumption may exacerbate the disease.

• #54 Ulcerative Colitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is one of the illnesses known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] There is no known cause for ulcerative colitis, but there are many theories about its cause. One theory is that the body’s immune system (fights off infection) reacts to a virus or bacteria. This reaction cannot stop and causes chronic (ongoing) swelling in the intestine. […] It has been proven that people with ulcerative colitis have problems with their immune system. It is not known if these problems are a cause of the disease or a result of the disease. There is little evidence that ulcerative colitis is caused by emotional distress or allergy to certain foods.

• #55 Ulcerative Colitis – Causes – Investigations – Management – TeachMeSurgery 

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/large-bowel/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease, alongside Crohns disease (CD). It develops mainly through a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. […] The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is complex and its aetiology remains incompletely understood. Current views suggest that it occurs after environmental exposures in individuals with a genetic predisposition, with epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated immune responses, and dysbiosis being key in initiating and perpetuating inflammation. […] Much like Crohns disease, it appears to have a familial link.

• #56 Ulcerative Colitis

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/ulcerative-colitis

  In Colitis, something goes wrong with the immune system. Research suggests that in Colitis the protective gut barrier is faulty. […] It is thought that in people with Colitis, there may be an imbalance of good and bad bacteria in the bowel. […] A range of factors in the environment may increase the risk of Colitis. These include: viruses, bacteria, which can be influenced by diet, stress, taking medicines such as antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, known as NSAIDs. […] Colitis is more common in non-smokers and for some people, stopping smoking may trigger Colitis.

• #57 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  With ulcerative colitis, intestinal barrier dysfunction lets particles escape from the intestines. This causes the immune system to treat them like invaders, creating inflammation. […] There is a connection between ulcerative colitis and the CARDI15 gene mutation, which is a known contributor to Crohn’s disease (the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD) and can cause Blau syndrome (a hereditary autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, skin, and eyes). […] Compared to Crohns, ulcerative colitis has less of a genetic connection. […] While no single factor causes ulcerative colitis, the following risk factors can play a role. […] The risk of ulcerative colitis increases with smoking cessation (when someone quits smoking cigarettes). […] Its rare for those with ulcerative colitis to have a history of an appendectomy.

• #58 Ulcerative Colitis – Causes – Investigations – Management – TeachMeSurgery 

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/large-bowel/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease, alongside Crohns disease (CD). It develops mainly through a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. […] The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is complex and its aetiology remains incompletely understood. Current views suggest that it occurs after environmental exposures in individuals with a genetic predisposition, with epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated immune responses, and dysbiosis being key in initiating and perpetuating inflammation. […] Much like Crohns disease, it appears to have a familial link.

• #59 Ulcerative colitis: understanding its cellular pathology could provide insights into novel therapies | Journal of Inflammation | Full Text

  https://journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12950-020-00246-4

  UC is a disease of unknown aetiology characterized by inflammation of the mucosa and sub-mucosa of the colon and rectum lining, causing ulcers to develop. […] Several genetic factors and other inflammation-related genes are implicated in mediating the inflammation and development of the disease. […] Certain ethnic groups are more prone to UC, but environmental factors, such as smoking, oral contraceptives, diet, antibiotics, vaccination, infections and childhood hygiene also play a role. […] UC is a multifactorial disorder; genetic predisposition, epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated immune responses and environmental factors play a role in its pathogenesis. […] Although the exact aetiology of UC remains elusive, the commensal luminal flora is known to trigger an inappropriate and overactive mucosal immune response in genetically susceptible individuals, causing intestinal tissue damage.

• #60 Ulcerative colitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis

  The cause of UC is unknown. Theories involve immune system dysfunction, genetics, changes in the normal gut bacteria, and environmental factors. […] Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cells infiltrating the colon. No direct causes for UC are known, but factors such as genetics, environment, and an overactive immune system play a role. […] A genetic component to the cause of UC can be hypothesized based on aggregation of UC in families, variation of prevalence between different ethnicities, genetic markers and linkages. […] Many hypotheses have been raised for environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, including diet, breastfeeding and medications. […] Levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria tend to be higher in persons with ulcerative colitis, which could indicate higher levels of hydrogen sulfide in the intestine. An alternative theory suggests that the symptoms of the disease may be caused by toxic effects of the hydrogen sulfide on the cells lining the intestine. […] Infection by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis, has been proposed as the ultimate cause of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

• #61 What Causes Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.crohnsandcolitis.com/ulcerative-colitis/causes

  What causes ulcerative colitis (UC)? The exact answer is still unknown, but there are different potential causes. […] Not one factor alone is known to cause ulcerative colitis. However, there are thought to be a few factors that interact with one another and likely contribute to it: […] In people with inflammatory bowel disease, like ulcerative colitis, inflammation is the result of the immune system mistakenly attacking healthy tissue in the intestinal lining. […] While genetics and heredity are not absolute predictors that the disease will occur, researchers have identified several genes that seem to make people more likely to develop the disease. […] Things such as air pollution, medication, and dietary issues may trigger a harmful immune response in the intestines.

• #62 Ulcerative colitis – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/digestive-health/ulcerative-colitis-overview

  Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease. That means the immune system, which normally helps fight off infections, mistakenly attacks the lining of the colon and rectum. […] The cause of ulcerative colitis is still something of a mystery. The following factors likely play roles: genes. Ulcerative colitis tends to run in families. Up to one in four people with ulcerative colitis has a parent or sibling with ulcerative colitis or with a related inflammatory bowel disease called Crohn’s disease. […] an overactive immune system. The immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying harmful germs. In ulcerative colitis, the immune system does this but also attacks the lining of the large intestine.

• #63 Ulcerative colitis – symptoms, causes and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition this means that its caused by a problem with your immune system. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isnt known. But its known that genetics, infections and other environmental factors are important. […] Eating highly processed foods and a diet that is high in refined sugar and low in fibre may also increase your risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. These factors may also increase your risk of symptom flare ups. […] While stress and some foods can trigger symptoms, ulcerative colitis isnt caused by diet or stress alone.

• #64 Ulcerative colitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis

  The cause of UC is unknown. Theories involve immune system dysfunction, genetics, changes in the normal gut bacteria, and environmental factors. […] Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by T-cells infiltrating the colon. No direct causes for UC are known, but factors such as genetics, environment, and an overactive immune system play a role. […] A genetic component to the cause of UC can be hypothesized based on aggregation of UC in families, variation of prevalence between different ethnicities, genetic markers and linkages. […] Many hypotheses have been raised for environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, including diet, breastfeeding and medications. […] Levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria tend to be higher in persons with ulcerative colitis, which could indicate higher levels of hydrogen sulfide in the intestine. An alternative theory suggests that the symptoms of the disease may be caused by toxic effects of the hydrogen sulfide on the cells lining the intestine. […] Infection by Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis, has been proposed as the ultimate cause of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

• #65 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/UlcerativeColitis/comments/vu7mcp/what_do_you_think_caused_your_uc/

  I know there is no conclusive underlying cause to UC, but we know that there are genetic predispositions environmental factors. […] I am pretty sure my UC was caused by either a bacterial or viral infection or pesticides. I got UC shortly after working in a food warehouse for the summer. […] It is speculated that a bacteria called Mycobacterium avium is the ultimate cause of Crohn’s and UC. It’s a controversial study, but it mentions that the bacteria causes gastrointestinal disease in cattle(Jonhes disease) and was suspected as the cause of Crohn’s, but only recently UC.

• #66

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/causes/

  The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, although it’s thought to be the result of a problem with the immune system. […] Some experts believe ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition (when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue). […] In ulcerative colitis, a theory is that the immune system mistakes „friendly bacteria” in the colon, which aid digestion, as a harmful infection, leading to the colon and rectum becoming inflamed. […] Alternatively, some researchers believe a viral or bacterial infection triggers the immune system, but for some reason it does not „turn off” once the infection has passed and continues to cause inflammation. […] It’s also been suggested that no infection is involved and the immune system may just malfunction, or that there’s an imbalance between good and bad bacteria within the bowel.

• #67 Ulcerative Colitis

  https://crohnsandcolitis.org.uk/info-support/information-about-crohns-and-colitis/all-information-about-crohns-and-colitis/understanding-crohns-and-colitis/ulcerative-colitis

  In Colitis, something goes wrong with the immune system. Research suggests that in Colitis the protective gut barrier is faulty. […] It is thought that in people with Colitis, there may be an imbalance of good and bad bacteria in the bowel. […] A range of factors in the environment may increase the risk of Colitis. These include: viruses, bacteria, which can be influenced by diet, stress, taking medicines such as antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, known as NSAIDs. […] Colitis is more common in non-smokers and for some people, stopping smoking may trigger Colitis.

• #68 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  With ulcerative colitis, intestinal barrier dysfunction lets particles escape from the intestines. This causes the immune system to treat them like invaders, creating inflammation. […] There is a connection between ulcerative colitis and the CARDI15 gene mutation, which is a known contributor to Crohn’s disease (the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD) and can cause Blau syndrome (a hereditary autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, skin, and eyes). […] Compared to Crohns, ulcerative colitis has less of a genetic connection. […] While no single factor causes ulcerative colitis, the following risk factors can play a role. […] The risk of ulcerative colitis increases with smoking cessation (when someone quits smoking cigarettes). […] Its rare for those with ulcerative colitis to have a history of an appendectomy.

• #69 Ulcerative Colitis – Causes – Investigations – Management – TeachMeSurgery 

  https://teachmesurgery.com/general/large-bowel/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease, alongside Crohns disease (CD). It develops mainly through a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. […] The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis is complex and its aetiology remains incompletely understood. Current views suggest that it occurs after environmental exposures in individuals with a genetic predisposition, with epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated immune responses, and dysbiosis being key in initiating and perpetuating inflammation. […] Much like Crohns disease, it appears to have a familial link.

• #70 Who’s At Risk for Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/uc-who-is-at-risk

  Ulcerative colitis isnt a common condition, but it still affects plenty of people. Some 1 million people in the U.S. are thought to have this type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] UC happens when your immune system overreacts, causing inflammation and sores in the lining of your large intestine (colon). Its not clear exactly what causes this process, but scientists think certain things — like your age, where you live, and your genes — may make you more prone to UC. […] One of the single biggest risk factors for UC and Crohns disease is a family history of the disease. […] Researchers have found changes, or variants, in several genes that they think are linked to UC. They theorize that these variants might cause your immune system to overreact to normal bacteria in your gut, or affect the protective barrier in the lining of your intestine.

• #71 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis happens when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, it attacks invaders in your body, like the common cold. But when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, good gut bacteria, and the cells that line your colon are the intruders. White blood cells that usually protect you attack the lining of your colon instead. They cause the inflammation and ulcers. […] Doctors arent sure why people get the condition. Your genes may play a role; the disease sometimes runs in families. Other things in the world around you may make a difference, too. […] Things that can affect your risk of getting ulcerative colitis include: Age. Its most likely if youre between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60. Ethnicity. The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Family history. Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition. […] Food and stress dont cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.

• #72 What Are the Factors That Contribute to Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.northlakegastro.com/what-are-the-factors-that-contribute-to-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis can start developing in people of any age, but it is most common between the ages of 15 and 30. […] Men and women have equal chances of developing ulcerative colitis, but men over the age of 50 have a higher chance of being diagnosed than women. […] Currently, caucasian people appear to have the highest risk of developing ulcerative colitis, but race is not a singularly defining factor.

• #73

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a35701775/what-is-ulcerative-colitis/

  Whatever the cause, some factors appear to make certain people more likely to develop UC. These risk factors are: […] Family history. People with a close relative (a parent, sibling, or child) with UC or other types of IBD are more likely to have ulcerative colitis. […] Age. There tends to be a peak in diagnoses in people ages 15 to 30 as well as those ages 50 to 70, Dr. McCutchen says. If you are genetically predisposed to UC, certain bodily changes that occur as you grow may cause the condition to develop. Its unclear why older adults also get UC in higher numbers. It may have to do with exposure to antibiotics, Dr. McCutchen says. Additionally, the immune system weakens with age. […] Race or ethnicity. While anyone can develop UC, Caucasian people are more likely to develop UC compared to other races, and people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at the highest risk. Its unclear whats behind these differences.

• #74 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis happens when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, it attacks invaders in your body, like the common cold. But when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, good gut bacteria, and the cells that line your colon are the intruders. White blood cells that usually protect you attack the lining of your colon instead. They cause the inflammation and ulcers. […] Doctors arent sure why people get the condition. Your genes may play a role; the disease sometimes runs in families. Other things in the world around you may make a difference, too. […] Things that can affect your risk of getting ulcerative colitis include: Age. Its most likely if youre between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60. Ethnicity. The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Family history. Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition. […] Food and stress dont cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.

• #75 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163772

  People with IBD tend to have differences in the bacteria in their digestive tracts compared with people without IBD, though research is still ongoing to determine whether there is a connection. […] Known risk factors for UC include: […] UC can affect people at any age but is more common at 15 to 30 years of age. […] White people and those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent have a higher risk of developing the condition. […] Although recent studies have identified specific genes that may play a role in UC, the link is unclear due to the role of environmental factors.

• #76

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a35701775/what-is-ulcerative-colitis/

  Whatever the cause, some factors appear to make certain people more likely to develop UC. These risk factors are: […] Family history. People with a close relative (a parent, sibling, or child) with UC or other types of IBD are more likely to have ulcerative colitis. […] Age. There tends to be a peak in diagnoses in people ages 15 to 30 as well as those ages 50 to 70, Dr. McCutchen says. If you are genetically predisposed to UC, certain bodily changes that occur as you grow may cause the condition to develop. Its unclear why older adults also get UC in higher numbers. It may have to do with exposure to antibiotics, Dr. McCutchen says. Additionally, the immune system weakens with age. […] Race or ethnicity. While anyone can develop UC, Caucasian people are more likely to develop UC compared to other races, and people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at the highest risk. Its unclear whats behind these differences.

• #77 What Are the Factors That Contribute to Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.northlakegastro.com/what-are-the-factors-that-contribute-to-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis can start developing in people of any age, but it is most common between the ages of 15 and 30. […] Men and women have equal chances of developing ulcerative colitis, but men over the age of 50 have a higher chance of being diagnosed than women. […] Currently, caucasian people appear to have the highest risk of developing ulcerative colitis, but race is not a singularly defining factor.

• #78 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis happens when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, it attacks invaders in your body, like the common cold. But when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, good gut bacteria, and the cells that line your colon are the intruders. White blood cells that usually protect you attack the lining of your colon instead. They cause the inflammation and ulcers. […] Doctors arent sure why people get the condition. Your genes may play a role; the disease sometimes runs in families. Other things in the world around you may make a difference, too. […] Things that can affect your risk of getting ulcerative colitis include: Age. Its most likely if youre between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60. Ethnicity. The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Family history. Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition. […] Food and stress dont cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.

• #79 Ulcerative Colitis Causes and Diagnoses | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/gastroenterology/ulcerative-colitis/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks healthy tissue. […] Research has shown that in ulcerative colitis, the immune system might be reacting to a bacteria or a virus, but it doesnt stop fighting long after the bacteria or virus is conquered. […] Other research has shown that several factors are involved: […] Genetics: A number of people with ulcerative colitis have a family member with the same condition. […] Ethnicity: Ulcerative colitis is most common among Caucasians of European descent, including Ashkenazi Jews. […] Stress: While not a cause, stress may aggravate ulcerative colitis symptoms. […] Diet: Certain foods may trigger symptoms in some individuals.

• #80 Causes of ulcerative colitis: What factors trigger the disease? – Adacyte

  https://www.adacyte.com/causes-of-ulcerative-colitis-what-factors-trigger-the-disease/

  The causes of ulcerative colitis are not known. That is, the specific cause of the inadequate inflammatory response of the immune system in the intestinal mucosa is unknown. […] Ulcerative colitis may be the result of a rupture of the balance between the immunity of the intestinal mucosa and the commensal intestinal flora. […] The origin of these failures in the responses of the intestinal immune system is not entirely known, but it is believed to be due to genetic alterations. […] Between 8 and 14% of patients with Ulcerative Colitis have a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. […] Other studies have focused on environmental factors, such as tobacco. […] Age is a risk factor that influences the appearance of this inflammatory disease. […] Race or ethnic origin is another risk factor that favors the appearance of ulcerative colitis: white people, especially those with Jewish ancestry of European origin, are more likely to suffer from ulcerative colitis: 5 times more than any other ethnic group. […] Tobacco is directly linked to the development of IBD. In fact some studies claim that tobacco is a protective factor against ulcerative colitis.

• #81

  https://www.prevention.com/health/health-conditions/a35701775/what-is-ulcerative-colitis/

  Whatever the cause, some factors appear to make certain people more likely to develop UC. These risk factors are: […] Family history. People with a close relative (a parent, sibling, or child) with UC or other types of IBD are more likely to have ulcerative colitis. […] Age. There tends to be a peak in diagnoses in people ages 15 to 30 as well as those ages 50 to 70, Dr. McCutchen says. If you are genetically predisposed to UC, certain bodily changes that occur as you grow may cause the condition to develop. Its unclear why older adults also get UC in higher numbers. It may have to do with exposure to antibiotics, Dr. McCutchen says. Additionally, the immune system weakens with age. […] Race or ethnicity. While anyone can develop UC, Caucasian people are more likely to develop UC compared to other races, and people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are at the highest risk. Its unclear whats behind these differences.

• #82 What Are the Factors That Contribute to Ulcerative Colitis?

  https://www.northlakegastro.com/what-are-the-factors-that-contribute-to-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis can start developing in people of any age, but it is most common between the ages of 15 and 30. […] Men and women have equal chances of developing ulcerative colitis, but men over the age of 50 have a higher chance of being diagnosed than women. […] Currently, caucasian people appear to have the highest risk of developing ulcerative colitis, but race is not a singularly defining factor.

• #83 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  With ulcerative colitis, intestinal barrier dysfunction lets particles escape from the intestines. This causes the immune system to treat them like invaders, creating inflammation. […] There is a connection between ulcerative colitis and the CARDI15 gene mutation, which is a known contributor to Crohn’s disease (the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD) and can cause Blau syndrome (a hereditary autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, skin, and eyes). […] Compared to Crohns, ulcerative colitis has less of a genetic connection. […] While no single factor causes ulcerative colitis, the following risk factors can play a role. […] The risk of ulcerative colitis increases with smoking cessation (when someone quits smoking cigarettes). […] Its rare for those with ulcerative colitis to have a history of an appendectomy.

• #84 Causes and Risk Factors of Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.health.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-7094338

  With ulcerative colitis, intestinal barrier dysfunction lets particles escape from the intestines. This causes the immune system to treat them like invaders, creating inflammation. […] There is a connection between ulcerative colitis and the CARDI15 gene mutation, which is a known contributor to Crohn’s disease (the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD) and can cause Blau syndrome (a hereditary autoinflammatory disease primarily affecting the joints, skin, and eyes). […] Compared to Crohns, ulcerative colitis has less of a genetic connection. […] While no single factor causes ulcerative colitis, the following risk factors can play a role. […] The risk of ulcerative colitis increases with smoking cessation (when someone quits smoking cigarettes). […] Its rare for those with ulcerative colitis to have a history of an appendectomy.

• #85 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  Other factors that may be associated with UC include the following: Vitamins A and E, both considered antioxidants, are found in low levels in as many as 16% of children with UC exacerbation. Psychological and psychosocial stress factors can play a role in the presentation of UC and can precipitate exacerbations. Smoking is negatively associated with UC (although some evidence appears to show it having a protective effect). Milk consumption may exacerbate the disease.

• #86 Ulcerative Colitis – Symptoms, Causes, Types and Complications PACE Hospitals – Best Hospitals in Hitech City, Hyderabad, India | Near Madhapur, Kukatpally, KPHB, Kondapur, Gachibowli, Jubilee Hills, Banjara HillsPACE Hospitals Contact Nu

  https://www.pacehospital.com/ulcerative-colitis-causes-symptoms-complications-and-treatment

  Ulcerative colitis causes are uncertain, and it is believed to be the outcome of any of the following causative factors: […] Abnormal immune reactions: The body’s immune system aids in providing a defensive mechanism against infections. […] According to some researchers, ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system misinterprets good bacteria (helps in digestion) in the colon as dangerous bacteria or infection and attacks the healthy tissue, resulting in inflammation and redness of the body tissue at the infected area. […] The likelihood of getting ulcerative colitis also appears to be influenced by the place of living. […] Sometimes, ulcerative colitis runs in families. Studies have demonstrated that individuals with ulcerative colitis may carry specific abnormal genes. However, researchers are unable to show a direct causal relationship between the abnormal genes and ulcerative colitis.

• #87 Causes of Ulcerative colitis | BIOMES – Feel better

  https://biomes.world/en/interesting-facts/intestine/chronic-disease/ulcerative-colitis/ulcerative-colitis-causes/

  There are certain geographical regions in which chronic inflammatory bowel diseases occur more frequently. In developing countries ulcerative colitis is less common than in industrialized countries. And city dwellers also have an increased incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, in contrast to people who live or at least grew up in rural areas. One of the differences is the hygienic conditions: a not too sterile environment seems to provide more resistance. […] What a person ingests also has an influence on the intestine and possible diseases such as ulcerative colitis. A balanced diet seems to reduce the risk of ulcerative colitis. […] According to current knowledge, however, all these factors cannot be considered as the sole cause of ulcerative colitis. The outbreak of the disease is in all probability influenced by a complex interaction of various environmental factors, genetic predisposition and the state of the intestinal flora.

• #88 Ulcerative Colitis > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition, ulcerative colitis affects the large intestine (colon). Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea and blood in the stool. […] The cause of ulcerative colitis is unclear, but its thought that a combination of genetics and environmental factors are at play. Up to 20 percent of people with ulcerative colitis have a parent, sibling or child with the disease. […] Most doctors believe that ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease, which means the bodys immune system wrongfully attacks harmless bacteria in the colon. This inflames healthy tissue. […] Ulcerative colitis is more common for people living in urban, industrialized areas compared to undeveloped countries, which indicates that highly refined diets may play a role.

• #89 Ulcerative colitis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition marked by variable periods of no symptoms (remission) and active symptoms (flare-ups). […] The exact causes of ulcerative colitis are unknown. Researchers observe that: […] Doctors do not know exactly what causes inflammatory bowel disease. IBD appears to be due to an interaction of many complex factors including genetics, impaired immune system response, and environmental triggers. […] The result is an abnormal immune system reaction, which in turn causes an inflammatory response in the body’s intestinal regions. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, like other IBDs, are considered autoimmune disorders. […] Genetic factors are certainly involved in IBD. A significant number of people with ulcerative colitis have family members with the same disease or Crohn disease.

• #90 Causes of Ulcerative colitis | BIOMES – Feel better

  https://biomes.world/en/interesting-facts/intestine/chronic-disease/ulcerative-colitis/ulcerative-colitis-causes/

  There are certain geographical regions in which chronic inflammatory bowel diseases occur more frequently. In developing countries ulcerative colitis is less common than in industrialized countries. And city dwellers also have an increased incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, in contrast to people who live or at least grew up in rural areas. One of the differences is the hygienic conditions: a not too sterile environment seems to provide more resistance. […] What a person ingests also has an influence on the intestine and possible diseases such as ulcerative colitis. A balanced diet seems to reduce the risk of ulcerative colitis. […] According to current knowledge, however, all these factors cannot be considered as the sole cause of ulcerative colitis. The outbreak of the disease is in all probability influenced by a complex interaction of various environmental factors, genetic predisposition and the state of the intestinal flora.

• #91 What Causes IBD | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/causes/index.html

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) triggers the body’s immune system to mistakenly attack healthy bowel cells. […] The cause of IBD is unclear, but it creates problems with immune function. […] Although the cause of IBD is complicated and not always clear, scientists have identified some patterns. […] A person may develop IBD due to interactions between genetics and the environment, which triggers an immune response. […] More than 200 genetic mutations may play a role in developing IBD. […] Sharing genes with someone like a parent, sibling or child that already has IBD can also increase risk. […] Risk for IBD increases as countries become industrialized. […] Industrialized environments lead to lifestyles that are linked to both increased risk of IBD, and changes in the balance of bacteria in the gut.

• #92 Ulcerative colitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326

  Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the superficial lining of the large intestine, also called the colon. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but there are things that appear to trigger or aggravate it. It may involve an abnormal immune response against some microorganism in which your tissues are also attacked. Genetics might also play a role. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isn’t known. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may worsen but don’t cause ulcerative colitis. Possible causes may include: […] One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an irregular immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too. […] Several genetic markers have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heredity also seems to play a role in that the condition is more common in people who have family members with the disease.

• #93

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis can happen to anyone, even if there is no family history. […] There is no known cause of UC. It has been thought in the past that stress or certain foods could cause the condition. While stress can make any condition worse, it does not cause UC. Certain foods including fatty or fried foods, high-fiber items, carbonated beverages can make symptoms worse but have not been found to cause the condition. Instead, scientists believe that the condition is caused by a combination of genes, environmental factors and immune systems that react inappropriately by attacking the intestines.

• #94 Ulcerative colitis – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326

  Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation and ulcers in the superficial lining of the large intestine, also called the colon. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but there are things that appear to trigger or aggravate it. It may involve an abnormal immune response against some microorganism in which your tissues are also attacked. Genetics might also play a role. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isn’t known. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may worsen but don’t cause ulcerative colitis. Possible causes may include: […] One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an irregular immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too. […] Several genetic markers have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heredity also seems to play a role in that the condition is more common in people who have family members with the disease.

• #95 Ulcerative Colitis (UC): Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/ulcerative-colitis/what-is-ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis happens when your immune system makes a mistake. Normally, it attacks invaders in your body, like the common cold. But when you have UC, your immune system thinks food, good gut bacteria, and the cells that line your colon are the intruders. White blood cells that usually protect you attack the lining of your colon instead. They cause the inflammation and ulcers. […] Doctors arent sure why people get the condition. Your genes may play a role; the disease sometimes runs in families. Other things in the world around you may make a difference, too. […] Things that can affect your risk of getting ulcerative colitis include: Age. Its most likely if youre between 15 and 30 years old or older than 60. Ethnicity. The risk is highest in people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Family history. Your risk could be up to 30% higher if you have a close relative with the condition. […] Food and stress dont cause it, but they can trigger a flare of symptoms.

• #96 Ulcerative colitis – symptoms, causes and diagnosis | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune condition this means that its caused by a problem with your immune system. […] The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isnt known. But its known that genetics, infections and other environmental factors are important. […] Eating highly processed foods and a diet that is high in refined sugar and low in fibre may also increase your risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. These factors may also increase your risk of symptom flare ups. […] While stress and some foods can trigger symptoms, ulcerative colitis isnt caused by diet or stress alone.

• #97

  https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis can happen to anyone, even if there is no family history. […] There is no known cause of UC. It has been thought in the past that stress or certain foods could cause the condition. While stress can make any condition worse, it does not cause UC. Certain foods including fatty or fried foods, high-fiber items, carbonated beverages can make symptoms worse but have not been found to cause the condition. Instead, scientists believe that the condition is caused by a combination of genes, environmental factors and immune systems that react inappropriately by attacking the intestines.

• #98 Ulcerative Colitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is one of the illnesses known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] There is no known cause for ulcerative colitis, but there are many theories about its cause. One theory is that the body’s immune system (fights off infection) reacts to a virus or bacteria. This reaction cannot stop and causes chronic (ongoing) swelling in the intestine. […] It has been proven that people with ulcerative colitis have problems with their immune system. It is not known if these problems are a cause of the disease or a result of the disease. There is little evidence that ulcerative colitis is caused by emotional distress or allergy to certain foods.

• #99 What causes Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)? | UNC Multidisciplinary Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Center

  https://www.med.unc.edu/medicine/gi/ibd/what-causes-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/

  To date, no definitive evidence has been found to prove a connection between these factors and the development of inflammatory bowel disease. […] It is, however, very probable that environmental factors play a role. […] On the other hand, it is very unlikely that IBD is due to an underlying infectious disease hence, infecting other persons with the disease is not possible. […] The role of psychological factors remains controversial. […] While psychic stress may, under certain circumstances, provoke an acute flare-up of an existing disease, it is not the underlying cause of inflammatory bowel disease. […] One explanation is an overreaction on the part of the bodys immune defenses to either invading microbes or even the bodys own tissues. This, however, has not yet been proven.

• #100 Uncovering the cause of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6684508/

  The cause of ulcerative colitis still remains unclear. The most popular hypothesis is that colitis develops because of a complex interaction of genetic, microbial, environmental, and immunologic factors. […] The most popular hypothesis for the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease involves a complex interaction between genetic susceptibility, gastrointestinal microbiota, environmental factors, and mucosal or more generalized immune responses. […] The high incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in industrialized countries has raised the strong possibility of important environmental factors linked to lifestyle and living conditions. […] Although important changes in diet have occurred over the past 100 years, contemporary studies comparing diets in recently diagnosed individuals and control subjects has only demonstrated minor changes of uncertain significance. Most of these environmental associations have been linked to effects on either the intestinal microbiota or immune responses. […] The importance of immunological factors is supported by the effectiveness of various immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. […] In contrast, there is little evidence of infectious agents in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis.

• #101 Ulcerative colitis: understanding its cellular pathology could provide insights into novel therapies | Journal of Inflammation | Full Text

  https://journal-inflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12950-020-00246-4

  UC is a disease of unknown aetiology characterized by inflammation of the mucosa and sub-mucosa of the colon and rectum lining, causing ulcers to develop. […] Several genetic factors and other inflammation-related genes are implicated in mediating the inflammation and development of the disease. […] Certain ethnic groups are more prone to UC, but environmental factors, such as smoking, oral contraceptives, diet, antibiotics, vaccination, infections and childhood hygiene also play a role. […] UC is a multifactorial disorder; genetic predisposition, epithelial barrier defects, dysregulated immune responses and environmental factors play a role in its pathogenesis. […] Although the exact aetiology of UC remains elusive, the commensal luminal flora is known to trigger an inappropriate and overactive mucosal immune response in genetically susceptible individuals, causing intestinal tissue damage.

• #102 Ulcerative Colitis – Etiology, Diagnosis, Diet, Special Populations, and the Role of Interventional Endoscopy | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/books/11268

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Epidemiological trends suggest an initial rise in the incidence of UC, followed by Crohns disease (CD), in areas where IBD is emerging. […] Genetic predisposition, along with gut dysbiosis and environmental factors, triggers the altered gut permeability and dysregulated immune activation that leads to the development of UC, which can manifest both intestinally and extra-intestinally. […] Platelets play a significant role in augmenting inflammation.

• #103 Ulcerative Colitis | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/u/ulcerative-colitis

  Ulcerative colitis is one of the illnesses known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). […] There is no known cause for ulcerative colitis, but there are many theories about its cause. One theory is that the body’s immune system (fights off infection) reacts to a virus or bacteria. This reaction cannot stop and causes chronic (ongoing) swelling in the intestine. […] It has been proven that people with ulcerative colitis have problems with their immune system. It is not known if these problems are a cause of the disease or a result of the disease. There is little evidence that ulcerative colitis is caused by emotional distress or allergy to certain foods.

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