Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies?content_id=CON-20359715

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] Symptoms of congenital mitral valve anomalies may be serious or mild. Serious symptoms in babies and young children may include: Shortness of breath during feedings. Poor weight gain. A pale gray or bluish tint to the skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be easier or harder to see. Heavy breathing. A fast heartbeat. Swelling in the legs, belly or around the eyes. […] Sometimes, symptoms of congenital mitral valve anomalies don’t appear until later in life, if at all. In older children and adults, symptoms may include: Trouble breathing, such as fast breathing or difficulty breathing during exercise. Chest pain or discomfort. Feeling very tired. Dizziness or fainting. Fast heartbeat or extra heartbeats. […] People with mitral valve anomalies also often have other heart conditions present at birth, which may cause other symptoms.

• #2 Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-42937-9_53-1

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are a group of diverse defects that can result in varied clinical presentations depending not only on valvular function but also on the presence of associated congenital heart defects. […] This chapter reviews congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation including: supravalvar mitral ring, isolated cleft mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, the spectrum of mitral valve dysplasia (and mitral arcade), parachute mitral valve, Ebstein malformation of mitral valve, and mitral valve prolapse. […] Clinical features and management of isolated cleft mitral valve childhood. […] The developmental complex of parachute mitral valve, supravalvular ring of left atrium, subaortic stenosis, and coarctation of aorta. […] Independent factors associated with outcomes of parachute mitral valve in 84 patients.

• #3 Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07563-6_53

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are a group of diverse defects that can result in varied clinical presentations depending not only on valvular function but also on the presence of associated congenital heart defects. […] This chapter reviews congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation including: supravalvar mitral ring, isolated cleft mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, the spectrum of mitral valve dysplasia (and mitral arcade), parachute mitral valve, Ebstein malformation of mitral valve, and mitral valve prolapse.

• #4 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the hearts upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] Symptoms of congenital mitral valve anomalies may be serious or mild. Serious symptoms in babies and young children may include: Shortness of breath during feedings. Poor weight gain. A pale gray or bluish tint to the skin. Depending on skin color, these changes may be easier or harder to see. Heavy breathing. A fast heartbeat. Swelling in the legs, belly or around the eyes. […] Sometimes, symptoms of congenital mitral valve anomalies dont appear until later in life, if at all. In older children and adults, symptoms may include: Trouble breathing, such as fast breathing or difficulty breathing during exercise. Chest pain or discomfort. Feeling very tired. Dizziness or fainting. Fast heartbeat or extra heartbeats. […] People with mitral valve anomalies also often have other heart conditions present at birth, which may cause other symptoms.

• #5 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  An abnormal mitral valve may become floppy and not close well (prolapse), it may allow blood to leak back from the left ventricle into the left atrium (regurgitation) or it may become narrow or tight (stenosis). […] Some valve abnormalities do not cause any problems. Others can cause serious problems, like heart failure, if they are not treated. […] Mitral valve abnormalities may cause no symptoms for many years. […] Your child may have some of these symptoms, depending on the valve problem and how severe it is: Feeling short of breath when active or lying down, Coughing, Feeling more tired than normal, Having palpitations, Having an arrhythmia. […] Some babies with mitral valve abnormalities may also have symptoms like these: Fast breathing or working hard to breathe, Trouble eating or gaining weight (failure to thrive). […] Some children begin life with a normal mitral valve and then develop problems later on. One cause of mitral valve problems is rheumatic fever, which happens after a strep infection.

• #6 Mitral Valve Defects | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/mitral-valve-defects

  Symptoms vary widely depending on the type and severity of the condition. […] A newborn with severe or critical mitral stenosis may require treatment immediately. Symptoms may include: Blue or purple tint to lips, skin and nails (cyanosis), Difficulty breathing. […] In less severe cases, symptoms may include: Palpitations or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), Fatigue, Difficulty breathing during exercise, Recurrent cough and lung infections. […] Mitral valve regurgitation can also cause these symptoms. Sometimes symptoms don’t appear until the child is older or an adult. […] When mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation is caused by rheumatic fever, symptoms may not appear until many years after the child has the disease. […] Mitral valve prolapse often has no symptoms. In some cases, mitral valve prolapse causes arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythm).

• #7 Valvular heart disease: congenital anomalies of the mitral

  https://hospital.vallhebron.com/en/healthcare/diseases/valvular-heart-disease-congenital-anomalies-mitral-valve

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies include a wide range of irregularities in the valves and subvalvular systems. This can cause problems from obstruction to mitral valve insufficiency. Two specific problems can occur: stenosis, which affects children; and congenital mitral insufficiency. […] Congenital mitral stenosis tends to appear in the first two years of life, and congenital mitral insufficiency occurs where there is an excess of liquid in the lung which causes breathing difficulties. […] Symptoms of congenital mitral stenosis are: Slow weight gain, Tiredness, Sweating when feeding. Congenital mitral insufficiency results in an increase in respiratory infections. […] In the case of congenital mitral insufficiency, surgical repair or replacement of the valve is necessary in patients with symptoms who have severe mitral insufficiency and do not respond to treatment.

• #8 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve disease can be acquired (it develops over time as you get older) or congenital (you were born with it). […] Some babies are born with mitral valve problems. […] Some people are born with mitral valve disease. It may be mild or severe. Babies with life-threatening defects need surgery right away. […] The symptoms of mitral valve disease depend on the form you have. In some cases, symptoms also depend on the severity of the disease. […] You may have no symptoms at all. If you do have symptoms, they can include: Chest pain, Cough, Coughing up blood, Dizziness or fainting, Fatigue, Heart palpitations, Migraines, Mitral facies, Orthostatic hypotension, Shortness of breath, Swelling in your legs, ankles or feet. […] There are many possible causes for mitral valve disease. These include: Congenital heart defect, Connective tissue disorders, Endocarditis, Enlargement of your left ventricle, Getting older, Radiation therapy, Rheumatic fever. […] Talk with your provider about what to expect in your situation.

• #9

  https://www.aurorahealthcare.org/services/heart-vascular/conditions/congenital-valve-disease

  Congenital valve disease happens when one or more of the hearts four valves doesnt develop properly before birth. Sometimes the defect keeps the valve from closing completely, which means blood flows backward and the heart has to work extra hard to pump it out again. Over time, that strain can cause serious issues such as dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and aortic aneurysms. […] You may not even know you have congenital valve disease until middle age, when symptoms tend to develop, such as: Chest pain, Dizziness or fainting, Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Stronger heart murmurs or palpitations, Worsening symptoms with physical activity.

• #10 Mitral Valve Disease Symptoms, Causes, Types (Orange County)

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/heart-vascular/specialty-programs/heart-valve-program/conditions/mitral-valve-disease/

  Mitral valve disease encompasses a spectrum of conditions that can affect the ability of the mitral valve to function properly. […] If not promptly treated, mitral valve disease can sometimes lead to serious complications and symptoms including heart failure, cardiac arrest and death. […] The symptoms of mitral valve disease depend on several factors, including the patients overall health, the type of mitral valve issue being experienced and other issues. […] Some patients may experience no symptoms at all, especially in milder cases. In other cases, symptoms may be worsened by related conditions such as atrial fibrillation or heart failure. […] Including severe and common symptoms, mitral valve regurgitation or mitral valve stenosis may cause: Chest pain that can range from mild to severe, Recurring or chronic cough, Dizziness, Fatigue and decreased endurance while performing exercise, High blood pressure, particularly in the blood vessels that move blood to the lungs, Shortness of breath, Having a heart murmur, which is a whooshing sound from the heart, Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmias), Migraine headaches, Orthostatic hypotension, which is a drop in blood pressure that happens when you stand, potentially leading to fainting, Swelling in the legs, ankles or feet.

• #11 Congenital heart defects can go unnoticed into adulthood | Norton Children’s Louisville, Ky.

  https://nortonchildrens.com/news/undetected-congenital-heart-defect/

  Undetected congenital heart defects (CHD) are rare, but some babies can grow into adolescence or early adulthood before noticing any symptoms. […] For many adults, the first sign of an undetected congenital heart defect is shortness of breath, especially during exercise. Other signs can include heart palpitations, fainting or cyanosis — a bluish color to the lips and nailbeds in light-skinned people. In those with dark skin, cyanosis may be more noticeable in the gums and around the eyes than the lips and nails. […] Examples of congenital heart defects that can go undetected until adulthood include mitral valve prolapse.

• #12 Mitral valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355107

  Mitral valve disease includes: […] Symptoms of mitral valve disease can include: […] Some people with mitral valve disease might not have symptoms for many years, if at all. […] In mitral valve regurgitation, the flaps don’t close tightly. Blood flows backward when the valve is closed, making it harder for the heart to work properly. […] In mitral valve stenosis, the valve opening narrows. The heart now must work harder to force blood through the smaller valve opening. If the opening in the valve becomes small enough, it can reduce blood flow between the left heart chambers. […] Mitral valve disease has many causes. Some forms of mitral valve disease can be present at birth. A heart problem that you’re born with is called a congenital heart defect. […] Mitral valve disease can cause many complications. Severe mitral valve regurgitation, for example, causes the heart to work harder, which can cause the left ventricle to enlarge and the heart muscle to weaken.

• #13 Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/congenital-anomalies-of-the-mitral-valve-2/

  Neonates and infants with mitral valve disease may be completely asymptomatic at rest. […] If symptomatic, they often present with difficulty feeding and less commonly signs of tachypnea. […] A neonate with severe mitral stenosis may present with circulatory failure upon ductal closure, necessitating institution of prostaglandins to maintain cardiac output. […] Older children with severe mitral stenosis or regurgitation may present with easy fatigability, decreased exercise tolerance, or classic left-sided heart failure symptoms such as orthopnea, dyspnea on exertion, or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. […] The time course for development of irreversible pulmonary hypertension in patients with left atrial hypertension is unknown, but prolonged medical management for patients with confirmed pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to left atrial hypertension increases the risk of developing irreversible pulmonary vascular disease.

• #14 Mitral valve stenosis in children – Children’s Health Cardiology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/mitral-stenosis

  Mitral valve stenosis is a defect in the valve it may be fused, too thick or have another structural problem. When the mitral valve doesn’t work properly the blood flow through your child’s heart can become disorganized. […] Sometimes, children are born with mitral valve stenosis. This heart defect can make the heart work harder to pump blood and cause your child’s heart to weaken over time. […] What are the signs and symptoms of mitral valve stenosis in children? Rapid or labored breathing, coughing or wheezing, slow growth and slow weight gain, feeding difficulties, fatigue, respiratory infections, irregular heartbeats, chest pain, difficulty exercising, a heart murmur found by their doctor on exam. […] Children with more serious mitral valve stenosis may need surgery. However, some will not need any immediate treatment. Many children with mitral valve stenosis live healthy lives with regular checkups by their care team. When a child does require surgery, they may need: Cardiac catheterization – Cardiologists insert a long thin tube called a catheter into an artery or vein in your child’s groin, neck or arm and thread it through their blood vessels to their heart. […] For the most part, children with mitral valve stenosis live very healthy, productive lives. However, some children may experience some limitations on their physical activity. It all depends on the child and their overall health.

• #15 Double Orifice Mitral Valve – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559298/

  A double-orifice mitral valve is an uncommon anomaly, often congenital but occasionally acquired, that tends to be asymptomatic initially. Over time, it can progress to mitral valve dysfunction, potentially causing pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure, and atrial arrhythmias. […] Typically asymptomatic, the anomaly allows for normal blood flow between the 2 chambers of the left heart; however, symptoms may arise due to the development of mitral valve dysfunction, such as stenosis or regurgitation. […] Symptoms in the pediatric population are primarily due to diminished cardiac output, leading to symptoms. These symptoms range from tachypnea, dyspnea, and wheezing to poor feeding and failure to thrive. Asymptomatic patients may have an unremarkable physical examination since an isolated double-orifice mitral valve is typically benign, even to cardiac auscultation.

• #16 Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly | Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

  https://www.japscjournal.com/articles/two-holes-one-rare-case-congenital-mitral-valve-anomaly?language_content_entity=en

  Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare anomaly, characterised by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus resulting in two orifices. […] The patient presented with an isolated DOMV; hence, no intervention was necessary. However, long-term follow-up is advised. […] Isolated DOMV is extremely rare and its exact incidence, prevalence and prognostic relevance have not been established. […] Because of the associated anomalies, DOMV is usually detected in early childhood, but is hardly ever diagnosed in adults, so the incidence and prognostic relevance of an isolated DOMV detected in adulthood is unknown. […] Cases of an isolated DOMV with no functional abnormalities are likely to be missed because there will be no clinical symptoms. […] Asymptomatic DOMV usually requires no active intervention; in cases of severe mitral regurgitation, stenosis or associated cardiac anomalies, surgical repair is needed. […] In our case, as symptoms and concomitant abnormalities were absent, regular long-term follow-up was advised for the early detection of complications and no active medical or surgical intervention was warranted.

• #17 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve disease occurs when the mitral valve doesnt work properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the left atrium. As a result, your heart does not pump enough blood out of the left ventricular chamber to supply your body with oxygen-filled blood. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue and shortness of breath. However, many people with mitral valve disease experience no symptoms. […] If left untreated, mitral valve disease can lead to serious, life-threatening complications such as heart failure or irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias. […] Mitral valve disease symptoms vary depending on the exact problem with your valve. It may cause no symptoms at all. When symptoms do occur, they can include: cough, shortness of breath, especially when youre lying down on your back or exercising, fatigue, lightheadedness. […] Symptoms of any type of mitral valve disease usually develop gradually. They might appear or get worse when your body is dealing with extra stress, such as infection or pregnancy.

• #18 Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Classification I

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/890315-clinical

  The nature and severity of symptoms in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) (mitral valve insufficiency) relates to etiology, rate of onset and progression, left ventricle (LV) function, pulmonary artery pressure, and the presence of preexisting valvular or myocardial diseases. […] Children with minor degrees of mitral regurgitation are usually asymptomatic. With increased amounts of mitral regurgitation, fatigue may be reported, but, surprisingly, children can tolerate more severe mitral regurgitation better than adults can. Once pulmonary hypertension develops, complaints such as tachypnea and dyspnea with light activity become more prominent. With the most severe mitral regurgitation, children may experience limited growth and failure to thrive. Hemoptysis can develop during the later stages.

• #19 Pediatric Mitral Regurgitation (Mitral Valve Insufficiency) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination, Classification I

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/890315-clinical

  An indolent course of mitral regurgitation may be deceptive because of the ability of the heart to compensate for the altered hemodynamics. This occurs due to changes in cardiac pump loading such that increased diastolic filling increases preload, whereas LV ejection, in part into the left atrium, reduces afterload. By the time symptoms become apparent, serious and irreversible LV dysfunction may have developed.

• #20 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. They are often complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. These may occur in isolation or in association with other congenital heart defects. In an echocardiographic study, congenital malformations of the mitral valve were detected in almost 0.5% of the 13,400 subjects. […] In patients with MVP there is a gradual progression of MR. Sometimes, spontaneous rupture of MV chordae tendineae or their marked elongation will occur, and patients will develop a flail mitral leaflet. In these cases, valve surgery is indicated because the mortality rate in patients with severe MR caused by flail leaflets is 6% to 7% per year.

• #21 Congenital Mitral Valve Anomalies | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  The nature and severity of symptoms in patients with congenital mitral valve anomalies relate to etiology, rate of onset and progression, left ventricle function, pulmonary artery pressure, and the presence of coexisting valvular or myocardial diseases. […] Patients with severe mitral stenosis may present with respiratory distress from pulmonary edema shortly after birth if a significant atrial septal communication is not present. The presence of an atrial septal defect decompresses the left atrium, resulting in a clinical picture of pulmonary over circulation and decreased systemic cardiac output. Patients with mild-to-moderate mitral stenosis present after the neonatal period with signs of low cardiac output and right heart failure such as pulmonary infections, failure to gain weight, exhaustion and diaphoresis with feeding, tachypnea, and chronic cough.

• #22 Congenital mitral valve anomalies

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20359715

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are problems with the valve between the heart’s two left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. Congenital means it is present at birth. […] Narrowing of the mitral valve, also called mitral valve stenosis. The valve flaps are stiff and the valve opening may be narrowed. This condition reduces blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. […] Leaky mitral valve, also called mitral valve regurgitation. The valve flaps don’t close tightly. Sometimes they push backward into the left upper heart chamber as the heart squeezes. As a result, the mitral valve leaks blood. […] People with mitral valve anomalies also often have other heart problems present at birth. […] Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe the condition is. If you have congenital mitral valve anomalies, you should have regular health checkups. […] Some people may eventually need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.

• #23 Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/congenital-anomalies-of-the-mitral-valve-2/

  The incidence of isolated congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve is relatively rare. […] Congenital mitral valve disease frequently occurs in combination with coarctation or hypoplasia of other left-sided structures, including the left ventricle, aortic valve, and aortic arch. […] These congenital lesions can be subdivided into mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, or a mixture of both. […] It is important to remember that up to 70% of patients with mitral valve disease will have concomitant abnormalities of left heart structures that may need to be addressed. […] Most congenital anomalies of the mitral valve will have elements of both stenosis and insufficiency. […] Both mitral stenosis and regurgitation lead to left atrial and pulmonary venous hypertension in the presence of intact atrial septum due to compensation for increased pressure and volume loads.

• #24 Double orifice mitral valve: a report of two cases with different severity and treatment – Theerasuwipakorn – AME Case Reports

  https://acr.amegroups.org/article/view/7598/html

  Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV), a rare congenital heart disease, is characterized by a 2-orifice mitral valve (MV) separated by a tissue bridge, causing a spectacles-like morphology. DOMV can present with various severity ranging from asymptomatic to severe valvular dysfunction including mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral stenosis (MS), as well as symptoms from coexisting congenital anomalies. […] The double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) can present with different severity ranging from asymptomatic to severe valvular dysfunction including mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral stenosis, as well as, symptoms of coexisting congenital anomalies. […] Patients with DOMV can be asymptomatic or present with symptoms of valvular dysfunction and concomitant congenital anomalies (e.g., atrioventricular canal defect, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve, etc.).

• #25 Double Orifice Mitral Valve – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559298/

  In asymptomatic patients without mitral valve dysfunction, the prognosis of a double-orifice mitral valve is reassuring. However, no prospective studies currently establish a timeline for progression from a double-orifice mitral valve to mitral valve dysfunction. Some patients develop early dysfunction in infancy, while others may develop it in adulthood. […] Complications associated with double-orifice mitral valves include mitral valve dysfunction, such as mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation, with resulting pulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. Atrial arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, have occurred directly due to a double-orifice mitral valve, leading to the potential occurrence of embolic strokes in affected patients.

• #26 Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-valve-problems-and-disease/heart-valve-problems-and-causes/problem-mitral-valve-prolapse

  Mitral valve prolapse, also called MVP, is a condition in which the two valve flaps of the mitral valve don’t close smoothly or evenly, but bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium. […] Common symptoms include bursts of rapid heartbeat (palpitations), chest discomfort and fatigue. […] MVP rarely becomes a serious condition. However, in the most serious cases it can cause abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias) that may eventually become life-threatening. […] When mitral valve prolapse is severe enough to cause significant valve leakage, called “regurgitation,” it can lead to serious complications such as heart attack and stroke. This happens because when the valve leaks, it can cause the atrium to enlarge. An enlarged atrium may lead to heart rhythm problems such as atrial fibrillation, which may cause blood clots to form. When clots travel from the heart to the arteries or the brain, it can lead to a stroke or heart attack.

• #27 Congenital Mitral Valve Disease | Musculoskeletal Key

  https://musculoskeletalkey.com/congenital-mitral-valve-disease/

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are much rarer. […] Because of the severity of obstruction of flow across the valve, valvular regurgitation, or associated cardiac defects, patients with congenital mitral abnormalities often present during infancy. […] Congenital mitral stenosis presents clinically with right-sided cardiac failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] In infants, feeding requires increased cardiac output, and babies often present with dyspnea or cyanosis during feeding and with failure to grow. […] Because of pulmonary edema, infants and children are at risk for having recurring respiratory infections. […] Tachypnea, hemoptysis, respiratory distress, low cardiac output, and atrial fibrillation can be associated findings of mitral stenosis. […] The physical examination in mitral stenosis is characterized by a right ventricular lift at the left lower sternal border and by an increased pulmonary component of the second heart sound caused by pulmonary hypertension. […] The chest radiograph usually shows left atrial enlargement, with widening of the angle between the left and right main bronchi. […] Generally, the electrocardiogram shows left atrial or biatrial enlargement during sinus rhythm, and, rarely, atrial fibrillation is present.

• #28 Double Orifice Mitral Valve – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559298/

  If complicated by mitral stenosis, a low-pitched mid-diastolic murmur may be detected at the apex. Similarly, a double-orifice mitral valve with mitral regurgitation may exhibit a blowing pansystolic murmur at the apical region. As symptoms progress, clinical signs of heart failure, such as increased work of breathing, peripheral cyanosis, elevated jugular venous pressure, palpation of a parasternal heave, pulmonary crackles on auscultation, and peripheral edema, may become apparent. […] Management of double-orifice mitral valves depends primarily on whether patients are symptomatic, which directly correlates to the degree of mitral valve dysfunction. Asymptomatic patients are advised to undergo interval TTE, although current guidelines do not specify the frequency. Symptomatic double-orifice mitral valve management includes medical therapy, noninvasive intervention, or a surgical approach.

• #29 Mitral Valve Disease

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/heart-and-vascular-care/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/

  Mitral valve disease has many causes. Some forms of mitral valve disease can be present at birth (congenital). […] Some people with mitral valve disease might not experience symptoms for many years. But when symptoms do appear, they may include: […] Fatigue […] Heart arrhythmias […] Heart murmur […] Shortness of breath, particularly when you have been very active or when you lie down. […] Swelling of the ankles and feet.

• #30 Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs | VCA Animal Hospitals

  https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/mitral-valve-disease-in-dogs

  The degree of clinical signs is directly related to the amount of decreased blood flow that is occurring. This is why early diagnosis and treatment are essential in slowing the progression of heart failure. […] Congestive heart failure begins when the heart is unable to provide the tissues with adequate oxygen and nutrients. Without adequate oxygen, the body’s cells become distressed and trigger a series of responses. […] Eventually, the increased fluid retention becomes a detriment as more and more fluid leaks out of capillaries and into the lungs, abdomen, and other body tissues. […] Left-sided congestive heart failure (LS-CHF) is generally associated with MVI and most commonly results in pulmonary edema and coughing. However, heart failure can progress to bilateral heart failure. […] The choice of medication often depends on the stage of heart disease present (Stage A to D).

• #31 Mitral Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Many children with mitral valve stenosis show no outward signs, since they are in the mild to moderate stages of the condition and their symptoms have not yet progressed to a more serious level. The only identifiable symptoms, in most cases, are rapid breathing, slow growth/weight gain or a soft heart murmur. […] As mitral valve stenosis progresses, children may show more symptoms: Rapid or labored breathing, Frequent coughing or wheezing, Slow growth/weight gain, Feeding difficulties, Fatigue, Frequent respiratory infections, Irregular heartbeats or heart palpitations, Chest pain, Difficulty exercising. […] You should seek treatment from a qualified medical professional right away if you notice any of these warning signs in your child.

• #32 Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16891-heart-disease-adult-congenital-heart-disease

  The signs and symptoms of ACHD vary depending on: […] Some people with ACHD don’t have any symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they may include: […] Heart murmur. […] Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmia). […] The risk of complications is higher if your congenital heart disease was not repaired or treated during childhood. […] If you have ACHD, your outlook depends on the type of congenital heart disease, its severity and the treatment.

• #33 Early and Mid-Term Outcome of Pediatric Congenital Mitral Valve Surgery

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4592526/

  Surgical repair of the congenital MV disease yields acceptable early and intermediate-term satisfactory valve function and good survival at intermediate-term follow-up. Strong predictors for poor surgical outcome and death were age smaller than 1 year, weight smaller or equal than 6 kg, and associated cardiac anomalies such as pulmonary stenosis.

• #34 Congenital Heart Defects in Children | Doernbecher Children’s Hospital | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/doernbecher/congenital-heart-defects-children

  Symptoms of congenital heart defects most often appear soon after birth. They may include: […] Sometimes, symptoms appear later in childhood or in adulthood. These can include: […] Most defects are simple, and many don’t require treatment. Some are more complex and may need to be treated with one or more surgeries over years. Most treated children go on to lead normal lives. […] Congenital heart defects are among the most common type of birth defect. At least eight in 1,000 babies are born with a heart defect in the U.S. each year. […] Symptoms can be controlled with medication but sometimes need surgery. […] Children with complex conditions may need additional surgeries and follow-up care, sometimes throughout life.

• #35 2024 Guide to Congenital Mitral Valve Anomalie | Vejthani

  https://www.vejthani.com/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are heart issues (congenital heart defects) affecting the valve between the upper left chamber of the heart (left atrium) and lower left chamber (left ventricle.) The following conditions are mitral valve anomalies: […] Typical adult congenital heart disease signs and symptoms include: Breathing difficulties, Irregular heart sound (heart murmur), Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), Fatigue. […] Some types of mitral valve disease that can develop at birth (congenital heart defect). […] Years after a congenital heart disease has been fixed, symptoms may come back.

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