Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Premature & Early Menopause: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21138-premature-and-early-menopause

  Premature menopause happens before age 40 and early menopause happens before age 45. […] The causes are often unknown. […] Many of the causes of premature menopause can also be causes of early menopause. Some of these reasons include cancer treatment, surgery or certain health conditions. […] Anything that damages your ovaries or stops your body from making estrogen can cause menopause. […] Some causes of early or premature menopause are: Chemotherapy or radiation to treat cancer. Surgery that removes your ovaries. Surgery that removes your uterus (hysterectomy). Family history of menopause at an early age. Getting your first period before age 11. Chromosomal abnormalities like Fragile X or Turners syndrome. Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns disease or thyroid disease. Smoking cigarettes. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Having HIV or AIDS. Infections like mumps. […] Sometimes theres no cause of early or premature menopause. This is the case in up to 50% of people.

• #2 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Menopause that happens before age 40 is called premature menopause (which is also medically called primary ovarian insufficiency [POI]). Menopause that happens between 40 and 45 is called early menopause. About 5% of women naturally go through early menopause. Smoking and certain medicines or treatments can cause menopause to come earlier than usual. […] Early or premature menopause can happen on their own for no clear reason, or they can happen because of certain surgeries, medicines, or health conditions. […] Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Certain health conditions: Autoimmune diseases, such as thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Although rare, the body’s immune system, which normally fights off diseases, may mistakenly attack the ovaries and keep them from making hormones. HIV and AIDS. Women with HIV whose infection is not well controlled with medicine may experience early menopause. Women with HIV may also have more severe hot flashes than women without HIV. Missing chromosomes. Women born with missing chromosomes or problems with chromosomes can go through menopause early. For example, women with the condition called Turner syndrome are born without all or part of one X chromosome, so their ovaries do not form normally at birth and their menstrual cycles, including during the time around menopause, may not be normal. Chronic fatigue syndrome. Women with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) have extreme tiredness, weakness, muscle and joint pain, memory loss, headache, unrefreshing sleep, and other symptoms. Research has found that women with ME/CFS are more likely to have early or premature menopause.

• #3 Early and premature menopause | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/later-years-around-50-years-and-over/menopause-and-post-menopause-health/early-and-premature-menopause

  Menopause before the age of 45 is called early menopause. Menopause before the age of 40 is called premature menopause. […] A spontaneous (natural) early menopause affects approximately 5% of the population before the age of 45. […] Premature menopause, or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), is defined as being menopause that happens before the age of 40. […] Premature menopause is estimated to affect 1% of women under the age of 40 years and 0.1% of women under the age of 30 years. […] Women can experience early or premature menopause for lots of different reasons including certain surgeries or cancer treatments. […] In 90% of women who experience premature menopause, the reason will be unknown. […] Having an early or premature menopause can increase the risk of osteoporosis (weak bones) and cardiovascular (heart) disease. […] Early and premature menopause can affect your ability to have children naturally. […] Studies have shown that a small percentage of women (5-10%) experiencing premature menopause (where the cause is unknown) do sometimes ovulate and become pregnant.

• #4 Premature Menopause

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3634232/

  Premature menopause affects 1% of women under the age of 40 years. […] The causes for premature ovarian failure are unknown. It is most frequently idiopathic but may be due to autoimmune disorders, genetic causes, infections, enzyme deficiencies or metabolic syndromes. […] The definite aetiology of premature menopause cannot be determined but some causes are identifiable. […] Genetic disorders are commoner in those cases that present early. […] Ovarian dysgenesis is a major cause of premature menopause. […] Autoimmune diseases are reported in 30-60% of cases. […] Mumps is the commonest infection associated with premature menopause. […] Smoking is known to induce premature menopause. […] Radiation and chemotherapy can cause premature menopause but the effect is reversible. […] Ovarian failure following hysterectomy is seen in 15-50% of the cases.

• #4 Premature Menopause

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3634232/

  Prolonged GnRH therapy may lead to ovarian suppression and failure. […] The consequences of premature menopause can be divided into short and long term consequences. […] The long term consequences of premature menopause include infertility, osteoporosis and an increased risk of premature death, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. […] Women with premature menopause are at risk for low bone density, earlier onset osteoporosis and fractures. […] Premature menopause is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease and angina and the risk increases with an earlier age of ovarian failure. […] Premature menopause is associated with long term health risks such as premature death, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, osteoporosis, and psychosexual dysfunction and mood disorders. […] Women with premature menopause are at risk of premature death, osteoporosis, ischemic heart disease, angina and infertility.

• #5 Premature and early menopause | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/premature-and-early-menopause

  Premature menopause is when menopause happens before the age of 40. […] Early menopause is when menopause happens between the ages of 40 and 45. […] Premature and early menopause may be caused by primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), cancer treatment or surgery. […] POI is when periods stop suddenly at an earlier age than expected. […] Chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments can cause the ovaries to stop working, resulting in menopause. […] Menopause happens with removal of the ovaries, with or without the uterus being removed.

• #6 Primary Ovarian Insufficiency | POI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/primaryovarianinsufficiency.html

  Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature ovarian failure, happens when a woman’s ovaries stop working normally before she is 40. […] POI is different from premature menopause. With premature menopause, your periods stop before age 40. You can no longer get pregnant. The cause can be natural or it can be a disease, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. With POI, some women still have occasional periods. They may even get pregnant. In most cases of POI, the cause is unknown. […] In about 90% of cases, the exact cause of POI is unknown. […] Research shows that POI is related to problems with the follicles. Follicles are small sacs in your ovaries. Your eggs grow and mature inside them. One type of follicle problem is that you run out of working follicles earlier than normal. Another is that the follicles are not working properly. In most cases, the cause of the follicle problem is unknown. But sometimes the cause may be: Genetic disorders such as Fragile X syndrome and Turner syndrome, A low number of follicles, Autoimmune diseases, including thyroiditis and Addison disease, Chemotherapy or radiation therapy, Metabolic disorders, Toxins, such as cigarette smoke, chemicals, and pesticides.

• #6 Primary Ovarian Insufficiency | POI | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/primaryovarianinsufficiency.html

  Certain factors can raise a woman’s risk of POI: Family history. Women who have a mother or sister with POI are more likely to have it. Genes. Some changes to genes and genetic conditions put women at higher risk for POI. For example, women Fragile X syndrome or Turner syndrome are at higher risk. […] The first sign of POI is usually irregular or missed periods. Later symptoms may be similar to those of natural menopause. […] Since POI causes you to have lower levels of certain hormones, you are at greater risk for other health conditions, including: Anxiety and depression. Hormonal changes caused by POI can contribute to anxiety or lead to depression. […] Currently, there is no proven treatment to restore normal function to a woman’s ovaries. But there are treatments for some of the symptoms of POI.

• #7 4 Things to Know About Early and Premature Menopause > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/early-and-premature-menopause

  The causes of early and premature menopause are not always known. […] Early or premature menopause can occur for unknown reasons, or it can be the result of medical treatments or procedures, including chemotherapy or pelvic radiation for cancer, surgical removal of the ovaries, and removal of the uterus (hysterectomy). […] Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to go through the transition early. […] Other factors that increase the chance of early or premature menopause include having an autoimmune condition or certain other diseases (such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or HIV/AIDS) and specific genetic conditions (such as Turner Syndrome). […] Notably, women who experience premature or early menopause have a higher risk of heart disease and osteoporosis because they will spend more years of their lives without the benefits of estrogen.

• #8

  https://journals.lww.com/jbioxresearch/fulltext/2019/09000/genetic_aspects_of_early_menopause.1.aspx

  A recent study showed that a woman whose mother experienced early menopause has a 6-fold higher risk of experiencing early menopause than a woman whose mother did not. […] Despite the strong genetic component, only a limited number of genes associated with early menopause have been identified. […] GWAS is a novel strategy that has been used recently to overcome the limitations of genome-wide linkage analysis and the candidate gene association approach in discovering novel susceptibility loci for early menopause. […] Candidate causative genes are selected based on educated guesses of the associated pathways, for example, the estrogen pathway and pathways with molecular defects known to cause genetic diseases such as POI. […] The absence of AMH results in a prematurely exhausted follicle pool and, subsequently, an earlier cessation of the estrus cycle in AMH-deficient mice.

• #9 Premature Menopause – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/menstrual-disorders-and-abnormal-vaginal-bleeding/premature-menopause

  Premature menopause is the permanent end of menstrual periods before age 40. It occurs because the ovaries no longer release eggs (ovulation) regularly and stop producing the usual premenopausal levels of reproductive hormones. […] Premature menopause has many causes: Genetic abnormalities: Chromosomes, including the sex chromosomes, may be abnormal. Sex chromosome abnormalities include Turner syndrome, disorders that result in having a Y chromosome (which normally occurs only in males), and Fragile X syndrome. […] Autoimmune disorder: The body produces abnormal antibodies that attack the body’s tissues, including the ovaries. […] Metabolic disorders such as enzyme deficiencies […] Viral infections: Mumps is an example. […] Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer […] Surgical removal of the ovaries: Surgery to remove both ovaries (bilateral oophorectomy) ends menstrual periods and causes menopause.

• #9 Premature Menopause – Women’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/menstrual-disorders-and-abnormal-vaginal-bleeding/premature-menopause

  Surgical removal of the uterus: Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) ends menstrual periods but does not cause most of the other symptoms of menopause as long as the ovaries are functioning. […] Toxins: Tobacco is an example. […] If the cause is a disorder that confers a Y chromosome, the risk of cancer of the ovaries is increased.

• #10 Early Menopause: Causes, Symptoms, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early

  Early menopause usually refers to onset before age 45. Premature menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency occurs before age 40. […] Anything that damages your ovaries or stops estrogen production can cause early menopause. This includes chemotherapy for cancer or an oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries). […] There are several known causes of early menopause, but sometimes the cause cannot be determined. […] If there’s no obvious medical reason for early menopause, the cause is likely genetic. Your age at menopause onset is likely inherited. […] Some lifestyle factors may have an impact on when you begin menopause. Smoking affects estrogen and can contribute to early menopause. […] Some chromosomal issues can lead to early menopause. For example, Turner syndrome (also called monosomy X and gonadal dysgenesis) involves being born with an incomplete chromosome. […] Premature menopause can be a symptom of an autoimmune disease, such as thyroid disease or rheumatoid arthritis. […] Epilepsy is a seizure disorder that stems from the brain. Someone with epilepsy is more likely to experience primary ovarian insufficiency, which leads to menopause.

• #11 Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) Diagnosis & Treatment | CCRM

  https://www.ccrmivf.com/blog/premature-ovarian-failure-pof/

  Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) is defined as the cessation of ovarian function prior to the age of 40. It is diagnosed in women under age 40 when ovarian function ceases, menstruation stops, the onset of menopausal symptoms, estrogen levels falling to a menopausal range (less than 20 pg/ml) and resulting infertility. […] Although, in retrospect, women will say that their period started getting irregular 6-12 months before the diagnosis of Premature Ovarian Failure (POF). […] It is estimated that up to 40% of Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) can be attributed to genetic causes, as the disorder has a tendency to be familial. If a woman’s mother or maternal grandmother or even maternal aunts had an early menopause but was not necessarily diagnosed as Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), that woman is at increased risk of having an early menopause herself; and may want to think about having children sooner than later.

• #12 Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/menopause/premature-ovarian-insufficiency

  Premature ovarian insufficiency is sometimes called premature ovarian failure. The condition occurs when your ovaries no longer work properly when you are under the age of 40 years. […] The term early menopause is usually used if you go through the menopause when you are between 40 and 45 years of age. […] Therefore premature ovarian insufficiency is not necessarily the same as premature menopause, which means the irreversible loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 years. […] There are many different causes of POI. However, for the majority of women there is no underlying cause found. […] In around 1 in 20 of women with POI, the condition is caused by an autoimmune disease. […] Genetic conditions causing POI are usually more common if you have other people in your family with POI or if you are very young (under 20 years) with POI.

• #12 Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/menopause/premature-ovarian-insufficiency

  Certain infections can very rarely be a cause of POI in some women. […] The low level of oestrogen in your body can lead to 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis) developing which can then lead to fractures developing in your bones. […] There is also an increased risk of heart attacks at a young age. However, these increased risks are all reversed by taking hormone treatment. […] You should receive treatment in the form of hormones to replace the hormones your body would be producing if you had not gone through POI. […] The reported risks regarding HRT, such as an increased risk of breast cancer, are only relevant to those women who take HRT after the age of the natural menopause, which is around 51 years. […] Many experts also recommend that you have adequate calcium in your diet or take calcium supplements and also take vitamin D supplements. […] Around 1 in 10 women with POI which occurs without a known reason become pregnant. This is because their ovaries start working again.

• #13 Early and Premature Menopause: Causes, Symptoms, and Management

  https://bywinona.com/journal/early-premature-menopause?srsltid=AfmBOopPjVFTrZ9GG3VVT7Y9KAQ9jZtVnsHju7u47jA22cut3n24JVAp

  While spontaneous premature menopause can occur without a clear cause, several known factors contribute to ovarian dysfunction: Genetic Disorders: Chromosomal abnormalities and inherited metabolic disorders are common causes of early menopause. Autoimmune Diseases: The immune system can mistakenly attack ovarian tissue, leading to early ovarian failure. Autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes are responsible for 30%60% of spontaneous early menopause cases. Infections: Certain infections like mumps and pelvic tuberculosis can cause ovarian damage to increase the risk of early menopause. Smoking: Studies indicate that smoking can increase the risk of early menopause by 40%60%. Heavy smoking can cause menopause to occur up to two years earlier than it might naturally. Poor Health and Nutrition: Research suggests that malnutrition and low body weight can increase the risk of early menopause.

• #13 Early and Premature Menopause: Causes, Symptoms, and Management

  https://bywinona.com/journal/early-premature-menopause?srsltid=AfmBOopPjVFTrZ9GG3VVT7Y9KAQ9jZtVnsHju7u47jA22cut3n24JVAp

  Induced menopause occurs due to medical interventions, including cancer treatments, radiation exposure, surgical removal of ovaries, and prolonged use of certain medications. […] Cancer treatments, particularly chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can damage ovarian function and lead to premature menopause. […] The most harmful chemotherapy medicines that affect the ovaries are alkylating agents, which include cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, actinomycin D, and adriamycin. […] Surgical menopause occurs when both ovaries are removed, typically through a bilateral oophorectomy, resulting in an abrupt loss of estrogen and an immediate onset of menopause. […] Certain medicines can temporarily suppress ovarian function, like GnRH agonists (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists). However, normal ovarian function is restored when the medication is stopped.

• #14 Genes linked with early menopause and the pathogenesis of its associated diseases: a systematic review | Middle East Fertility Society Journal | Full Text

  https://mefj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43043-021-00093-0

  Infections, metabolic disorders, immunological disorders, and iatrogenic factors such as radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and ovarian damage may contribute to POF. Smoking, excessive drinking, oral contraceptives, caffeine, depression, and anthropometry are all factors that lead to early menopause. […] According to genome-wide association studies, the age at which women enter menopause is strongly linked to various genetic loci. […] According to research on the genetics of POF patients, gene polymorphism, single-gene mutations, and many chromosomal abnormalities from a variety of biochemical pathways have been connected to the development of POF. […] The inheritance of menopause is probably between 30 and 85%. It is believed that 15 to 30% of POI cases are familial. […] Autoimmunity was first postulated as a possible etiology of POI when it was observed that women with adrenal failure also had an ovarian failure.

• #15 Risk Factors & Causes of Early Menopause | EarlyMenopause.com

  https://www.earlymenopause.com/information/causes/

  Some cases of hereditary premature menopause are caused by defects on an X chromosome. […] Women have two X chromosomes and, even though only one of these chromosomes is active, a defect on either one can cause premature menopause. […] Another related form of genetically-caused premature menopause is called Turners Syndrome. […] Often women with Turners Syndrome never have their periods at all, since their ovaries never develop enough and dont produce ovarian estrogen. […] This is one of the most common causes of early menopause and often one of the most difficult to deal with, since you are coping with the fallout from surgery as well as sudden menopause. […] In this case, you experience premature menopause after removal of both of the ovaries (a bilateral oophorectomy) or removal of the uterus, cervix, both fallopian tubes, and both ovaries (a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).

• #16 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause or early menopause can be spontaneous or induced; if induced, it can be due to medical interventions such as chemotherapy or surgical interventions such as bilateral oophorectomy. Regardless of cause, women who experience estrogen deficiency at an age well before the median age of natural menopause are now recognized to be at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality. […] Women with premature spontaneous menopause (including POF) are at increased risk for low bone density, earlier onset osteoporosis and fractures, impaired endothelial function, earlier onset of coronary heart disease, and increased cardiovascular mortality and total mortality. […] Induced menopause may result from premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy or from cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation.

• #16 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause or early menopause may be either spontaneous or induced. Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40 years) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45 years) experience an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, and other sequelae. The risk of adverse outcomes increases with earlier age at the time of menopause. […] Regardless of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause and estrogen deficiency before reaching the median age of natural menopause are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Estrogen treatment should be considered for these women, but may not eliminate all of the adverse outcomes. […] Premature menopause refers to menopause that occurs before age 40 years, and early menopause refers to menopause that occurs at or before age 45 years, both ranges being well below the median age of natural menopause (age 51 years).

• #16 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause and early menopause, whether spontaneous or induced, are associated with long-term health risks which may include premature death, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, osteoporosis, psychosexual dysfunction, and mood disorders. Estrogen mitigates some but not all of these consequences. […] The most common interpretation of these findings is that premature or early menopause is the first step in a chain of causality leading to tissue or organ dysfunctions and lesions via hormonal mechanisms.

• #16 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  However, evidence for the long-term risks and adverse health outcomes following induced menopause is starting to accumulate. […] The Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging involved a population-based sample of 4,780 women and reported increased all-cause mortality in women who underwent prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy before age 45 years. […] The increased mortality was mainly observed in women who did not take estrogen after the surgery and up until age 45 years. […] Data consistently show an increased risk for cardiovascular disease in women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy inducing premature menopause or early menopause. Estrogen replacement proximate to bilateral oophorectomy appears to be particularly important for reducing premature coronary heart disease and death in this group of women.

• #17 Premature and early menopause | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/premature-early-menopause

  Premature and early menopause can also be caused by: a genetic condition, for example, Turner syndrome or Fragile X syndrome, metabolic disorders, infection, for example, mumps. […] POI is associated with autoimmune conditions such as Addisons disease, thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, Crohns disease and coeliac disease. […] Some studies suggest women who have premature or early menopause may have a higher risk of developing heart disease and osteoporosis compared with women who reach menopause at the expected age. […] Women who experience premature or early menopause can start to lose bone density at an earlier age than women who experience menopause in their 50s. This puts them at a greater risk of developing osteoporosis earlier in life. […] Menopause can happen because of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, that causes your ovaries to stop working. This is known as medically induced menopause.

• #17 Premature and early menopause | Jean Hailes

  https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/health-a-z/menopause/premature-early-menopause

  Premature menopause is when your final period happens before the age of 40. […] Early menopause is when your final period happens between the ages of 40 and 45. […] Up to 8% of women have had their final period by the time they are 45. This percentage is likely to be higher if we include menopause caused by surgery and cancer treatment. […] Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) can cause premature and early menopause. […] Cancer treatment and surgery can also cause premature and early menopause. […] The causes of POI are not always clear. In about 60% of women, a cause cant be found. […] You may be more likely to have premature or early menopause if: your periods start before 11 years of age, you have a family history of premature or early menopause, you smoke, you have epilepsy, you have had previous surgery on your ovaries.

• #18 Early Menopause Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Risks | KCM

  https://katiecouric.com/health/early-menopause-symptoms-signs-causes/

  Its true: the effect of smoking on menopause has been the focus of many studies and the conclusion? Overall, its linked to early menopause. In a study of more than 93,000 women, smokers can start menopause about a year earlier than nonsmokers, while heavy smokers can start almost two years sooner than the average age of when most women start menopause.

• #19 Exploring the triggers of premature and early menopause in India: a comprehensive analysis based on National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53536-9

  Smoking specifically have shown adverse impacts on reproductive health and heavy smokers were observed to reach menopause earlier, thus making it important to study its association. Tobacco consumption has anti-estrogenic impacts on the female body which can lead to estrogen function resistance. […] The age at menopause is associated with the risk of several chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, breast and endometrial cancers, and osteoporosis. […] Although this issue is ignored in India, premature or early menopause has numerous short- and long-term negative health consequences. […] The estimated prevalence of premature menopause is 2.2% and early menopause is 16.2%. […] The survival analysis demonstrated that women with higher levels of education have lower chances of having premature menopause, in comparison with those who have no education.

• #19 Exploring the triggers of premature and early menopause in India: a comprehensive analysis based on National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53536-9

  Smoking is observed to be a significant predictor of premature menopause, with 20.8% higher risk. Regular consumption of fried food increases the risk of experiencing premature menopause by 44.3%. […] The risk was also higher for women who had ever used any of the hormonal contraceptives. […] The diabetic women have 3.5 times higher chances of experiencing premature menopause.

• #20 Early and premature menopause: Signs Causes Symptoms – Miyé

  https://www.miye.care/en/premature-and-early-menopause-signs-of-early-menopause/?srsltid=AfmBOopS2stZveBKdl8EP46u24umEWzBRt6tn7GmRcoEfbLr_gs7PIsC

  Autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks itself, can destroy the ovaries. Notable among these are Hashimotos thyroiditis, Graves disease and lupus, affecting 10-30% of women in early menopause. […] Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, especially when applied to the pelvic region, can induce early menopause. Surgical removal of the ovaries or uterus (hysterectomy) is also a direct cause. […] Certain viral infections, such as tuberculosis, mumps or cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, can damage the ovaries. Metabolic disorders such as type I diabetes or Addisons disease can also play a role. […] Smoking can bring forward the age of menopause by 1 to 2 years, representing a significant risk. A low body mass index, vegetarian diet, lack of physical exercise, and low sun exposure can also influence risk. […] Medical conditions such as epilepsy have been linked to an increased risk of premature menopause. Certain medications and toxins can also have a negative impact on ovarian function.

• #21 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-Menopause.aspx

  In some women menopause may occur before the age of 40 or 45. This is termed early or premature menopause. There are several causes of premature menopause. Some of these include: […] This is a rare condition. It may occur at any age and in many cases there is no cause. There is complete stoppage of functions of the ovaries and secretion of the female sex hormones. […] In women who have undergone surgery for removal of the uterus (womb) and/or the ovaries due to certain pathologies before achieving menopause, there is early onset of stoppage of periods. […] Radiation and chemotherapy may lead to early onset of menopause in women who have been exposed to them before achieving normal menopause. […] Infections such as tuberculosis, mumps, malaria, chickenpox, shingles, dysentery due to shigella may rarely lead to early onset of menopause. […] Some disease and disorders may cause early onset menopause. These include hypothyroidism or underactive thyroids, Turner syndrome, Addison’s disease and Down’s syndrome.

• #22 Early Menopause: Symptoms, Risks, and Coping

  https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/dealing-early

  Menopause usually begins between 45 and 55 years of age, but some people may experience it as early as age 35. This is known as early menopause. […] Early menopause is menopause that begins between the ages of 40 and 45 years. […] Premature menopause starts even earlier, before 40 years of age. Many doctors now refer to premature menopause as premature ovarian failure or primary ovarian insufficiency. […] Early or premature menopause has two possible causes: follicle depletion (which means your eggs do not mature) and follicle dysfunction (which means your ovaries do not release eggs). […] Follicle depletion and dysfunction can happen for a variety of reasons: Aging: The chance of early menopause rises after 35 years of age. Family history: If you have relatives who experienced early or premature menopause, you may be more likely to experience it. Health conditions: Turner syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and other chromosomal disorders can raise your risk. Autoimmune disorders such as thyroid disease and rheumatoid arthritis can sometimes affect your ovaries as well. Toxins: Exposure to chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy for cancer can induce menopause. Infection: Certain infections, such as the mumps virus, HIV, and tuberculosis, can cause early menopause. Surgery: A procedure to remove your ovaries (bilateral oophorectomy) or your uterus (hysterectomy) may cause early menopause.

• #23 Menopause – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menopause/symptoms-causes/syc-20353397

  Menopause can result from: […] About 1% of people who have menopause get it before age 40. This is called premature menopause. Premature menopause may result from the ovaries not making the usual levels of hormones. This is called primary ovarian insufficiency. It can happen from gene changes or an autoimmune disease. […] Often no cause of premature menopause can be found. Then healthcare professionals most often suggest hormone therapy. Taken at least until the typical age of menopause, hormone therapy can protect the brain, heart and bones.

• #24 The 5%: Early Menopause Causes – ERA Skin Laser Clinic

  https://eraclinics.co.uk/early-menopause-causes/

  Special Chromosome Situations: Certain genetic conditions can affect how the ovaries work, sometimes leading to early menopause. […] Studies show that women who go through premature menopause (before age 40) have a higher risk of heart problems compared to those who dont. […] The earlier menopause happens, the higher the risk for some of these health problems. […] Women who go through early menopause may be at increased risk for cognitive issues like dementia, Parkinsons disease, glaucoma, heart disease, osteoporosis, mood disorders, and sexual dysfunction. […] Hormone therapy is often recommended until at least the natural age of menopause to help counteract some of the negative effects of early menopause. […] The earlier menopause happens, the lower your bone density may be as you age. And lower bone density means a higher chance of fractures.

• #24 The 5%: Early Menopause Causes – ERA Skin Laser Clinic

  https://eraclinics.co.uk/early-menopause-causes/

  Studies do show a slight increase in overall mortality for women who experience premature menopause. […] But here’s the thing: these are statistical averages, not a crystal ball. Your individual risk can vary based on a whole host of factors, like your lifestyle, your genes, and your access to quality healthcare.

• #25 Early or premature menopause – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/early-menopause/

  Early menopause is when you stop having regular periods before the age of 45. Premature menopause is if this happens before the age of 40. It can happen naturally or be caused by treatment for other conditions. […] You have a higher chance of early or premature menopause if it runs in your family. […] Early or premature menopause can also be caused by treatment for other conditions. […] This includes treatments such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy, certain hormone medicines, surgery to remove your ovaries. […] Early or premature menopause can affect both your physical and mental health. […] You’ll have a higher chance of developing conditions such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. […] Early or premature menopause means you may find it harder to get pregnant.

• #26 Premature Menopause: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment Options

  https://womens-healthcare.co.uk/premature-menopause-causes-diagnosis-fertility/

  Low estrogen levels signal reduced ovarian function, a key indicator of early menopause causes. Monitoring hormone levels regularly helps track ovarian activity and helps decide on treatment plans. […] Premature menopause significantly affects fertility, but certain medical interventions can provide reproductive solutions. […] HRT helps manage early menopause causes and symptoms and may support fertility by maintaining hormonal balance. […] Women at risk of premature menopause may opt for egg freezing to preserve fertility.

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