Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Effective interventions are available to prevent many causes of traumatic SCI. These include improvements in road infrastructure, vehicles and peoples road behaviors to avoid road traffic accidents, window guards to prevent falls, policies to thwart the harmful use of alcohol and access to firearms to reduce violence, and domestic violence and suicide prevention strategies (including equitable mental health services). Prevention of non-traumatic SCI includes early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying health condition. […] The prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of SCI related secondary conditions are essential to increase life expectancy.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury – Neurotrauma Program

  https://health.hawaii.gov/nt/spinal-cord-injury/

  Approximately 17,900 spinal cord injuries (SCI) occur in the United States each year. […] Mortality rates due to SCI are significantly higher during the first year after injury than during subsequent years. […] Effects of SCI can include depression, chronic pain, pressure injuries (pressure sores), spasticity, changes in bowel and bladder function, respiratory issues, and changes in sexual functioning. […] Although a spinal cord injury is usually the result of an accident and can happen to anyone, certain factors may predispose you to a higher risk of sustaining a spinal cord injury, including: […] Engaging in risky behavior. Diving into shallow water, playing sports without wearing the proper safety gear or not taking proper precautions can lead to spinal cord injuries. […] SCI Prevention Tips

• #3 Spinal cord injury (acute management)

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Spinal_Cord_Injury_Acute_Management/

  Spinal cord injury (SCI) in children is a rare injury that can result in permanent loss of motor and sensory function, and dysfunction of the bowel and bladder. […] Management in the acute phase is aimed at preventing further spinal cord injury, maintaining physiological stability, and commencing routine care of the skin and establishing good bladder and bowel care. […] The aim of bladder care is to prevent infections, minimise and contain incontinence and find an appropriate way to empty the bladder. […] Prevention of complications: Maintain good hydration to reduce the risk of UTI Kidney stones. […] Patients with SCI are at risk for postural hypotension when moving from supine to sitting upright. This is due to loss of sympathetic autonomic nervous system innervation and include an inability to regulate BP normally with vasoconstriction. […] To avoid problems with postural hypotension: Anti embolic stockings and/or SCCDs will encourage venous return from the legs. […] Refer to the Clinical Haematology Department for consideration of thrombotic risk and development of an individualised thromboprophylaxis plan.

• #4 Spinal Cord Injury Prevention | SpinalCord.com

  https://www.spinalcord.com/spinal-cord-injury-prevention

  Spinal cord injury prevention is the best way to protect yourself from sustaining life-threatening damage to the spine. […] Prevention of a serious spine injury is the best way to protect the spinal cord from being damaged. […] There are measures that you can take to increase safety and decrease your chances of sustaining an injury to the spinal cord. […] Always wear a seatbelt when driving or riding in a motor vehicle. […] Never drive a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or ride with anyone who has. […] Avoid distractions while driving and pay close attention to the road. […] Keep a clean home. Slips and falls happen frequently in the home. […] Never move someone who has a suspected spinal cord injury. Let emergency professionals evaluate the injured person. Moving someone with a spinal cord injury could further damage the spinal cord.

• #5 Spinal Cord Injuries: Facts and Prevention Tips | South Shore Health

  https://www.southshorehealth.org/wellness/blog/spinal-cord-injuries-facts-and-prevention-tips

  The best way to reduce your risk of spinal cord injury is to reduce your overall risk of traumatic injury. […] General safety tips include: […] Always wear a seatbelt when driving or riding in a motor vehicle even if you’re just going down the street or around the corner. […] Always pay close attention to the road. Avoid texting or making phone calls when driving. […] Slip-and-falls are the second-leading cause of spinal cord injury. Keep floors and high-traveled areas clear of all hazards, including cords and loose rugs/flooring. […] Always wear a helmet and other properly fitted safety equipment when playing sports. Replace worn or damaged equipment to prevent injury. […] Children should be supervised at all times a fall, even from a few feet in the air, has the potential to cause serious injury. Inspect playground equipment before letting children play. […] Ensure that child safety seats, including car seats and booster seats, are properly installed. Observe all recommended age and weight limits. […] Always wear a properly fitted helmet when riding a bike, scooter, ATV, or when skateboarding.

• #6 Spinal cord injury – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20377890

  Following this advice might reduce your risk of a spinal cord injury: […] Drive safely. Car crashes are one of the most common causes of spinal cord injuries. Wear a seat belt every time you are in a moving vehicle. […] Check water depth before diving. Don’t dive into a pool unless it’s at least 9 feet (about 2.74 meters) deep and clearly marked safe for diving. […] Prevent falls. Use a step stool with a grab bar to reach high-up objects. Add handrails along stairways. Put nonslip mats on tile floors and in the tub or shower. For young children, use safety gates to block stairs and consider installing window guards. […] Take precautions when playing sports. Always wear recommended safety gear. Avoid leading with your head in sports. For example, don’t slide headfirst in baseball. In American football, don’t tackle using the top of your helmet. Use a spotter for new moves in gymnastics. […] Don’t drink and drive. Don’t drive after drinking alcohol or while under the influence of drugs. Don’t ride with a driver who has been drinking.

• #7 Spinal Cord Injuries: Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery — MacKay Spine and Brain

  https://www.mackayspineandbrain.com/blog/discover-prevention-tips-treatment-options-and-rehabilitation-strategies-for-spinal-cord-injuries-sci-to-help-patients-recover-mobility-and-independence

  Preventing spinal cord injuries is critical, as these injuries are often irreversible and have long-lasting consequences. We listed the most common causes of SCI and some preventative measures that you can take: […] Wearing Seatbelts: Car accidents remain a leading cause of SCI, accounting for about 38% of cases. Studies show that wearing seatbelts reduces the risk of serious injury by 50%. […] Sports Safety: Athletes involved in contact sports or high-impact activities face a higher risk of spinal injuries. Research emphasizes the importance of proper protective gear, including helmets and adequate training, to reduce the risk of sports-related spinal injuries. […] Fall Prevention in the Elderly: Falls are the most common cause of SCI in adults over 65, especially those with osteoporosis or other conditions that weaken the bones. Interventions such as home modifications, strength training, and balance exercises have significantly reduced the risk of falls. […] Water Safety: Diving into shallow water accounts for a significant percentage of cervical spine injuries. Awareness campaigns focusing on water depth and proper diving techniques have reduced these injuries.

• #8 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01180

  The goal is to prevent injuries. The following behaviors can help prevent SCI. […] Always wear seat belts. […] Require all passengers in your car to wear seat belts. […] Use the correct safety seats and restraints for children. In addition, the American Academy of Pediatrics states that children should ride in the back seat until they are older than age 12. […] Dont use cellphones, eat, drink, or apply makeup while driving. Enforce hands-free driving laws. […] Enforce laws and educate others about impaired driving linked to alcohol and substance abuse, including prescription medicines. […] Use handrails while climbing stairs and keep floors clear of debris and hazards, such as rugs and electrical cords. […] Have grab bars in bathrooms and showers to prevent slipping. […] Do regular aerobic and exercises to strengthen and maintain core body strength and balance.

• #9 Spinal Cord Injury Awareness and Prevention – Prestige ER – 24/7 Emergency Room in Plano & Mesquite

  https://prestigeer.org/2024/09/25/spinal-cord-injury-awareness-and-prevention/

  Avoid distractions while driving, obey all traffic signs and speed limits. […] Keep a clean house and office, floors should be clear of hazards that could lead to a fall. […] Install handrails on staircases. […] Use a sturdy latter if you need to change a lightbulb, or clean high windows, dont use chairs or ladders on an uneven surface. […] Children should always be supervised while they play, a fall from even a few feet in the air can cause spinal cord injuries in children. […] Inspect all playground equipment before you allow children to play. […] Always supervise kids while they play on a trampoline. […] Use helmets and other safety gear that fit properly and discard any worn or damage protective equipment. […] When riding a bike on the street obey all traffic signs and dont wear headphones.

• #10 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01180

  For children, use window latches and safety gates to block dangerous areas. […] Always assume a gun is loaded and handle it as such. […] Secure all guns in a locked location away from children. […] Store bullets separately from the guns. […] Educate children and teens about the dangers of guns and teach them how to solve arguments without violence. […] Teach children to tell adults immediately if a friend has a gun or access to one. […] Ensure that players with the same skill levels, size, and maturity level play one another. […] Always use correct and adequate protective gear. Damaged gear should never be used. […] Use only fields and playgrounds that are well maintained and well lit. […] Dont drink alcohol when swimming. […] Never dive into shallow water, whether it is a swimming pool, river, or lake.

• #11 Practical Safety Tips for Avoiding Spinal Cord Injuries – Caregiver.com

  https://caregiver.com/articles/avoiding-spinal-cord-injuries/

  Spinal Cord Injury Prevention Safety Tips […] Always wear a seat belt. […] Secure or buckle children into age- and weight-appropriate child safety seats. […] Secure or buckle children under 12 years old in the back seat to avoid air bag injuries. […] Never drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs. […] Do not ride in a car with a driver who is impaired by alcohol or drugs. […] Prevent others from driving while impaired by alcohol or drugs. […] Do not use a cell phone or any item that may be a distraction to your driving. […] […] […] Sports and recreation activities are associated with approximately 18 percent of all SCIs. Below are safety tips to help make sports and recreation activities safer: […] Always wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle, bike, skateboard, when skating, roller-skating or horseback riding.

• #12 Welcome | ThinkFirst

  https://www.thinkfirst.org/

  Always wear a helmet […] Founded by neurosurgeons, ThinkFirst’s Mission is to prevent brain, spinal cord, and other injuries through education, research, and advocacy. […] At ThinkFirst, our vision is to create a safer and healthier world through education and prevention. […] Together, we can make a significant impact on reducing brain and spinal cord injuries. […] The success of ThinkFirst programs lies in one of our most powerful prevention and education strategies: partnering with individuals who have experienced a traumatic brain or spinal cord injury to visit students right in their classrooms. […] VIPs (Voices of Injury Prevention Speakers) talk directly with students about their personal story: how their injury occurred, how it has affected them and how it could have been prevented.

• #13 Preventing Spinal Cord Injuries: What to Know | Renown Health

  https://www.renown.org/blog/preventing-spinal-cord-injuries—what-to-know

  If you’re not taking safety precautions during mountain sports, you could be at risk for a spinal cord injury. […] Most spinal cord injuries occur due to accidents. By increasing awareness and taking precautions, you can prevent many of these accidents and the resulting spinal cord injuries. […] Be aware: Always look around you and dont stop in any areas where its hard for others to see you, such as near trees. Other people can also be a danger to your personal safety so its important to be aware of your surroundings. […] Always stay in control and dont go faster than conditions permit. […] Wear the right gear. Its not only important to wear the proper safety gear, especially a helmet, but its key to make sure you are wearing the equipment properly and its the right fit. […] Research has shown the use of helmets has reduced skiing/snowboarding head injuries by 30 percent to 50 percent. And remember to replace worn or damaged protective equipment.

• #14 Diving Injuries | Injury Prevention | Shepherd Center

  https://www.shepherd.org/education/injury-prevention/diving-risks

  Someone decides to dive into the water, resulting in a life-altering injury. It’s also one of the most preventable causes of spinal cord injuries. […] Follow these essential tips to reduce your risk of injury: Always enter the water feet first. Never dive into shallow water—even in pools. Some injuries occur by hitting the far side of a pool or swimming hole, so depth isn’t the only risk factor. Avoid alcohol while swimming or diving. It impairs judgment and increases the risk of injury. […] Diving injuries are preventable, but only if people know the risks. Together, we can reduce diving injuries and promote water safety.

• #15 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01180

  Use clearly marked depths in swimming pools and have designated diving and no-diving areas. […] Never push or shove another person into a swimming pool or body of water. […] Make sure there is a lifeguard or someone trained in water safety in the swimming area. […] Secure the pool with fencing and a locked gate when it is not being used. […] Use a correct helmet that is secured with a chin strap while bicycling, skateboarding, roller-skating, and during any other high-risk activities, such as four-wheeling or motorcycle riding. […] Only use a helmet with a sticker stating that it meets the standards set by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. […] Competent supervision is the key primary prevention tip for trampoline usage. […] Netting constructed around the trampoline can reduce the number of falls. But it is not a substitute for supervision. […] The trampoline should be placed on ground level to prevent falls off the side. The area should be well lit. […] Acrobatic moves should be done only under the supervision of a trained professional or with specialized equipment, such as a harness. […] Trampolines should not be overcrowded.

• #16 Pediatric spinal cord injury – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/spinal-cord-injury

  Wearing a seat belt and other proper restraints for a childs age is one of the best prevention’s for spinal cord injuries in children. […] Parents also can make homes safer from falls by removing tripping hazards and installing safety gates where appropriate. […] Experts caution that children younger than age one should not be carried on bicycles. They also encourage teens to use caution when skateboarding and bicycling, including use of helmets and avoiding use of headphones while on bikes. […] Parents should teach children and teens about safety around water to avoid accidents from diving and falling into pools and shallow bodies of water. […] When your child is injured and may have damage to his spinal cord, you need to seek emergency treatment. Call 911! […] Emergency personnel are specially trained to recognize possible neck and back trauma and to keep your child as still as possible, placing them on a special board for transport to the hospital.

• #17 Prevention of Thromboembolism in Spinal Cord Injury: Overview, Pathophysiology, Clinical Evaluation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/322897-overview

  The prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important clinical issue, as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are not only common complications of acute SCI but are also major causes of morbidity and mortality. In patients with an SCI, 9.7% of deaths in the first year after injury are due to DVT. Morbidities from DVTs include post-phlebitic syndrome, prolonged edema, and pressure ulcers. Morbidities associated with PEs include arrhythmias, hypoxia, and, potentially, death. […] The high risk of thromboembolic complications makes routine prophylaxis in patients with SCI essential. […] The prevention of DVT and its sequelae is an important aspect of treatment for patients who have sustained such an injury. […] As previously noted, routine prophylaxis for thromboembolism in patients who have suffered an SCI is essential due to the high risk of thromboembolic complications.

• #18 Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Health Care Providers, 3rd ed.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4981016/

  VTE is a common complication following spinal cord injury that may lead to fatal PE, chronic leg swelling, and bleeding related to anticoagulant therapy. […] For all of these reasons, early and intensive thromboprophylaxis is the most effective way to reduce the burden of this complication. […] We recommend that mechanical thromboprophylaxis with intermittent PCDs with or without GCSs be applied as soon as feasible after acute SCI when not contraindicated by lower-extremity injury. […] We recommend that LMWH be used as thromboprophylaxis in the acute-care phase following SCI once there is no evidence of active bleeding. […] We recommend against the use of low-dose or adjusted-dose unfractionated heparin in the prevention of VTE in SCI (unless LMWH is not available or contraindicated).

• #19 Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Health Care Providers, 3rd ed.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4981016/

  The high incidence, insidious onset, potentially lethal consequences, and clinically important long-term implications of venous thromboembolism (VTE) make it a leading cause of mortality and morbidity following acute spinal cord injury (SCI). […] For these reasons, it is essential that aggressive thromboprophylaxis be provided to SCI patients. […] The objective of PVA’s guidelines is to incorporate significant new knowledge since 1999 and to update the management recommendations. […] The risk of VTE is highest in the acute-care phase of SCI and then decreases, although the risk remains higher than that in an age-matched population without SCI. […] The most striking evidence for the necessity of effective prevention of thromboembolic disease comes from studies of mortality after SCI.

• #20 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-020-00089-7

  Traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury bears a high risk for thromboembolism in the first few months after injury. So far, there is no consented guideline regarding diagnostic and prophylactic measures to prevent thromboembolic events in spinal cord injury. […] Specific clinical or instrument-based screening methods are not recommended in asymptomatic SCI patients. Based on the severity of neurological dysfunction (motor completeness, ambulatory function) low dose low molecular weight heparins are recommended to be administered up to 24 weeks after injury. Besides, mechanical methods (compression stockings, intermittent pneumatic compression) can be applied. In chronic SCI patients admitted to the hospital, thromboembolism prophylactic measures need to be based on the reason for admission and the necessity for immobilization.

• #21 Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Health Care Providers, 3rd ed.

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4981016/

  We suggest that combined mechanical methods of thromboprophylaxis (PCDs with or without GCSs) and anticoagulant methods of thromboprophylaxis be used particularly in the acute-care phase as soon as possible after injury unless either option is contraindicated. […] We recommend that anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis continue at least eight weeks after injury in SCI patients with limited mobility. […] We recommend that IVC filters not be used as primary thromboprophylaxis in SCI. […] We suggest that SCI patients not routinely be screened with DUS for clinically inapparent DVT during their acute-care admission. […] We suggest that children of all ages with acute SCI receive mechanical prophylaxis with GCSs and/or PCDs. […] We recommend that persons with chronic SCI who are hospitalized for medical illnesses or surgical procedures receive thromboprophylaxis during the period of increased risk. […] We recommend that every SCI unit (acute and rehabilitation) have a written thromboprophylaxis policy that includes implementation strategies.

• #22 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-020-00089-7

  Recommendations for thromboembolism diagnostic and prophylactic measures follow best practice in most spinal cord injury centers. More research evidence needs to be generated to administer more individually tailored risk-adapted prophylactic strategies in the future, which may help to further prevent thromboembolic events without causing major side effects. […] A general clinical, laboratory (D-dimer testing) or instrument-based screening (e.g. ultrasound) for DVT/VTE is not recommended in asymptomatic SCI patients. […] In principle, the following measures are available for VTE prophylaxis: Basic, mechanical, and anticoagulant methods. […] General basic measures include, in addition to the earliest possible mobilization carried out as part of the acute treatment, the best possible activation of the patients through manually assisted and machine-supported movement exercises as well as instructions for self-exercise and sufficient hydration.

• #23 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prevention-of-thromboembolism-in-spinal-cord-injury-s1-guideline/18673478

  The S3 guideline for VTE prophylaxis states: No reliable tests to determine the individual risk of thrombosis are available so far. […] However, the fact that asymptomatic thrombosis can cause a postthrombotic syndrome and that the vast majority of fatal pulmonary embolisms occur without clinical announcement, justify general thromboembolic prophylaxis in defined risk situations. […] In principle, the following measures are available for VTE prophylaxis: Basic, mechanical, and anticoagulant methods. […] General basic measures include, in addition to the earliest possible mobilization carried out as part of the acute treatment, the best possible activation of the patients through manually assisted and machine-supported movement exercises as well as instructions for self-exercise and sufficient hydration.

• #24 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-020-00089-7

  In principle, heparins (unfractionated, low-molecular-weight heparins), danaparoid, factor Xa inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors, and vitamin K antagonists are approved for VTE prophylaxis. […] According to a systematic review, low dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) alone cannot reduce the DVT rate in SCI. […] In general, there is no clear evidence from a prospective study demonstrating the superiority of low dose LMWH over low dose UFH. […] In summary, although mechanical methods are an effective basic VTE prophylaxis, the risk of VTE is increased when mechanical methods are administered alone compared to anticoagulant prophylaxis with heparins. […] In principle, anticoagulant VTE prophylaxis should be based on the persistence of relevant risk factors for VTE. […] VTE prophylactic measures for SCI should be applied in analogy to diseases with a high risk of VTE, but taking into account the individual etiology.

• #25 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prevention-of-thromboembolism-in-spinal-cord-injury-s1-guideline/18673478

  In principle, heparins (unfractionated, low-molecular-weight heparins), danaparoid, factor Xa inhibitors, thrombin inhibitors, and vitamin K antagonists are approved for VTE prophylaxis. […] In SCI, especially as a result of spine trauma or underlying intraspinal hemorrhage, an increased risk of bleeding must be taken into account in VTE prophylaxis with anticoagulants. […] If necessary, mechanical methods should be used preferably or exclusively if there is acute bleeding or an acute risk of bleeding. […] There is no evidence to justify the application of a vena cava filter in SCI. […] Anticoagulant VTE prophylaxis should be based on the persistence of relevant risk factors for VTE. […] VTE prophylactic measures for SCI should be applied in analogy to diseases with a high risk of VTE, but taking into account the individual etiology.

• #26 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | springermedizin.de

  https://www.springermedizin.de/prevention-of-thromboembolism-in-spinal-cord-injury-s1-guideline/18673478

  In cases of motor (in-)complete SCI, LMWH should be administered in standard prophylactic doses over 12-24 weeks from the onset of SCI. […] Mechanical methods (compression stockings or IPC) should be applied if there are contraindications against anticoagulant VTE prophylaxis. […] Ambulatory and non-ambulatory in-patients with SCI, immobilized: LMWH in standard prophylactic dosage, taking into account any contraindications. […] Ambulatory and non-ambulatory in-patients with SCI, mobilized: Thrombosis prophylaxis according to S3 guideline VTE prophylaxis.

• #27 Prevention of Thromboembolism in Spinal Cord Injury: Overview, Pathophysiology, Clinical Evaluation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/322897-overview

  Guidelines do endorse combined mechanical and anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis use as early as possible following injury, as indicated, especially in the acute-care phase. […] The current guideline-based recommendation is that DVT prophylaxis be continued for a minimum of 8 weeks following injury in patients with limited mobility. […] If the patient is discharged from the hospital before the recommended duration of prophylaxis is over, then DVT prophylaxis can be continued on an outpatient basis, provided that adequate home care and close medical follow-up can be arranged.

• #28 Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury -S1 guideline | Neurological Research and Practice | Full Text

  https://neurolrespract.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42466-020-00089-7

  In cases of motor (in-)complete SCI, LMWH should be administered in standard prophylactic doses over 12-24 weeks from the onset of SCI. In addition, mechanical methods (compression stockings or IPC) can be applied over 12 weeks from the onset of SCI under consideration of contraindications. […] In hospitalized chronic SCI patients, 80% of the surveyed German-speaking spinal cord injury centers generally apply anticoagulant VTE prophylaxis with LMWH in chronic motor complete SCI and 77% in motor incomplete SCI respectively.

• #29 Preventing Secondary Problems After a Spinal Cord Injury | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/preventing-secondary-problems/

  Spinal cord injuries can be devastating and almost always leave the patient with permanent mobility issues. […] Finding a rehabilitative healthcare system to help with your specific spinal cord injury treatment is critical for promoting quick recovery. […] Brooks Rehabilitation remains proactive and vigilant in monitoring all SCI patients. Our specialized, ongoing medical care helps prevent any secondary complications that may occur after a spinal cord injury. […] Bowel and bladder management is an important priority for patients and for SCI caregivers. A bladder and bowel management program can help patients deal with these issues. […] Proper stretching techniques and functional movement exercises can help to reduce spasticity. […] We recommend seeking professional advice from a qualified physical therapist to choose the best cushion for a patients seating.

• #30 Preventing Secondary Complications of SCI

  https://www.spinalcord.com/blog/preventing-secondary-complications-of-sci

  A spinal cord injury can be devastating enough but there are a whole host of secondary complications that can occur because of being paralyzed. […] No matter the severity of the complication, most can be avoided if the right steps are taken. Below are some of the most common secondary complications of spinal cord injuries and how to prevent them. […] One of the best things to prevent pressure sores is custom seating for your wheelchair. […] It is also important to look at all of your mobility equipment, wherever you may be sitting, such as your shower chair, Hoyer lift, and vehicle, so you can make sure you are protecting your skin at all times. […] It is always important to make sure you have a pressure wound doctor monitoring your as well. […] Since people with spinal cord injuries are prevalent in getting both of these due to catheter use, you must drink at least 8 cups of water each day.

• #31 Pressure Injury (Bedsore) Prevention for People with Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.abc-med.com/abcmedicalblog/bedsore-prevention-tips-from-wound-care-supplier/

  Having a spinal cord injury (SCI) can put you at increased risk for skin problems. One of the most serious skin complications is known as a pressure injury. […] People with SCI are at increased risk of pressure injury because they have paralysis, meaning they cannot feel or move parts of their body. […] However, pressure injuries are not unavoidable. By taking certain measures to promote skin health, pressure injuries are often preventable even for people with SCI. […] Skin inspection should be done at least daily and should be considered an essential part of your self-care routine. It is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your risk of pressure injury. […] Pressure breaks, also known as weight shifts, are maneuvers used to reposition the body and allow blood flow to return to the areas that you sit on.

• #32 Pressure Injury (Bedsore) Prevention for People with Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.abc-med.com/abcmedicalblog/bedsore-prevention-tips-from-wound-care-supplier/

  Offloading should also be done as a preventative measure. […] Pressure-reducing support surfaces are mattresses and wheelchair cushions that help redistribute pressure and cushion bony prominences. […] It is important to keep your skin healthy and strong. Healthy skin is more resistant to breakdown. […] While it is not always the first thing we think of in terms of wound prevention, nutrition and hydration are also crucial for skin health. […] If you develop a wound on a bony prominence, the first thing you should do is relieve pressure to the area. […] Proper skin care as outlined above might feel overwhelming. But rest assured, just like other hygiene regimens in your life, you learned them step-by-step over time and they became routine.

• #33 Preventing Secondary Complications of SCI

  https://www.spinalcord.com/blog/preventing-secondary-complications-of-sci

  Diluting your urine is one of the best ways to prevent infection. […] An important thing many people with spinal cord injuries do to prevent osteoporosis is to take a daily Vitamin D supplement, as well as a calcium supplement. […] Doctors recommend standing at least 1 hour a day to combat osteoporosis. […] Keeping up with respiratory health post-injury is so important. […] It is important to tackle your mental health just as fiercely as you would any other secondary complication of SCI so you can be the best version of yourself possible. […] Another life-threatening secondary condition is autonomic dysreflexia (AD), which causes an increase in blood pressure due to pain being present in an area of the body thats paralyzed. […] Braces can be fitted to prevent the curvature from getting worse. […] By being aware of the above secondary complications and prevention methods, you can live a long, healthy life.

• #34 Pediatric spinal cord injury – Children’s Health Urology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/spinal-cord-injury

  When your child arrives at the emergency department, doctors may use traction, surgery or special medication to help prevent further damage to the spinal cord. […] Children who have problems with their bladder or urinary tract because of a spinal cord injury need help from a doctor to manage the flow of urine. Nerve damage can keep the bladder from emptying as it should. This can cause frequent urinary tract infections and kidney problems. Some children need specialized surgery or medications to help their bladders and urinary tract systems function as they should.

• #35 Spinal cord injury – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377895

  As the condition stabilizes, medical care focuses on preventing other medical conditions that may arise. A spinal cord injury can lead to a decline in physical functioning, known as deconditioning. Or it can lead to stiff muscles due to lack of use, known as muscle contractures. […] You may learn about the effects of a spinal cord injury and how to prevent complications. […] Recovery takes time, but many people who are paralyzed lead productive and fulfilling lives. It’s essential to stay motivated and get the support you need. […] Advances in stem cell research and nerve cell regeneration give hope for greater recovery for people with spinal cord injuries. And new treatments are being investigated for people with long-standing spinal cord injuries. […] Traumatic spinal cord injuries are emergencies. People who are injured might not be able to participate in their care at first.

• #36 Is prophylaxis for osteoporosis indicated after acute spinal cord injury? | Spinal Cord Series and Cases

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41394-019-0167-y

  Spinal cord injury (SCI)-related osteoporosis is common complication in people with tetraplegia or paraplegia. […] This article discusses basics of bone metabolism physiopathology along with pharmaceutical prevention and treatment approaches to manage acute SCI-related bone loss. […] In acute SCI, calcium intake is beneficial because parathormone (PTH) is suppressed. […] Before starting therapy with antiresorptive drugs supplementation with vitamin D is necessary. […] In acute phase of SCI normalization of bone metabolism indices and prevention of bone resorption has been attempted mostly with either oral or intravenous bisphosphonates. […] Continuous intravenous (i.v.) pamidronate in the early phase of injury reduced the rate of bone loss, as revealed by urine N-terminal telopeptide (NTx) and 24-h urine calcium values, and bone mineral density (BMD) reduction rates.

• #37 Preventing Secondary Problems After a Spinal Cord Injury | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/preventing-secondary-problems/

  Seek medical intervention from a pressure wound doctor to monitor the SCI for the best diagnosis and treatment. […] However, scoliosis is widely recognized as a secondary complication that can occur after a neurological injury. […] Fortunately, SCI patients can help prevent osteoporosis by taking Vitamin D and calcium supplements daily. […] Deep breathing exercises have proved to be highly effective for patients with spinal cord injuries. […] Our professional and compassionate caregivers at Brooks Rehabilitation never overlook the emotional and mental aspects of a spinal cord injury. […] While some risk factors are out of our control, reducing controllable risk factors such as smoking and physical inactivity can help significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. […] Steps to reduce or prevent the risk of diabetes may include exercising regularly, if possible, eating the right foods, keeping blood pressure under control, and maintaining a healthy weight.

• #38 Is prophylaxis for osteoporosis indicated after acute spinal cord injury? | Spinal Cord Series and Cases

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41394-019-0167-y

  Recent findings suggest sclerostin may have great potential as a target in preventing bone loss after acute SCI. […] Administration of oral etidronate 800mg/day and calcium 1000mg/day via dietary intake in 2 cycles for 2 weeks, with a 13-week difference, 6 weeks after injury, maintained bone mineral density over a 12-month period in a subgroup of incomplete SCI individuals who became ambulatory within 3 months post SCI. […] In another study administration of i.v. pamidronate in people with SCI during the first 6 months post SCI resulted in significantly less BMD loss compared with those who did not receive pamidronate. […] A prospective open label randomized study documented the effects of daily 10mg alendronate plus 500mg elemental calcium compared to 500mg elemental calcium alone, in preventing tibial trabecular and cortical bone loss in men with complete paraplegia.

• #39 Is prophylaxis for osteoporosis indicated after acute spinal cord injury? | Spinal Cord Series and Cases

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41394-019-0167-y

  Three randomized control trials addressed efficacy of zoledronic acid to prevent BMD loss in acute SCI and found that i.v. infusion of zoledronic acid (45mg) once per year results reduces loss of bone in the hip and proximal femur in a 12-month period. […] Finally, an ongoing prospective observational study found an increase of BMD in spine and femur 1 year after initiating therapy with early administration of denosumab. […] In conclusion, based on current data antiresorptive therapy alone has a limited effect on complete lesions. However, this is not the case for incomplete subjects. The combination of reduced osteoclastic activity, using bisphosphonates early after injury and controlling calcium metabolism, together with the osteoblastic activity from a rehabilitation program, including walking, limits bone loss and retains bone density.

• #40 SciELO Brazil – HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW

  https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-78522023000500401&tlng=en

  Trauma configures the main cause of spinal cord injuries. […] This systematic review aimed to search the current literature for HO treatment and prevention. […] Based on data analysis, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the acute post-traumatic period proved to be the best method of prevention. […] Two studies dealt with HO prophylaxis (one with bisphosphonate and the other with NSAIDs) and the others, with treatment (surgical resection, radiotherapy, and combinations of techniques). […] In the study with NSAIDs, occurrence decreased by 28.4% after at least 15 days of treatment during the acute period after trauma. […] By analyzing the data in this systematic review, the use of NSAIDs proved to be the best method of prevention, if administered in the acute period after spinal cord injury.

• #41 SciELO Brazil – HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/gnbbF5ny87jFfgwkZPGrCMH/

  Trauma configures the main cause of spinal cord injuries. […] This systematic review aimed to search the current literature for HO treatment and prevention. […] Based on data analysis, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the acute post-traumatic period proved to be the best method of prevention. […] Two studies dealt with HO prophylaxis (one with bisphosphonate and the other with NSAIDs) and the others, with treatment (surgical resection, radiotherapy, and combinations of techniques). […] Of the total, two studies addressed HO prevention methods, one on the use of alendronate and another on NSAIDs (celecoxib or indomethacin). […] In the study with NSAIDs, occurrence decreased by 28.4% after at least 15 days of treatment during the acute period after trauma. […] By analyzing the data in this systematic review, the use of NSAIDs proved to be the best method of prevention, if administered in the acute period after spinal cord injury.

• #42 SciELO Brazil – HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW

  https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-78522023000500401&tlng=en

  Therefore, a good follow-up for these patients may include treating associated risk factors, such as urinary tract infection, tracheostomy care, and pressure injury, instituting NSAIDs protocols for the acute phase of SCI, and screening these patients at risk in the acute phase, as well as radiotherapy for early cases and resection for cases of ankylosis.

• #43 SciELO Brazil – HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT – A SISTEMATIC REVIEW

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/gnbbF5ny87jFfgwkZPGrCMH/

  Therefore, a good follow-up for these patients may include treating associated risk factors, such as urinary tract infection, tracheostomy care, and pressure injury, instituting NSAIDs protocols for the acute phase of SCI, and screening these patients at risk in the acute phase, as well as radiotherapy for early cases and resection for cases of ankylosis.

• #44 Spinal cord injury – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377895

  But emergency diagnostic tests may be needed. They should be done if the injured person has neck pain, isn’t fully awake, or has obvious weakness or neurological injury. […] In the meantime, spinal cord injury treatment focuses on preventing further injury and empowering people to return to an active and productive life. […] Urgent medical attention is critical to minimize the effects of a head or neck injury. Therefore, treatment for a spinal cord injury often begins at the accident scene. […] Maintaining your ability to breathe. […] Preventing shock. […] Immobilizing your neck to prevent further spinal cord damage. […] Avoiding possible complications. Potential complications include stool or urine retention, respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, and the formation of deep vein blood clots.

• #45 Proven Prevention Strategies to Avoid Spine Injuries | OSAVisit our FacebookVisit our InstagramVisit our TwitterVisit our LinkedInclosemenuchevron-downlinkedinfacebookpinterestyoutubersstwitterinstagramfacebook-blankrss-blanklinkedin-blankpinterestyoutube

  https://ortho-surgeon.com/how-to-effectively-prevent-spine-injuries-and-conditions/

  Are you concerned about the physical strain that comes with your lifestyle? Over time, such an inactive lifestyle can lead to spine injuries or cause existing spinal problems to worsen. […] It’s critical to take action to prevent spine injuries and conditions that can cause severe discomfort or even death if left untreated. […] Whether you’re an athlete, parent, or simply looking to stay healthy, preventing spinal injuries and conditions is an important part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Below are some useful tips to help protect your spine. […] Regular exercise can help strengthen the muscles around your spine, which can reduce your risk of developing a spinal injury or condition. […] Poor posture, especially when sitting for extended periods of time, can strain your spine and lead to neck and back pain.

• #46 Injury Prevention Programs | Shepherd Center

  https://www.shepherd.org/education/injury-prevention

  We believe that preventing injuries is just as important as treating them. […] The good news? Most of these injuries are preventable. Through our Injury Prevention Program, we are dedicated to educating, equipping, and empowering communities to dramatically reduce injury risks and enhance safety. […] Our goal is to minimize traumatic injuries before they happen by offering targeted initiatives and collaborations with various sectors, from healthcare professionals to schools and policymakers. […] We work alongside state and federal agencies, health organizations, schools, businesses, and families to develop evidence-based programs that educate and advocate for safety. […] A three-week curriculum on anatomy, medical careers, and injury prevention. […] Partner with Shepherd Center for custom injury prevention programs tailored to your needs.

• #47 Spinal Cord Injury Prevention – United Spinal Association Illinois Chapter

  https://ilunitedspinal.org/spinal-cord-injury-prevention/

  If you could prevent someone from becoming critically injured, would you? Maybe you can-and all you have to do is contact USAIC. […] Most brain and spinal cord injuries can be prevented by using very simple safety measures and we would like to offer students and senior citizens the opportunity to hear this important message. […] Falls become the leading cause of spinal cord injury as people age. USAIC welcomes the opportunity to speak to senior citizen groups and offer simple suggestions to minimize risk of falls. […] If you would like to schedule THINK FIRST or FALL PREVENTION for any group, please contact USAIC at [email protected]. Programs are presented free of charge. […] Today Wardell is passionate about educating young people about the dangers of engaging in risk taking behavior and doing all they can to keep safe, to Think First.

• #48 Spinal Cord Injury | Mass.gov

  https://www.mass.gov/spinal-cord-injury

  The Spinal Cord Injury Program promotes spinal cord injury cure research and facilitates the growth of a statewide cohort of scientists in the field of spinal cord injury research. […] Spinal Cord Injury presents a serious public health challenge. In 2004, The Spinal Cord Injury Trust Fund was established by the Legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to expend funds from the trust to advance medical cure research services for people with spinal cord injuries. […] The goal of the Spinal Cord Injury Cure Research Program is to promote treatments to overcome the effects of chronic spinal cord injury.

• #49 Prevention care for secondary health conditions among people living with spinal cord injuries: research protocol | BMC Research Notes | Full Text

  https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4202-7

  People living with spinal cord injuries are at a high risk to experience preventable secondary health conditions in their lifetime, which can lead to rehospitalisation and death. Given the fact that spinal cord injury is a long term disability requiring on-going care, there is need to strengthen prevention of secondary health conditions. […] This study recommended further research on prevention protocols to reduce readmission rates for secondary health conditions. […] Persons living with spinal cord injuries need health promotion and prevention services to enhance their wellbeing and quality of life. […] This study indicates that prevention care needs of PLSCI were not fully met. […] Thus, the aim of this study, over five phases is to establish factors influencing prevention care for secondary health conditions among people living with spinal cord injuries and to propose a prevention model of care for secondary health conditions.

• #50 Care for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury in Hospital | Alberta Health Services

  https://albertahealthservices.ca/scns/Page13965.aspx

  The NRV SCN is leading a provincial initiative to improve and standardize the nursing and allied health care for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Alberta acute care and inpatient rehabilitation hospitals. […] The goal of this initiative is to: decrease practice variation, improve patient and family experience, improve transitions in care, and to improve safety for patients. […] Pressure Injury Prevention for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury in Hospital – Education Video. […] Pressure Injury Prevention for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury While in Hospital. […] Canadian Best Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pressure Ulcers in People with Spinal Cord Injury (2013).

• #51 Pressure Injury Toolkit For Spinal Cord Injury and Spina Bifida

  https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/spinal-cord-injury/pi-toolkit

  This toolkit has been developed to support clinical decision-making and the use of an interdisciplinary, consumer focused approach to pressure injury assessment and management. […] In response to the NSW Statewide Spinal Cord Injury Service Model of Care for Prevention and Integrated Management of Pressure Injuries in People with Spinal Cord Injury and Spina Bifida (2014), the Spinal Cord Injury Pressure Injury Toolkit was developed. […] Includes information and resources for organisations, health professionals and consumers to prevent and manage pressure injuries. […] NSW Health employees should complete the Health Education and Training Institute (HETI) e-Learning Course: Pressure Injury Prevention and Management.

• #52 Prevention of spinal cord injury | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/20/1/72

  To coincide with the International Day of Persons with Disabilities, 3 December, WHO has launched the International perspectives on spinal cord injury. This report summarises the best available evidence on the causes, prevention, care and lived experience of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) across the life course and throughout the world. […] The new report highlights that the majority of SCIs are due to preventable causes: road traffic injuries, falls and violence. […] A meta-analysis carried out for this report found an overall incidence rate of spina bifida of 4.5/10000 live births. The report highlights that a large proportion of both TSCI and NTSCI is preventable. […] Essential measures for improving the survival, health and participation of people with SCI include the following: Timely, appropriate prehospital management: quick recognition of suspected SCI, rapid evaluation and initiation of injury management, including immobilisation of the spine. […] The key message of the new report is that SCI although a medically complex and life-disrupting condition is preventable, survivable and need not preclude good health and social inclusion.

• #53 Spinal Cord Injury Prevention | SpinalCord.com

  https://www.spinalcord.com/spinal-cord-injury-prevention

  Safety equipment issued to sports players is an important factor in preventing injuries, including spinal cord injuries. […] Always wear a helmet and all suggested safety equipment. […] Preventing spinal cord injuries is sometimes impossible, however, there are some general safety practices, which may make them less likely.

• #54 Preventing Secondary Problems After a Spinal Cord Injury | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/preventing-secondary-problems/

  Working with a nutrition specialist is helpful when planning the best dietary strategies to maintain a healthy weight. […] Therefore, we recommend talking to our SCI physician if you have pain to help diagnose and treat it at its source. […] Our spinal cord injury programs at Brooks Rehabilitation are designed to meet every patients recovery needs and goals.

• #55 Welcome | ThinkFirst

  https://www.thinkfirst.org/

  Information shared: increases students’ knowledge about the brain and spinal cord, risk factors and their ability to protect themselves […] encourages behavior change, like buckling up every time they are in a vehicle. […] Whether convincing a child to wear a helmet, empowering a teenager to buckle a seatbelt, or offering hope and meaning to an individual with a brain or spinal cord injury, ThinkFirst VIPs add a critical component to our programs, and are valued members of our chapters and our organization.

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