Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Mitral valve disease treatment depends on the symptoms, the severity of the condition, and whether the condition is worsening. […] A doctor trained in heart disease, called a cardiologist, typically provides care for people with mitral valve disease. Treatment of mitral valve disease might include regular health checkups to see how well you’re doing. If you have mitral valve disease, you might be asked to: Make healthy lifestyle changes. Take medicines to treat symptoms. Take blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots if you have an irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation. […] A diseased or damaged mitral valve might eventually need to be repaired or replaced, even if you don’t have symptoms. Surgery for mitral valve disease includes mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement.

• #2 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #3 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Treatment for mitral valve abnormalities depends on the type of problem and how it affects your child. […] Many children with mitral valve abnormalities do not need treatment. Even so, they do need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] During these visits, we carefully check your child for signs that their condition is getting worse and might need treatment soon. It is important to watch for problems, even before symptoms start, so we can find and treat any concerns before they become severe. […] Seattle Childrens Heart Center team is expert at all forms of treatment, including the latest methods to repair or replace mitral valves. […] Most children with mitral valve prolapse do not need treatment because their valve causes no symptoms or problems. If they do have symptoms, like palpitations or chest pain, they may need medicine to relieve these.

• #4 Mitral Valve Disease in Newborns | Nemours Children’s Health

  https://www.nemours.org/services/mitral-valve-disease.html

  Some babies born with mitral valve disease may need surgery, and some may not need surgery at all or won’t need it until they are a bit older. […] If your baby has been diagnosed with any type of congenital mitral valve defect, our board-certified, fellowship-trained pediatric cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons are here to answer your questions, address your concerns, and help with treatment plans for today, and the longer term. […] We offer congenital mitral valve disease care at Nemours Childrens Hospital, Delaware (Wilmington, Del.) and select Nemours Children’s Health locations. […] We offer congenital mitral valve disease care at Nemours Childrens Hospital, Florida (Orlando) and select Nemours locations. […] We offer congenital mitral valve disease care at Nemours Childrens Health, Pensacola and our hospital affiliate, West Florida Healthcare, with outpatient and follow-up appointments also available at select Nemours locations.

• #5 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Treatment for mitral valve abnormalities depends on the type of problem and how it affects your child. […] Many children with mitral valve abnormalities do not need treatment. Even so, they do need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] During these visits, we carefully check your child for signs that their condition is getting worse and might need treatment soon. It is important to watch for problems, even before symptoms start, so we can find and treat any concerns before they become severe. […] Seattle Childrens Heart Center team is expert at all forms of treatment, including the latest methods to repair or replace mitral valves. […] Most children with mitral valve prolapse do not need treatment because their valve causes no symptoms or problems. If they do have symptoms, like palpitations or chest pain, they may need medicine to relieve these.

• #6 Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly | Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

  https://www.japscjournal.com/articles/two-holes-one-rare-case-congenital-mitral-valve-anomaly?language_content_entity=en

  Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare anomaly, characterised by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus resulting in two orifices. […] The patient presented with an isolated DOMV; hence, no intervention was necessary. However, long-term follow-up is advised. […] Treatment is necessary only if significant mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation is present. […] Management would depend on the severity of the valvular stenosis and/or regurgitation, associated congenital defects and clinical presentation. Asymptomatic DOMV usually requires no active intervention; in cases of severe mitral regurgitation, stenosis or associated cardiac anomalies, surgical repair is needed. […] In our case, as symptoms and concomitant abnormalities were absent, regular long-term follow-up was advised for the early detection of complications and no active medical or surgical intervention was warranted.

• #7 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Treatment for mitral valve abnormalities depends on the type of problem and how it affects your child. […] Many children with mitral valve abnormalities do not need treatment. Even so, they do need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] During these visits, we carefully check your child for signs that their condition is getting worse and might need treatment soon. It is important to watch for problems, even before symptoms start, so we can find and treat any concerns before they become severe. […] Seattle Childrens Heart Center team is expert at all forms of treatment, including the latest methods to repair or replace mitral valves. […] Most children with mitral valve prolapse do not need treatment because their valve causes no symptoms or problems. If they do have symptoms, like palpitations or chest pain, they may need medicine to relieve these.

• #8 Mitral Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Children with more advanced mitral stenosis are likely to require interventional catheterization or valve surgery; however, some don’t need any immediate treatment. […] Your child’s cardiologist will regularly evaluate your child for any sign of further narrowing in the mitral valve and related complications. Most often, routine monitoring will involve physical examinations and echocardiograms. […] Medication is not a cure for mitral valve stenosis but can be helpful in managing specific symptoms. […] Boston Children’s Hospital has a program dedicated to interventional catheterization, the use of a thin tube called a catheter that is threaded from a vein or artery into the heart. […] The most common interventional catheterization procedure used to treat mitral valve stenosis is balloon dilation or balloon valvuloplasty.

• #9 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  If the mitral valve can’t be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. It’s replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve. […] People born with congenital mitral valve anomalies need lifelong health checkups. It’s best to be cared for by a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart conditions. These types of doctors are called pediatric and adult congenital cardiologists.

• #10 Congenital mitral valve anomalies

  https://johnsonmemorial.org/jmh-health/disease-conditions/con-20359715

  Biological tissue valves wear down over time. They eventually need to be replaced. If you have a mechanical valve, you need blood thinners for life to prevent blood clots. Talk to your health care provider about the benefits and risks of each type of valve. The specific valve used is chosen by the cardiologist, surgeon and family after evaluating the risks and benefits. […] Sometime people need another valve repair or surgery to replace a valve that no longer works. […] People born with congenital mitral valve anomalies need lifelong health checkups. It’s best to be cared for by a provider trained in congenital heart conditions. These types of providers are called pediatric and adult congenital cardiologists.

• #11 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Mitral valve disease treatment depends on the symptoms, the severity of the condition, and whether the condition is worsening. […] A doctor trained in heart disease, called a cardiologist, typically provides care for people with mitral valve disease. Treatment of mitral valve disease might include regular health checkups to see how well you’re doing. If you have mitral valve disease, you might be asked to: Make healthy lifestyle changes. Take medicines to treat symptoms. Take blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots if you have an irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation. […] A diseased or damaged mitral valve might eventually need to be repaired or replaced, even if you don’t have symptoms. Surgery for mitral valve disease includes mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement.

• #12 Mitral Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Children with more advanced mitral stenosis are likely to require interventional catheterization or valve surgery; however, some don’t need any immediate treatment. […] Your child’s cardiologist will regularly evaluate your child for any sign of further narrowing in the mitral valve and related complications. Most often, routine monitoring will involve physical examinations and echocardiograms. […] Medication is not a cure for mitral valve stenosis but can be helpful in managing specific symptoms. […] Boston Children’s Hospital has a program dedicated to interventional catheterization, the use of a thin tube called a catheter that is threaded from a vein or artery into the heart. […] The most common interventional catheterization procedure used to treat mitral valve stenosis is balloon dilation or balloon valvuloplasty.

• #13 Partners in Care | Mitral Valve Stenosis treatment at the Texas…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Diuretics: Diuretics may be prescribed to reduce fluid buildup in the lungs. […] Balloon Valvuloplasty: Using the same method as cardiac catheterization, a small tube can be inserted through a blood vessel in the groin and guided to the heart. A balloon can be pushed through the tube and inflated in the mitral valve to stretch the valve open and improve the narrowing. […] Surgery: While preserving the valve is top priority, the valve may need to be surgically replaced with an artificial valve.

• #14 Mitral Valve Stenosis in Animals – Circulatory System – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/congenital-and-inherited-anomalies-of-the-cardiovascular-system/mitral-valve-stenosis-in-animals

  Mitral stenosis can result in a diastolic heart murmur that is typically low-grade (I-II/VI). […] Medical management of animals with mitral valve stenosis involves use of diuretics and dietary sodium restriction. Excessive diuresis should be avoided, because this can reduce cardiac output severely. Surgical or interventional therapy options include closed commisurotomy (disruption of the stenosis without the use of bypass), open commisurotomy, mitral valve replacement, and balloon valvuloplasty.

• #15 Partners in Care | Mitral Valve Stenosis treatment at the Texas…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Treatment options for children with mitral valve stenosis are dependent upon the severity of the stenosis and can involve observation and monitoring, prescription medication, and/or a heart catheterization or surgery. […] Treatment options for mitral stenosis may include: […] Observation: Treatment may involve careful monitoring of the mitral valve through frequent visits with a pediatric cardiologist to ensure the valve continues to function. […] Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent rheumatic fever caused by the mitral stenosis. […] Antiarrhythmics: Antiarrhythmics may be prescribed to treat irregular heart rhythms associated with the mitral stenosis. […] Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants, such as blood thinners, may be prescribed to help prevent blood clots. […] Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Digitalis Glycosides: These medications can help slow the heart rate to allow the heart to fill more effectively despite the narrowing.

• #16 Partners in Care | Mitral Valve Stenosis treatment at the Texas…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Treatment options for children with mitral valve stenosis are dependent upon the severity of the stenosis and can involve observation and monitoring, prescription medication, and/or a heart catheterization or surgery. […] Treatment options for mitral stenosis may include: […] Observation: Treatment may involve careful monitoring of the mitral valve through frequent visits with a pediatric cardiologist to ensure the valve continues to function. […] Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent rheumatic fever caused by the mitral stenosis. […] Antiarrhythmics: Antiarrhythmics may be prescribed to treat irregular heart rhythms associated with the mitral stenosis. […] Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants, such as blood thinners, may be prescribed to help prevent blood clots. […] Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Digitalis Glycosides: These medications can help slow the heart rate to allow the heart to fill more effectively despite the narrowing.

• #17 Mitral Valve Prolapse (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/mvp.html

  Kids with mitral valve prolapse don’t need medical treatment. If the condition causes a lot of mitral regurgitation, doctors may prescribe blood pressure medicine to control how hard the heart muscle works. (With blood leaking back into the atrium, the heart works harder to pump the normal amount of blood out to the body.) […] A child who has an arrhythmia along with mitral valve prolapse may need to take medicine to help regulate the heart’s rhythm. But this is uncommon in kids. […] Rarely, a child might need surgery to repair a very leaky mitral valve. Later in life, someone might need their mitral valve repaired or replaced if: Their symptoms get worse. The left ventricle gets enlarged. The condition affects how well their heart works.

• #18 Partners in Care | Mitral Valve Stenosis treatment at the Texas…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Treatment options for children with mitral valve stenosis are dependent upon the severity of the stenosis and can involve observation and monitoring, prescription medication, and/or a heart catheterization or surgery. […] Treatment options for mitral stenosis may include: […] Observation: Treatment may involve careful monitoring of the mitral valve through frequent visits with a pediatric cardiologist to ensure the valve continues to function. […] Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent rheumatic fever caused by the mitral stenosis. […] Antiarrhythmics: Antiarrhythmics may be prescribed to treat irregular heart rhythms associated with the mitral stenosis. […] Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants, such as blood thinners, may be prescribed to help prevent blood clots. […] Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Digitalis Glycosides: These medications can help slow the heart rate to allow the heart to fill more effectively despite the narrowing.

• #19 Mitral valve disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355112

  Mitral valve disease treatment depends on the symptoms, the severity of the condition, and whether the condition is worsening. […] A doctor trained in heart disease, called a cardiologist, typically provides care for people with mitral valve disease. Treatment of mitral valve disease might include regular health checkups to see how well you’re doing. If you have mitral valve disease, you might be asked to: Make healthy lifestyle changes. Take medicines to treat symptoms. Take blood thinners to reduce the risk of blood clots if you have an irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation. […] A diseased or damaged mitral valve might eventually need to be repaired or replaced, even if you don’t have symptoms. Surgery for mitral valve disease includes mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement.

• #20 Partners in Care | Mitral Valve Stenosis treatment at the Texas…

  https://partnersincare.health/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Treatment options for children with mitral valve stenosis are dependent upon the severity of the stenosis and can involve observation and monitoring, prescription medication, and/or a heart catheterization or surgery. […] Treatment options for mitral stenosis may include: […] Observation: Treatment may involve careful monitoring of the mitral valve through frequent visits with a pediatric cardiologist to ensure the valve continues to function. […] Antibiotics: Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent rheumatic fever caused by the mitral stenosis. […] Antiarrhythmics: Antiarrhythmics may be prescribed to treat irregular heart rhythms associated with the mitral stenosis. […] Anticoagulants: Anticoagulants, such as blood thinners, may be prescribed to help prevent blood clots. […] Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Digitalis Glycosides: These medications can help slow the heart rate to allow the heart to fill more effectively despite the narrowing.

• #21 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Treatment for mitral valve abnormalities depends on the type of problem and how it affects your child. […] Many children with mitral valve abnormalities do not need treatment. Even so, they do need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] During these visits, we carefully check your child for signs that their condition is getting worse and might need treatment soon. It is important to watch for problems, even before symptoms start, so we can find and treat any concerns before they become severe. […] Seattle Childrens Heart Center team is expert at all forms of treatment, including the latest methods to repair or replace mitral valves. […] Most children with mitral valve prolapse do not need treatment because their valve causes no symptoms or problems. If they do have symptoms, like palpitations or chest pain, they may need medicine to relieve these.

• #22 Mitral Valve Prolapse (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/mvp.html

  Kids with mitral valve prolapse don’t need medical treatment. If the condition causes a lot of mitral regurgitation, doctors may prescribe blood pressure medicine to control how hard the heart muscle works. (With blood leaking back into the atrium, the heart works harder to pump the normal amount of blood out to the body.) […] A child who has an arrhythmia along with mitral valve prolapse may need to take medicine to help regulate the heart’s rhythm. But this is uncommon in kids. […] Rarely, a child might need surgery to repair a very leaky mitral valve. Later in life, someone might need their mitral valve repaired or replaced if: Their symptoms get worse. The left ventricle gets enlarged. The condition affects how well their heart works.

• #23 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve disease can be acquired (it develops over time as you get older) or congenital (you were born with it). Treatment depends on how well your valve is working and the symptoms you’re having. […] Treatment for mitral valve disease depends on your symptoms. If you don’t have any symptoms, you may not need treatment. If you do have symptoms and need treatment, your provider will discuss your options with you. […] Treatment options for mitral valve disease include: Balloon valvotomy. This catheter-based procedure treats mitral valve stenosis. It separates the cusps (flaps) of your mitral valve using a balloon. A catheter with a balloon at its tip is guided through your blood vessels until it reaches your heart. When the balloon reaches your valve, it’s inflated to create more room between the cusps.

• #24 Mitral Valve Stenosis | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/mitral-valve-stenosis

  Children with more advanced mitral stenosis are likely to require interventional catheterization or valve surgery; however, some don’t need any immediate treatment. […] Your child’s cardiologist will regularly evaluate your child for any sign of further narrowing in the mitral valve and related complications. Most often, routine monitoring will involve physical examinations and echocardiograms. […] Medication is not a cure for mitral valve stenosis but can be helpful in managing specific symptoms. […] Boston Children’s Hospital has a program dedicated to interventional catheterization, the use of a thin tube called a catheter that is threaded from a vein or artery into the heart. […] The most common interventional catheterization procedure used to treat mitral valve stenosis is balloon dilation or balloon valvuloplasty.

• #25 Current management of severe congenital mitral stenosis: outcomes of transcatheter and surgical therapy in 108 infants and children – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16043648/

  Severe congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is a rare anomaly that is frequently associated with additional left heart obstructions. Anatomic treatments for congenital MS include balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMVP), surgical mitral valvuloplasty (SMVP), and mitral valve replacement (MVR), although the optimal therapeutic strategy is unclear. […] The first MS intervention was BMVP in 64 patients, SMVP in 33, and MVR in 11. BMVP decreased peak and mean MS gradients by a median of 33% and 38%, respectively (P0.001), but was complicated by significant mitral regurgitation in 28%. […] BMVP effectively relieves left ventricular inflow obstruction in most infants and children with severe congenital MS who require intervention. However, surgical resection is preferable in patients with MS due to a supravalvar mitral ring. Five-year survival is relatively poor in patients with severe congenital MS, with worse outcomes in infants and patients undergoing MVR, but has improved in our more recent experience. Many patients have undergone second procedures for either recurrent/residual MS or mitral regurgitation resulting from dilation-related disruption of the mitral valve apparatus.

• #26 Congenital Mitral Valve Stenosis Treatment | Norton Children’s

  https://nortonchildrens.com/services/cardiology/conditions/treatments/surgical/congenital-mitral-valve-stenosis-treatment/

  Congenital mitral valve stenosis means a narrowing of the mitral valve. This valve controls blood flowing from the heart’s left atrium to the left ventricle. […] In severe cases, your child may need a valvuloplasty or open heart surgery to fix or replace the valve. The board-certified and fellowship-trained specialists at Norton Children’s Heart Institute have the experience and skills to diagnose mitral valve stenosis and provide a treatment plan specifically for your child. […] One potential treatment for mitral valve stenosis is called a balloon valvuloplasty. […] Mitral valve replacement is a more invasive surgery than a balloon valvuloplasty. Your child’s surgeon may need to remove the narrowed valve and replace it with a mechanical valve or a donor valve. […] The specialists at Norton Children’s Heart Institute will follow your child after these procedures and be able to provide answers to your questions before you leave the hospital.

• #27 Current management of severe congenital mitral stenosis: outcomes of transcatheter and surgical therapy in 108 infants and children – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16043648/

  Severe congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is a rare anomaly that is frequently associated with additional left heart obstructions. Anatomic treatments for congenital MS include balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMVP), surgical mitral valvuloplasty (SMVP), and mitral valve replacement (MVR), although the optimal therapeutic strategy is unclear. […] The first MS intervention was BMVP in 64 patients, SMVP in 33, and MVR in 11. BMVP decreased peak and mean MS gradients by a median of 33% and 38%, respectively (P0.001), but was complicated by significant mitral regurgitation in 28%. […] BMVP effectively relieves left ventricular inflow obstruction in most infants and children with severe congenital MS who require intervention. However, surgical resection is preferable in patients with MS due to a supravalvar mitral ring. Five-year survival is relatively poor in patients with severe congenital MS, with worse outcomes in infants and patients undergoing MVR, but has improved in our more recent experience. Many patients have undergone second procedures for either recurrent/residual MS or mitral regurgitation resulting from dilation-related disruption of the mitral valve apparatus.

• #28 Current management of severe congenital mitral stenosis: outcomes of transcatheter and surgical therapy in 108 infants and children – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16043648/

  Severe congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is a rare anomaly that is frequently associated with additional left heart obstructions. Anatomic treatments for congenital MS include balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMVP), surgical mitral valvuloplasty (SMVP), and mitral valve replacement (MVR), although the optimal therapeutic strategy is unclear. […] The first MS intervention was BMVP in 64 patients, SMVP in 33, and MVR in 11. BMVP decreased peak and mean MS gradients by a median of 33% and 38%, respectively (P0.001), but was complicated by significant mitral regurgitation in 28%. […] BMVP effectively relieves left ventricular inflow obstruction in most infants and children with severe congenital MS who require intervention. However, surgical resection is preferable in patients with MS due to a supravalvar mitral ring. Five-year survival is relatively poor in patients with severe congenital MS, with worse outcomes in infants and patients undergoing MVR, but has improved in our more recent experience. Many patients have undergone second procedures for either recurrent/residual MS or mitral regurgitation resulting from dilation-related disruption of the mitral valve apparatus.

• #29 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Depending on how severe it is, this valve problem may be treated with medicine that helps the left ventricle pump better so less blood leaks back into the left atrium. If medicine does not help enough, your child may need surgery to repair or replace their mitral valve. […] If mitral valve stenosis is not treated, blood pressure in the lungs may get too high. This is called pulmonary hypertension. It can cause permanent damage to the lungs and the heart, including heart failure. […] To prevent damage, some children can have a procedure to open their mitral valve. We do this in the catheterization lab. The doctor inserts a balloon through the valve. When they inflate the balloon, it stretches the valve open. Then they remove the balloon. This is called balloon valvuloplasty. […] Some children may need surgery to replace their mitral valve.

• #30 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve repair surgery. Most doctors prefer this method over replacement surgery whenever possible. It allows you to keep your valve and avoid some of the complications that come with valve replacement. […] Mitral valve replacement surgery. Sometimes replacing your valve is necessary. Your provider will discuss the benefits and risks with you. […] Minimally invasive mitral valve repair. Minimally invasive methods allow for smaller incisions and a quicker recovery. Methods include a right mini-thoracotomy, partial upper sternotomy and robotically-assisted repair. […] Percutaneous interventions. These catheter-based procedures are often a good fit for people who have an enlarged heart, a weak heart or other health problems. If you have mitral valve regurgitation, you may be a candidate for a MitraClip device. This dime-sized device can be implanted on your mitral valve to help it close better and prevent your blood from flowing backward. […] Percutaneous mitral valve replacement. In some cases where surgery would be high risk and it’s anatomically feasible, surgeons will expand a new valve inside of a diseased mitral valve.

• #31 Mitral Valve Disease Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.upmc.com/services/heart-vascular/conditions/mitral-valve-disease

  For the treatment of mitral stenosis or when surgical repair is not possible, a mitral valve replacement is often the first line treatment. This involves surgically clearing the blockage of the valve while preserving the natural anatomy as much as possible. […] Mitral valve replacement is performed with either a mechanical valve made of metal leaflets or a biologic valve made of cow or pig tissue. […] UPMC structural heart experts offer innovative, minimally invasive catheter-based procedures to treat mitral valve disease without the need to open the chest. […] MitraClip for mitral regurgitation Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in October 2013, MitraClip may be used to improve mitral regurgitation symptoms and heart function in selected patients who are considered to be at too high risk for open surgery.

• #32 Mitral Valve Disease: Types, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23235-mitral-valve-disease

  Mitral valve repair surgery. Most doctors prefer this method over replacement surgery whenever possible. It allows you to keep your valve and avoid some of the complications that come with valve replacement. […] Mitral valve replacement surgery. Sometimes replacing your valve is necessary. Your provider will discuss the benefits and risks with you. […] Minimally invasive mitral valve repair. Minimally invasive methods allow for smaller incisions and a quicker recovery. Methods include a right mini-thoracotomy, partial upper sternotomy and robotically-assisted repair. […] Percutaneous interventions. These catheter-based procedures are often a good fit for people who have an enlarged heart, a weak heart or other health problems. If you have mitral valve regurgitation, you may be a candidate for a MitraClip device. This dime-sized device can be implanted on your mitral valve to help it close better and prevent your blood from flowing backward. […] Percutaneous mitral valve replacement. In some cases where surgery would be high risk and it’s anatomically feasible, surgeons will expand a new valve inside of a diseased mitral valve.

• #33 Isolated congenital cleft mitral valve leaflet: a rare cause of refractory cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction | Journal of Congenital Cardiology | Full Text

  https://jcongenitalcardiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40949-021-00062-2

  We report a unique presentation of isolated congenital cleft mitral valve complicating cardiogenic shock from acute myocardial infarction. […] A review of this rare diagnosis including the options and timing of therapeutic interventions, which can include MitraClip, is important for publication. […] If diagnosed early with significant regurgitation, surgical treatment results in good outcomes and preservation of LV systolic function. […] Percutaneous correction of a CMVL with MitraClip has been described and may offer an alternative approach for high risk surgical patients. […] Surgical repair of a mitral cleft is usually the treatment of choice. Surgical repair is most often completed by suturing opposed edges of the cleft coupled with annuloplasty. […] Percutaneous intervention with Mitraclip has also been used to successfully treat CMVL when the valvular anatomy appears favorable.

• #34 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring.

• #35 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  Surgical treatment of CMVM remains a considerable therapeutic challenge, including valve repair or valve replacement. MV repair is preferable. Compared with the valve replacement, mitral valve repair showed several advantages, including conservation of the sub-valvular apparatus, preservation of ventricular geometry, conservation of left ventricular function, maintaining the growth potential of the native annulus, and long-term survival. In the pediatric population, valve replacement is less desirable because the mismatch between the native annulus and MV prosthesis is a risk factor for both early and late mortality, and it has a risk of re-operation with child growth. MV surgical repair also decreases the risk of thromboembolism and avoids the need for long-term anticoagulation, which is particularly difficult to manage in the pediatric population, especially for female patients.

• #36 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring.

• #37 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #38 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-99402010000200005

  Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations […] Surgical development of mitral valve repair techniques in pediatric patients has been slow because of the great variety in the presentation of congenital mitral valve malformations and the still unknown growing effect over the complex mitral valve apparatus. The aim of this study is to review our early an midterm institutional outcomes in surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations. […] Surgical repair is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, and transesophageal intraoperatory echocardiography must be highly recommended for evaluation of results. […] The objective of this study is to review, the early and midterm results in the surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations at our institution. […] The most common cause of mitral stenosis in our series was the parachutelike mitral valve, which was treated with fenestration of papillary muscles in most of the cases. […] We can say that mitral valve repair in pediatric patients is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, because of the satisfactory early and midterm outcomes, low global mortality and a high freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate.

• #39 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations […] Surgical repair is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, and transesophageal intraoperatory echocardiography must be highly recommended for evaluation of results. […] The objective of this study is to review, the early and mid-term results in the surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations at our institution. […] The surgical techniques used were mitral annuloplasty, papillary muscles fenestration, open bilateral commisurotomy, valve cleft closure and supravalvular mitral membrane resection. […] The overall survival rate after surgical mitral valve repair is of 93% at 30 days and does not vary up to 3.5 year follow-up. […] We can say that mitral valve repair in pediatric patients is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, because of the satisfactory early and mid-term outcomes, low global mortality and a high freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate. […] In addition, mitral valve repair allows preservation of the native valve without interfering with its growth, avoiding anticoagulation at an early age.

• #40 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations […] Surgical repair is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, and transesophageal intraoperatory echocardiography must be highly recommended for evaluation of results. […] The objective of this study is to review, the early and mid-term results in the surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations at our institution. […] The surgical techniques used were mitral annuloplasty, papillary muscles fenestration, open bilateral commisurotomy, valve cleft closure and supravalvular mitral membrane resection. […] The overall survival rate after surgical mitral valve repair is of 93% at 30 days and does not vary up to 3.5 year follow-up. […] We can say that mitral valve repair in pediatric patients is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, because of the satisfactory early and mid-term outcomes, low global mortality and a high freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate. […] In addition, mitral valve repair allows preservation of the native valve without interfering with its growth, avoiding anticoagulation at an early age.

• #41 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  We can say that mitral valve repair in pediatric patients is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, because of the satisfactory early and mid-term outcomes, low global mortality and a high freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate. […] In addition, mitral valve repair allows preservation of the native valve without interfering with its growth, avoiding anticoagulation at an early age.

• #42 Conservative Surgery for Congenital Abnormalities of the Mitral Valve | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-74629-1_7

  In congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve, repair is the goal of surgical management. […] Conservative surgery was successful in six cases and mitral valve replacement was required in one patient with supravalvar ring leading to the only operative death in this series. […] Conservative surgery was possible and had a good outcome in nine out of ten cases with severe congenital mitral valve anomalies.

• #43 Surgical treatment of congenital mitral valve disease: midterm results of a repair-oriented policy – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18544378/

  Objective: Management of congenital mitral valve disease is challenging because of a wide morphologic spectrum, frequent associated lesions, and small patient size. We evaluated the results of a repair-oriented policy. […] During this period, 71 children (median age 2.9 years, range 3 days-20.8 years) underwent surgery. All but 1 underwent primary mitral valve repair. […] Surgical repair of the congenital mitral valve can be successfully performed with low mortality, satisfactory valvular function at midterm follow-up, and acceptable reoperation rate while obviating risks associated with valvular prostheses. Suboptimal primary repair was significant predictor for reoperation but re-repair was often successful.

• #44 SciELO Brazil – Surgical treatment of congenital mitral stenosis: medium-term results Surgical treatment of congenital mitral stenosis: medium-term results

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbccv/a/ZdqB4RYmNqbfxp9VzQ4R3Pr/?lang=en

  The superiority of valve repair in relation to replacement is unnecessary to mention, especially in the pediatric population. Nevertheless, there are specific situations that require valve replacement, such as severely dysplastic valves, with lack of valvar tissue (leaflets and chordae) and papillary muscle deformities. […] Reoperations constitute the major problem in the medium- and long-term follow-up. In our experience, the single factor related to higher reoperation rate was preoperative pulmonary hypertension. […] Reoperations were the most frequent problem in the medium-term follow-up after CMS. Pulmonary hypertension may predict the need for reoperation after mitral valve repair, which is the treatment of choice in CMS.

• #45 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring.

• #46 Mitral valve replacement in infants and younger children | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94779-0

  Data on mitral valve replacement (MVR) in young children is still limited. Our objective was to evaluate MVR in children below 5 years and identify factors affecting the outcomes. […] Mitral valve replacement in children is associated with low morbidity and mortality. The risk of reoperation could be affected by the valve size and position rather than the age. […] Mitral valve repair is the recommended treatment strategy for infants and children with surgical mitral valve (MV) disease; however, mitral valve replacement (MVR) is performed when mitral valve repair is not anatomically feasible. […] MVR in children has several limitations, and it is associated with a high mortality rate ranging from 10 to 36%. […] The outcomes after MVR in children under 5 years are still controversial.

• #47 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] Treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring.

• #48 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies?content_id=CON-20359715

  Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve can’t be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. It’s replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #49 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies?content_id=CON-20359715

  Biological tissue valves wear down over time. They eventually need to be replaced. While mechanical valves last longer, they do not last forever especially in children. If you have a mechanical valve, you need blood thinners for life to prevent blood clots. Talk with your healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of each type of valve. The specific valve used is chosen by the cardiologist, surgeon and family after evaluating the risks and benefits. […] People born with congenital mitral valve anomalies need lifelong health checkups. It’s best to be cared for by a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart conditions. These types of doctors are called pediatric and adult congenital cardiologists.

• #50 Conditions – Leeds Congenital Hearts

  https://leedscongenitalhearts.com/adult/conditions/view/4/59

  There are 2 types of valve which are commonly used: […] Tissue Mitral Valves engineered from a pig or cow heart valve. The main advantage to tissue valves is you dont have to take Warfarin (blood thinners) but the disadvantage is that it only lasts 10-15 years. […] Mechanical Mitral Valves made from metal. You would need to take Warfarin tablets for life afterwards. This can be very important if you are a woman and thinking about having a family in the future due to the side-effects of the medication and effects on an unborn child. The main advantage of having a metal valve replacement is that it should last for many years and possibly forever. […] […] After your operation you will be closely monitored by both the surgeon and cardiologist. A nurse specialist will visit you on the ward and provide you with discharge advice. The nurse specialist will phone you at home in the week following discharge to check on your progress. You will be given a telephone number that you can contact should you have any concerns in between discharge and follow-up. The teams physiotherapist can provide exercise plans. These are useful as it is important for your recovery to remain active after the operation. […]

• #51 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  Congenital mitral valve malformations (CMVM) are rare and heterogeneous. The functional classification includes mitral regurgitation, stenosis, and combined lesions. Surgical strategies of CMVM remain challenging in the pediatric population due to various malformations, growth potential, the requirement of long-term anticoagulation, and the necessity of avoiding or delaying valve replacement. Surgical techniques for CMVM must be individually tailored for patients to achieve a proper valve function rather than normal anatomy. Compared with mitral repair, mitral valve replacement (MVR) is a less common procedure in children due to high mortality and morbidity rates. Options for cardiac valve replacement in children are limited to prostheses sizes that do not accommodate somatic growth, especially for neonates and infants. The need for lifelong anticoagulation may lead to adverse long-term pregnancy outcomes for female patients, limiting the application of MVR. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current surgical techniques and developments for treating mitral valve (MV) regurgitation and stenosis and the outcome of various surgical strategies.

• #52 Mitral valve replacement in infants and younger children | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94779-0

  Mitral valve replacement in infants and children is still a challenging procedure. […] Currently, valve repair is the standard procedure for surgical management of mitral valve diseases in children, and it is associated with low morbidity and better survival compared to MVR. […] However, MVR remains a high-risk procedure with operative mortality rates of 0-36%. […] The most common cause of MVR was congenital mitral valve disease, followed by Shone’s complex. […] The postoperative heart block requiring pacemaker implantation in our study occurred in five patients (17%). […] Our study did not find a significant effect of age, weight, and valve type on the risk of reoperation; however, the smaller valve size was associated with a higher risk of reoperation.

• #53 Mitral valve replacement in infants and younger children | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-94779-0

  Mitral valve replacement in infants and children is still a challenging procedure. […] Currently, valve repair is the standard procedure for surgical management of mitral valve diseases in children, and it is associated with low morbidity and better survival compared to MVR. […] However, MVR remains a high-risk procedure with operative mortality rates of 0-36%. […] The most common cause of MVR was congenital mitral valve disease, followed by Shone’s complex. […] The postoperative heart block requiring pacemaker implantation in our study occurred in five patients (17%). […] Our study did not find a significant effect of age, weight, and valve type on the risk of reoperation; however, the smaller valve size was associated with a higher risk of reoperation.

• #54 Surgical mitral valve replacement with the Melody valve in infants and children: the Italian experience | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/surgical-mitral-valve-replacement-with-the-melody-valve-in-infants-and-children-the-italian-experience

  Aims: Paediatric patients with mitral valve (MV) disease have limited options for prosthetic MV replacement. Based on long experience with the stented bovine jugular vein graft (Melody valve) in the right ventricular outflow tract, we aimed to test the use of the Melody valve as a surgical implant in the mitral position in a small group of infants with congenital mitral disease. […] The medium-term results of this procedure are encouraging. The Melody valve opens up the opportunity to carry out MV replacement in more children at an earlier time point, and it has potential to revolutionise the treatment of MV disease. […] The present case series confirms the feasibility, safety, and clinical efficacy of the surgical implantation of the Melody valve in the mitral position for the treatment of a congenitally dysfunctional mitral valve in paediatric patients. The results indicate that there is a high rate of procedural success and low procedural mortality and morbidity.

• #55 Stented Pulmonary Autograft Promises First Custom Treatment Option for Infants with Congenital Mitral Valve Defects

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/stented-pulmonary-autograft-promises-first-custom-treatment-option-for-infants-with-congenital-mitral-valve-defects

  Newborns with a congenital mitral valve defect e.g., parachute mitral valve, mitral arcade, double-orifice mitral valve or Shones complex currently have no optimal treatment options. […] Repair in infancy is often just palliative until the infant grows to accept a large prosthetic valve, observes Joanna Ghobrial, MD, a cardiologist with Cleveland Clinics Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center. […] The best available surgical approach for infants with these mitral valve defects is to create a Fontan circuit and simply discard the left ventricle and mitral valve. […] The alternative prototype device developed by Dr. Najms team promises to address all these issues. […] The hope is that these children will have a valve that will grow with them, Dr. Najm explains, avoiding the need for multiple replacements and the need for anticoagulation.

• #56 Surgical mitral valve replacement with the Melody valve in infants and children: the Italian experience | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/surgical-mitral-valve-replacement-with-the-melody-valve-in-infants-and-children-the-italian-experience

  When valve replacement is necessary, the Melody valve should be considered a valid option. […] The expandable Melody valve in the mitral position opens up the opportunity to carry out mitral valve replacement in more children and at an earlier age, and it has the potential to revolutionise care for infants and children with complex mitral valve disease.

• #57 Stented Pulmonary Autograft Promises First Custom Treatment Option for Infants with Congenital Mitral Valve Defects

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/stented-pulmonary-autograft-promises-first-custom-treatment-option-for-infants-with-congenital-mitral-valve-defects

  Once development for newborns is completed, the team hopes to use the same type of prosthesis for older patients with congenital mitral valve defects, including women of childbearing age and those with contraindications to anticoagulation. […] The development of this valve prosthesis can be quite impactful in the adult congenital population, given the potential for expansion of use in other congenital valvular defects, notes Dr. Ghobrial. […] At Cleveland Clinic, we have the infrastructure to do it, he says. It may take about two to three years, but once we get this device into human use, I think it will transform how we deal with the youngest patients with mitral valve disease. It has potential to dramatically improve lives.

• #58 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Treatment for mitral valve abnormalities depends on the type of problem and how it affects your child. […] Many children with mitral valve abnormalities do not need treatment. Even so, they do need regular visits with a pediatric cardiologist. […] During these visits, we carefully check your child for signs that their condition is getting worse and might need treatment soon. It is important to watch for problems, even before symptoms start, so we can find and treat any concerns before they become severe. […] Seattle Childrens Heart Center team is expert at all forms of treatment, including the latest methods to repair or replace mitral valves. […] Most children with mitral valve prolapse do not need treatment because their valve causes no symptoms or problems. If they do have symptoms, like palpitations or chest pain, they may need medicine to relieve these.

• #59 Pediatric Heart Valve Center | Columbia Surgery

  https://columbiasurgery.org/pediatric-heart-valve

  The Pediatric Heart Valve Center at Columbia is dedicated to improving the quality of care for children and adults with congenital heart valve malformations. […] We’ve brought together a team of experts from across Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) to offer innovative surgical and minimally invasive techniques for heart valve repair and replacement, backed by an unparalleled integrated research program continuously developing better and safer treatment options. […] Definitive therapy consists of reducing the degree of valvar stenosis. The initial treatment can be balloon valvuloplasty or surgery. However, patients who develop severe aortic regurgitation (AR) following balloon dilation will require surgical treatment. […] Medical therapy can relieve symptoms but surgical or percutaneous intervention is required to relieve the obstruction to flow.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/aopc/fulltext/2012/05010/congenital_mitral_valve_lesions___correlation.2.aspx

  Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are often complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. […] This paper aims to examine the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used classification systems and descriptions of congenital mitral valve lesions. It will make recommendations on how to systematically evaluate the congenitally malformed mitral valve using 2-D and 3-D echocardiography to assist precise communication and optimal surgical management. […] The majority of congenital mitral valve lesions are complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. Often it is too difficult to define the predominant lesion and predominant effect. […] A comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of a malformed mitral valve can guide the timing and nature of surgical repair.

• #61 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations

  http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-99402010000200005

  Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations […] Surgical development of mitral valve repair techniques in pediatric patients has been slow because of the great variety in the presentation of congenital mitral valve malformations and the still unknown growing effect over the complex mitral valve apparatus. The aim of this study is to review our early an midterm institutional outcomes in surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations. […] Surgical repair is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, and transesophageal intraoperatory echocardiography must be highly recommended for evaluation of results. […] The objective of this study is to review, the early and midterm results in the surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations at our institution. […] The most common cause of mitral stenosis in our series was the parachutelike mitral valve, which was treated with fenestration of papillary muscles in most of the cases. […] We can say that mitral valve repair in pediatric patients is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, because of the satisfactory early and midterm outcomes, low global mortality and a high freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate.

• #62 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations […] Surgical repair is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, and transesophageal intraoperatory echocardiography must be highly recommended for evaluation of results. […] The objective of this study is to review, the early and mid-term results in the surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations at our institution. […] Mitral valve repair was possible in all of the cases […] The surgical techniques used were mitral annuloplasty, papillary muscles fenestration, open bilateral commisurotomy, valve cleft closure and supravalvular mitral membrane resection. […] The early reoperation rate compares favorably to other reports of mitral valve repair in children.

• #63 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  The CMVM encompasses complex lesions, including anomalies on valvar leaflets, tensor apparatus, and papillary muscles. Therefore, various surgical techniques are tailored for each anomaly, and combinations of several surgical techniques are often required to achieve the primary goal of achieving a suitable valve function, rather than a normal anatomy. […] MV repair is accomplishable in the majority of cases for both congenital MV regurgitation and stenosis. With the development of modification and implantation strategies, both short- and long-term outcomes of MVR in children are encouraging. […] MVR is an uncommon procedure in children due to higher mortality and morbidity rates than MV repair. With the development of tailored surgery techniques and durable prostheses, MVR has been successfully performed to satisfy eligible patients short-term and long-term outcomes.

• #64 Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly | Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

  https://www.japscjournal.com/articles/two-holes-one-rare-case-congenital-mitral-valve-anomaly?language_content_entity=en

  Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare anomaly, characterised by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus resulting in two orifices. […] The patient presented with an isolated DOMV; hence, no intervention was necessary. However, long-term follow-up is advised. […] Treatment is necessary only if significant mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation is present. […] Management would depend on the severity of the valvular stenosis and/or regurgitation, associated congenital defects and clinical presentation. Asymptomatic DOMV usually requires no active intervention; in cases of severe mitral regurgitation, stenosis or associated cardiac anomalies, surgical repair is needed. […] In our case, as symptoms and concomitant abnormalities were absent, regular long-term follow-up was advised for the early detection of complications and no active medical or surgical intervention was warranted.

• #65 Valvular heart disease: congenital anomalies of the mitral

  https://hospital.vallhebron.com/en/healthcare/diseases/valvular-heart-disease-congenital-anomalies-mitral-valve

  Congenital mitral stenosis requires different kinds of treatment depending on how severe it is. […] Mild damage and/or with few symptoms: conservative treatment initially with diuretics. […] Severe and/or a lot of symptoms: surgery is required. […] In the case of congenital mitral insufficiency, surgical repair or replacement of the valve is necessary in patients with symptoms who have severe mitral insufficiency and do not respond to treatment.

• #66 JCPSP | Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan

  https://jcpsp.pk/article-detail/parachute-mitral-valve-anatomy-and-operation

  Parachute mitral valve is a rare congenital heart defect characterised by a distorted mitral geometry with a single papillary muscle for all mitral chords to attach. […] Therefore, multiple surgical maneuvers are warranted for such patients. Mitral valve repair is preferred over mitral valve replacement for the mitral valve abnormalities so as to avoid the associated complications of valve replacement procedure. […] The treatment of PMV and the associated disorders as well as the prognoses of the patients are insufficiently described to date. […] Surgical intervention is indicated for the symptomatic and haemodynamically compromised patients. […] Mitral valve replacement poses clinical and technical challenges in terms of the small-size annulus and lifetime anticoagulation; whereas, mitral valve repair is preferred owing to its advantages in preserving the mitral valve structures and left heart geometries and avoiding possible complications of mitral valve replacement.

• #67 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  If the mitral valve can’t be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. It’s replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve. […] People born with congenital mitral valve anomalies need lifelong health checkups. It’s best to be cared for by a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart conditions. These types of doctors are called pediatric and adult congenital cardiologists.

• #68 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies?content_id=CON-20359715

  Biological tissue valves wear down over time. They eventually need to be replaced. While mechanical valves last longer, they do not last forever especially in children. If you have a mechanical valve, you need blood thinners for life to prevent blood clots. Talk with your healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of each type of valve. The specific valve used is chosen by the cardiologist, surgeon and family after evaluating the risks and benefits. […] People born with congenital mitral valve anomalies need lifelong health checkups. It’s best to be cared for by a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart conditions. These types of doctors are called pediatric and adult congenital cardiologists.

• #69 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Biological tissue valves wear down over time. They eventually need to be replaced. While mechanical valves last longer, they do not last forever especially in children. If you have a mechanical valve, you need blood thinners for life to prevent blood clots. Talk with your healthcare professional about the benefits and risks of each type of valve. The specific valve used is chosen by the cardiologist, surgeon and family after evaluating the risks and benefits. […] Sometimes, people need another valve repair or surgery to replace a valve that no longer works. […] People born with congenital mitral valve anomalies need lifelong health checkups. Its best to be cared for by a healthcare professional trained in congenital heart conditions. These types of doctors are called pediatric and adult congenital cardiologists.

• #70 Conditions – Leeds Congenital Hearts

  https://leedscongenitalhearts.com/adult/conditions/view/4/59

  There are 2 types of valve which are commonly used: […] Tissue Mitral Valves engineered from a pig or cow heart valve. The main advantage to tissue valves is you dont have to take Warfarin (blood thinners) but the disadvantage is that it only lasts 10-15 years. […] Mechanical Mitral Valves made from metal. You would need to take Warfarin tablets for life afterwards. This can be very important if you are a woman and thinking about having a family in the future due to the side-effects of the medication and effects on an unborn child. The main advantage of having a metal valve replacement is that it should last for many years and possibly forever. […] […] After your operation you will be closely monitored by both the surgeon and cardiologist. A nurse specialist will visit you on the ward and provide you with discharge advice. The nurse specialist will phone you at home in the week following discharge to check on your progress. You will be given a telephone number that you can contact should you have any concerns in between discharge and follow-up. The teams physiotherapist can provide exercise plans. These are useful as it is important for your recovery to remain active after the operation. […]

• #71 Current management of severe congenital mitral stenosis: outcomes of transcatheter and surgical therapy in 108 infants and children – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16043648/

  Severe congenital mitral stenosis (MS) is a rare anomaly that is frequently associated with additional left heart obstructions. Anatomic treatments for congenital MS include balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMVP), surgical mitral valvuloplasty (SMVP), and mitral valve replacement (MVR), although the optimal therapeutic strategy is unclear. […] The first MS intervention was BMVP in 64 patients, SMVP in 33, and MVR in 11. BMVP decreased peak and mean MS gradients by a median of 33% and 38%, respectively (P0.001), but was complicated by significant mitral regurgitation in 28%. […] BMVP effectively relieves left ventricular inflow obstruction in most infants and children with severe congenital MS who require intervention. However, surgical resection is preferable in patients with MS due to a supravalvar mitral ring. Five-year survival is relatively poor in patients with severe congenital MS, with worse outcomes in infants and patients undergoing MVR, but has improved in our more recent experience. Many patients have undergone second procedures for either recurrent/residual MS or mitral regurgitation resulting from dilation-related disruption of the mitral valve apparatus.

• #72 Surgical treatment of congenital mitral valvar insuffciency: “The Hôpital Broussais” experience | Cardiology in the Young | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cardiology-in-the-young/article/surgical-treatment-of-congenital-mitral-valvar-insuffciency-the-hopital-broussais-experience/15FF8C15E64BA341CF2B89C00B855A2A

  There are many congenital malformations of the mitral valve which produce valvar insufficiency. […] Conservative surgical procedures following the precepts developed by Carpentier were used in 127 patients. Valvar replacement was necessary in 8 patients. […] We conclude that the functional classification developed by Carpentier is a reliable and robust approach to these complex lesions. Conservative surgery is feasible in most of the cases presenting with congenital mitral valvar insufficiency. Results are stable and reliable. Surgery should be undertaken before the onset of left ventricular deterioration.

• #73 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  Depending on how severe it is, this valve problem may be treated with medicine that helps the left ventricle pump better so less blood leaks back into the left atrium. If medicine does not help enough, your child may need surgery to repair or replace their mitral valve. […] If mitral valve stenosis is not treated, blood pressure in the lungs may get too high. This is called pulmonary hypertension. It can cause permanent damage to the lungs and the heart, including heart failure. […] To prevent damage, some children can have a procedure to open their mitral valve. We do this in the catheterization lab. The doctor inserts a balloon through the valve. When they inflate the balloon, it stretches the valve open. Then they remove the balloon. This is called balloon valvuloplasty. […] Some children may need surgery to replace their mitral valve.

• #74 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  The CMVM encompasses complex lesions, including anomalies on valvar leaflets, tensor apparatus, and papillary muscles. Therefore, various surgical techniques are tailored for each anomaly, and combinations of several surgical techniques are often required to achieve the primary goal of achieving a suitable valve function, rather than a normal anatomy. […] MV repair is accomplishable in the majority of cases for both congenital MV regurgitation and stenosis. With the development of modification and implantation strategies, both short- and long-term outcomes of MVR in children are encouraging. […] MVR is an uncommon procedure in children due to higher mortality and morbidity rates than MV repair. With the development of tailored surgery techniques and durable prostheses, MVR has been successfully performed to satisfy eligible patients short-term and long-term outcomes.

• #75 Surgical mitral valve replacement with the Melody valve in infants and children: the Italian experience | EuroIntervention

  https://eurointervention.pcronline.com/article/surgical-mitral-valve-replacement-with-the-melody-valve-in-infants-and-children-the-italian-experience

  When valve replacement is necessary, the Melody valve should be considered a valid option. […] The expandable Melody valve in the mitral position opens up the opportunity to carry out mitral valve replacement in more children and at an earlier age, and it has the potential to revolutionise care for infants and children with complex mitral valve disease.

• #76 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  The CMVM encompasses complex lesions, including anomalies on valvar leaflets, tensor apparatus, and papillary muscles. Therefore, various surgical techniques are tailored for each anomaly, and combinations of several surgical techniques are often required to achieve the primary goal of achieving a suitable valve function, rather than a normal anatomy. […] MV repair is accomplishable in the majority of cases for both congenital MV regurgitation and stenosis. With the development of modification and implantation strategies, both short- and long-term outcomes of MVR in children are encouraging. […] MVR is an uncommon procedure in children due to higher mortality and morbidity rates than MV repair. With the development of tailored surgery techniques and durable prostheses, MVR has been successfully performed to satisfy eligible patients short-term and long-term outcomes.

• #77 Stented Pulmonary Autograft Promises First Custom Treatment Option for Infants with Congenital Mitral Valve Defects

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/stented-pulmonary-autograft-promises-first-custom-treatment-option-for-infants-with-congenital-mitral-valve-defects

  Newborns with a congenital mitral valve defect e.g., parachute mitral valve, mitral arcade, double-orifice mitral valve or Shones complex currently have no optimal treatment options. […] Repair in infancy is often just palliative until the infant grows to accept a large prosthetic valve, observes Joanna Ghobrial, MD, a cardiologist with Cleveland Clinics Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center. […] The best available surgical approach for infants with these mitral valve defects is to create a Fontan circuit and simply discard the left ventricle and mitral valve. […] The alternative prototype device developed by Dr. Najms team promises to address all these issues. […] The hope is that these children will have a valve that will grow with them, Dr. Najm explains, avoiding the need for multiple replacements and the need for anticoagulation.

• #78 Stented Pulmonary Autograft Promises First Custom Treatment Option for Infants with Congenital Mitral Valve Defects

  https://consultqd.clevelandclinic.org/stented-pulmonary-autograft-promises-first-custom-treatment-option-for-infants-with-congenital-mitral-valve-defects

  Once development for newborns is completed, the team hopes to use the same type of prosthesis for older patients with congenital mitral valve defects, including women of childbearing age and those with contraindications to anticoagulation. […] The development of this valve prosthesis can be quite impactful in the adult congenital population, given the potential for expansion of use in other congenital valvular defects, notes Dr. Ghobrial. […] At Cleveland Clinic, we have the infrastructure to do it, he says. It may take about two to three years, but once we get this device into human use, I think it will transform how we deal with the youngest patients with mitral valve disease. It has potential to dramatically improve lives.

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