Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause or early menopause may be either spontaneous or induced. Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40 years) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45 years) experience an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, and other sequelae. The risk of adverse outcomes increases with earlier age at the time of menopause. Some of the adverse outcomes may be prevented by estrogen treatment initiated after the onset of menopause. However, estrogen alone does not prevent all long-term consequences and other hormonal mechanisms are likely involved. […] Regardless of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause and estrogen deficiency before reaching the median age of natural menopause are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Estrogen treatment should be considered for these women, but may not eliminate all of the adverse outcomes.

• #2 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause refers to menopause that occurs before age 40 years, and early menopause refers to menopause that occurs at or before age 45 years, both ranges being well below the median age of natural menopause (age 51 years). Premature menopause or early menopause can be spontaneous or induced; if induced, it can be due to medical interventions such as chemotherapy or surgical interventions such as bilateral oophorectomy. Regardless of cause, women who experience estrogen deficiency at an age well before the median age of natural menopause are now recognized to be at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality. […] Premature menopause and early menopause, whether spontaneous or induced, are associated with long-term health risks which may include premature death, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, osteoporosis, psychosexual dysfunction, and mood disorders. Estrogen mitigates some but not all of these consequences.

• #3 Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of menopause – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-menopause

  Natural menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstrual periods, determined retrospectively after a woman has experienced 12 months of amenorrhea without any other obvious pathologic or physiologic cause. It occurs at a median age of 51.4 years and is a reflection of complete, or near complete, ovarian follicular depletion, with resulting hypoestrogenemia and high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations. […] The terms for natural menopause that occurs between the ages of 40 and 45 years or <40 years are "early menopause" and "primary ovarian insufficiency," respectively. Both early menopause and primary ovarian insufficiency have been associated with an excess risk of cardiovascular disease, bone loss, and cognitive function concerns. [...] This topic will review the clinical features and diagnosis of the menopausal transition and menopause and briefly review the criteria for primary ovarian insufficiency and early menopause.

• #4 Premature ovarian insufficiency – aetiopathology, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation

  https://www.termedia.pl/Premature-ovarian-insufficiency-aetiopathology-epidemiology-and-diagnostic-evaluation,4,33841,1,1.html

  Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a disorder characterised by ovarian dysfunction leading to hypoestrogenism and loss of residual follicles in the gonads associated with oligo- or amenorrhoea and subfertility or infertility. Among women with primary amenorrhoea, the frequency of POI is 10-28% and in those with secondary amenorrhoea 4-18%. The risk of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) before the age of 40 years is 1%. The prevalence of menopause varies according to age, and it is 1 : 10,000 at the age of 18-25 years, 1 : 1000 in women aged 25-30 years, and 1 : 100 in the age range 35-40 years. POI is related with familiar occurrence in about 15% of cases, which suggests a genetic aetiological background. Epidemiological studies have shown differences in the occurrence of POI depending on ethnicity, and it is highest in Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic women. […] Premature ovarian insufficiency remains a severe medical problem, significantly affecting the patients life. The aetiopathology of POI in most cases remains unexplained.

• #5 Ovarian Insufficiency: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271046-overview

  POI/POF occurs in approximately 1% of women. The estimated incidence in the United States is 1 case per 1000 women by age 30, 1 case per 250 women by age 35 and 1 case per 100 women by age 40. Approximately 10-28% of women with primary amenorrhea and 4-18% with secondary amenorrhea have POI/POF. […] The incidence of spontaneous POF/POI appears to be similar among ethnic groups; however, one study showed that it may be more common in Hispanic and African American women and less common in Chinese and Japanese women compared with White women. […] Ovarian insufficiency occurs only in women. By definition, POI/POF is a condition of women younger than 40 years.

• #6 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Menopause that happens before age 40 is called premature menopause (which is also medically called primary ovarian insufficiency [POI]). Menopause that happens between 40 and 45 is called early menopause. About 5% of women naturally go through early menopause. Smoking and certain medicines or treatments can cause menopause to come earlier than usual. […] The average age for menopause in the United States is 52. Early and premature menopause happens when ovaries stop making hormones and periods stop at a younger age than usual. This can happen naturally or for a medical reason, such as when both ovaries are removed in a hysterectomy, also known as the removal of the uterus and bilateral oophorectomy (OH-fuh-REK-tuh-mee), or removal of both ovaries. […] Early or premature menopause can happen on their own for no clear reason, or they can happen because of certain surgeries, medicines, or health conditions.

• #7 Adverse long-term health outcomes associated with premature or early menopause – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/members/ims-menopause-live/adverse-long-term-health-outcomes-associated-with-premature-or-early-menopause

  Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55 years. However, 5% of women will go through menopause early, between the ages of 40 and 45 years, and 1% of women become menopausal prematurely, before the age of 40 years. […] There are multiple adverse long-term health consequences associated with premature or early menopause, including increased risk of dementia, parkinsonism, glaucoma, depression, anxiety, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, sexual dysfunction, and early death. […] Women who experience premature or early menopause, regardless of cause, are exposed to risk from abnormal estrogen deprivation. […] Most women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy or POI prior to age 45, and who do not have a history of a hormone-sensitive cancer or another specific contraindication, will benefit from hormone therapy not only for vasomotor symptom management but also for the prevention of adverse cardiovascular, bone, and neuro-cognitive effects related to premature estrogen deficiency (estrogen replacement therapy).

• #8 Trends of Premature and Early Menopause: a Comparative Study of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152531/

  Prevalence of premature menopause was 1.7% in US, 2.8% in Korean women. Early menopause occurred in 3.4% and 7.2% of US and Korean, respectively. […] The trend and birth cohort effect in occurrence of premature and early menopause among the US and Korea women are different. Prevalences of premature and early menopause decrease only in Korean. […] Premature or early menopause did not decrease in the three US ethnic groups. We observed downward trend only in Korean women. Specifically, premature menopause decreased in US black women born in 1950s and Korean women born in 1940s and later.

• #9 :: JKMS :: Journal of Korean Medical Science

  https://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e97

  Prevalence of premature menopause was 1.7% in US, 2.8% in Korean women. […] Early menopause occurred in 3.4% and 7.2% of US and Korean, respectively. […] The trend and birth cohort effect in occurrence of premature and early menopause among the US and Korea women are different. Prevalences of premature and early menopause decrease only in Korean.

• #10 Trends of Premature and Early Menopause: a Comparative Study of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  https://m.jkms.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e97&code=0063JKMS&vmode=PUBREADER

  Prevalence of premature menopause was 1.7% in US, 2.8% in Korean women. Early menopause occurred in 3.4% and 7.2% of US and Korean, respectively. […] The trend and birth cohort effect in occurrence of premature and early menopause among the US and Korea women are different. Prevalences of premature and early menopause decrease only in Korean. […] Premature or early menopause did not decrease in the three US ethnic groups. We observed downward trend only in Korean women. Specifically, premature menopause decreased in US black women born in 1950s and Korean women born in 1940s and later. […] Given the increasing trend of age at natural menopause, we can expect the numbers of women who experience premature or early menopause to decrease over time accordingly. However, downward pattern of premature and early menopause was evident only in Korean women.

• #11 Exploring the triggers of premature and early menopause in India: a comprehensive analysis based on National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53536-9

  Due to ovarian insufficiency, some women attain menopause at an early age due to lifestyle factors and hormonal imbalances. Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. The study estimated the prevalence of both premature and early menopause, and examined the potential associated factors that could trigger its occurrence in India. The estimated prevalence of premature menopause is 2.2% and early menopause is 16.2%. Lower educational level, poor economic condition, smoking, fried food consumption, early age at menarche are some of the significant explanatory factors. In India, both the proportion and the absolute number of post-menopausal women are growing, therefore it is critical to revamp public reproductive healthcare facilities to include menopausal health segment in women’s health as well.

• #12 Epidemiology of Perimenopause in China | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4330-4_7

  Due to the lack of information about the menopause in China, an epidemiologic survey among perimenopausal women aged 40-65 was conducted in Beijing from May to December 1990. Over 5000 women were selected by random sampling. An unified questionnaire was completed by face to face interview. 5134 women were included in the analysis. Among them 54.4% were postmenopausal, 10% in 40-49 age group, 87.8% in 50-59 and 99.3% in 60-65 age group. 93.8% were natural menopause, 5.4% after hysterectomy and 0.8% after drug or radiation. The mean age at natural menopause is 49 (22-61), not very different from other reports. Premature menopause before 40 is 3.1%. […] In this study, menopause following surgery, menopausal symptoms and hormone replacement therapy all are lower than the western countries but similar to that of the eastern countries.

• #13 Trends of Premature and Early Menopause: a Comparative Study of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7152531/

  Prevalence of premature menopause was 1.7% in US, 2.8% in Korean women. Early menopause occurred in 3.4% and 7.2% of US and Korean, respectively. […] The trend and birth cohort effect in occurrence of premature and early menopause among the US and Korea women are different. Prevalences of premature and early menopause decrease only in Korean. […] Premature or early menopause did not decrease in the three US ethnic groups. We observed downward trend only in Korean women. Specifically, premature menopause decreased in US black women born in 1950s and Korean women born in 1940s and later.

• #14 Trends of Premature and Early Menopause: a Comparative Study of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  https://m.jkms.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e97&code=0063JKMS&vmode=PUBREADER

  Prevalence of premature menopause was 1.7% in US, 2.8% in Korean women. Early menopause occurred in 3.4% and 7.2% of US and Korean, respectively. […] The trend and birth cohort effect in occurrence of premature and early menopause among the US and Korea women are different. Prevalences of premature and early menopause decrease only in Korean. […] Premature or early menopause did not decrease in the three US ethnic groups. We observed downward trend only in Korean women. Specifically, premature menopause decreased in US black women born in 1950s and Korean women born in 1940s and later. […] Given the increasing trend of age at natural menopause, we can expect the numbers of women who experience premature or early menopause to decrease over time accordingly. However, downward pattern of premature and early menopause was evident only in Korean women.

• #15 Trends of Premature and Early Menopause: a Comparative Study of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

  https://m.jkms.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e97&code=0063JKMS&vmode=PUBREADER

  Prevalence of premature menopause was 1.7% in US, 2.8% in Korean women. Early menopause occurred in 3.4% and 7.2% of US and Korean, respectively. […] The trend and birth cohort effect in occurrence of premature and early menopause among the US and Korea women are different. Prevalences of premature and early menopause decrease only in Korean. […] Premature or early menopause did not decrease in the three US ethnic groups. We observed downward trend only in Korean women. Specifically, premature menopause decreased in US black women born in 1950s and Korean women born in 1940s and later. […] Given the increasing trend of age at natural menopause, we can expect the numbers of women who experience premature or early menopause to decrease over time accordingly. However, downward pattern of premature and early menopause was evident only in Korean women.

• #16 Exploring the triggers of premature and early menopause in India: a comprehensive analysis based on National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53536-9

  The prevalence of premature and early menopause has decreased gradually over time. Premature menopause was highest during 19981999, 3.4% and reduced to 2.76% in 20052006 and remained almost constant in the next five years also, and further reduced to 2.23% in recent years. Early menopause was around 21% during the 90 s, increased to 24% in 200506, then reduced to 17.5% in the next five years, to 16% in recent years. […] The estimated prevalence of premature menopause is 2.2% and early menopause is 16.2%. A study by34, had estimated premature menopause to be 1.5% using the DLHS 20072008 data in India. Another study based on the US and Korean population too computed the prevalence of premature menopause, as 1.7% and 2.8%, respectively, and early menopause as 3.4% and 7.2% in US and Korea, respectively35. However, none of the studies had excluded the pregnant and lactating mothers from the sample, which was considered in the present study, thus making the current estimation more robust.

• #17 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  Trends indicate an increasing prevalence of early and premature menopause in LMICs, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia. […] Findings show a clear increase in prevalence of premature and early menopause in the regions with the highest fertility with possible consequences for later life health. […] This study calls for further data and research on menopause on a global scale. […] The study of menopause in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is very timely due to the increasing demands women face on their mid-life and rapid ageing occurring. […] Beyond the data and methodological novelty which will make a breakthrough for future analyses of menopause in low-resource countries, this study is particularly important as the potential negative impact of early menopause on womens physical and mental health could be potentially more significant in low-resource countries.

• #18 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  The increasing prevalence of early menopause has already been identified in Iran (low socio-economic status) and Indonesia (high socio-economic status). […] The increase in prevalence of early menopause mainly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa could be a significant shift of reproductive periods mainly in light of declining age at menarche. […] This study calls for more research in this field, especially in LMICs where we need a greater understanding of menopause trends and their implications.

• #19 Ovarian Insufficiency: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271046-overview

  POI/POF occurs in approximately 1% of women. The estimated incidence in the United States is 1 case per 1000 women by age 30, 1 case per 250 women by age 35 and 1 case per 100 women by age 40. Approximately 10-28% of women with primary amenorrhea and 4-18% with secondary amenorrhea have POI/POF. […] The incidence of spontaneous POF/POI appears to be similar among ethnic groups; however, one study showed that it may be more common in Hispanic and African American women and less common in Chinese and Japanese women compared with White women. […] Ovarian insufficiency occurs only in women. By definition, POI/POF is a condition of women younger than 40 years.

• #20 Primary ovarian insufficiency – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_ovarian_insufficiency

  The prevalence increases with age and is approximately 1 in 10,000 women under age 20, 1 in 1,000 women under age 30, and one percent by age of 40. It occurs in 3.7% of women worldwide and 1% of women in the United States. In the United States, the incidence is 1% in White women, 1.4% in Black and Hispanic women, with lower rates seen in Chinese and Japanese women, at 0.5% and 0.1% respectively. […] POI has been described as a more accurate and less stigmatizing term than premature ovarian failure or premature menopause.

• #21 Early menopause and risk of CVD

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/early-menopause-and-risk-cvd

  With up to 10% of women experiencing early natural menopause, this population represents a potential target for early and tailored risk stratification. […] Currently, though, sex-specific risk factors are lacking in cardiovascular disease risk algorithms like QRISK and the Framingham Risk Score, which focus on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] The study pooled data from 15 observational studies conducted in five countries and regions (Australia, Scandinavia, USA, Japan and UK) between 1946 and 2013. […] Of the 301,438 women analyzed, 4.3% had a first non-fatal CVD event after menopause primarily coronary heart disease. […] Compared with women who had menopause at age 50 or 51, women under age 40 with premature menopause had the highest risk of CVD: hazard ratio (HR) 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38 to 1.73 (P 0.0001).

• #22 Early menopause and risk of CVD

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/early-menopause-and-risk-cvd

  With up to 10% of women experiencing early natural menopause, this population represents a potential target for early and tailored risk stratification. […] Currently, though, sex-specific risk factors are lacking in cardiovascular disease risk algorithms like QRISK and the Framingham Risk Score, which focus on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] The study pooled data from 15 observational studies conducted in five countries and regions (Australia, Scandinavia, USA, Japan and UK) between 1946 and 2013. […] Of the 301,438 women analyzed, 4.3% had a first non-fatal CVD event after menopause primarily coronary heart disease. […] Compared with women who had menopause at age 50 or 51, women under age 40 with premature menopause had the highest risk of CVD: hazard ratio (HR) 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38 to 1.73 (P 0.0001).

• #23 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Surgery to remove the uterus. Some women who have a hysterectomy can keep their ovaries. If this happens, you will no longer have periods, and you cannot get pregnant, but you are not menopausal. You will probably not go through menopause right away because your ovaries will continue to make hormones. Later on, you might have natural menopause a year or two earlier than expected.

• #24 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Using data from two generations of British women followed from birth through childhood and into adulthood, we investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 (known as early menopause). […] We find that earlier cessation of menstruation is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were short-term breastfed (one month or less) were more likely to undergo menopause before 45. […] Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. […] Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise (one to several times a week) and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking (one to three times a month) in women’s early thirties are associated with a reduced risk of early menopause.

• #25 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Surgery to remove the uterus. Some women who have a hysterectomy can keep their ovaries. If this happens, you will no longer have periods, and you cannot get pregnant, but you are not menopausal. You will probably not go through menopause right away because your ovaries will continue to make hormones. Later on, you might have natural menopause a year or two earlier than expected.

• #26 4 Things to Know About Early and Premature Menopause > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/early-and-premature-menopause

  The experience of menopause can vary widely. […] In the United States, the average age of menopause is 51. Menopause between ages 40 and 45 is considered early menopause, and before 40 is called premature menopause. About 5% of women experience early menopause, and roughly 1% of women go through premature menopause. Early or premature menopause can have the same causes; the only difference between the two is the age at which it starts. […] Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to go through the transition early. […] In addition to the many uncomfortable symptoms that can accompany menopause, ranging from vaginal dryness and pain during sex to memory problems to incontinence, its even harder for women who are younger. […] Notably, women who experience premature or early menopause have a higher risk of heart disease and osteoporosis because they will spend more years of their lives without the benefits of estrogen.

• #27 Premature ovarian insufficiency – aetiopathology, epidemiology, and diagnostic evaluation

  https://www.termedia.pl/Premature-ovarian-insufficiency-aetiopathology-epidemiology-and-diagnostic-evaluation,4,33841,1,1.html

  Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a disorder characterised by ovarian dysfunction leading to hypoestrogenism and loss of residual follicles in the gonads associated with oligo- or amenorrhoea and subfertility or infertility. Among women with primary amenorrhoea, the frequency of POI is 10-28% and in those with secondary amenorrhoea 4-18%. The risk of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) before the age of 40 years is 1%. The prevalence of menopause varies according to age, and it is 1 : 10,000 at the age of 18-25 years, 1 : 1000 in women aged 25-30 years, and 1 : 100 in the age range 35-40 years. POI is related with familiar occurrence in about 15% of cases, which suggests a genetic aetiological background. Epidemiological studies have shown differences in the occurrence of POI depending on ethnicity, and it is highest in Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic women. […] Premature ovarian insufficiency remains a severe medical problem, significantly affecting the patients life. The aetiopathology of POI in most cases remains unexplained.

• #28 Research challenges current thinking on the genetic causes of very early menopause – MRC Epidemiology Unit

  https://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk/blog/2023/06/22/research-challenges-thinking-genetic-causes-early-menopause/

  The genetic causes of very early menopause will have to be reconsidered after researchers found that nearly all women who carried variations thought to cause the condition in fact had their menopause at an older age. […] Until now, variants in any one of more than 100 genes were thought to cause premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which results in menopause before the age of 40 and affects around one per cent of women, making it a leading cause of infertility. […] The study, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and supported by the NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, found evidence that 98 percent of women carrying variations in the genes that were previously considered to be causes of premature menopause in fact had menopause over 40, therefore ruling out a diagnosis of POI in these women.

• #29 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Surgery to remove the uterus. Some women who have a hysterectomy can keep their ovaries. If this happens, you will no longer have periods, and you cannot get pregnant, but you are not menopausal. You will probably not go through menopause right away because your ovaries will continue to make hormones. Later on, you might have natural menopause a year or two earlier than expected.

• #30 Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002704

  Cigarette smoking is associated with earlier menopause, but the impact of being a former smoker and any dose-response relationships on the degree of smoking and age at menopause have been less clear. […] Overall, 1.9% and 7.3% of women experienced premature and early menopause, respectively. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had around twice the risk of experiencing premature and early menopause. […] The probability of earlier menopause is positively associated with intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and earlier initiation of smoking. Smoking duration is a much stronger predictor of premature and early menopause than others. […] Our findings highlight the clear benefits for women of early smoking cessation to lower their excess risk of earlier menopause. […] Approximately 5% of women report early menopause, occurring between ages 40 and 45 years, whereas premature menopause also termed premature ovarian failure (POF) occurs before age 40 years in about 1% of women. Women with early or premature menopause are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality in later life, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. […] Cigarette smoking is the most established factor and leads to having menopause by almost one year earlier, but important knowledge gaps remain.

• #31 Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002704

  Cigarette smoking is associated with earlier menopause, but the impact of being a former smoker and any dose-response relationships on the degree of smoking and age at menopause have been less clear. […] Overall, 1.9% and 7.3% of women experienced premature and early menopause, respectively. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had around twice the risk of experiencing premature and early menopause. […] The probability of earlier menopause is positively associated with intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and earlier initiation of smoking. Smoking duration is a much stronger predictor of premature and early menopause than others. […] Our findings highlight the clear benefits for women of early smoking cessation to lower their excess risk of earlier menopause. […] Approximately 5% of women report early menopause, occurring between ages 40 and 45 years, whereas premature menopause also termed premature ovarian failure (POF) occurs before age 40 years in about 1% of women. Women with early or premature menopause are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality in later life, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. […] Cigarette smoking is the most established factor and leads to having menopause by almost one year earlier, but important knowledge gaps remain.

• #32 Prevalence of early and late menopause and its determinants in Rafsanjan cohort study | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-28526-y

  Our investigation aimed to evaluate the prevalence of early and late menopause and its determinants in adult women of Rafsanjan cohort study. In this study, 11.49% and 11.39% of the women experienced early and late menopause respectively. The results showed that taller and smoker women had higher odds of early menopause (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.001.06) and (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.013.41) respectively. Also older women (OR 8.65, 95% CI 5.3114.08) and women with a history of diabetes (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.633.60), hypertension (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.422.97), thyroid disease (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.073.20) and depression (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.352.97) had higher odds of late menopause. The results showed that the year of birth, height, smoking, history of diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disease and depression and using hormonal contraceptive were significantly associated with the menopausal age. Since age at menopause can affect subsequent health in women, understanding the determinants of menopausal age is important and should be pursued.

• #33 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Our findings support the hypothesis that fetal and early life experiences are associated with age at menopause. […] Our study adds to the already consistent evidence that cigarette smoking is associated with early menopause. […] We also support previous findings that earlier initiation of smoking is linked to earlier menopause as we find increased odds of early menopause with smoking at age 16 years. […] Gynaecological health was strongly linked to early menopause in our study. […] In conclusion, our study demonstrated that characteristics at different stages of life are associated with early menopause an event with serious health consequences affecting around one in ten women. […] If the presented associations reflect causal effects, early (timely) prevention may reduce the risks of early menopause and hence the adverse health outcomes associated with it.

• #34 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Using data from two generations of British women followed from birth through childhood and into adulthood, we investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 (known as early menopause). […] We find that earlier cessation of menstruation is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were short-term breastfed (one month or less) were more likely to undergo menopause before 45. […] Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. […] Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise (one to several times a week) and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking (one to three times a month) in women’s early thirties are associated with a reduced risk of early menopause.

• #35 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Surgery to remove the uterus. Some women who have a hysterectomy can keep their ovaries. If this happens, you will no longer have periods, and you cannot get pregnant, but you are not menopausal. You will probably not go through menopause right away because your ovaries will continue to make hormones. Later on, you might have natural menopause a year or two earlier than expected.

• #36

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause

  Some women experience menopause earlier (before 40 years of age). This premature menopause may be because of certain chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmune disorders or other unknown causes. […] Menopause can also be induced as a consequence of surgical procedures that involve removal of both ovaries or medical interventions that cause cessation of ovarian function (for example radiation therapy or chemotherapy). […] Perimenopausal women need access to quality health services and communities and systems that can support them. Unfortunately, both awareness and access to menopause-related information and services remain a significant challenge in most countries. Menopause is often not discussed within families, communities, workplaces, or health-care settings. […] Health-care providers may not be trained to recognize perimenopausal and post-menopausal symptoms and counsel patients on treatment options and staying healthy after the menopausal transition. Menopause currently receives limited attention in the training curricula for many health-care workers.

• #37 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Surgery to remove the uterus. Some women who have a hysterectomy can keep their ovaries. If this happens, you will no longer have periods, and you cannot get pregnant, but you are not menopausal. You will probably not go through menopause right away because your ovaries will continue to make hormones. Later on, you might have natural menopause a year or two earlier than expected.

• #38 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Reasons for early or premature menopause can include: Family history. Women with a family history of early or premature menopause are more likely to have early or premature menopause. Smoking. Women who smoke may reach menopause as many as two years before nonsmokers. They may also get more severe menopause symptoms. Research suggests that women who have early or premature menopause and smoke may die earlier than nonsmoking women. Chemotherapy or pelvic radiation treatments for cancer. These treatments can damage your ovaries and cause your periods to stop forever or just for a while. You also may have trouble getting pregnant or not be able to get pregnant again. Not all women who have chemotherapy or radiation will go through menopause. The younger a woman is at the time of chemotherapy or radiation, the less likely she is to go through menopause. Surgery to remove the ovaries. A bilateral oophorectomy may cause menopausal symptoms right away. Your periods will stop after this surgery, and your hormone levels will drop quickly. You may have strong menopausal symptoms, like hot flashes and less sexual desire. Surgery to remove the uterus. Some women who have a hysterectomy can keep their ovaries. If this happens, you will no longer have periods, and you cannot get pregnant, but you are not menopausal. You will probably not go through menopause right away because your ovaries will continue to make hormones. Later on, you might have natural menopause a year or two earlier than expected.

• #39 Early cancer 'can lead to premature menopause’ | Figo

  https://www.figo.org/news/early-cancer-can-lead-premature-menopause

  Women are more likely to experience a premature menopause if they have suffered from cancer in their youth. According to a study by the Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, many females who had cancer as a child will see their fertility come to an end about seven years earlier than it would do otherwise. […] The findings, which were published in Human Reproduction, were based on a study of 1,522 women who had suffered from cancer between 1945 and 1986.

• #40 Starting menstrual periods at a young age increases risk of premature and early menopause | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/503196

  Women who had their first menstrual period when they were aged 11 or younger have an increased risk of an early or premature menopause and if they remain childless the risk is increased even more, according to results from the first large scale, multi-national study to investigate the links between age at puberty and menopause and whether or not a woman has had children. […] It found that women who started their menstrual periods aged 11 or younger had an 80% higher risk of experiencing a natural menopause before the age of 40 (premature menopause) and a 30% higher risk of menopause between the ages of 40-44 (early menopause), when compared with women whose first period occurred between the ages of 12 and 13. Women who had never been pregnant or who had never had children had a two-fold increased risk of premature menopause and a 30% increased risk of early menopause.

• #41 Starting menstrual periods at a young age increases risk of premature and early menopause | EurekAlert!

  https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/503196

  The risk increased even further for women whose periods started early if they had no children: the risk of premature or early menopause increased five-fold and two-fold respectively compared to women who had their first period aged 12 or older and who had two or more children. […] Therefore, the combination of starting periods early and having no children, means that the absolute risk of premature or early menopause for these women is 5.2% and 9.9% respectively. […] If the findings from our study were incorporated into clinical guidelines for advising childless women from around the age of 35 years who had their first period aged 11 or younger, clinicians could gain valuable time to prepare these women for the possibility of premature or early menopause. […] In general, we know that women who do not become pregnant have an earlier menopause than women with children.

• #42 Risk factors for natural menopause before the age of 45: evidence from two British population-based birth cohort studies | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-02021-4

  Menopause that occurs before the age of 45 and is not medically induced (referred to here as early natural menopause) affects around one in 10 women and has serious health consequences. These consequences include increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. […] We find that early menopause is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were breastfed 1 month or less were more likely to undergo early menopause. […] We demonstrate that characteristics at different periods of life are associated with early menopause. Some of these associations relate to modifiable behaviours and thus the risks of early menopause and the adverse health outcomes associated with it may be preventable.

• #43 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Using data from two generations of British women followed from birth through childhood and into adulthood, we investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 (known as early menopause). […] We find that earlier cessation of menstruation is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were short-term breastfed (one month or less) were more likely to undergo menopause before 45. […] Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. […] Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise (one to several times a week) and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking (one to three times a month) in women’s early thirties are associated with a reduced risk of early menopause.

• #44 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Using data from two generations of British women followed from birth through childhood and into adulthood, we investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 (known as early menopause). […] We find that earlier cessation of menstruation is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were short-term breastfed (one month or less) were more likely to undergo menopause before 45. […] Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. […] Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise (one to several times a week) and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking (one to three times a month) in women’s early thirties are associated with a reduced risk of early menopause.

• #45 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  The occurrence of gynaecological problems by women’s early thirties is also linked to early menopause. […] We note that some of these factors (e.g. health behaviours) are modifiable and thus the risks may be preventable. […] Women with early menopause experience an extended period with loss of ovarian function and oestrogen deficiency and have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, premature decline in cognitive function, decreased life expectancy and increased all-cause mortality. […] Past research suggests that the onset of menopause is strongly influenced by genetics, but non-genetic factors can also play a role. […] Consequently, it is critically important to establish the factors associated with early menopause, especially those that are modifiable so that appropriate preventive health strategies can be considered.

• #46 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Our findings support the hypothesis that fetal and early life experiences are associated with age at menopause. […] Our study adds to the already consistent evidence that cigarette smoking is associated with early menopause. […] We also support previous findings that earlier initiation of smoking is linked to earlier menopause as we find increased odds of early menopause with smoking at age 16 years. […] Gynaecological health was strongly linked to early menopause in our study. […] In conclusion, our study demonstrated that characteristics at different stages of life are associated with early menopause an event with serious health consequences affecting around one in ten women. […] If the presented associations reflect causal effects, early (timely) prevention may reduce the risks of early menopause and hence the adverse health outcomes associated with it.

• #47 Persistent Organic Pollutants and Early Menopause in U.S. Women | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0116057

  This study of a representative sample of US women documents an association between EDCs and earlier age at menopause. […] Women with high levels of -hexachlorocyclohexane, mirex, p,p-DDE, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzofuran, mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners 70, 99, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 170, and 183 had mean ages of menopause 1.9 to 3.8 years earlier than women with lower levels of these chemicals. […] EDC-exposed women were up to 6 times more likely to be menopausal than non-exposed women. […] Earlier menopause can alter the quantity and quality of a woman’s life and has profound implications for fertility, human reproduction, and our global society.

• #48 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause or early menopause may be either spontaneous or induced. Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40 years) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45 years) experience an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, and other sequelae. The risk of adverse outcomes increases with earlier age at the time of menopause. Some of the adverse outcomes may be prevented by estrogen treatment initiated after the onset of menopause. However, estrogen alone does not prevent all long-term consequences and other hormonal mechanisms are likely involved. […] Regardless of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause and estrogen deficiency before reaching the median age of natural menopause are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Estrogen treatment should be considered for these women, but may not eliminate all of the adverse outcomes.

• #49 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause refers to menopause that occurs before age 40 years, and early menopause refers to menopause that occurs at or before age 45 years, both ranges being well below the median age of natural menopause (age 51 years). Premature menopause or early menopause can be spontaneous or induced; if induced, it can be due to medical interventions such as chemotherapy or surgical interventions such as bilateral oophorectomy. Regardless of cause, women who experience estrogen deficiency at an age well before the median age of natural menopause are now recognized to be at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality. […] Premature menopause and early menopause, whether spontaneous or induced, are associated with long-term health risks which may include premature death, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, osteoporosis, psychosexual dysfunction, and mood disorders. Estrogen mitigates some but not all of these consequences.

• #50 Early menopause linked to higher risk of future coronary heart disease | American Heart Association

  https://newsroom.heart.org/news/early-menopause-linked-to-higher-risk-of-future-coronary-heart-disease

  Early-onset menopause (before the age of 40) was independently associated with higher long-term risk of developing coronary heart disease among both Black and white women. […] Women who are menopausal by the age of 40 had a 40% increased risk of developing coronary heart disease over their lifetime compared to women who did not go through early menopause, according to preliminary research to be presented at the American Heart Associations Epidemiology, Prevention, Lifestyle Cardiometabolic Health Conference 2021. […] We know from previous research that women who experience premature menopause are more likely to develop heart disease over the short-term. However, we dont fully understand their long-term risk. […] Among Black and white women, those who experienced premature menopause had a 40% higher risk of developing coronary heart disease over their lifetime, compared to those who did not experience premature menopause.

• #51 Women Who Reach Menopause Before Age 40 Face Higher Risk for Future Heart Disease

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/menopause/women-who-reach-menopause-before-age-face-higher-risk-for-future-heart-disease/

  Women who reach menopause, defined as no menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months, before they reach the age of 40, have as much as a 40 percent increased risk of developing coronary heart disease compared with women who dont go through the transition early, according to preliminary research presented on May 20 at the American Heart Associations Epidemiology, Prevention, Lifestyle, and Cardiometabolic Health Conference 2021. […] Premature menopause was independently associated with a higher long-term risk of coronary heart disease, even when adjusting for major risk factors for heart disease, says Priya M. Freaney, MD, a third-year cardiology fellow at Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago and lead author of the study. […] While early-onset menopause was associated with future heart risks for all research subjects, a marked racial difference emerged.

• #52 Early menopause and risk of CVD

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/early-menopause-and-risk-cvd

  With up to 10% of women experiencing early natural menopause, this population represents a potential target for early and tailored risk stratification. […] Currently, though, sex-specific risk factors are lacking in cardiovascular disease risk algorithms like QRISK and the Framingham Risk Score, which focus on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] The study pooled data from 15 observational studies conducted in five countries and regions (Australia, Scandinavia, USA, Japan and UK) between 1946 and 2013. […] Of the 301,438 women analyzed, 4.3% had a first non-fatal CVD event after menopause primarily coronary heart disease. […] Compared with women who had menopause at age 50 or 51, women under age 40 with premature menopause had the highest risk of CVD: hazard ratio (HR) 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38 to 1.73 (P 0.0001).

• #53 :: CMSJ :: CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal

  https://e-cmsj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.51789/cmsj.2024.4.e8

  Early menopause, defined as menopause occurring before the age of 45 years, is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as coronary heart disease and stroke. […] This condition also contributes to the development of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), characterized by a group of factors including hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, all of which elevate CVD risk. […] The association between early menopause and increased risk of CVD is driven by a series of complex biological mechanisms; these include hormonal fluctuations, metabolic alterations, and molecular changes that collectively affect CVD. […] While current guidelines for CVD prevention acknowledge early menopause as a considerable risk factor for CVD, the specific benefits of hormone replacement therapy in young women experiencing early menopause remain a topic of ongoing research and debate.

• #54 :: CMSJ :: CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal

  https://e-cmsj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.51789/cmsj.2024.4.e8

  In a comprehensive meta-analysis conducted by Liu et al., involving 20 cohort studies with 921,517 participants, a significant association was found between premature/early menopause and increased risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, and total cardiovascular events. […] This pattern of increased cardiovascular risk associated with early menopause is also evident in Korean cohorts, as highlighted in a study conducted by Lee et al. […] Additionally, it is known that women who undergo a hysterectomy before natural menopause are at an elevated risk of developing CVD due to early menopause caused by external factors. […] Furthermore, premature menopause can increase the risk of heart failure (HF). […] The association between early menopause and elevated cardiovascular risk involves complex biological mechanisms, including hormonal, metabolic, and molecular changes.

• #55 :: CMSJ :: CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal

  https://e-cmsj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.51789/cmsj.2024.4.e8

  In a comprehensive meta-analysis conducted by Liu et al., involving 20 cohort studies with 921,517 participants, a significant association was found between premature/early menopause and increased risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, and total cardiovascular events. […] This pattern of increased cardiovascular risk associated with early menopause is also evident in Korean cohorts, as highlighted in a study conducted by Lee et al. […] Additionally, it is known that women who undergo a hysterectomy before natural menopause are at an elevated risk of developing CVD due to early menopause caused by external factors. […] Furthermore, premature menopause can increase the risk of heart failure (HF). […] The association between early menopause and elevated cardiovascular risk involves complex biological mechanisms, including hormonal, metabolic, and molecular changes.

• #56 :: CMSJ :: CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal

  https://e-cmsj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.51789/cmsj.2024.4.e8

  The loss of estrogen postmenopause may activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, vascular damage, and eventually, left ventricular remodeling, contributing to diastolic dysfunction. […] These mechanisms demonstrate the multifaceted effect of early menopause on CVD. […] The benefit of HRT in controlling the symptoms of early menopause and its potential role in mitigating cardiovascular risk is a subject of ongoing debate. […] Consequently, the decision to use HRT must be individualized by considering the potential benefits and risks. […] Early menopause is more than a mere hormonal transition; it is a critical risk factor for various CVDs, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and CMS. […] Therefore, extensive research is crucial to heighten our understanding of this association, which is important for improving prevention strategies and developing tailored treatment approaches for women experiencing early menopause.

• #57 Genes linked with early menopause and the pathogenesis of its associated diseases: a systematic review | Middle East Fertility Society Journal | Full Text

  https://mefj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43043-021-00093-0

  Cardiovascular disease has been connected to early menopause; women with untreated POI had a lower life expectancy due to cardiovascular illness and stroke. […] When people are diagnosed with EM, they often experience a traumatic event that leads to many psychiatric issues. […] Women in the early stages of menopause are more likely to experience cognitive issues and dementia. […] Early menopause leads to ovarian problems, such as reduced estrogen due to hormonal loss, which causes dryness, loss of suppleness, pain, sexual pleasure, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and mood swings. […] Women who experience premature menopause have a higher risk of poor bone density, fractures, and osteoporosis.

• #58 Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/menopause/premature-ovarian-insufficiency

  Premature ovarian insufficiency is sometimes called premature ovarian failure. The condition occurs when your ovaries no longer work properly when you are under the age of 40 years. […] The term early menopause is usually used if you go through the menopause when you are between 40 and 45 years of age. […] Therefore premature ovarian insufficiency is not necessarily the same as premature menopause, which means the irreversible loss of ovarian function before the age of 40 years. […] Around 4 in 100 women under the age of 40 years have premature ovarian insufficiency. About 4 in 100 women have premature menopause. […] The low level of oestrogen in your body can lead to 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis) developing which can then lead to fractures developing in your bones. […] There is also an increased risk of heart attacks at a young age. However, these increased risks are all reversed by taking hormone treatment.

• #59

  https://consensus.app/questions/menopause-affect-health-longterm/

  Menopause, the permanent cessation of menstruation, typically occurs around the age of 50. However, the timing and nature of menopause can significantly impact long-term health outcomes for women. This article explores the various long-term health consequences associated with menopause, particularly focusing on premature and early menopause, and the implications for women’s health. […] Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] Women who undergo early or premature menopause are particularly vulnerable to severe bone density loss and fractures. […] Early menopause is associated with an increased risk of cognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. […] Women who experience early or premature menopause are at a higher risk of psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

• #60 Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/womens-health/menopause/premature-ovarian-insufficiency

  You should continue with treatment until you are at least 51 (the age of natural menopause), to give some protection from osteoporosis and other conditions that can develop after menopause. […] The reported risks regarding HRT, such as an increased risk of breast cancer, are only relevant to those women who take HRT after the age of the natural menopause, which is around 51 years. These risks do not apply if you take HRT for POI. […] Around 1 in 10 women with POI which occurs without a known reason become pregnant. This is because their ovaries start working again. […] With hormone treatment, the risk of both 'thinning’ of the bones (osteoporosis) reduces. Taking the correct dose and type of hormone treatment will also improve any symptoms you may be experiencing.

• #61

  https://consensus.app/questions/menopause-affect-health-longterm/

  Menopause, the permanent cessation of menstruation, typically occurs around the age of 50. However, the timing and nature of menopause can significantly impact long-term health outcomes for women. This article explores the various long-term health consequences associated with menopause, particularly focusing on premature and early menopause, and the implications for women’s health. […] Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] Women who undergo early or premature menopause are particularly vulnerable to severe bone density loss and fractures. […] Early menopause is associated with an increased risk of cognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. […] Women who experience early or premature menopause are at a higher risk of psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

• #62 Genes linked with early menopause and the pathogenesis of its associated diseases: a systematic review | Middle East Fertility Society Journal | Full Text

  https://mefj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43043-021-00093-0

  Cardiovascular disease has been connected to early menopause; women with untreated POI had a lower life expectancy due to cardiovascular illness and stroke. […] When people are diagnosed with EM, they often experience a traumatic event that leads to many psychiatric issues. […] Women in the early stages of menopause are more likely to experience cognitive issues and dementia. […] Early menopause leads to ovarian problems, such as reduced estrogen due to hormonal loss, which causes dryness, loss of suppleness, pain, sexual pleasure, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and mood swings. […] Women who experience premature menopause have a higher risk of poor bone density, fractures, and osteoporosis.

• #63 Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-023-01267-3

  Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. […] The study aims to explore the effect of premature and early menopause on cognitive health, and psychosocial well-being. […] Premature menopause was negatively associated with cognition, whereas positively associated with insomnia and depression. […] The findings emphasize the fact that smoking is associated with premature menopause, depression and insomnia. […] Women who experienced premature menopause has lower cognitive scores, depressive symptoms and insomnia symptoms, which were higher among those who consumed tobacco. […] The study is the first attempt in carrying out multiple mediations and moderated analysis to show the effect of premature ovarian failure on cognitive health, mediated through insomnia and depression and moderated by smoking habit.

• #64 Premature Ovarian Insufficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/premature-ovarian-insufficiency-pro

  Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) occurs in women aged under 40 years and is a syndrome consisting of amenorrhoea, elevated gonadotrophins and oestrogen deficiency due to the transient or permanent loss of ovarian function. […] At least 1% of women under the age of 40 are affected. […] The term premature ovarian insufficiency encompasses both spontaneous POI and POI which occurs as a result of iatrogenic interventions. […] 0.1% of women aged under 30 and 0.01% of women aged under 20 are affected. […] Women with POI have a significantly increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and possibly Alzheimer’s disease. Women with POI have worse cognitive function with increased risk of poor verbal fluency and impaired visual memory. […] There is around an 80% increase in risk of mortality from coronary heart disease in those with menopause aged under 40 compared with women with menopause aged 49-55. Studies have demonstrated an 80% increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease in women who do not take HRT. […] Sex steroid replacement for women with POI up to the normal age of natural menopause will not only improve symptoms but also reduce the risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

• #65

  https://consensus.app/questions/menopause-affect-health-longterm/

  Menopause, the permanent cessation of menstruation, typically occurs around the age of 50. However, the timing and nature of menopause can significantly impact long-term health outcomes for women. This article explores the various long-term health consequences associated with menopause, particularly focusing on premature and early menopause, and the implications for women’s health. […] Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. […] Women who undergo early or premature menopause are particularly vulnerable to severe bone density loss and fractures. […] Early menopause is associated with an increased risk of cognitive disorders, including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. […] Women who experience early or premature menopause are at a higher risk of psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety.

• #66 Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-023-01267-3

  Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. […] The study aims to explore the effect of premature and early menopause on cognitive health, and psychosocial well-being. […] Premature menopause was negatively associated with cognition, whereas positively associated with insomnia and depression. […] The findings emphasize the fact that smoking is associated with premature menopause, depression and insomnia. […] Women who experienced premature menopause has lower cognitive scores, depressive symptoms and insomnia symptoms, which were higher among those who consumed tobacco. […] The study is the first attempt in carrying out multiple mediations and moderated analysis to show the effect of premature ovarian failure on cognitive health, mediated through insomnia and depression and moderated by smoking habit.

• #67 Genes linked with early menopause and the pathogenesis of its associated diseases: a systematic review | Middle East Fertility Society Journal | Full Text

  https://mefj.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43043-021-00093-0

  Cardiovascular disease has been connected to early menopause; women with untreated POI had a lower life expectancy due to cardiovascular illness and stroke. […] When people are diagnosed with EM, they often experience a traumatic event that leads to many psychiatric issues. […] Women in the early stages of menopause are more likely to experience cognitive issues and dementia. […] Early menopause leads to ovarian problems, such as reduced estrogen due to hormonal loss, which causes dryness, loss of suppleness, pain, sexual pleasure, sexual dysfunction, insomnia, and mood swings. […] Women who experience premature menopause have a higher risk of poor bone density, fractures, and osteoporosis.

• #68 Early or premature menopause | Office on Women’s Health

  https://womenshealth.gov/menopause/early-or-premature-menopause

  Women who go through menopause early may have symptoms or health problems similar to those of regular menopause. But some women with early or premature menopause may also have: Higher risk of serious health problems, such as heart disease and osteoporosis, since women will live longer without the health benefits of higher estrogen levels. Talk to your health care provider about steps to lower your risk for these health problems. More severe menopause symptoms. Talk to your health care provider about treatments to help with symptoms if they affect your daily life. Sadness or depression over the early loss of fertility or the change in their bodies. Talk to your health care provider if you have symptoms of depression, including less energy or a lack of interest in things you once enjoyed that lasts longer than a few weeks. They can recommend specialists to help you understand and cope with your feelings. Your health care provider can also discuss options, such as adoption or donor egg programs, if you want to have children.

• #69 Linkage of premature and early menopause with psychosocial well-being: a moderated multiple mediation approach | BMC Psychology | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40359-023-01267-3

  Overall, the study has shown significant results from premature menopause, while for early menopause the hypothesis was rejected. […] The study findings from mediation analysis indicated that insomnia and depression play a significant mediating role between premature menopause and cognitive health.

• #70 Researcher finds premature menopause can shorten lifespan by nearly two years – College of Public Health NewsCollege of Public Health News

  https://hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu/health/publichealth/news/coph-researcher-studies-premature-menopause-and-its-profound-effects-on-health-lifespan/

  According to a new study led by USF College of Public Health (COPH) PhD student Zailing Xing, premature menopause (defined as menopause occurring before age 40) increases the risk of all-cause death by 53 percent and reduces lifespan by nearly two years compared to women without premature menopause. […] Xing said studying the physical and mental effects of premature menopause emphasizes a womans need for comprehensive care and support to help navigate the challenges associated with early menopause. […] Premature menopause can significantly impact a womans reproductive and psychological well-being, Xing said. Studying the effect of premature menopause on mortality and lifespan sheds light on physical health outcomes and addresses broader aspects of womens health and quality of life.

• #71 Premature Ovarian Insufficiency | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/premature-ovarian-insufficiency-pro

  Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) occurs in women aged under 40 years and is a syndrome consisting of amenorrhoea, elevated gonadotrophins and oestrogen deficiency due to the transient or permanent loss of ovarian function. […] At least 1% of women under the age of 40 are affected. […] The term premature ovarian insufficiency encompasses both spontaneous POI and POI which occurs as a result of iatrogenic interventions. […] 0.1% of women aged under 30 and 0.01% of women aged under 20 are affected. […] Women with POI have a significantly increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and possibly Alzheimer’s disease. Women with POI have worse cognitive function with increased risk of poor verbal fluency and impaired visual memory. […] There is around an 80% increase in risk of mortality from coronary heart disease in those with menopause aged under 40 compared with women with menopause aged 49-55. Studies have demonstrated an 80% increased risk of mortality from coronary heart disease in women who do not take HRT. […] Sex steroid replacement for women with POI up to the normal age of natural menopause will not only improve symptoms but also reduce the risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

• #72 Premature Menopause: Recognizing Signs and Seeking Early Interven

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/premature-menopause-recognizing-signs-and-seeking-early-intervention-106628.html

  Premature menopause occurs when a woman’s ovaries cease to function before the age of 40, causing a decline in estrogen levels and cessation of menstrual cycles. […] Recognizing the signs of premature menopause is crucial for early intervention. […] Early intervention is essential for managing the symptoms of premature menopause and reducing the risk of long-term health complications. […] By recognizing the signs of premature menopause and seeking early intervention, women can better manage their symptoms, preserve their fertility, and maintain their overall quality of life.

• #73 Premature Menopause: Recognizing Signs and Seeking Early Interven

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/premature-menopause-recognizing-signs-and-seeking-early-intervention-106628.html

  Premature menopause occurs when a woman’s ovaries cease to function before the age of 40, causing a decline in estrogen levels and cessation of menstrual cycles. […] Recognizing the signs of premature menopause is crucial for early intervention. […] Early intervention is essential for managing the symptoms of premature menopause and reducing the risk of long-term health complications. […] By recognizing the signs of premature menopause and seeking early intervention, women can better manage their symptoms, preserve their fertility, and maintain their overall quality of life.

• #74

  https://www.healio.com/news/endocrinology/20170125/timing-of-menarche-linked-to-premature-early-menopause-risk

  Women should be informed of their elevated risk of premature menopause if they began menstruating at a young age, especially those with fertility problems, so that they can make informed decisions, Mishra told Endocrine Today. This evidence strengthens the case for clinical surveillance for these women in order to address the increased risks of chronic diseases. […] This study by Mishra and colleagues, a pooled study of more than 50,000 postmenopausal women from a large international community, shows that early menarche and nulliparity are associated with a significantly increased risk for early menopause. […] Women who are hoping to delay childbearing could benefit from some counseling encouraging those who underwent early menarche that they might want to assess ovarian reserve before delaying too long. Also, women who do enter menopause early need to be counseled on the health risks of premature and early menopause, especially involving cardiovascular, bone and neurologic health.

• #75 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191004/Early-menopause-puts-women-at-greater-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease.aspx

  „The relationship with non-fatal cardiovascular events was unclear until now,” she said. […] „Smoking, being overweight or obese, and having lower education levels can also strengthen the link between early menopause and a woman’s risk of cardiovascular disease.” […] Insights were gathered from more than 300,000 women in 15 studies around the world using the collaborative databank, InterLACE. […] UQ School of Public Health PhD scholar Dongshan Zhu who led the study said that the findings would have important clinical and public health implications. […] „Identifying women with early menopause offers a window of opportunity for their doctors to work with them to monitor and actively manage cardiovascular disease risk factors,” Mr Zhu said. […] „Early clinical diagnosis will help to improve overall cardiovascular health in their postmenopausal years.”

• #76 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20191004/Early-menopause-puts-women-at-greater-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease.aspx

  „The relationship with non-fatal cardiovascular events was unclear until now,” she said. […] „Smoking, being overweight or obese, and having lower education levels can also strengthen the link between early menopause and a woman’s risk of cardiovascular disease.” […] Insights were gathered from more than 300,000 women in 15 studies around the world using the collaborative databank, InterLACE. […] UQ School of Public Health PhD scholar Dongshan Zhu who led the study said that the findings would have important clinical and public health implications. […] „Identifying women with early menopause offers a window of opportunity for their doctors to work with them to monitor and actively manage cardiovascular disease risk factors,” Mr Zhu said. […] „Early clinical diagnosis will help to improve overall cardiovascular health in their postmenopausal years.”

• #77 Women Who Reach Menopause Before Age 40 Face Higher Risk for Future Heart Disease

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/menopause/women-who-reach-menopause-before-age-face-higher-risk-for-future-heart-disease/

  Although the study controlled for those factors during the study when the women were in their fifties and sixties, the women who experienced premature menopause could have developed those health issues much earlier in life, she points out. […] The key takeaway here is that we need to be asking our patients about their menopausal history way earlier so that we can be proactive about investigating and modifying their cardiovascular risk factors to help them stay healthy over the next many decades, says Freaney.

• #78 Adverse long-term health outcomes associated with premature or early menopause – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/members/ims-menopause-live/adverse-long-term-health-outcomes-associated-with-premature-or-early-menopause

  Several medical societies recommend continuing estrogen therapy at least until the age of natural menopause in women with premature or early menopause. […] In summary, women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy or experience POI before the average age of menopause should receive adequate hormonal treatment.

• #79 Adverse long-term health outcomes associated with premature or early menopause – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/members/ims-menopause-live/adverse-long-term-health-outcomes-associated-with-premature-or-early-menopause

  Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55 years. However, 5% of women will go through menopause early, between the ages of 40 and 45 years, and 1% of women become menopausal prematurely, before the age of 40 years. […] There are multiple adverse long-term health consequences associated with premature or early menopause, including increased risk of dementia, parkinsonism, glaucoma, depression, anxiety, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, sexual dysfunction, and early death. […] Women who experience premature or early menopause, regardless of cause, are exposed to risk from abnormal estrogen deprivation. […] Most women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy or POI prior to age 45, and who do not have a history of a hormone-sensitive cancer or another specific contraindication, will benefit from hormone therapy not only for vasomotor symptom management but also for the prevention of adverse cardiovascular, bone, and neuro-cognitive effects related to premature estrogen deficiency (estrogen replacement therapy).

• #80 What is the Relationship Between Age at Natural Menopause and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease? – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2019/11/07/what-is-the-relationship-between-age-at-natural-menopause-and-incidence-of-cardiovascular-disease/

  Premature and early menopause are associated with an increased risk of CVD prior to 70 years when compared to the reference range (50-51 years) […] Women with early menopause may benefit from closer surveillance and active management of CVD risk factors […] Consideration of early menopause as a CVD risk factor […] Encourage prevention strategies such as smoking cessation and maintaining normal BMI to reduce risk for early menopause.

• #81 What is the Relationship Between Age at Natural Menopause and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease? – The ObG Project

  https://www.obgproject.com/2019/11/07/what-is-the-relationship-between-age-at-natural-menopause-and-incidence-of-cardiovascular-disease/

  Premature and early menopause are associated with an increased risk of CVD prior to 70 years when compared to the reference range (50-51 years) […] Women with early menopause may benefit from closer surveillance and active management of CVD risk factors […] Consideration of early menopause as a CVD risk factor […] Encourage prevention strategies such as smoking cessation and maintaining normal BMI to reduce risk for early menopause.

• #82 Premature Menopause: Recognizing Signs and Seeking Early Interven

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/premature-menopause-recognizing-signs-and-seeking-early-intervention-106628.html

  Premature menopause occurs when a woman’s ovaries cease to function before the age of 40, causing a decline in estrogen levels and cessation of menstrual cycles. […] Recognizing the signs of premature menopause is crucial for early intervention. […] Early intervention is essential for managing the symptoms of premature menopause and reducing the risk of long-term health complications. […] By recognizing the signs of premature menopause and seeking early intervention, women can better manage their symptoms, preserve their fertility, and maintain their overall quality of life.

• #83 Premature Menopause: Recognizing Signs and Seeking Early Interven

  https://www.longdom.org/open-access/premature-menopause-recognizing-signs-and-seeking-early-intervention-106628.html

  Premature menopause occurs when a woman’s ovaries cease to function before the age of 40, causing a decline in estrogen levels and cessation of menstrual cycles. […] Recognizing the signs of premature menopause is crucial for early intervention. […] Early intervention is essential for managing the symptoms of premature menopause and reducing the risk of long-term health complications. […] By recognizing the signs of premature menopause and seeking early intervention, women can better manage their symptoms, preserve their fertility, and maintain their overall quality of life.

• #84 4 Things to Know About Early and Premature Menopause > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/early-and-premature-menopause

  Unless theres a reason a woman cant safely take hormones, medical experts recommend menopausal hormonal therapy for women going through premature or early menopause. […] The risks of MHT are very small for younger, healthy women who dont have contraindications against taking it and are experiencing bothersome menopause symptoms. […] Women with early menopause before age 40 without a history of breast cancer risk can take hormone therapy until the typical age of menopause at 51 if there is no reason not to take it.

• #85 4 Things to Know About Early and Premature Menopause > News > Yale Medicine

  https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/early-and-premature-menopause

  Unless theres a reason a woman cant safely take hormones, medical experts recommend menopausal hormonal therapy for women going through premature or early menopause. […] The risks of MHT are very small for younger, healthy women who dont have contraindications against taking it and are experiencing bothersome menopause symptoms. […] Women with early menopause before age 40 without a history of breast cancer risk can take hormone therapy until the typical age of menopause at 51 if there is no reason not to take it.

• #86 Early menopause and risk of CVD

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/early-menopause-and-risk-cvd

  With up to 10% of women experiencing early natural menopause, this population represents a potential target for early and tailored risk stratification. […] Currently, though, sex-specific risk factors are lacking in cardiovascular disease risk algorithms like QRISK and the Framingham Risk Score, which focus on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] The study pooled data from 15 observational studies conducted in five countries and regions (Australia, Scandinavia, USA, Japan and UK) between 1946 and 2013. […] Of the 301,438 women analyzed, 4.3% had a first non-fatal CVD event after menopause primarily coronary heart disease. […] Compared with women who had menopause at age 50 or 51, women under age 40 with premature menopause had the highest risk of CVD: hazard ratio (HR) 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38 to 1.73 (P 0.0001).

• #87 Early menopause and risk of CVD

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/early-menopause-and-risk-cvd

  With up to 10% of women experiencing early natural menopause, this population represents a potential target for early and tailored risk stratification. […] Currently, though, sex-specific risk factors are lacking in cardiovascular disease risk algorithms like QRISK and the Framingham Risk Score, which focus on traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. […] The study pooled data from 15 observational studies conducted in five countries and regions (Australia, Scandinavia, USA, Japan and UK) between 1946 and 2013. […] Of the 301,438 women analyzed, 4.3% had a first non-fatal CVD event after menopause primarily coronary heart disease. […] Compared with women who had menopause at age 50 or 51, women under age 40 with premature menopause had the highest risk of CVD: hazard ratio (HR) 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38 to 1.73 (P 0.0001).

• #88 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  The occurrence of gynaecological problems by women’s early thirties is also linked to early menopause. […] We note that some of these factors (e.g. health behaviours) are modifiable and thus the risks may be preventable. […] Women with early menopause experience an extended period with loss of ovarian function and oestrogen deficiency and have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, premature decline in cognitive function, decreased life expectancy and increased all-cause mortality. […] Past research suggests that the onset of menopause is strongly influenced by genetics, but non-genetic factors can also play a role. […] Consequently, it is critically important to establish the factors associated with early menopause, especially those that are modifiable so that appropriate preventive health strategies can be considered.

• #89 Exploring the triggers of premature and early menopause in India: a comprehensive analysis based on National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53536-9

  Due to ovarian insufficiency, some women attain menopause at an early age due to lifestyle factors and hormonal imbalances. Menopause occurring before the age of 40 is premature and between 40 and 44 years age is early, since the natural age of menopause lies between 45 and 50. The study estimated the prevalence of both premature and early menopause, and examined the potential associated factors that could trigger its occurrence in India. The estimated prevalence of premature menopause is 2.2% and early menopause is 16.2%. Lower educational level, poor economic condition, smoking, fried food consumption, early age at menarche are some of the significant explanatory factors. In India, both the proportion and the absolute number of post-menopausal women are growing, therefore it is critical to revamp public reproductive healthcare facilities to include menopausal health segment in women’s health as well.

• #90 Exploring the triggers of premature and early menopause in India: a comprehensive analysis based on National Family Health Survey, 2019–2021 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53536-9

  The high number of women attaining menopause at younger ages is a matter of concern. This study is an important contribution to literature that provides robust prevalence estimate for premature and early menopause, and holistically analyses possible explanatory factors using a large-scale national data. It is crucial that underprivileged women have access to the proper diet and healthcare measures because early menopause is associated with osteoporosis and other health problems.

• #91 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  Trends indicate an increasing prevalence of early and premature menopause in LMICs, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia. […] Findings show a clear increase in prevalence of premature and early menopause in the regions with the highest fertility with possible consequences for later life health. […] This study calls for further data and research on menopause on a global scale. […] The study of menopause in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is very timely due to the increasing demands women face on their mid-life and rapid ageing occurring. […] Beyond the data and methodological novelty which will make a breakthrough for future analyses of menopause in low-resource countries, this study is particularly important as the potential negative impact of early menopause on womens physical and mental health could be potentially more significant in low-resource countries.

• #92 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  Trends indicate an increasing prevalence of early and premature menopause in LMICs, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia. […] Findings show a clear increase in prevalence of premature and early menopause in the regions with the highest fertility with possible consequences for later life health. […] This study calls for further data and research on menopause on a global scale. […] The study of menopause in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is very timely due to the increasing demands women face on their mid-life and rapid ageing occurring. […] Beyond the data and methodological novelty which will make a breakthrough for future analyses of menopause in low-resource countries, this study is particularly important as the potential negative impact of early menopause on womens physical and mental health could be potentially more significant in low-resource countries.

• #93

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause

  Some women experience menopause earlier (before 40 years of age). This premature menopause may be because of certain chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmune disorders or other unknown causes. […] Menopause can also be induced as a consequence of surgical procedures that involve removal of both ovaries or medical interventions that cause cessation of ovarian function (for example radiation therapy or chemotherapy). […] Perimenopausal women need access to quality health services and communities and systems that can support them. Unfortunately, both awareness and access to menopause-related information and services remain a significant challenge in most countries. Menopause is often not discussed within families, communities, workplaces, or health-care settings. […] Health-care providers may not be trained to recognize perimenopausal and post-menopausal symptoms and counsel patients on treatment options and staying healthy after the menopausal transition. Menopause currently receives limited attention in the training curricula for many health-care workers.

• #94

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause

  Some women experience menopause earlier (before 40 years of age). This premature menopause may be because of certain chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmune disorders or other unknown causes. […] Menopause can also be induced as a consequence of surgical procedures that involve removal of both ovaries or medical interventions that cause cessation of ovarian function (for example radiation therapy or chemotherapy). […] Perimenopausal women need access to quality health services and communities and systems that can support them. Unfortunately, both awareness and access to menopause-related information and services remain a significant challenge in most countries. Menopause is often not discussed within families, communities, workplaces, or health-care settings. […] Health-care providers may not be trained to recognize perimenopausal and post-menopausal symptoms and counsel patients on treatment options and staying healthy after the menopausal transition. Menopause currently receives limited attention in the training curricula for many health-care workers.

• #95 Researcher finds premature menopause can shorten lifespan by nearly two years – College of Public Health NewsCollege of Public Health News

  https://hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu/health/publichealth/news/coph-researcher-studies-premature-menopause-and-its-profound-effects-on-health-lifespan/

  According to a new study led by USF College of Public Health (COPH) PhD student Zailing Xing, premature menopause (defined as menopause occurring before age 40) increases the risk of all-cause death by 53 percent and reduces lifespan by nearly two years compared to women without premature menopause. […] Xing said studying the physical and mental effects of premature menopause emphasizes a womans need for comprehensive care and support to help navigate the challenges associated with early menopause. […] Premature menopause can significantly impact a womans reproductive and psychological well-being, Xing said. Studying the effect of premature menopause on mortality and lifespan sheds light on physical health outcomes and addresses broader aspects of womens health and quality of life.

• #96 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  Trends indicate an increasing prevalence of early and premature menopause in LMICs, in particular in sub-Saharan Africa and South/Southeast Asia. […] Findings show a clear increase in prevalence of premature and early menopause in the regions with the highest fertility with possible consequences for later life health. […] This study calls for further data and research on menopause on a global scale. […] The study of menopause in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is very timely due to the increasing demands women face on their mid-life and rapid ageing occurring. […] Beyond the data and methodological novelty which will make a breakthrough for future analyses of menopause in low-resource countries, this study is particularly important as the potential negative impact of early menopause on womens physical and mental health could be potentially more significant in low-resource countries.

• #97 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  The increasing prevalence of early menopause has already been identified in Iran (low socio-economic status) and Indonesia (high socio-economic status). […] The increase in prevalence of early menopause mainly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa could be a significant shift of reproductive periods mainly in light of declining age at menarche. […] This study calls for more research in this field, especially in LMICs where we need a greater understanding of menopause trends and their implications.

• #98 Adverse long-term health outcomes associated with premature or early menopause – Australasian Menopause Society

  https://www.menopause.org.au/members/ims-menopause-live/adverse-long-term-health-outcomes-associated-with-premature-or-early-menopause

  Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55 years. However, 5% of women will go through menopause early, between the ages of 40 and 45 years, and 1% of women become menopausal prematurely, before the age of 40 years. […] There are multiple adverse long-term health consequences associated with premature or early menopause, including increased risk of dementia, parkinsonism, glaucoma, depression, anxiety, osteoporosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, sexual dysfunction, and early death. […] Women who experience premature or early menopause, regardless of cause, are exposed to risk from abnormal estrogen deprivation. […] Most women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy or POI prior to age 45, and who do not have a history of a hormone-sensitive cancer or another specific contraindication, will benefit from hormone therapy not only for vasomotor symptom management but also for the prevention of adverse cardiovascular, bone, and neuro-cognitive effects related to premature estrogen deficiency (estrogen replacement therapy).

• #99 :: CMSJ :: CardioMetabolic Syndrome Journal

  https://e-cmsj.org/DOIx.php?id=10.51789/cmsj.2024.4.e8

  In this study, the prevalence of premature menopause (age 40 years) was found to be 2.8% in Korea, and 1.7% in the United States. […] Additionally, 7.2% of women in Korea aged 40-44 years experienced early menopause, compared with 3.4% of women in the United States. […] Recent studies have established a strong association between early menopause and the risk factors of CMS. […] Women with early menopause (age 45 years) were found to have a higher risk for developing hypertension than women with menopause after the age of 45 years. […] These findings underscore the importance of recognizing early menopause as a potential risk factor for developing CMS and its components, including hypertension, T2DM, obesity, and dyslipidemia. […] The 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for CVD prevention and the 2023 European Society of Hypertension guidelines both recognize early menopause as a significant risk factor for CVD.

• #100 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  Using data from two generations of British women followed from birth through childhood and into adulthood, we investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 (known as early menopause). […] We find that earlier cessation of menstruation is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were short-term breastfed (one month or less) were more likely to undergo menopause before 45. […] Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. […] Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise (one to several times a week) and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking (one to three times a month) in women’s early thirties are associated with a reduced risk of early menopause.

• #101 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY NATURAL MENOPAUSE: EVIDENCE FROM THE 1958 AND 1970 BRITISH BIRTH COHORTS | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.12.21263444.full

  The occurrence of gynaecological problems by women’s early thirties is also linked to early menopause. […] We note that some of these factors (e.g. health behaviours) are modifiable and thus the risks may be preventable. […] Women with early menopause experience an extended period with loss of ovarian function and oestrogen deficiency and have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, premature decline in cognitive function, decreased life expectancy and increased all-cause mortality. […] Past research suggests that the onset of menopause is strongly influenced by genetics, but non-genetic factors can also play a role. […] Consequently, it is critically important to establish the factors associated with early menopause, especially those that are modifiable so that appropriate preventive health strategies can be considered.

• #102 Risk factors for natural menopause before the age of 45: evidence from two British population-based birth cohort studies | BMC Women’s Health | Full Text

  https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-02021-4

  Results from population-based samples have shown that women who experience early natural menopause have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, premature decline in cognitive function, decreased life expectancy and increased all-cause mortality. […] Several studies have indicated an association between disadvantaged childhood socioeconomic position and earlier menopause, and the impact of socioeconomic disadvantage has been considered to act through the effects of hardship experience throughout life and health behaviours. […] Our findings support the hypothesis that fetal and early life experiences are associated with age at menopause. […] Our study adds to the already consistent evidence that cigarette smoking is associated with early menopause. […] Gynaecological health was strongly linked to early menopause in our study.

• #103 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause or early menopause may be either spontaneous or induced. Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40 years) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45 years) experience an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, and other sequelae. The risk of adverse outcomes increases with earlier age at the time of menopause. Some of the adverse outcomes may be prevented by estrogen treatment initiated after the onset of menopause. However, estrogen alone does not prevent all long-term consequences and other hormonal mechanisms are likely involved. […] Regardless of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause and estrogen deficiency before reaching the median age of natural menopause are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Estrogen treatment should be considered for these women, but may not eliminate all of the adverse outcomes.

• #104 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause refers to menopause that occurs before age 40 years, and early menopause refers to menopause that occurs at or before age 45 years, both ranges being well below the median age of natural menopause (age 51 years). Premature menopause or early menopause can be spontaneous or induced; if induced, it can be due to medical interventions such as chemotherapy or surgical interventions such as bilateral oophorectomy. Regardless of cause, women who experience estrogen deficiency at an age well before the median age of natural menopause are now recognized to be at increased risk for premature morbidity and mortality. […] Premature menopause and early menopause, whether spontaneous or induced, are associated with long-term health risks which may include premature death, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, osteoporosis, psychosexual dysfunction, and mood disorders. Estrogen mitigates some but not all of these consequences.

• #105 Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815011/

  Premature menopause or early menopause may be either spontaneous or induced. Women who experience premature menopause (before age 40 years) or early menopause (between ages 40 and 45 years) experience an increased risk of overall mortality, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, osteoporosis, and other sequelae. The risk of adverse outcomes increases with earlier age at the time of menopause. Some of the adverse outcomes may be prevented by estrogen treatment initiated after the onset of menopause. However, estrogen alone does not prevent all long-term consequences and other hormonal mechanisms are likely involved. […] Regardless of the cause, women who experience hormonal menopause and estrogen deficiency before reaching the median age of natural menopause are at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Estrogen treatment should be considered for these women, but may not eliminate all of the adverse outcomes.

• #106 Early menopause and risk of CVD

  https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/early-menopause-and-risk-cvd

  A new study, which found that women with premature and early menopause were at increased risk of having a non-fatal cardiovascular disease event before age 60, has consequential public health and clinical implications. […] An Australian study in The Lancet Public Health, which found that women with premature and early menopause were at significantly increased risk of having a non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) event before age 60, has consequential public health and clinical implications. […] The doubling of cardiovascular disease risk in women below the age of 60 years who have premature menopause is concerning and indicates an urgent need to raise awareness of cardiovascular disease risk in younger women, commented two English health professionals not involved in the study: Lizelle Bernhardt, RN, CLAHRC-EM, a PhD student and heart failure specialist nurse in the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom (UK), and Claire Lawson, PhD, a nurse data scientist at the Diabetes Research Center at the university.

• #107

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/menopause

  Some women experience menopause earlier (before 40 years of age). This premature menopause may be because of certain chromosomal abnormalities, autoimmune disorders or other unknown causes. […] Menopause can also be induced as a consequence of surgical procedures that involve removal of both ovaries or medical interventions that cause cessation of ovarian function (for example radiation therapy or chemotherapy). […] Perimenopausal women need access to quality health services and communities and systems that can support them. Unfortunately, both awareness and access to menopause-related information and services remain a significant challenge in most countries. Menopause is often not discussed within families, communities, workplaces, or health-care settings. […] Health-care providers may not be trained to recognize perimenopausal and post-menopausal symptoms and counsel patients on treatment options and staying healthy after the menopausal transition. Menopause currently receives limited attention in the training curricula for many health-care workers.

• #108 Secular trends in premature and early menopause in low-income and middle-income countries | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/6/e012312

  The increasing prevalence of early menopause has already been identified in Iran (low socio-economic status) and Indonesia (high socio-economic status). […] The increase in prevalence of early menopause mainly in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa could be a significant shift of reproductive periods mainly in light of declining age at menarche. […] This study calls for more research in this field, especially in LMICs where we need a greater understanding of menopause trends and their implications.

• #109 Researcher finds premature menopause can shorten lifespan by nearly two years – College of Public Health NewsCollege of Public Health News

  https://hscweb3.hsc.usf.edu/health/publichealth/news/coph-researcher-studies-premature-menopause-and-its-profound-effects-on-health-lifespan/

  According to a new study led by USF College of Public Health (COPH) PhD student Zailing Xing, premature menopause (defined as menopause occurring before age 40) increases the risk of all-cause death by 53 percent and reduces lifespan by nearly two years compared to women without premature menopause. […] Xing said studying the physical and mental effects of premature menopause emphasizes a womans need for comprehensive care and support to help navigate the challenges associated with early menopause. […] Premature menopause can significantly impact a womans reproductive and psychological well-being, Xing said. Studying the effect of premature menopause on mortality and lifespan sheds light on physical health outcomes and addresses broader aspects of womens health and quality of life.

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