Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07563-6_53

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are a group of diverse defects that can result in varied clinical presentations depending not only on valvular function but also on the presence of associated congenital heart defects. […] This chapter reviews congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation including: supravalvar mitral ring, isolated cleft mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, the spectrum of mitral valve dysplasia (and mitral arcade), parachute mitral valve, Ebstein malformation of mitral valve, and mitral valve prolapse.

• #2 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  Congenital mitral valve malformations (CMVM) are rare and heterogeneous. The functional classification includes mitral regurgitation, stenosis, and combined lesions. Surgical strategies of CMVM remain challenging in the pediatric population due to various malformations, growth potential, the requirement of long-term anticoagulation, and the necessity of avoiding or delaying valve replacement. Surgical techniques for CMVM must be individually tailored for patients to achieve a proper valve function rather than normal anatomy. […] MV repair is accomplishable in the majority of cases for both congenital MV regurgitation and stenosis. With the development of modification and implantation strategies, both short- and long-term outcomes of MVR in children are encouraging. […] Surgical treatment of CMVM remains a considerable therapeutic challenge, including valve repair or valve replacement. MV repair is preferable. Compared with the valve replacement, mitral valve repair showed several advantages, including conservation of the sub-valvular apparatus, preservation of ventricular geometry, conservation of left ventricular function, maintaining the growth potential of the native annulus, and long-term survival.

• #3 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn baby’s heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.

• #4 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies?content_id=CON-20359715

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn baby’s heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.

• #5 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn baby’s heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.

• #6 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the hearts upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn babys heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #7 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/cdc-20385802

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the heart’s upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn baby’s heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role.

• #8 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the hearts upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn babys heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #9 Valvular heart disease: congenital anomalies of the mitral

  https://hospital.vallhebron.com/en/healthcare/diseases/valvular-heart-disease-congenital-anomalies-mitral-valve

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies include a wide range of irregularities in the valves and subvalvular systems. This can cause problems from obstruction to mitral valve insufficiency. Two specific problems can occur: stenosis, which affects children; and congenital mitral insufficiency. […] Congenital mitral stenosis tends to appear in the first two years of life, […] and congenital mitral insufficiency occurs where there is an excess of liquid in the lung which causes breathing difficulties. […] Congenital mitral valve anomalies are rare and make up 0.5% of congenital heart defects. […] In the case of congenital mitral insufficiency, surgical repair or replacement of the valve is necessary in patients with symptoms who have severe mitral insufficiency and do not respond to treatment.

• #10 Valvular heart disease: congenital anomalies of the mitral

  https://hospital.vallhebron.com/en/healthcare/diseases/valvular-heart-disease-congenital-anomalies-mitral-valve

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies include a wide range of irregularities in the valves and subvalvular systems. This can cause problems from obstruction to mitral valve insufficiency. Two specific problems can occur: stenosis, which affects children; and congenital mitral insufficiency. […] Congenital mitral stenosis tends to appear in the first two years of life, […] and congenital mitral insufficiency occurs where there is an excess of liquid in the lung which causes breathing difficulties. […] Congenital mitral valve anomalies are rare and make up 0.5% of congenital heart defects. […] In the case of congenital mitral insufficiency, surgical repair or replacement of the valve is necessary in patients with symptoms who have severe mitral insufficiency and do not respond to treatment.

• #11 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. They are often complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. These may occur in isolation or in association with other congenital heart defects. In an echocardiographic study, congenital malformations of the mitral valve were detected in almost 0.5% of the 13,400 subjects. […] Isolated cleft of the anterior mitral valve leaflet is a rare but well-known finding, the origin of which is under debate. Indeed, some authors have considered isolated cleft to be a 'forme fruste’ of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), whereas others have supposed it to be a distinct morphological entity. […] The definition of a mitral cleft is a division of one of the leaflets (usually the anterior leaflet) of the mitral valve.

• #12 Congenital Mitral Leaflet Fissuration: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://angolodeldottorino.it/en/Medicine/Cardiology/Congenital_Heart_Diseases/Congenital_Mitral_Leaflet_Fissuration.php

  During fetal development, the mitral valve forms from the differentiation of the endocardial cushions, which give rise to the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. An anomaly in the remodeling process of the mitral leaflets can lead to the persistence of congenital fissures, disrupting normal valve coaptation. The main hypothesized causes include: Defects in the fusion of endocardial cushions: May lead to abnormalities of the mitral valve and its supporting structures. Genetic mutations: Affect the development of collagen and elastin, resulting in structural alterations of the valve. Persistence of incomplete embryonic tissue bridges: Prevent the formation of a fully coapting mitral valve. […] The presence of fissures in the mitral leaflets disrupts the valve closure mechanism, leading to varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. The main hemodynamic consequences include: Left ventricular volume overload: Due to blood reflux from the left atrium. Left atrial dilation: Caused by increased atrial pressure. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy: In cases of chronic mitral regurgitation. […] In severe cases, fissuration may predispose to progressive heart failure and an increased risk of infective endocarditis due to the blood turbulence caused by regurgitation.

• #13 Congenital Mitral Leaflet Fissuration: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://angolodeldottorino.it/en/Medicine/Cardiology/Congenital_Heart_Diseases/Congenital_Mitral_Leaflet_Fissuration.php

  During fetal development, the mitral valve forms from the differentiation of the endocardial cushions, which give rise to the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. An anomaly in the remodeling process of the mitral leaflets can lead to the persistence of congenital fissures, disrupting normal valve coaptation. The main hypothesized causes include: Defects in the fusion of endocardial cushions: May lead to abnormalities of the mitral valve and its supporting structures. Genetic mutations: Affect the development of collagen and elastin, resulting in structural alterations of the valve. Persistence of incomplete embryonic tissue bridges: Prevent the formation of a fully coapting mitral valve. […] The presence of fissures in the mitral leaflets disrupts the valve closure mechanism, leading to varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. The main hemodynamic consequences include: Left ventricular volume overload: Due to blood reflux from the left atrium. Left atrial dilation: Caused by increased atrial pressure. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy: In cases of chronic mitral regurgitation. […] In severe cases, fissuration may predispose to progressive heart failure and an increased risk of infective endocarditis due to the blood turbulence caused by regurgitation.

• #14 Congenital Mitral Leaflet Fissuration: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://angolodeldottorino.it/en/Medicine/Cardiology/Congenital_Heart_Diseases/Congenital_Mitral_Leaflet_Fissuration.php

  During fetal development, the mitral valve forms from the differentiation of the endocardial cushions, which give rise to the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. An anomaly in the remodeling process of the mitral leaflets can lead to the persistence of congenital fissures, disrupting normal valve coaptation. The main hypothesized causes include: Defects in the fusion of endocardial cushions: May lead to abnormalities of the mitral valve and its supporting structures. Genetic mutations: Affect the development of collagen and elastin, resulting in structural alterations of the valve. Persistence of incomplete embryonic tissue bridges: Prevent the formation of a fully coapting mitral valve. […] The presence of fissures in the mitral leaflets disrupts the valve closure mechanism, leading to varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. The main hemodynamic consequences include: Left ventricular volume overload: Due to blood reflux from the left atrium. Left atrial dilation: Caused by increased atrial pressure. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy: In cases of chronic mitral regurgitation. […] In severe cases, fissuration may predispose to progressive heart failure and an increased risk of infective endocarditis due to the blood turbulence caused by regurgitation.

• #15 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  More rarely, isolated cleft may be seen in the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. […] Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare condition occurring in 1% of autopsied cases of congenital heart disease. […] DOMV is defined as a single fibrous annulus with two orifices opening into the left ventricle. […] Although parachute mitral valve is more responsible for mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation may occur, and it must be equally carefully followed because of its progressive evolution. […] In both parachute mitral valve and parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve, the chordae are short and thickened, thus restricting the motion of the leaflets. […] Oosthoek et al assumed that PMV results from an embryological disturbance during the normal delamination of the trabecular ridge between the fifth and nineteenth week of gestation.

• #16 Parachute Mitral Valve in an Adult | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1193

  Parachute mitral valve is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unifocal attachment of the chordae tendinea of anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets to a single papillary muscle. They are thought to develop due to disturbed lamination of the anterior and posterior part of the trabecular ridge, which normally forms the anterolateral and posterolateral papillary muscles respectively between the 5th and 19th week of gestation. […] It rarely occurs as an isolated lesion and is usually associated with other congenital cardiac anomalies. The outcomes are dependent on the spectrum of associated lesions. […] This, coupled with the convergent papillary insertion, leads to decreased mobility of the valve leaflets, thus causing stenosis. In adults, parachute mitral valves are rare and can be asymptomatic or associated with mild stenosis.

• #17 Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly | Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

  https://www.japscjournal.com/articles/two-holes-one-rare-case-congenital-mitral-valve-anomaly?language_content_entity=en

  Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare anomaly, characterised by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus resulting in two orifices. […] Its embryonic development, as with most cardiac lesions, is incompletely understood and remains controversial. Theories include abnormal embryonic fusion of the mitral leaflets, abnormal fusion of the endocardial cushions or incomplete fusion of the two atrioventricular endocardial cushions. […] DOMV may occur as an isolated anomaly but, in most cases, it is associated with other congenital malformations. Isolated DOMV is extremely rare and its exact incidence, prevalence and prognostic relevance have not been established. […] The purpose of reporting this case is to provide information to help identify DOMV by using 2D and 3D imaging since there are no published cases in our local setting to the best of our knowledge.

• #18 Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07563-6_53

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are a group of diverse defects that can result in varied clinical presentations depending not only on valvular function but also on the presence of associated congenital heart defects. […] This chapter reviews congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation including: supravalvar mitral ring, isolated cleft mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, the spectrum of mitral valve dysplasia (and mitral arcade), parachute mitral valve, Ebstein malformation of mitral valve, and mitral valve prolapse.

• #19 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are heart problems present at birth (congenital heart defects) that affect the valve between the heart’s upper left chamber (left atrium) and lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Mitral valve anomalies include: Thick or stiff valve flaps (leaflets), Deformed leaflets or leaflets that join together (fused), Problems with the cords that support the valve such as missing cords, short and thick cords, or cords attaching to the heart muscle near the mitral valve, Heart tissue or heart muscle problems near the mitral valve, More than one opening in the area of the mitral valve (double-orifice valve). […] Types of heart valve disease caused by mitral valve anomalies include: Narrowing of the valve (mitral valve stenosis). Stiffening of the leaflets and narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve reduces blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

• #20 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are heart problems present at birth (congenital heart defects) that affect the valve between the heart’s upper left chamber (left atrium) and lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Mitral valve anomalies include: Thick or stiff valve flaps (leaflets), Deformed leaflets or leaflets that join together (fused), Problems with the cords that support the valve such as missing cords, short and thick cords, or cords attaching to the heart muscle near the mitral valve, Heart tissue or heart muscle problems near the mitral valve, More than one opening in the area of the mitral valve (double-orifice valve). […] Types of heart valve disease caused by mitral valve anomalies include: Narrowing of the valve (mitral valve stenosis). Stiffening of the leaflets and narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve reduces blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

• #21 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are heart problems present at birth (congenital heart defects) that affect the valve between the heart’s upper left chamber (left atrium) and lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Mitral valve anomalies include: Thick or stiff valve flaps (leaflets), Deformed leaflets or leaflets that join together (fused), Problems with the cords that support the valve such as missing cords, short and thick cords, or cords attaching to the heart muscle near the mitral valve, Heart tissue or heart muscle problems near the mitral valve, More than one opening in the area of the mitral valve (double-orifice valve). […] Types of heart valve disease caused by mitral valve anomalies include: Narrowing of the valve (mitral valve stenosis). Stiffening of the leaflets and narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve reduces blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

• #22 Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07563-6_53

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are a group of diverse defects that can result in varied clinical presentations depending not only on valvular function but also on the presence of associated congenital heart defects. […] This chapter reviews congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation including: supravalvar mitral ring, isolated cleft mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, the spectrum of mitral valve dysplasia (and mitral arcade), parachute mitral valve, Ebstein malformation of mitral valve, and mitral valve prolapse.

• #23 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. They are often complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. These may occur in isolation or in association with other congenital heart defects. In an echocardiographic study, congenital malformations of the mitral valve were detected in almost 0.5% of the 13,400 subjects. […] Isolated cleft of the anterior mitral valve leaflet is a rare but well-known finding, the origin of which is under debate. Indeed, some authors have considered isolated cleft to be a 'forme fruste’ of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), whereas others have supposed it to be a distinct morphological entity. […] The definition of a mitral cleft is a division of one of the leaflets (usually the anterior leaflet) of the mitral valve.

• #24 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  Mitral incompetence may occur as congenital malformations of the mitral valve. They are often complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. These may occur in isolation or in association with other congenital heart defects. In an echocardiographic study, congenital malformations of the mitral valve were detected in almost 0.5% of the 13,400 subjects. […] Isolated cleft of the anterior mitral valve leaflet is a rare but well-known finding, the origin of which is under debate. Indeed, some authors have considered isolated cleft to be a 'forme fruste’ of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), whereas others have supposed it to be a distinct morphological entity. […] The definition of a mitral cleft is a division of one of the leaflets (usually the anterior leaflet) of the mitral valve.

• #25 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  More rarely, isolated cleft may be seen in the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. […] Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare condition occurring in 1% of autopsied cases of congenital heart disease. […] DOMV is defined as a single fibrous annulus with two orifices opening into the left ventricle. […] Although parachute mitral valve is more responsible for mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation may occur, and it must be equally carefully followed because of its progressive evolution. […] In both parachute mitral valve and parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve, the chordae are short and thickened, thus restricting the motion of the leaflets. […] Oosthoek et al assumed that PMV results from an embryological disturbance during the normal delamination of the trabecular ridge between the fifth and nineteenth week of gestation.

• #26 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  More rarely, isolated cleft may be seen in the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. […] Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare condition occurring in 1% of autopsied cases of congenital heart disease. […] DOMV is defined as a single fibrous annulus with two orifices opening into the left ventricle. […] Although parachute mitral valve is more responsible for mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation may occur, and it must be equally carefully followed because of its progressive evolution. […] In both parachute mitral valve and parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve, the chordae are short and thickened, thus restricting the motion of the leaflets. […] Oosthoek et al assumed that PMV results from an embryological disturbance during the normal delamination of the trabecular ridge between the fifth and nineteenth week of gestation.

• #27 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  More rarely, isolated cleft may be seen in the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. […] Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare condition occurring in 1% of autopsied cases of congenital heart disease. […] DOMV is defined as a single fibrous annulus with two orifices opening into the left ventricle. […] Although parachute mitral valve is more responsible for mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation may occur, and it must be equally carefully followed because of its progressive evolution. […] In both parachute mitral valve and parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve, the chordae are short and thickened, thus restricting the motion of the leaflets. […] Oosthoek et al assumed that PMV results from an embryological disturbance during the normal delamination of the trabecular ridge between the fifth and nineteenth week of gestation.

• #28 Mitral valve incompetence: epidemiology and causes

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-16/Mitral-valve-incompetence-epidemiology-and-causes

  More rarely, isolated cleft may be seen in the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. […] Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare condition occurring in 1% of autopsied cases of congenital heart disease. […] DOMV is defined as a single fibrous annulus with two orifices opening into the left ventricle. […] Although parachute mitral valve is more responsible for mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation may occur, and it must be equally carefully followed because of its progressive evolution. […] In both parachute mitral valve and parachute-like asymmetric mitral valve, the chordae are short and thickened, thus restricting the motion of the leaflets. […] Oosthoek et al assumed that PMV results from an embryological disturbance during the normal delamination of the trabecular ridge between the fifth and nineteenth week of gestation.

• #29 Congenital Mitral Valve Abnormalities | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07563-6_53

  Congenital mitral valve abnormalities are a group of diverse defects that can result in varied clinical presentations depending not only on valvular function but also on the presence of associated congenital heart defects. […] This chapter reviews congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve leading to stenosis and/or regurgitation including: supravalvar mitral ring, isolated cleft mitral valve, double orifice mitral valve, the spectrum of mitral valve dysplasia (and mitral arcade), parachute mitral valve, Ebstein malformation of mitral valve, and mitral valve prolapse.

• #30 Challenges of managing anomalous mitral arcade with severe mitral regurgitation and hydrops fetalis in infants | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/17/6/e259272

  Anomalous mitral arcade (MA), also known as hammock mitral valve (MV), is a rare congenital malformation of the MV and its associated tensor apparatus. […] Anomalous MA is thought to result from arrested embryonic development of the MV before lengthening and attenuation of the chordae tendineae. […] The cardinal morphological features of MA include an absent or short chordae tendinae, interconnecting band of fibrous tissue between two papillary muscles (fibrous bridge) and elongated papillary muscles with direct attachment to mitral leaflets. […] The lack of interposition of chordae between the fibrous bridge and mitral leaflets creates a fibrous continuity that restricts valvular motion and prevents the apposition of normal leaflets, leading to valvular insufficiency. […] CHF symptoms can occur in individuals of various age groups, depending on the severity of valvular insufficiency or stenosis.

• #31 Challenges of managing anomalous mitral arcade with severe mitral regurgitation and hydrops fetalis in infants | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/17/6/e259272

  Anomalous mitral arcade (MA), also known as hammock mitral valve (MV), is a rare congenital malformation of the MV and its associated tensor apparatus. […] Anomalous MA is thought to result from arrested embryonic development of the MV before lengthening and attenuation of the chordae tendineae. […] The cardinal morphological features of MA include an absent or short chordae tendinae, interconnecting band of fibrous tissue between two papillary muscles (fibrous bridge) and elongated papillary muscles with direct attachment to mitral leaflets. […] The lack of interposition of chordae between the fibrous bridge and mitral leaflets creates a fibrous continuity that restricts valvular motion and prevents the apposition of normal leaflets, leading to valvular insufficiency. […] CHF symptoms can occur in individuals of various age groups, depending on the severity of valvular insufficiency or stenosis.

• #32 Challenges of managing anomalous mitral arcade with severe mitral regurgitation and hydrops fetalis in infants | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/17/6/e259272

  Anomalous mitral arcade (MA), also known as hammock mitral valve (MV), is a rare congenital malformation of the MV and its associated tensor apparatus. […] Anomalous MA is thought to result from arrested embryonic development of the MV before lengthening and attenuation of the chordae tendineae. […] The cardinal morphological features of MA include an absent or short chordae tendinae, interconnecting band of fibrous tissue between two papillary muscles (fibrous bridge) and elongated papillary muscles with direct attachment to mitral leaflets. […] The lack of interposition of chordae between the fibrous bridge and mitral leaflets creates a fibrous continuity that restricts valvular motion and prevents the apposition of normal leaflets, leading to valvular insufficiency. […] CHF symptoms can occur in individuals of various age groups, depending on the severity of valvular insufficiency or stenosis.

• #33 Challenges of managing anomalous mitral arcade with severe mitral regurgitation and hydrops fetalis in infants | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/17/6/e259272

  Anomalous mitral arcade (MA), also known as hammock mitral valve (MV), is a rare congenital malformation of the MV and its associated tensor apparatus. […] Anomalous MA is thought to result from arrested embryonic development of the MV before lengthening and attenuation of the chordae tendineae. […] The cardinal morphological features of MA include an absent or short chordae tendinae, interconnecting band of fibrous tissue between two papillary muscles (fibrous bridge) and elongated papillary muscles with direct attachment to mitral leaflets. […] The lack of interposition of chordae between the fibrous bridge and mitral leaflets creates a fibrous continuity that restricts valvular motion and prevents the apposition of normal leaflets, leading to valvular insufficiency. […] CHF symptoms can occur in individuals of various age groups, depending on the severity of valvular insufficiency or stenosis.

• #34 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are heart problems present at birth (congenital heart defects) that affect the valve between the heart’s upper left chamber (left atrium) and lower left chamber (left ventricle). […] Mitral valve anomalies include: Thick or stiff valve flaps (leaflets), Deformed leaflets or leaflets that join together (fused), Problems with the cords that support the valve such as missing cords, short and thick cords, or cords attaching to the heart muscle near the mitral valve, Heart tissue or heart muscle problems near the mitral valve, More than one opening in the area of the mitral valve (double-orifice valve). […] Types of heart valve disease caused by mitral valve anomalies include: Narrowing of the valve (mitral valve stenosis). Stiffening of the leaflets and narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve reduces blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

• #35 Mitral valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355107

  Mitral valve disease has many causes. Some forms of mitral valve disease can be present at birth. A heart problem that you’re born with is called a congenital heart defect. […] In mitral valve stenosis, the valve opening narrows. The heart now must work harder to force blood through the smaller valve opening. If the opening in the valve becomes small enough, it can reduce blood flow between the left heart chambers.

• #36 Mitral valve disease – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mitral-valve-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20355107

  Mitral valve disease has many causes. Some forms of mitral valve disease can be present at birth. A heart problem that you’re born with is called a congenital heart defect. […] In mitral valve stenosis, the valve opening narrows. The heart now must work harder to force blood through the smaller valve opening. If the opening in the valve becomes small enough, it can reduce blood flow between the left heart chambers.

• #37 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  An abnormal mitral valve may become floppy and not close well (prolapse), it may allow blood to leak back from the left ventricle into the left atrium (regurgitation) or it may become narrow or tight (stenosis). […] Some children are born with mitral valve problems. In many cases, the cause is not clear. […] Congenital mitral valve stenosis is usually linked with conditions that block blood flow on the left side of the heart. Rarely, mitral valve stenosis can happen on its own. […] Some children with congenital (present at birth) mitral valve problems are born with other conditions too. […] One cause of mitral valve problems is rheumatic fever, which happens after a strep infection.

• #38 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  The CMVM encompasses complex lesions, including anomalies on valvar leaflets, tensor apparatus, and papillary muscles. Therefore, various surgical techniques are tailored for each anomaly, and combinations of several surgical techniques are often required to achieve the primary goal of achieving a suitable valve function, rather than a normal anatomy. […] The significant abnormality in congenital MV stenosis is the abnormally developed papillary muscles and associated chordal structures. These structures are often fused, and removing the connective tissue layer can be complex, and sharp chordal splitting is often required, fused chordae and papillary muscle are treated by chordal division and muscle splitting, respectively, to restore proper leaflet motion.

• #39 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Leaky mitral valve (mitral valve regurgitation). In this condition, the mitral valve flaps don’t close tightly or they bulge backward (mitral valve prolapse) into the left atrium as your heart squeezes (contracts). As a result, the mitral valve leaks blood. […] People with mitral valve anomalies also often have other congenital heart defects.

• #40 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  An abnormal mitral valve may become floppy and not close well (prolapse), it may allow blood to leak back from the left ventricle into the left atrium (regurgitation) or it may become narrow or tight (stenosis). […] Some children are born with mitral valve problems. In many cases, the cause is not clear. […] Congenital mitral valve stenosis is usually linked with conditions that block blood flow on the left side of the heart. Rarely, mitral valve stenosis can happen on its own. […] Some children with congenital (present at birth) mitral valve problems are born with other conditions too. […] One cause of mitral valve problems is rheumatic fever, which happens after a strep infection.

• #41 Congenital Mitral Leaflet Fissuration: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://angolodeldottorino.it/en/Medicine/Cardiology/Congenital_Heart_Diseases/Congenital_Mitral_Leaflet_Fissuration.php

  During fetal development, the mitral valve forms from the differentiation of the endocardial cushions, which give rise to the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. An anomaly in the remodeling process of the mitral leaflets can lead to the persistence of congenital fissures, disrupting normal valve coaptation. The main hypothesized causes include: Defects in the fusion of endocardial cushions: May lead to abnormalities of the mitral valve and its supporting structures. Genetic mutations: Affect the development of collagen and elastin, resulting in structural alterations of the valve. Persistence of incomplete embryonic tissue bridges: Prevent the formation of a fully coapting mitral valve. […] The presence of fissures in the mitral leaflets disrupts the valve closure mechanism, leading to varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. The main hemodynamic consequences include: Left ventricular volume overload: Due to blood reflux from the left atrium. Left atrial dilation: Caused by increased atrial pressure. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy: In cases of chronic mitral regurgitation. […] In severe cases, fissuration may predispose to progressive heart failure and an increased risk of infective endocarditis due to the blood turbulence caused by regurgitation.

• #42 Congenital Mitral Leaflet Fissuration: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://angolodeldottorino.it/en/Medicine/Cardiology/Congenital_Heart_Diseases/Congenital_Mitral_Leaflet_Fissuration.php

  During fetal development, the mitral valve forms from the differentiation of the endocardial cushions, which give rise to the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. An anomaly in the remodeling process of the mitral leaflets can lead to the persistence of congenital fissures, disrupting normal valve coaptation. The main hypothesized causes include: Defects in the fusion of endocardial cushions: May lead to abnormalities of the mitral valve and its supporting structures. Genetic mutations: Affect the development of collagen and elastin, resulting in structural alterations of the valve. Persistence of incomplete embryonic tissue bridges: Prevent the formation of a fully coapting mitral valve. […] The presence of fissures in the mitral leaflets disrupts the valve closure mechanism, leading to varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. The main hemodynamic consequences include: Left ventricular volume overload: Due to blood reflux from the left atrium. Left atrial dilation: Caused by increased atrial pressure. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy: In cases of chronic mitral regurgitation. […] In severe cases, fissuration may predispose to progressive heart failure and an increased risk of infective endocarditis due to the blood turbulence caused by regurgitation.

• #43 Congenital Mitral Leaflet Fissuration: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://angolodeldottorino.it/en/Medicine/Cardiology/Congenital_Heart_Diseases/Congenital_Mitral_Leaflet_Fissuration.php

  During fetal development, the mitral valve forms from the differentiation of the endocardial cushions, which give rise to the valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles. An anomaly in the remodeling process of the mitral leaflets can lead to the persistence of congenital fissures, disrupting normal valve coaptation. The main hypothesized causes include: Defects in the fusion of endocardial cushions: May lead to abnormalities of the mitral valve and its supporting structures. Genetic mutations: Affect the development of collagen and elastin, resulting in structural alterations of the valve. Persistence of incomplete embryonic tissue bridges: Prevent the formation of a fully coapting mitral valve. […] The presence of fissures in the mitral leaflets disrupts the valve closure mechanism, leading to varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. The main hemodynamic consequences include: Left ventricular volume overload: Due to blood reflux from the left atrium. Left atrial dilation: Caused by increased atrial pressure. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy: In cases of chronic mitral regurgitation. […] In severe cases, fissuration may predispose to progressive heart failure and an increased risk of infective endocarditis due to the blood turbulence caused by regurgitation.

• #44

  https://journals.lww.com/aopc/fulltext/2012/05010/congenital_mitral_valve_lesions___correlation.2.aspx

  Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are often complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. […] The majority of congenital mitral valve lesions are complex and affect multiple segments of the valve apparatus. Often it is too difficult to define the predominant lesion and predominant effect. […] The classical patterns of malformations are relatively rare and most can be characterized as the incomplete form or the forme fruste. […] On echocardiography, even the classical patterns of congenital mitral valves lesions do not give rise to a visual appearance of a parachute, hammock, or an arcade-like valve. […] However, a detailed segmental echocardiographic assessment can clearly define the pathology relating to the annulus, leaflet, commissures, chords, and papillary muscle arrangements. […] A comprehensive echocardiographic assessment of a malformed mitral valve can guide the timing and nature of surgical repair.

• #45 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are rare. In more than 60% of cases they are associated with other cardiac lesions. The most common abnormality that causes regurgitation is a cleft mitral valve. The latter is always present in patients with a primum atrial septal defect (endocardial cushion defect), but may also exist on its own. With echocardiography the defect is best seen on a short-axis view of the mitral valve. Here you can observe a „discontinuity” of the anterior leaflet with a jet that passes right through the defect (cleft). The spectrum of other abnormalities ranges from a parachute mitral valve, a double orifice mitral valve, to an anomalous papillary muscle rotation. […] Mitral regurgitation is classified as functional (or secondary) when the valve is structurally normal. Valvular incompetence is caused either by annular dilatation, leaflet tethering, or distortion of mitral valve geometry. A combination of these mechanisms is also possible.

• #46 Parachute Mitral Valve in an Adult | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1193

  Parachute mitral valve is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unifocal attachment of the chordae tendinea of anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets to a single papillary muscle. They are thought to develop due to disturbed lamination of the anterior and posterior part of the trabecular ridge, which normally forms the anterolateral and posterolateral papillary muscles respectively between the 5th and 19th week of gestation. […] It rarely occurs as an isolated lesion and is usually associated with other congenital cardiac anomalies. The outcomes are dependent on the spectrum of associated lesions. […] This, coupled with the convergent papillary insertion, leads to decreased mobility of the valve leaflets, thus causing stenosis. In adults, parachute mitral valves are rare and can be asymptomatic or associated with mild stenosis.

• #47 Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly | Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

  https://www.japscjournal.com/articles/two-holes-one-rare-case-congenital-mitral-valve-anomaly?language_content_entity=en

  Because of the associated anomalies, DOMV is usually detected in early childhood, but is hardly ever diagnosed in adults, so the incidence and prognostic relevance of an isolated DOMV detected in adulthood is unknown. […] Recognition of DOMV and awareness of the anatomic variations are important to achieve good therapeutic results. Treatment is necessary only if significant mitral stenosis or mitral regurgitation is present. […] DOMV is usually detected by 2D echocardiographic examination in short-axis parasternal views. However, information obtained by 2D echocardiography may not be sufficient to enable identification of the different types of DOMV. […] Our patient had the complete bridge type of DOMV, presenting with two unequal circular orifices, both with their own set of leaflets, commissures, chordae and papillary muscles as documented by an echocardiogram.

• #48 Challenges of managing anomalous mitral arcade with severe mitral regurgitation and hydrops fetalis in infants | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/17/6/e259272

  There have been several case reports in which MA was found in association with cardiac lesions, such as aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. […] Medical management of MA aims to control CHF due to MV insufficiency. […] The degree of MR from MA may be combined with secondary MR owing to LV dilation, LA enlargement and mitral annular dilatation, which secondarily increases the leaflet coaptation gap. […] Generally, pulmonary artery pressure decreases dramatically after birth, but this may not be the case in situations of severe MR. […] Although congenital cardiac defects are infrequently considered a cause of major airway compression in neonates and infants, patients with severe MR leading to marked LA dilatation may develop airway compression.

• #49 Mitral Valve Abnormalities – Seattle Children’s

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/mitral-valve-abnormalities/

  An abnormal mitral valve may become floppy and not close well (prolapse), it may allow blood to leak back from the left ventricle into the left atrium (regurgitation) or it may become narrow or tight (stenosis). […] Some children are born with mitral valve problems. In many cases, the cause is not clear. […] Congenital mitral valve stenosis is usually linked with conditions that block blood flow on the left side of the heart. Rarely, mitral valve stenosis can happen on its own. […] Some children with congenital (present at birth) mitral valve problems are born with other conditions too. […] One cause of mitral valve problems is rheumatic fever, which happens after a strep infection.

• #50 Congenital mitral valve anomalies – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/congenital-mitral-valve-anomalies/

  Leaky mitral valve (mitral valve regurgitation). In this condition, the mitral valve flaps don’t close tightly or they bulge backward (mitral valve prolapse) into the left atrium as your heart squeezes (contracts). As a result, the mitral valve leaks blood. […] People with mitral valve anomalies also often have other congenital heart defects.

• #51 12.4 Etiology and mechanism of mitral regurgitation | 123sonography

  https://123sonography.com/ebook/etiology-and-mechanism-mitral-regurgitation

  Congenital malformations of the mitral valve are rare. In more than 60% of cases they are associated with other cardiac lesions. The most common abnormality that causes regurgitation is a cleft mitral valve. The latter is always present in patients with a primum atrial septal defect (endocardial cushion defect), but may also exist on its own. With echocardiography the defect is best seen on a short-axis view of the mitral valve. Here you can observe a „discontinuity” of the anterior leaflet with a jet that passes right through the defect (cleft). The spectrum of other abnormalities ranges from a parachute mitral valve, a double orifice mitral valve, to an anomalous papillary muscle rotation. […] Mitral regurgitation is classified as functional (or secondary) when the valve is structurally normal. Valvular incompetence is caused either by annular dilatation, leaflet tethering, or distortion of mitral valve geometry. A combination of these mechanisms is also possible.

• #52 Challenges of managing anomalous mitral arcade with severe mitral regurgitation and hydrops fetalis in infants | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/17/6/e259272

  There have been several case reports in which MA was found in association with cardiac lesions, such as aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. […] Medical management of MA aims to control CHF due to MV insufficiency. […] The degree of MR from MA may be combined with secondary MR owing to LV dilation, LA enlargement and mitral annular dilatation, which secondarily increases the leaflet coaptation gap. […] Generally, pulmonary artery pressure decreases dramatically after birth, but this may not be the case in situations of severe MR. […] Although congenital cardiac defects are infrequently considered a cause of major airway compression in neonates and infants, patients with severe MR leading to marked LA dilatation may develop airway compression.

• #53 MITRAL VALVE ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH COARCTATION OF THE AORTA: A SPECTRUM THAT INCLUDES PARACHUTE DEFORMITY OF THE MITRAL VALVE | Pediatric Research

  https://www.nature.com/articles/pr1974205

  Fifty-three specimens in which the primary diagnosis in life had been coarctation of the aorta were examined; only nine had a mitral valve of normal size and configuration. […] The remaining 31 specimens demonstrated a spectrum of anomalies that included some forms of parachute mitral valve and may be divided into three basic types. […] Some showed fused or closely apposed chordae tendineae, due to nondevelopment of the intervening space; in others the space between the papillary muscles and the ventricular wall was underdeveloped, which prevented the papillary muscles from moving independently of the ventricular wall. […] In one case of parachute mitral valve the chordae tendineae were attached solely to the anterolateral papillary muscle; the posteromedial papillary muscle was inserted directly to the valve, near the annulus. […] Although the spectrum of congenital anomalies reported here does not include all forms of mitral stenosis, it does indicate that mitral valve disease probably occurs more frequently in coarctation of the aorta than previously recognized.

• #54 Parachute Mitral Valve in an Adult | Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular J

  https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/articles/10.14797/mdcvj.1193

  Parachute mitral valve is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unifocal attachment of the chordae tendinea of anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets to a single papillary muscle. They are thought to develop due to disturbed lamination of the anterior and posterior part of the trabecular ridge, which normally forms the anterolateral and posterolateral papillary muscles respectively between the 5th and 19th week of gestation. […] It rarely occurs as an isolated lesion and is usually associated with other congenital cardiac anomalies. The outcomes are dependent on the spectrum of associated lesions. […] This, coupled with the convergent papillary insertion, leads to decreased mobility of the valve leaflets, thus causing stenosis. In adults, parachute mitral valves are rare and can be asymptomatic or associated with mild stenosis.

• #55 Two Holes in One: A Rare Case of Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly | Congenital Mitral Valve Anomaly

  https://www.japscjournal.com/articles/two-holes-one-rare-case-congenital-mitral-valve-anomaly?language_content_entity=en

  Double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) is a rare anomaly, characterised by a mitral valve with a single fibrous annulus resulting in two orifices. […] Its embryonic development, as with most cardiac lesions, is incompletely understood and remains controversial. Theories include abnormal embryonic fusion of the mitral leaflets, abnormal fusion of the endocardial cushions or incomplete fusion of the two atrioventricular endocardial cushions. […] DOMV may occur as an isolated anomaly but, in most cases, it is associated with other congenital malformations. Isolated DOMV is extremely rare and its exact incidence, prevalence and prognostic relevance have not been established. […] The purpose of reporting this case is to provide information to help identify DOMV by using 2D and 3D imaging since there are no published cases in our local setting to the best of our knowledge.

• #56 Congenital mitral valve defects in pediatric population: a narrative review of surgical repair – Chen – Pediatric Medicine

  https://pm.amegroups.org/article/view/6593/html

  Congenital mitral valve malformations (CMVM) are rare and heterogeneous. The functional classification includes mitral regurgitation, stenosis, and combined lesions. Surgical strategies of CMVM remain challenging in the pediatric population due to various malformations, growth potential, the requirement of long-term anticoagulation, and the necessity of avoiding or delaying valve replacement. Surgical techniques for CMVM must be individually tailored for patients to achieve a proper valve function rather than normal anatomy. […] MV repair is accomplishable in the majority of cases for both congenital MV regurgitation and stenosis. With the development of modification and implantation strategies, both short- and long-term outcomes of MVR in children are encouraging. […] Surgical treatment of CMVM remains a considerable therapeutic challenge, including valve repair or valve replacement. MV repair is preferable. Compared with the valve replacement, mitral valve repair showed several advantages, including conservation of the sub-valvular apparatus, preservation of ventricular geometry, conservation of left ventricular function, maintaining the growth potential of the native annulus, and long-term survival.

• #57 Valvular heart disease: congenital anomalies of the mitral

  https://hospital.vallhebron.com/en/healthcare/diseases/valvular-heart-disease-congenital-anomalies-mitral-valve

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies include a wide range of irregularities in the valves and subvalvular systems. This can cause problems from obstruction to mitral valve insufficiency. Two specific problems can occur: stenosis, which affects children; and congenital mitral insufficiency. […] Congenital mitral stenosis tends to appear in the first two years of life, […] and congenital mitral insufficiency occurs where there is an excess of liquid in the lung which causes breathing difficulties. […] Congenital mitral valve anomalies are rare and make up 0.5% of congenital heart defects. […] In the case of congenital mitral insufficiency, surgical repair or replacement of the valve is necessary in patients with symptoms who have severe mitral insufficiency and do not respond to treatment.

• #58 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  The spectrum of congenital mitral valve malformations ranges from the readily reparable anterior mitral leaflet cleft to the restrictive and challenging lesions of mitral stenosis. […] Because of the significant short- and long-term problems with mechanical and bioprosthetic mitral valves in children, considerable attention has been paid to mitral remodeling techniques for both incompetent and stenotic valves. […] One of the most common causes of mitral insufficiency in our series was anterior leaflet valve cleft, as well as shortening of tendineal chords. […] The most common cause of mitral stenosis in our series was the parachute-like mitral valve, which was treated with fenestration of papillary muscles in most of the cases. […] Transesophageal intraoperatory echo-cardiography was very useful to evaluate the immediate results of surgical mitral valve repair, and identify early technical failure.

• #59 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the hearts upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn babys heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #60 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the hearts upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn babys heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #61 Congenital mitral valve anomalies | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20359715/

  Congenital mitral valve anomalies are types of heart valve disease that are present at birth. That means they are congenital heart defects. The conditions affect the valve between the hearts upper and lower left chambers. That valve is called the mitral valve. […] The exact cause of congenital mitral valve anomalies is not known. The conditions happen when the unborn babys heart does not grow the way it should during pregnancy. An unborn baby also is called a fetus. […] Gene changes, certain medicines or health conditions, and environmental or lifestyle factors, such as smoking, may play a role. […] Some people with congenital mitral anomalies may need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve. […] Mitral valve repair is done when possible, as it saves the heart valve. Surgeons may do one or more of the following during mitral valve repair: Patch holes in a valve. Reconnect valve flaps. Separate valve flaps that have fused. Separate, remove or reshape muscle near the valve. Separate, shorten, lengthen or replace the cords that support the valve. Remove excess valve tissue so that the leaflets can close tightly. Tighten or reinforce the ring around a valve, called the annulus, using sutures or an artificial ring. […] If the mitral valve cant be repaired, the valve may need to be replaced. In mitral valve replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged valve. Its replaced with a mechanical valve or a tissue valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue. The tissue valve also is called a biological tissue valve.

• #62 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  Surgical development of mitral valve repair techniques in pediatric patients has been slow because of the great variety in the presentation of congenital mitral valve malformations and the still unknown growing effect over the complex mitral valve apparatus. […] The advantages of mitral valve surgical repair techniques over mitral valve prosthetic replacement in adults has been widely accepted. […] However, the development of these techniques in pediatric patients has been slow because of the great variety in the presentation of congenital mitral valve malformations and the still unknown effect of growth over the complex mitral valve apparatus. […] The objective of this study is to review, the early and mid-term results in the surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations at our institution.

• #63 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  Our overall survival early and mid-term rate, as well as the freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate were favorable and similar to the experience of other centers. […] We can say that mitral valve repair in pediatric patients is probably the best technique option in the treatment of congenital malformations of the mitral valve, because of the satisfactory early and mid-term outcomes, low global mortality and a high freedom from reoperation for mitral valve prosthetic replacement survival rate. […] In addition, mitral valve repair allows preservation of the native valve without interfering with its growth, avoiding anticoagulation at an early age.

• #64 Surgical repair of congenital mitral valve malformations | Archivos de Cardiología de México

  https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-archivos-cardiologia-mexico-293-articulo-surgical-repair-congenital-mitral-valve-X1405994010534009

  In addition, mitral valve repair allows preservation of the native valve without interfering with its growth, avoiding anticoagulation at an early age. […] On the other hand, the routine use of transesophageal intraoperative echocardiography must be highly recommended for evaluation of results in a surgical mitral valve repair procedure.

Zobacz więcej