Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology, demographic characteristics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4110577/

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum. The incidence of UC has increased worldwide over recent decades, especially in developing nations. […] The occurrence of UC worldwide has increased over the past few years. […] The incidence rate of UC may vary from 0.5 to 31.5 per 100000 people each year, depending on the studied population. […] The prevalence is lower in developing countries. […] The mortality rate of patients with UC was higher in the first half of the twentieth century. […] The overall mortality rate due to malignancy was not increased in UC, although there was a trend toward more frequent colorectal cancer (CRC). […] The majority of patients with UC are in the age group of 30-40 years at diagnosis.

• #2 Ulcerative Colitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ulcerative-colitis-pro

  Ulcerative colitis is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease, and the incidence and prevalence is increasing worldwide. The prevalence is estimated at 5-500 per 100,000 worldwide. […] Incidence estimates range from 0.9 to 24.3 per 100,000 person-years, and prevalence estimates range from 2.4-294 cases per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Within Europe, the highest incidence and prevalence rates are in Scandinavia and the UK. […] The incidence of childhood-onset ulcerative colitis, which represents about 15-20% of all ulcerative colitis cases, ranges from 1-4 per 100,000 per year in most North American and European regions. […] The peak incidence occurs in late adolescence and early adulthood in the second to fourth decades of life, with a small second peak in the fifth decade. Ulcerative colitis affects males and females at approximately equal rates.

• #3 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). […] The risk of CRC in patients with IBD is one third higher than in the general population. […] In western countries, over the past 30 years, the incidence of CRC related death in the IBD population has been decreasing. […] One study showed that the relative risk of CRC in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients decreased from 1.34 to 0.57. […] IBD related CRC only accounts for about 12% of all cases of CRC but IBD is one of the 3 major risk factors for CRC. […] In 2001, Eaden et al., in their meta-analysis estimated that the cumulative risk of CRC in patients with UC was 2% at 10 years, 8% at 20 years and 18% at 30 years. […] However, over a decade later, Lutgens et al., in their meta-analysis reported that the incidence of CRC amongst patients with IBD has declined and was 1%, 2% and 5% after 10, 20 and 20 years of disease duration respectively.

• #4 Epidemiology, demographic characteristics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4110577/

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum. The incidence of UC has increased worldwide over recent decades, especially in developing nations. […] The occurrence of UC worldwide has increased over the past few years. […] The incidence rate of UC may vary from 0.5 to 31.5 per 100000 people each year, depending on the studied population. […] The prevalence is lower in developing countries. […] The mortality rate of patients with UC was higher in the first half of the twentieth century. […] The overall mortality rate due to malignancy was not increased in UC, although there was a trend toward more frequent colorectal cancer (CRC). […] The majority of patients with UC are in the age group of 30-40 years at diagnosis.

• #5 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #6 Ulcerative colitis epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ulcerative_colitis_epidemiology_and_demographics

  United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavia have the highest incidence of inflammatory bowel disease i.e ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The incidence of ulcerative colitis in North America is 10-12 cases per 100,000. […] The geographic distribution of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease is similar worldwide, with highest incidences in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavia. Higher incidences are seen in northern locations compared to southern locations in Europe and the United States. […] The incidence of ulcerative colitis in North America is 10-12 cases per 100,000, with a peak incidence of ulcerative colitis occurring between the ages of 15 and 25. There is thought to be a bimodal distribution in age of onset, with a second peak in incidence occurring in the 6th decade of life. The disease affects females more than males. The disease tends to be more common in northern areas. Although ulcerative colitis has no known cause, there is a presumed genetic component to susceptibility. The disease may be triggered in a susceptible person by environmental factors.

• #7 Ulcerative Colitis Statistics – Gastroenterology Advisor

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/factsheets/ulcerative-colitis-statistics/

  In North America, the annual incidence of UC is approximately 15 cases per 1000,000 people. […] Most incidence and prevalence studies for UC show males and females are equally likely to develop UC. […] Lewis et al found the prevalence of IBD varied in different racial and ethnic groups in the US. […] In all racial and ethnic groups, UC is more common than Crohns disease. […] The prevalence of UC differs based on geographic location. In the US, it is slightly more common in the Northeast, and equally common in the Midwest, South, and West.

• #8 Ulcerative Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

  Ulcerative colitis has an incidence of 9 to 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Its prevalence is 156 to 291 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Compared to Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis has a greater prevalence in adults. When considering the pediatric population, however, ulcerative colitis is less prevalent than Crohn disease. […] Ulcerative colitis has a bimodal pattern of incidence. The main onset peaks between the age of 15 and 30 years. A second, and the smaller peak of incidence occurs between the age of 50 and 70 years. […] There is an increased prevalence of ulcerative colitis in nonsmokers or those who recently quit smoking. Additionally, smokers diagnosed with ulcerative colitis tend to have milder disease, fewer hospitalizations and need for less medication. […] There is also an association of inflammatory bowel disease with the removal of an inflamed appendix. Appendectomy before the age of twenty is associated with a decreased incidence of ulcerative colitis, whereas the opposite is true for Crohn disease. In fact, appendectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of developing ulcerative colitis by 69%. […] Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disorder with no cure. […] Because of the risk of colorectal cancer, surveillance colonoscopy should occur every 1-2 years.

• #9 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #10 Ulcerative Colitis Statistics – Gastroenterology Advisor

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/factsheets/ulcerative-colitis-statistics/

  Understanding current trends in the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of ulcerative colitis can help inform diagnosis and treatment. […] Ulcerative colitis is prevalent in Western countries, particularly in North America. […] According to US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2009 to 2010, the estimated prevalence of IBD (UC or Crohns disease) was 1.2% of the US population, or 2.3 million people. […] The prevalence of UC was 1%, or 1.9 million people. […] In a 2023 study, Lewis et al used US public and private medical insurance claims to estimate the incidence, prevalence, and ethnic distribution of IBD. […] They found that IBD affects an estimated 0.7% of the US population, or approximately 2.39 million people. Of those, an estimated 1.253 million people were diagnosed with UC.

• #11 Ulcerative Colitis Statistics – Gastroenterology Advisor

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/factsheets/ulcerative-colitis-statistics/

  Understanding current trends in the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of ulcerative colitis can help inform diagnosis and treatment. […] Ulcerative colitis is prevalent in Western countries, particularly in North America. […] According to US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2009 to 2010, the estimated prevalence of IBD (UC or Crohns disease) was 1.2% of the US population, or 2.3 million people. […] The prevalence of UC was 1%, or 1.9 million people. […] In a 2023 study, Lewis et al used US public and private medical insurance claims to estimate the incidence, prevalence, and ethnic distribution of IBD. […] They found that IBD affects an estimated 0.7% of the US population, or approximately 2.39 million people. Of those, an estimated 1.253 million people were diagnosed with UC.

• #12

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ulcerative-colitis/

  Ulcerative colitis is thought to be an autoimmune condition. […] The UK Crohn’s Colitis UK charity reports at least 1 in every 227 people in the UK has been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. This amounts to around 296,000 people. […] The condition can develop at any age, but is most often diagnosed in people between 15 and 25 years old. […] It’s more common in white people of European descent, especially those descended from Ashkenazi Jewish communities, and black people. […] The condition is rarer in people from Asian backgrounds, although the reasons for this are unclear. […] Both men and women seem to be equally affected by ulcerative colitis.

• #13 Nationwide data on epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Poland between 2009 and 2020 – Polish Archives of Internal Medicine

  https://www.mp.pl/paim/issue/article/16194

  A total of 96,809 patients ultimately identified in the year 2020 represent 0.25% of the population of Poland, with age-standardized prevalence of 60.3 and 187.8 per 100,000 population for CD and UC, respectively. […] The maximum IBD prevalence in Poland is observed at the age of 30-44 years, which is in contrast to the age of 45-64 years observed in the global IBD population. […] The incidence of IBD in Poland has not been investigated so far, and there is no national registry of patients. […] The prevalence of both CD and UC seems to be rising above the average values for CEEC. […] The population of UC patients is almost 3 times as high as that of patients with CD, with men diagnosed more often with either disease. […] The prevalence of CD is higher in the younger than the older generations, while evaluation of the trends over time suggests reduced incidences of both CD and UC.

• #14

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ulcerative-colitis/epidemiology-overview

  The incidence and prevalence of IBD are greatest in more industrialized regions, such as North America, the United Kingdom, Northern Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In these regions, the incidence rates for UC and CD have plateaued or decreased in recent decades. In developing countries, such as those in Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe, incidence rates vary greatly between nations, ranging from 0.5 to 31.5 cases per 100,000 person-years, depending on the study population. As developing nations become more industrialized, the incidence of IBD increases, a pattern mirroring the experience in the west more than 50 years ago. The cause of this trend is unknown but is likely in part due to environmental factors, such as microbial exposure and diet. In addition to an industrialization gradient, the incidence of UC increases with increasing latitude, with higher incidence rates in Northern countries and lower rates in Southern countries.

• #15 The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: balance between East and West? A narrative review – Hammer – Digestive Medicine Research

  https://dmr.amegroups.org/article/view/6855/html

  IBD is presently a global phenomenon due to an increasing incidence over the last decades. This increase has traditionally been confined to western industrialised countries, but these nations are currently experiencing a stabilising incidence resulting in high prevalence rates. On the other hand, newly industrialised countries, e.g., in Eastern Europe and Asia, have reported a drastically rising incidence forewarning an altering epidemiology of IBD. […] The global incidence pattern of IBD is dominated by geographical variation in and between regions with the highest incidence rates reported in Europe, Oceania and North America. However, this reflects the fact that these high-incidence parts of the world have published the majority of studies. It is now evident that the traditional incidence pattern is shifting with a steep increasing incidence reported by recent population-based studies from e.g., Eastern Europe, Asia and South America, as these become industrialised and experience socioeconomic growth and demographic changes, e.g., increasing urbanisation.

• #16 Ulcerative Colitis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/ulcerative-colitis-pro

  Ulcerative colitis is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease, and the incidence and prevalence is increasing worldwide. The prevalence is estimated at 5-500 per 100,000 worldwide. […] Incidence estimates range from 0.9 to 24.3 per 100,000 person-years, and prevalence estimates range from 2.4-294 cases per 100,000 people in Europe. […] Within Europe, the highest incidence and prevalence rates are in Scandinavia and the UK. […] The incidence of childhood-onset ulcerative colitis, which represents about 15-20% of all ulcerative colitis cases, ranges from 1-4 per 100,000 per year in most North American and European regions. […] The peak incidence occurs in late adolescence and early adulthood in the second to fourth decades of life, with a small second peak in the fifth decade. Ulcerative colitis affects males and females at approximately equal rates.

• #17 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  By the 1940s, the diagnosis of IBD was established in early industrialized regions. For example, in the 1940s, the CR-I for CD and UC in the United States was 1.15-2.30 and 1.02-2.41, respectively, while in the 1950s, Europe showed a rising IBD incidence, with UC more commonly diagnosed than CD. […] Subsequently, early industrialized regions in North America, Europe and Oceania experienced rapidly rising incidence, which stabilized in many regions around the turn of the twenty-first century. Longitudinal data from Cardiff, Wales (1931-2008) demonstrated a steady increase in CD incidence, with rates nearly doubling each decade from 1.17 (1946-1955) to 7.09 (1976-1985), before levelling off at 5.88 (1986-1995) and 6.64 (1996-2005). […] The highest incidence of IBD, particularly UC, has been reported in Scandinavia. In Denmark, incidence steadily increased from the 1970s to the 2010s. The highest ever reported UC incidence was 73.7 in the Faroe Islands in 2011. Only a small number of early industrialized regions report population-based incidence exceeding 40 per 100,000 for either UC or CD separately.

• #18 Ulcerative Colitis Statistics – Gastroenterology Advisor

  https://www.gastroenterologyadvisor.com/factsheets/ulcerative-colitis-statistics/

  In North America, the annual incidence of UC is approximately 15 cases per 1000,000 people. […] Most incidence and prevalence studies for UC show males and females are equally likely to develop UC. […] Lewis et al found the prevalence of IBD varied in different racial and ethnic groups in the US. […] In all racial and ethnic groups, UC is more common than Crohns disease. […] The prevalence of UC differs based on geographic location. In the US, it is slightly more common in the Northeast, and equally common in the Midwest, South, and West.

• #19

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ulcerative-colitis/epidemiology-overview

  In North America, the incidence of IBD increased during the latter half of the 20th century. Since the 1990s, most studies find that the incidence of both UC and CD has stabilized or even decreased. A 2017 systematic review of population-based studies found the incidence and prevalence of IBD to vary greatly by geographic region. In North America, the lowest incidence estimate for UC was 8.8 per 100,000 person-years (in Olmsted County, USA) and the highest was 23.14 per 100,000 person-years (in Nova Scotia, Canada). The lowest prevalence estimate for UC was 139.8 per 100,000 persons (in Quebec, Canada) and the highest was 286.3 per 100,000 persons (in Olmsted County, USA). The same study provided similar estimates for other global regions. A study of nine million American health insurance claims found a lower prevalence of UC in the South compared with the Northeast, Midwest and West. This finding is consistent with global patterns, where the risk of UC is increased in persons living at higher latitudes.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-023-04417-6

  To estimate and compare annual prevalence and incidence, and demographic characteristics of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in Japan and the United States (US). […] Patients with UC were younger in Japan than in the US and men were affected more than women, whereas the reverse was true in the US. Annual prevalence per 100,000 population increased significantly from 5 in 2010 to 98 in 2019 in Japan and from 158 to 233 in the US. […] Ten-year trends in epidemiology of UC differ between Japan and the US. The data point to a growing disease burden in both countries that warrants investigation of measures for prevention and treatment. […] The prevalence of UC shows marked regional variation, being higher in Northern Europe and North America than in Asia. Incidence rates of UC are increasing globally, particularly in regions undergoing rapid industrialization such as Asia, Africa, and South America.

• #21

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00384-023-04417-6

  To estimate and compare annual prevalence and incidence, and demographic characteristics of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in Japan and the United States (US). […] Patients with UC were younger in Japan than in the US and men were affected more than women, whereas the reverse was true in the US. Annual prevalence per 100,000 population increased significantly from 5 in 2010 to 98 in 2019 in Japan and from 158 to 233 in the US. […] Ten-year trends in epidemiology of UC differ between Japan and the US. The data point to a growing disease burden in both countries that warrants investigation of measures for prevention and treatment. […] The prevalence of UC shows marked regional variation, being higher in Northern Europe and North America than in Asia. Incidence rates of UC are increasing globally, particularly in regions undergoing rapid industrialization such as Asia, Africa, and South America.

• #22 Recent trends in the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in South Korea, 2010-2018

  https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v30/i9/1154.htm

  Recent trends in the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease in South Korea, 2010-2018. […] The epidemiology of IBD in Asia differs significantly from the patterns in the West. […] In total, 14498 and 31409 patients were newly diagnosed with CD and UC, respectively, between 2010 and 2018. The annual average incidence of CD was 3.11 cases per 105 person-years, and that of UC was 6.74 cases per 105 person-years. […] Since 2014, the incidence rate of CD has been stable, while that of UC has steadily increased, shifting the peak age group from 50-year-olds in 2010 to 20-year-olds in 2018. […] The CD and UC prevalence increased consistently over the study period; the use of 5-aminosalicylates and corticosteroids gradually decreased, while that of immunomodulators and biologics steadily increased in both CD and UC.

• #23

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/ulcerative-colitis/epidemiology-overview

  In North America, the incidence of IBD increased during the latter half of the 20th century. Since the 1990s, most studies find that the incidence of both UC and CD has stabilized or even decreased. A 2017 systematic review of population-based studies found the incidence and prevalence of IBD to vary greatly by geographic region. In North America, the lowest incidence estimate for UC was 8.8 per 100,000 person-years (in Olmsted County, USA) and the highest was 23.14 per 100,000 person-years (in Nova Scotia, Canada). The lowest prevalence estimate for UC was 139.8 per 100,000 persons (in Quebec, Canada) and the highest was 286.3 per 100,000 persons (in Olmsted County, USA). The same study provided similar estimates for other global regions. A study of nine million American health insurance claims found a lower prevalence of UC in the South compared with the Northeast, Midwest and West. This finding is consistent with global patterns, where the risk of UC is increased in persons living at higher latitudes.

• #24 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. […] The underlying drivers of transition across stages remain unclear. The shift from stage 1 to 2 can be partially attributed to the unmasking of incidence. As IBD begins to emerge in a region, the local medical infrastructure must be sufficient to diagnose CD. […] Beyond the unmasking of incidence, environmental factors have also contributed to a true increase in incidence. Industrialization, urbanization and Westernization have been linked to increasing incidence of IBD.

• #25 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  By the 1940s, the diagnosis of IBD was established in early industrialized regions. For example, in the 1940s, the CR-I for CD and UC in the United States was 1.15-2.30 and 1.02-2.41, respectively, while in the 1950s, Europe showed a rising IBD incidence, with UC more commonly diagnosed than CD. […] Subsequently, early industrialized regions in North America, Europe and Oceania experienced rapidly rising incidence, which stabilized in many regions around the turn of the twenty-first century. Longitudinal data from Cardiff, Wales (1931-2008) demonstrated a steady increase in CD incidence, with rates nearly doubling each decade from 1.17 (1946-1955) to 7.09 (1976-1985), before levelling off at 5.88 (1986-1995) and 6.64 (1996-2005). […] The highest incidence of IBD, particularly UC, has been reported in Scandinavia. In Denmark, incidence steadily increased from the 1970s to the 2010s. The highest ever reported UC incidence was 73.7 in the Faroe Islands in 2011. Only a small number of early industrialized regions report population-based incidence exceeding 40 per 100,000 for either UC or CD separately.

• #26 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  By the 1940s, the diagnosis of IBD was established in early industrialized regions. For example, in the 1940s, the CR-I for CD and UC in the United States was 1.15-2.30 and 1.02-2.41, respectively, while in the 1950s, Europe showed a rising IBD incidence, with UC more commonly diagnosed than CD. […] Subsequently, early industrialized regions in North America, Europe and Oceania experienced rapidly rising incidence, which stabilized in many regions around the turn of the twenty-first century. Longitudinal data from Cardiff, Wales (1931-2008) demonstrated a steady increase in CD incidence, with rates nearly doubling each decade from 1.17 (1946-1955) to 7.09 (1976-1985), before levelling off at 5.88 (1986-1995) and 6.64 (1996-2005). […] The highest incidence of IBD, particularly UC, has been reported in Scandinavia. In Denmark, incidence steadily increased from the 1970s to the 2010s. The highest ever reported UC incidence was 73.7 in the Faroe Islands in 2011. Only a small number of early industrialized regions report population-based incidence exceeding 40 per 100,000 for either UC or CD separately.

• #27 Development of the global inflammatory bowel disease visualization of epidemiology studies in the 21st century (GIVES-21) | BMC Medical Research Methodology | Full Text

  https://bmcmedresmethodol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12874-023-01944-2

  There is a rapid increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in newly industrialized countries, yet epidemiological data is incomplete. […] Global IBD Visualization of Epidemiology Studies in the 21st Century (GIVES-21) is a population-based cohort of newly diagnosed persons with Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to be followed prospectively for 12 months. […] The GIVES-21 consortium offers a unique opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of IBD and explores new clinical research questions on the association between environmental and dietary factors and IBD development in newly industrialized countries. […] In the 21st century, newly industrialized countries in Asia and Latin America are witnessing a rapidly rising incidence mirroring the epidemiology of Crohns disease (CD) seen in the Western world in the latter half of the twentieth century.

• #28 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  After decades of rising incidence in early industrialized regions, the prevalence of IBD has steadily climbed. In Olmsted County, the prevalence of IBD increased from 0.12% in 1965 to 0.63% in 2019. A separate US study estimated the national prevalence to be 0.72% in 2018. […] During the twentieth century, epidemiologic data from newly industrialized and emerging regions in Africa, Asia and Latin America were sparse, with any available data reporting incidence and prevalence far lower than those in early industrialized regions. By the turn of the twenty-first century, epidemiologic data began to indicate that newly industrialized regions were entering a stage of rapidly increasing incidence. […] Japan provides some of the earliest data from a newly industrialized region, spanning 1955 to 2000. The incidence of IBD in Japan before the 1970s was less than 0.25, increasing to over 0.4 by 1980. By 2000, the incidence had increased tenfold reaching 4.77 and 1.27 for UC and CD, respectively. South Korea showed similar patterns, with low incidence in the 1980s increasing steadily into the 2010s.

• #29 Ulcerative Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

  Ulcerative colitis has an incidence of 9 to 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Its prevalence is 156 to 291 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Compared to Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis has a greater prevalence in adults. When considering the pediatric population, however, ulcerative colitis is less prevalent than Crohn disease. […] Ulcerative colitis has a bimodal pattern of incidence. The main onset peaks between the age of 15 and 30 years. A second, and the smaller peak of incidence occurs between the age of 50 and 70 years. […] There is an increased prevalence of ulcerative colitis in nonsmokers or those who recently quit smoking. Additionally, smokers diagnosed with ulcerative colitis tend to have milder disease, fewer hospitalizations and need for less medication. […] There is also an association of inflammatory bowel disease with the removal of an inflamed appendix. Appendectomy before the age of twenty is associated with a decreased incidence of ulcerative colitis, whereas the opposite is true for Crohn disease. In fact, appendectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of developing ulcerative colitis by 69%. […] Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disorder with no cure. […] Because of the risk of colorectal cancer, surveillance colonoscopy should occur every 1-2 years.

• #30 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #31 Epidemiology, demographic characteristics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4110577/

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the colon and rectum. The incidence of UC has increased worldwide over recent decades, especially in developing nations. […] The occurrence of UC worldwide has increased over the past few years. […] The incidence rate of UC may vary from 0.5 to 31.5 per 100000 people each year, depending on the studied population. […] The prevalence is lower in developing countries. […] The mortality rate of patients with UC was higher in the first half of the twentieth century. […] The overall mortality rate due to malignancy was not increased in UC, although there was a trend toward more frequent colorectal cancer (CRC). […] The majority of patients with UC are in the age group of 30-40 years at diagnosis.

• #32 Epidemiology, demographic characteristics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4110577/

  In recent decades, although there has been an increased incidence of UC in different age groups, the majority of patients with UC are in the age group of 30-40 years at diagnosis. […] Most UC studies have shown a male predominance or an equal distribution between genders. […] Although a family history of UC is a risk factor for developing the disease, it does not seem to be a negative prognostic factor in patients with UC. […] Environmental factors appear to be associated with the pathogenesis of UC. […] The extent of UC influences the clinical course and prognosis of the disease. […] The severity of the lesions usually reflects clinical disease activity and may help to identify patients who are more likely to evolve worse disease behavior over time. […] The presence of extraintestinal manifestations was associated with greater extent of disease. […] The global prevalence and incidence of UC have increased in recent decades.

• #33 Epidemiology, demographic characteristics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4110577/

  In recent decades, although there has been an increased incidence of UC in different age groups, the majority of patients with UC are in the age group of 30-40 years at diagnosis. […] Most UC studies have shown a male predominance or an equal distribution between genders. […] Although a family history of UC is a risk factor for developing the disease, it does not seem to be a negative prognostic factor in patients with UC. […] Environmental factors appear to be associated with the pathogenesis of UC. […] The extent of UC influences the clinical course and prognosis of the disease. […] The severity of the lesions usually reflects clinical disease activity and may help to identify patients who are more likely to evolve worse disease behavior over time. […] The presence of extraintestinal manifestations was associated with greater extent of disease. […] The global prevalence and incidence of UC have increased in recent decades.

• #34 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #35 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #36 UC: Understanding the Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/medical-journeys/ulcerative-colitis/97057

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relatively common though still not fully understood autoimmune condition affecting the large intestine. […] In developed countries including the United States, UC affects roughly 300 people per 100,000 population, with an annual incidence in the neighborhood of 10 per 100,000. Unlike most autoimmune diseases, UC does not seem to discriminate by sex, as incidence and prevalence rates are nearly the same in men and women. […] Globally, the highest prevalence of UC has been observed in wealthier nations. Multiple hypotheses for this observation exist, including diet and other environmental triggers. […] With respect to race/ethnicity, data suggest that people of European ancestry are at the highest risk for UC (although that might be a function of dietary patterns, at least in part). Population-level data in the U.S. are hard to come by — most studies have focused on the broader category of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lumping UC together with its cousin, Crohn’s disease — but a recent report based on the Medicare fee-for-service population showed prevalences of 0.69% for white Americans, versus 0.37%-0.43% for all other major ethnicities.

• #37 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #38 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States.

• #39 Ulcerative Colitis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/183084-overview

  In the United States, about 1 million people are affected with UC. The annual incidence is 10.4-12 cases per 100,000 people, and the prevalence rate is 35-100 cases per 100,000 people. UC is three times more common than Crohn disease. […] UC occurs more frequently in white persons than in black persons or Hispanics. The incidence of UC is reported to be 2-4 times higher in Ashkenazi Jews. However, population studies in North America do not completely support this assertion. […] UC is slightly more common in women than in men. The age of onset follows a bimodal pattern, with a peak at 15-25 years and a smaller one at 55-65 years, although the disease can occur in people of any age. UC is uncommon in those younger than 10 years. Two of every 100,000 children are affected; however, 20%-25% of all cases of UC occur in persons aged 20 years or younger. […] UC is more common in the Western and Northern hemispheres; the incidence is low in Asia and the Far East. In Japan, there are more than 160,000 patients with UC (about 27 per 100,000 people) and, unlike Western nations, a male predominance exists.

• #40 UC: Understanding the Epidemiology and Pathophysiology | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/medical-journeys/ulcerative-colitis/97057

  Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relatively common though still not fully understood autoimmune condition affecting the large intestine. […] In developed countries including the United States, UC affects roughly 300 people per 100,000 population, with an annual incidence in the neighborhood of 10 per 100,000. Unlike most autoimmune diseases, UC does not seem to discriminate by sex, as incidence and prevalence rates are nearly the same in men and women. […] Globally, the highest prevalence of UC has been observed in wealthier nations. Multiple hypotheses for this observation exist, including diet and other environmental triggers. […] With respect to race/ethnicity, data suggest that people of European ancestry are at the highest risk for UC (although that might be a function of dietary patterns, at least in part). Population-level data in the U.S. are hard to come by — most studies have focused on the broader category of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lumping UC together with its cousin, Crohn’s disease — but a recent report based on the Medicare fee-for-service population showed prevalences of 0.69% for white Americans, versus 0.37%-0.43% for all other major ethnicities.

• #41 IBD Facts and Stats | IBD | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/php/facts-stats/index.html

  U.S. prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is estimated between 2.4 and 3.1 million, with differing burden across groups. […] The prevalence of IBD is rising in the United States. […] IBD prevalence differs across groups. […] Prevalence rates for IBD are consistently highest in non-Hispanic White populations. […] The difference between racial and ethnic groups may be narrowing, as some studies find prevalence increasing among minority groups. […] IBD prevalence increases with increasing age. […] The cost of IBD care is rising in the United States.

• #42 Ulcerative Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

  Ulcerative colitis has an incidence of 9 to 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Its prevalence is 156 to 291 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Compared to Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis has a greater prevalence in adults. When considering the pediatric population, however, ulcerative colitis is less prevalent than Crohn disease. […] Ulcerative colitis has a bimodal pattern of incidence. The main onset peaks between the age of 15 and 30 years. A second, and the smaller peak of incidence occurs between the age of 50 and 70 years. […] There is an increased prevalence of ulcerative colitis in nonsmokers or those who recently quit smoking. Additionally, smokers diagnosed with ulcerative colitis tend to have milder disease, fewer hospitalizations and need for less medication. […] There is also an association of inflammatory bowel disease with the removal of an inflamed appendix. Appendectomy before the age of twenty is associated with a decreased incidence of ulcerative colitis, whereas the opposite is true for Crohn disease. In fact, appendectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of developing ulcerative colitis by 69%. […] Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disorder with no cure. […] Because of the risk of colorectal cancer, surveillance colonoscopy should occur every 1-2 years.

• #43 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Former cigarette smoking is strong risk factor (Lancet 2017;389:1756) […] Colorectal carcinoma surveillance at 8 – 10 years after the onset of symptoms and fixed interval surveillance every 1 – 2 years afterward (Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2017;13:357) […] Surgery will eventually be required in 20 – 30% of patients with ulcerative colitis that has become refractory to medical management or who have developed dysplasia or colorectal carcinoma (Lancet 2012;380:1606).

• #44 Ulcerative Colitis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459282/

  Ulcerative colitis has an incidence of 9 to 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Its prevalence is 156 to 291 cases per 100,000 persons per year. Compared to Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis has a greater prevalence in adults. When considering the pediatric population, however, ulcerative colitis is less prevalent than Crohn disease. […] Ulcerative colitis has a bimodal pattern of incidence. The main onset peaks between the age of 15 and 30 years. A second, and the smaller peak of incidence occurs between the age of 50 and 70 years. […] There is an increased prevalence of ulcerative colitis in nonsmokers or those who recently quit smoking. Additionally, smokers diagnosed with ulcerative colitis tend to have milder disease, fewer hospitalizations and need for less medication. […] There is also an association of inflammatory bowel disease with the removal of an inflamed appendix. Appendectomy before the age of twenty is associated with a decreased incidence of ulcerative colitis, whereas the opposite is true for Crohn disease. In fact, appendectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of developing ulcerative colitis by 69%. […] Ulcerative colitis is a systemic disorder with no cure. […] Because of the risk of colorectal cancer, surveillance colonoscopy should occur every 1-2 years.

• #45 Epidemiology, demographic characteristics and prognostic predictors of ulcerative colitis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4110577/

  In recent decades, although there has been an increased incidence of UC in different age groups, the majority of patients with UC are in the age group of 30-40 years at diagnosis. […] Most UC studies have shown a male predominance or an equal distribution between genders. […] Although a family history of UC is a risk factor for developing the disease, it does not seem to be a negative prognostic factor in patients with UC. […] Environmental factors appear to be associated with the pathogenesis of UC. […] The extent of UC influences the clinical course and prognosis of the disease. […] The severity of the lesions usually reflects clinical disease activity and may help to identify patients who are more likely to evolve worse disease behavior over time. […] The presence of extraintestinal manifestations was associated with greater extent of disease. […] The global prevalence and incidence of UC have increased in recent decades.

• #46 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Higher incidence (9 – 20/100,000 person years) and prevalence (156 – 291/100,000 people) in populations of North American and Northern European descent (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Incidence increased in industrialized countries and urban versus rural locations, suggestive of environmental triggers, such as improved sanitation, reduced exposure to childhood enteric infections and mucosal immune system maturation (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Bimodal age distribution with peaks at 15 – 30 years and 50 – 70 years (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Family history of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly that of a first degree relative (5.7 – 15.5%) and Ashkenazi Jewish descent (3 – 5x) show higher risk of disease development (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp have twice the risk of developing ulcerative colitis postinfection (Lancet 2012;380:1606)

• #47 Pathology Outlines – Ulcerative colitis

  https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/colonuc.html

  Higher incidence (9 – 20/100,000 person years) and prevalence (156 – 291/100,000 people) in populations of North American and Northern European descent (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Incidence increased in industrialized countries and urban versus rural locations, suggestive of environmental triggers, such as improved sanitation, reduced exposure to childhood enteric infections and mucosal immune system maturation (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Bimodal age distribution with peaks at 15 – 30 years and 50 – 70 years (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Family history of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly that of a first degree relative (5.7 – 15.5%) and Ashkenazi Jewish descent (3 – 5x) show higher risk of disease development (Lancet 2012;380:1606) […] Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp have twice the risk of developing ulcerative colitis postinfection (Lancet 2012;380:1606)

• #48 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #49 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  The globalization of IBD has invalidated the historical notion that IBD is specific to the Western world. Here, we advance the theory that IBD evolves temporally and spatially across four distinct epidemiologic stages. Stage 1 (emergence) is characterized by low incidence and prevalence; stage 2 (acceleration in incidence) involves rapidly rising incidence year-over-year, while the prevalence remains low; stage 3 (compounding prevalence) is marked by the slowing, stabilization or decrease in the incidence, with the prevalence continuing to accumulate due to decades of rising incidence outpacing mortality; and stage 4 (prevalence equilibrium) occurs when the prevalence plateaus due to mortality approximating incidence as the IBD population advances in age. By clearly defining these epidemiologic strata with specific benchmarks for transition across stages, regions can better prepare their healthcare systems to manage the stage-specific burden of IBD.

• #50 Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08940-0

  Our findings demonstrate regional transitions across stages and highlight the increasing number of regions included in population-based studies over time. For example, data spanning a century from the United States display a transition from stage 1 to stage 2 in the 1950s, followed by a shift to stage 3 in the 1970s. Today, most early industrialized regions in Europe, North America and Oceania are classified as stage 3, while many newly industrialized regions in Latin America, East Asia and the Middle East are in stage 2. […] The underlying drivers of transition across stages remain unclear. The shift from stage 1 to 2 can be partially attributed to the unmasking of incidence. As IBD begins to emerge in a region, the local medical infrastructure must be sufficient to diagnose CD. […] Beyond the unmasking of incidence, environmental factors have also contributed to a true increase in incidence. Industrialization, urbanization and Westernization have been linked to increasing incidence of IBD.

• #51 Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?

  https://www.irjournal.org/journal/view.php?number=954

  Based on this stratification, most Asian countries experiencing a rising incidence with a low prevalence of IBD are embedded in the second epidemiological stage (acceleration in incidence). […] Considering the huge population in Asian countries, including China and India, Asia alone might have a greater disease burden with IBD than that of the Western world in the near future. […] Therefore, these countries may enter the compounding prevalence stage (stage 3) with a rapid increase in the prevalence of IBD after several decades of accelerated incidence (stage 2), similar to the experience in Western countries in the 21st century. […] In conclusion, considering the current status of rapidly rising incidence and the subsequent explosive increase in the prevalence of IBD in Asia, the healthcare delivery systems, including the resource setting, should be prepared for this challenge by understanding the exact disease burden of IBD in this region.

• #52 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so. […] Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity.

• #53

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-018-0612-2

  Patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis have an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Colitis-related dysplasia appears to confer the greatest risk. Colonoscopic surveillance to detect dysplasia has been advocated by gastrointestinal societies. The aim of surveillance is the reduction of mortality and morbidity of CRC through detection and resection of dysplasia or detecting CRC at an earlier and potentially curable stage. […] Emerging evidence favours chromoendoscopy (CE) for dysplasia detection and is gaining wider acceptance through recent international (International Consensus Statement on Surveillance and Management of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SCENIC)) recommendations and endorsed by many gastrointestinal societies. Adoption of CE as the gold standard of surveillance has been met with by scepticism, from conflicting data, operational barriers and the need to understand the true impact of increasingly higher dysplasia detection on overall CRC mortality.

• #54 Surveillance and management of dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/surveillance-and-management-of-dysplasia-in-patients-with-inflammatory-bowel-disease

  Surveillance and management of dysplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease […] Because the risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the goal of surveillance colonoscopy is to detect dysplasia, the precursor of colorectal cancer. We recommend surveillance for dysplasia and colorectal cancer in patients with IBD, and our approach is generally consistent with multiple societies worldwide. […] The epidemiology, risk factors, and pathology of colon cancer in IBD and the evidence supporting a role for surveillance will be reviewed here. Methods for cancer surveillance will also be discussed. The risk factors, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of IBD are discussed separately.

• #55 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so. […] Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity.

• #56

  https://www.bsg.org.uk/web-education-articles-list/ibd-articles/surveillance-colonoscopy-for-inflammatory-bowel-disease-why-when-how-and-what-next/

  Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer in the UK. When diagnosed at an early stage, one-year survival is extremely favourable at 98% compared with 44% in those diagnosed late. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of CRC which accounts for 10%-15% of deaths in IBD. Colonoscopic surveillance can detect precursor lesions or early neoplasia, removal of which may prevent development of CRC. […] IBD patients are at an increased risk of developing CRC; recent large population studies showed overall adjusted hazard ratios of 1.66 (95% CI 1.57–1.76) and 1.40 [95% CI 1.27, 1.53] in UC and Crohn’s patients respectively compared with the general population. CRC is likely to be detected earlier in IBD patients undergoing regular surveillance translating into a better prognosis.

• #57 Recent advances in surveillance colonoscopy for dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=7696

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a global presence with rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence. Patients with IBD including those with ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to the general population. […] Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing CRC. In a meta-analysis published in 2001, the cumulative probability of CRC was as high as 18% at 30 years after the diagnosis of UC, but it was as low as 2.1% (similar to that in general population) in a 2004 population-based study in Copenhagen. […] Unfortunately, CRC-related survival is lower among patients with IBD than among the general population, even after adjusting for tumor stage at diagnosis. […] Therefore, surveillance colonoscopy is needed in patients with IBD for early detection and appropriate treatment of colorectal neoplasms (CRNs). […] The risk of CRC is higher in patients with IBD involving 30% of the colon compared to that in the general population. Colonoscopic surveillance is recommended to start at 8 years after the onset of symptoms.

• #58 Recent advances in surveillance colonoscopy for dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease

  https://www.e-ce.org/journal/view.php?number=7696

  Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a global presence with rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence. Patients with IBD including those with ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to the general population. […] Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of developing CRC. In a meta-analysis published in 2001, the cumulative probability of CRC was as high as 18% at 30 years after the diagnosis of UC, but it was as low as 2.1% (similar to that in general population) in a 2004 population-based study in Copenhagen. […] Unfortunately, CRC-related survival is lower among patients with IBD than among the general population, even after adjusting for tumor stage at diagnosis. […] Therefore, surveillance colonoscopy is needed in patients with IBD for early detection and appropriate treatment of colorectal neoplasms (CRNs). […] The risk of CRC is higher in patients with IBD involving 30% of the colon compared to that in the general population. Colonoscopic surveillance is recommended to start at 8 years after the onset of symptoms.

• #59 Guidelines for screening and surveillance of asymptomatic colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/51/suppl_5/v10

  Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of colorectal carcinoma. Many clinicians practice colonoscopic surveillance in these patients in the hope of detecting dysplasia or an early cancer at a surgically curable stage. However, a recent audit of gastroenterologists showed such surveillance to be disorganised and inconsistent. Much debate surrounds the efficacy and cost effectiveness of surveillance programmes in UC because they were introduced without benefit of randomised controlled trials. […] The colorectal cancer risk in patients with colonic Crohns disease is similar to that in UC and thus the guidelines for UC should be equally applicable to such patients with Crohns disease. […] Although it is clear long term UC carries a colorectal cancer risk, its magnitude has been difficult to estimate. Cancer is rarely encountered when disease duration is less than 8-10 years, but thereafter the risk rises at approximately 0.5% to 1.0% per year. Most cancers arise in pancolitis and there is general agreement that there is little or no increased risk associated with proctitis while left sided colitis carries an intermediate cancer risk. Patients with onset of colitis early in life are thought to have an increased risk compared with older patients. A comprehensive meta-analysis of all published studies reporting a colonic cancer risk in UC has recently been presented and shows the risk for any patient with colitis to be 2% at 10 years, 8% at 20 years, and 18% after 30 years of disease.

• #60 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). […] The risk of CRC in patients with IBD is one third higher than in the general population. […] In western countries, over the past 30 years, the incidence of CRC related death in the IBD population has been decreasing. […] One study showed that the relative risk of CRC in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients decreased from 1.34 to 0.57. […] IBD related CRC only accounts for about 12% of all cases of CRC but IBD is one of the 3 major risk factors for CRC. […] In 2001, Eaden et al., in their meta-analysis estimated that the cumulative risk of CRC in patients with UC was 2% at 10 years, 8% at 20 years and 18% at 30 years. […] However, over a decade later, Lutgens et al., in their meta-analysis reported that the incidence of CRC amongst patients with IBD has declined and was 1%, 2% and 5% after 10, 20 and 20 years of disease duration respectively.

• #61 Ulcerative colitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ulcerative-colitis?lang=us

  Typically ulcerative colitis manifests in young adults (15-40 years of age) and is more prevalent in males but the onset of disease after the age of 50 is also common. […] Ulcerative colitis is less prevalent in smokers than in non-smokers. […] Due to close surveillance patients with ulcerative colitis have a normal or even slightly improved survival compared to the normal population. This is clearly not the case if the disease is not diagnosed or treatment is not available. […] Chronic disease is associated with a significantly elevated malignancy risk, of up to 0.5-1.0% per year after 10 years of the disease.

• #62 Ulcerative colitis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ulcerative-colitis?lang=us

  Typically ulcerative colitis manifests in young adults (15-40 years of age) and is more prevalent in males but the onset of disease after the age of 50 is also common. […] Ulcerative colitis is less prevalent in smokers than in non-smokers. […] Due to close surveillance patients with ulcerative colitis have a normal or even slightly improved survival compared to the normal population. This is clearly not the case if the disease is not diagnosed or treatment is not available. […] Chronic disease is associated with a significantly elevated malignancy risk, of up to 0.5-1.0% per year after 10 years of the disease.

• #63 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so. […] Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity.

• #64 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so. […] Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity.

• #65 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  The risk of CRC also increases with disease severity and duration. […] In UC, there is a 10-15-fold increased risk of CRC with pancolitis and a two-fold increased risk with left sided UC. […] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an independent risk factor for colon malignancy in patients with IBD. […] The correlation between PSC and UC is stronger than that with Crohns disease (CD). […] The risk of CRC also increases with disease severity and duration. […] It is important to note that aggressive surveillance should not be ceased after liver transplantation in patients with PSC, as these patients continue to be at high risk for CRC. […] The goal of CRC screening and surveillance in patients with IBD is to detect dysplasia as early as possible while it is endoscopically resectable.

• #66 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Longstanding colitis increases the risk of developing colon cancer. […] Population based studies have shown that this is less than previously thought, and mainly limited to sub-groups (e.g. onset before adulthood; duration 10y; concomitant PSC). […] Histologic or macroscopic pancolitis carries the highest risk, with no increased risk for patients with proctitis. […] Disease activity, post-inflammatory polyps and possibly a family history of CRC are additional risk factors. […] Surveillance colonoscopies may detect CRC earlier, and although this may improve prognosis it has not been definitely proven to do so. […] Colonoscopy can be considered in all patients with at least distal colitis 8 years following symptom onset, but annually at any time point following diagnosis of PSC. […] The risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis is increased compared with the general population. Risk is associated with disease duration, extent, and more severe or persistent inflammatory activity.

• #67 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile. […] When disease activity is limited to the rectum without evidence of previous or current endoscopic and/or microscopic inflammation proximal to the rectum, inclusion in a regular surveillance colonoscopy programme is not necessary. […] In patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis, annual surveillance colonoscopy should be performed following the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, irrespective of disease activity, extent, and duration.

• #68 Guidelines for screening and surveillance of asymptomatic colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/51/suppl_5/v10

  Surveillance is best performed during remission to eliminate the difficulty of differentiating reactive change from dysplasia on histological biopsy. All patients with UC should be advised to have a screening colonoscopy 8-10 years after onset of symptoms (not date of diagnosis) to check disease extent. Periodic colonoscopy should begin 8 to 10 years after disease onset for extensive colitis and 15 to 20 years for left sided disease. As the risk of cancer increases exponentially with time, a schedule with a gradual decrease in the screening interval should be adopted. […] Several studies have indicated those patients with concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are at a higher risk of colorectal neoplasia. The absolute cumulative risk of cancer or dysplasia in this subset of patients has been estimated to be 9% after 10 years, 31% after 20 years, and 50% after 25 years of colitis.

• #69 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile. […] When disease activity is limited to the rectum without evidence of previous or current endoscopic and/or microscopic inflammation proximal to the rectum, inclusion in a regular surveillance colonoscopy programme is not necessary. […] In patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis, annual surveillance colonoscopy should be performed following the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, irrespective of disease activity, extent, and duration.

• #70 Guidelines for screening and surveillance of asymptomatic colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease | Gut

  https://gut.bmj.com/content/51/suppl_5/v10

  The Leeds group have assessed the cost effectiveness of surveillance in UC by auditing 12 published surveillance programmes. Using stringent criteria they concluded only 12% of enrolled patients could be counted as surveillance successes. Other studies are more positive concerning the benefits of surveillance with respect to mortality. Data from the 18 year surveillance programme in the USA by Choi et al demonstrated that cancer was detected at an early stage in 80% of surveyed patients, compared with only 41% non-surveyed UC patients. The overall five year survival rate was 77% for the surveillance group compared with only 36% for the control group.

• #71 Colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)AGA Logo_Horizontal

  https://gastro.org/clinical-guidance/endoscopic-surveillance-and-management-of-colorectal-dysplasia-in-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/

  Experts provide best practice advice for the prevention, detection and management of colorectal dysplasia in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. […] Initial colonoscopy screening for dysplasia should be performed at 8-10 years after disease diagnosis in all people with colonic IBD, and immediately on diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Staging biopsies should be taken from multiple colonic segments to assess histologic disease activity and extent and to help guide future surveillance intervals. […] After a negative screening colonoscopy, surveillance colonoscopy should be performed every 1-5 years based on risk factors for colorectal cancer, considering current and prior burden of colonic inflammation, family history of colorectal cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis, history of colorectal dysplasia, and frequency and quality of prior surveillance examinations.

• #72 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile. […] When disease activity is limited to the rectum without evidence of previous or current endoscopic and/or microscopic inflammation proximal to the rectum, inclusion in a regular surveillance colonoscopy programme is not necessary. […] In patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis, annual surveillance colonoscopy should be performed following the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, irrespective of disease activity, extent, and duration.

• #73 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis and a family history of colorectal cancer confer an additional risk for colorectal cancer. […] Surveillance colonoscopy may permit earlier detection of colorectal cancer with a corresponding improved prognosis. […] In all patients with UC irrespective of the disease activity, a screening colonoscopy could be carried out 6-8 years after the beginning of symptoms in order to assess the patient’s individual risk profile. […] When disease activity is limited to the rectum without evidence of previous or current endoscopic and/or microscopic inflammation proximal to the rectum, inclusion in a regular surveillance colonoscopy programme is not necessary. […] In patients with concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis, annual surveillance colonoscopy should be performed following the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, irrespective of disease activity, extent, and duration.

• #74 Colorectal dysplasia in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)AGA Logo_Horizontal

  https://gastro.org/clinical-guidance/endoscopic-surveillance-and-management-of-colorectal-dysplasia-in-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-ibd/

  Experts provide best practice advice for the prevention, detection and management of colorectal dysplasia in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. […] Initial colonoscopy screening for dysplasia should be performed at 8-10 years after disease diagnosis in all people with colonic IBD, and immediately on diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Staging biopsies should be taken from multiple colonic segments to assess histologic disease activity and extent and to help guide future surveillance intervals. […] After a negative screening colonoscopy, surveillance colonoscopy should be performed every 1-5 years based on risk factors for colorectal cancer, considering current and prior burden of colonic inflammation, family history of colorectal cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis, history of colorectal dysplasia, and frequency and quality of prior surveillance examinations.

• #75 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Ongoing surveillance should be performed in all patients apart from those with proctitis. […] Patients with high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 1 year. […] Patients with intermediate risk factors should have their next surveillance scheduled for 2 to 3 years. […] Patients with neither intermediate nor high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 5 years. […] Colonoscopic surveillance is best performed when ulcerative colitis is in remission, because it is otherwise difficult to discriminate between dysplasia and inflammation on mucosal biopsies.

• #76 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Ongoing surveillance should be performed in all patients apart from those with proctitis. […] Patients with high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 1 year. […] Patients with intermediate risk factors should have their next surveillance scheduled for 2 to 3 years. […] Patients with neither intermediate nor high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 5 years. […] Colonoscopic surveillance is best performed when ulcerative colitis is in remission, because it is otherwise difficult to discriminate between dysplasia and inflammation on mucosal biopsies.

• #77 Colorectal carcinoma surveillance | ECCO E-Guide

  https://www.e-guide.ecco-ibd.eu/interventions-investigational/colorectal-carcinoma-surveillance

  Ongoing surveillance should be performed in all patients apart from those with proctitis. […] Patients with high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 1 year. […] Patients with intermediate risk factors should have their next surveillance scheduled for 2 to 3 years. […] Patients with neither intermediate nor high-risk features should have their next surveillance colonoscopy scheduled for 5 years. […] Colonoscopic surveillance is best performed when ulcerative colitis is in remission, because it is otherwise difficult to discriminate between dysplasia and inflammation on mucosal biopsies.

• #78 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  Although there are no randomized controlled trials comparing surveillance to no surveillance, population-based studies and meta-analyses have shown that patients who undergo surveillance have a lower risk of CRC related death and a higher rate of detection of early CRC detection. […] Endoscopic evaluation is the gold standard for diagnosing and managing IBD. […] Patients with IBD usually undergo multiple endoscopic procedures in their lifetime to ensure mucosal healing and to prevent CRC. […] The effectiveness of a colonoscopy relies on two key factors: a good bowel prep and the endoscopists ability to visualize the entire colon. […] Inadequate preparation for the colonoscopy can result in longer procedural durations and a higher likelihood of missed lesions. […] In 2015 an international group of multidisciplinary experts published the Surveillance for Endoscopic Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: SCENIC guidelines in both Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

• #79 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  Although there are no randomized controlled trials comparing surveillance to no surveillance, population-based studies and meta-analyses have shown that patients who undergo surveillance have a lower risk of CRC related death and a higher rate of detection of early CRC detection. […] Endoscopic evaluation is the gold standard for diagnosing and managing IBD. […] Patients with IBD usually undergo multiple endoscopic procedures in their lifetime to ensure mucosal healing and to prevent CRC. […] The effectiveness of a colonoscopy relies on two key factors: a good bowel prep and the endoscopists ability to visualize the entire colon. […] Inadequate preparation for the colonoscopy can result in longer procedural durations and a higher likelihood of missed lesions. […] In 2015 an international group of multidisciplinary experts published the Surveillance for Endoscopic Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: SCENIC guidelines in both Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

• #80 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  Although there are no randomized controlled trials comparing surveillance to no surveillance, population-based studies and meta-analyses have shown that patients who undergo surveillance have a lower risk of CRC related death and a higher rate of detection of early CRC detection. […] Endoscopic evaluation is the gold standard for diagnosing and managing IBD. […] Patients with IBD usually undergo multiple endoscopic procedures in their lifetime to ensure mucosal healing and to prevent CRC. […] The effectiveness of a colonoscopy relies on two key factors: a good bowel prep and the endoscopists ability to visualize the entire colon. […] Inadequate preparation for the colonoscopy can result in longer procedural durations and a higher likelihood of missed lesions. […] In 2015 an international group of multidisciplinary experts published the Surveillance for Endoscopic Detection and Management in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: SCENIC guidelines in both Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

• #81 From random to precise: updated colon cancer screening and surveillance for inflammatory bowel disease – Fatakhova – Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology

  https://tgh.amegroups.org/article/view/8700/html

  Key recommendations of SCENIC were that HD-WLE is superior to standard WLE for surveillance. […] They recommended DCE in all patients undergoing surveillance whether with WLE or HD-WLE. […] The SCENIC guidelines recommended that, rather than surgery, all resectable lesions be endoscopically removed and that after removal of a polypoid lesion, biopsies be performed of the mucosa around the resection site to ensure that the endoscopist has completely resected the polyp and that there is no dysplasia in the base. […] The AGA Clinical Practice Update differs from other guidelines in providing for a longer surveillance interval of 1 to 5 years after a normal initial colonoscopy depending on the presence or absence of risk factors and the CIB.

• #82

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-018-0612-2

  Patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis have an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Colitis-related dysplasia appears to confer the greatest risk. Colonoscopic surveillance to detect dysplasia has been advocated by gastrointestinal societies. The aim of surveillance is the reduction of mortality and morbidity of CRC through detection and resection of dysplasia or detecting CRC at an earlier and potentially curable stage. […] Emerging evidence favours chromoendoscopy (CE) for dysplasia detection and is gaining wider acceptance through recent international (International Consensus Statement on Surveillance and Management of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SCENIC)) recommendations and endorsed by many gastrointestinal societies. Adoption of CE as the gold standard of surveillance has been met with by scepticism, from conflicting data, operational barriers and the need to understand the true impact of increasingly higher dysplasia detection on overall CRC mortality.

• #83

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-018-0612-2

  Patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis have an increased risk for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Colitis-related dysplasia appears to confer the greatest risk. Colonoscopic surveillance to detect dysplasia has been advocated by gastrointestinal societies. The aim of surveillance is the reduction of mortality and morbidity of CRC through detection and resection of dysplasia or detecting CRC at an earlier and potentially curable stage. […] Emerging evidence favours chromoendoscopy (CE) for dysplasia detection and is gaining wider acceptance through recent international (International Consensus Statement on Surveillance and Management of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SCENIC)) recommendations and endorsed by many gastrointestinal societies. Adoption of CE as the gold standard of surveillance has been met with by scepticism, from conflicting data, operational barriers and the need to understand the true impact of increasingly higher dysplasia detection on overall CRC mortality.

• #84

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-018-0612-2

  Implementation of a risk stratification protocol that includes CE is an effective approach allowing earlier detection of dysplasia and colorectal neoplasia, determination of surveillance intervals with appropriate allocation of resources and limiting morbidity from CRC and colonoscopy itself. Further prospective data should define the true and long-term impact of dysplasia detection with modern techniques.

• #85 Colon Cancer Surveillance in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/colon-cancer-surveillance-in-patients-with-ulcerative-colitis

  We recommend that patients with ulcerative colitis undergo a colonoscopy every one to three years. […] Persons with inflammatory bowel disease have a lifetime risk of colorectal cancer at least three times as high as in the general population. […] Since the risk of dysplasia or cancer increases with the duration of ulcerative colitis, testing should be done more frequently as duration of disease increases. […] A history of primary sclerosing cholangitis, a liver disease associated with ulcerative colitis, adds significantly to the already high risk of dysplasia and colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. […] Any biopsy that is positive for dysplasia poses an inordinately high risk of colorectal cancer; the risk of concurrent cancer has been reported to be as high as 19 percent in patients with low-grade dysplasia and 42 percent in patients with high-grade dysplasia. […] Research is ongoing to determine whether alternative markers of malignancy or improved visualization of the colon with chromoendoscopy, narrow band imaging, or autofluorescence can significantly improve the sensitivity of the present surveillance techniques to detect dysplasia.

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