Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Premature & Early Menopause: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21138-premature-and-early-menopause

  Premature menopause and early menopause are conditions where a woman goes through menopause at an earlier age than is typically expected. […] Early menopause (menopause before 45) occurs in about 5% of women. Premature menopause (menopause before 40) happens in about 1% of women. […] Many of the causes of premature menopause can also be causes of early menopause. Some of these reasons include cancer treatment, surgery or certain health conditions. […] People who go through menopause early tend to have more severe symptoms of menopause. These symptoms can lead to sexual dysfunction or loss of intimacy. […] Additionally, people who experience premature or early menopause spend more years without the benefits of estrogen. Without typical amounts of estrogen, you’re at greater risk for certain health conditions like osteoporosis, heart disease, depression, and various neurological diseases like dementia and Parkinson’s disease. […] Both early and premature menopause affect your ability to get pregnant because you’re not ovulating. However, unless you’ve gone 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period, you can still get pregnant. […] It’s possible to get pregnant through in vitro fertilization (IVF) after menopause.

• #2 Women’s Wellness: 5 Things To Know About Early Menopause – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/womens-wellness-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-early-menopause/

  So you missed a period. Or two. You think to yourself, “I’m too young for menopause. Right?” Not necessarily. Early menopause, between the ages of 40 and 45, affects about 5 percent of women. Premature menopause, before age 40, affects about 1 percent of women. You are said to be in menopause if you have gone a full 12 months with no menstrual period. That’s when your ovaries stop making estrogen and progesterone, the female hormones necessary to maintain your menstrual cycles and fertility. […] If you are experiencing premature or early menopause, you’re at risk for multiple long-term health consequences, including heart disease, dementia, Parkinsonism, and osteoporosis if you do not take hormone therapy, aptly termed hormone “replacement” therapy under these circumstances. Your health care provider can help determine if you are, indeed, experiencing premature or early menopause.

• #3 Long-term health consequences of premature or early menopause and considerations for management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4581591/

  Women undergoing premature or early menopause, either following bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or because of primary ovarian insufficiency, experience the early loss of estrogen and other ovarian hormones. The long-term consequences of premature or early menopause include adverse effects on cognition, mood, cardiovascular, bone, and sexual health, as well as an increased risk of early mortality. […] Therefore, multiple medical societies recommend providing hormone therapy at least until the natural age of menopause. […] Women who undergo premature or early menopause should receive individualized hormone therapy and counseling. […] BSO prior to the natural age of menopause is associated with early mortality which is thought to relate primarily to an increased risk of CHD. […] Early menopause is associated with increased risk of CVD events and mortality, with early BSO being a greater risk than early natural menopause.

• #4 Early Menopause due to Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/early-menopause-due-to-chemotherapy-radiotherapy

  Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)/ failure (premature menopause) is loss of ovarian function before age 40 years. Early menopause is menopause before age 45 years. […] Currently there is no reliable biochemical predictor of menopause. […] Diagnosis of premature or early menopause has long term physical and psychological consequences, so women may need emotional support and long-term medical follow-up. […] The incidence of temporary amenorrhoea or early menopause after chemotherapy or radiotherapy varies according to the age of the person, pubertal status, her existing ovarian reserve, type of chemotherapy, radiotherapy field and the cumulative dose of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. […] Reported prevalence of chemotherapy induced amenorrhoea (CIA) ranges from 2-82% related to different definitions of amenorrhoea, different treatment regimens and patient populations. However, the prevalence of POI based on hormonal measurements, rather than self-report, in a cohort of female cancer survivors was 10%.

• #5 Early Menopause due to Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/early-menopause-due-to-chemotherapy-radiotherapy

  The diagnosis of early menopause may take several months to confirm and can be stressful. […] For those women who have developed early menopause, some women decide to opt for a childfree life, others may want to adopt or foster children. Some women try IVF or drugs to stimulate egg production but these have a low chance of success. Donor oocytes or embryos are the only reliable method of achieving a pregnancy for a woman with POI. […] POI is associated with an increased risk and earlier onset of cardiovascular disease, cardiac failure and mortality with endothelial dysfunction, coagulation changes and dyslipidaemia implicated in the pathogenesis.

• #6 Risk factors for natural menopause before the age of 45: evidence from two British population-based birth cohort studies | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-02021-4

  Menopause that occurs before the age of 45 and is not medically induced (referred to here as early natural menopause) affects around one in 10 women and has serious health consequences. These consequences include increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. […] Results from population-based samples have shown that women who experience early natural menopause have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, premature decline in cognitive function, decreased life expectancy and increased all-cause mortality. […] We demonstrate that characteristics at different periods of life are associated with early menopause. Some of these associations relate to modifiable behaviours and thus the risks of early menopause and the adverse health outcomes associated with it may be preventable.

• #7 Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-023-01267-3

  Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. […] The study aims to explore the effect of premature and early menopause on cognitive health, and psychosocial well-being. […] Premature menopause was negatively associated with cognition (:-0.33; SE:0.12; p0.05), whereas positively associated with insomnia (:0.18; SE:0.03; p0.001) and depression (:0.25; SE:0.04; p0.001). […] The findings emphasize the fact that smoking is associated with premature menopause, depression and insomnia. Women who experienced premature menopause has lower cognitive scores, depressive symptoms and insomnia symptoms, which were higher among those who consumed tobacco. […] The study hypothesized that insomnia and depression have a mediating role and that smoking or tobacco consumption has moderated the relationship between premature ovarian failure and cognitive decline.

• #8 Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-023-01267-3

  The direct effect of a premature menopause on cognitive health, without any mediators or moderators, and controlling for the possible confounders, have shown that there is a negative impact. […] Overall, the study has shown significant results from premature menopause, while for early menopause the hypothesis was rejected. This indicates the severity of lower menopausal age and its effect on psychosocial health. […] The present study findings also suggest an effect of a premature menopause on insomnia and depression, and the relationship is positively associated. […] Women with premature ovarian failure also have low sex steroid levels and higher gonadotropic levels. They have more anxiety, depression, sensitivity and psychological distress. All of this cumulatively affects cognitive health, and there is an increased risk of premature menopausal women of developing cognitive impairment or dementia. […] The results indicated that smoking moderated this indirect link and the study hypothesis is accepted.

• #9 Long-term health consequences of premature or early menopause and considerations for management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4581591/

  Treatment with HT has been shown to mitigate the adverse effects of early menopause on multiple outcomes. […] The current recommendation for women experiencing early or premature menopause to consider HT at least until the natural age of menopause is supported by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the Asia Pacific Menopause Federation, the Endocrine Society, the European Menopause and Andropause Society, the International Menopause Society, the International Osteoporosis Foundation, the North American Menopause Society, and the British Medical Society. […] Premature or early menopause is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes including cognitive impairment, dementia, parkinsonism, glaucoma, CHD, osteoporosis, mood disorders, sexual dysfunction, and increased overall mortality.

• #10 Risk factors for natural menopause before the age of 45: evidence from two British population-based birth cohort studies | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-02021-4

  We found that multiple factors from birth, childhood and adulthood are associated with menopause before 45 years of age. The early life factors associated with early menopause were father in a manual job, or no father figure at birth, mother smoking during pregnancy, and the absence of or short duration of breastfeeding. Childhood factors increasing the likelihood of early menopause were poor cognitive ability and smoking. Early adulthood factors associated with an increased probability of early menopause were smoking, no alcohol consumption, lower levels of exercise, problems with periods or other gynaecological issues, and not being in paid work. […] Our findings support the hypothesis that fetal and early life experiences are associated with age at menopause. […] Our study adds to the already consistent evidence that cigarette smoking is associated with early menopause. […] Our analysis suggests that it is high levels of activity, in a woman’s early thirties, one to several days of exercise a week, which is associated with lower odds for early menopause. […] Gynaecological health was strongly linked to early menopause in our study.

• #11 Menopause | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp20154

  Menopause is an inevitable component of ageing and encompasses the loss of ovarian reproductive function, either occurring spontaneously or secondary to other conditions. […] It is not yet possible to accurately predict the onset of menopause, especially early menopause, to give women improved control of their fertility. […] More effective and safe therapies for the management of menopausal symptoms need to be developed, particularly for women who have absolute contraindications to hormone therapy. […] Shuster, L. T., Rhodes, D. J., Gostout, B. S., Grossardt, B. R. Rocca, W. A. Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences. […] Wellons, M., Ouyang, P., Schreiner, P. J., Herrington, D. M. Vaidya, D. Early menopause predicts future coronary heart disease and stroke: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. […] Rocca, W. A., Grossardt, B. R., Miller, V. M., Shuster, L. T. Brown, R. D. Jr. Premature menopause or early menopause and risk of ischemic stroke.

• #12 Researchers develop tool to predict likelihood of premature menopause in childhood cancer survivors

  https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2024/03/researchers-develop-tool-to-predict-likelihood-of-premature-menopause.html

  Researchers have developed a statistical model that predicts the likelihood of female childhood cancer survivors developing premature menopause as they grow up, which could help doctors personalize treatment and counselling options for patients. […] Primary ovarian insufficiency, also known as premature menopause, is the term used to describe when a woman’s ovaries stop working normally before the age of 40. Yuan and her co-authors note that seven per cent of childhood cancer survivors develop the condition within five years of their cancer diagnosis, and it is estimated that another 12 per cent develop it more than five years after diagnosis, compared with just one to two per cent of the general population. […] This is important because it helps inform clinicians of treatment options as well as counselling prior to and after treatment.

• #13 Researchers develop tool to predict likelihood of premature menopause in childhood cancer survivors

  https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2024/03/researchers-develop-tool-to-predict-likelihood-of-premature-menopause.html

  Risk prediction is an evolving process, but there is real value in using statistical models or algorithms to predict health outcomes if you collaborate with clinicians and patients to understand the context and learn the nuances of the data, in order to build a robust and trustworthy model that benefits patients, she says.

• #14 Women’s Wellness: 5 Things To Know About Early Menopause – Mayo Clinic News Network

  https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/womens-wellness-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-early-menopause/

  Hormone therapy is vital for lessening the long-term health consequences associated with early or premature menopause. Unless there is a clear reason to avoid hormone therapy in your particular situation, using hormone therapy at least until the natural age of menopause (age 51 years) is recommended by The North American Menopause Society and other professional medical societies. […] If you are in early or premature menopause, you may need extra time and support to come to terms with your diagnosis and the consequences, including the potential long-term health impact and loss of fertility. Sharing your concerns with your partner, friends and your health care provider or psychologist can help. Understanding what is happening to your body and what you can do about it is key.

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