Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Acute traumatic spinal cord injury – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-traumatic-spinal-cord-injury

  Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) has become an epidemic in modern society. Despite advances made in the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvements in early recognition and treatment, it remains a devastating event, often producing severe and permanent disability. With a peak incidence in young adults, TSCI remains a costly problem for society; direct medical expenses accrued over the lifetime of one patient range from USD $500,000 to $2 million. […] This topic reviews acute TSCI.

• #2 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The incidence rates of different types of SCI remain high, and the demographic distribution of SCI patients is changing, indicating a serious disease burden on healthcare systems and affected populations. […] Epidemiological data form the foundation for tracking the incidence of SCI, formulating prevention and diagnosis strategies and planning the allocation of medical resources. […] The reported incidence of SCI varies significantly, ranging from 7 to 152.2 per million people. […] Conducting epidemiological surveys of SCI on a global scale is time-consuming and labor-intensive. […] The incidence data of SCI were reported across 83 studies, encompassing a total of 324 sets of usable data. […] Data was collected from 29 countries. In developed countries, the incidence rate of TSCI was 16.40 (95% CI, 16.20-16.60) per million, whereas in developing countries, it was 30.17 (95% CI, 29.82-30.53) per million.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Global estimates suggest that in 2021, approximately 15.4 million people were living with SCI. […] Males are more commonly affected by SCI than females, with consistently higher prevalence and YLDs attributed to this demographic. […] Life expectancy in people with SCI strongly correlates with neurological impairment and preventable secondary conditions. […] For people with SCI, the inhospital mortality rate is nearly three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

• #4

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Global estimates suggest that in 2021, approximately 15.4 million people were living with SCI. […] Males are more commonly affected by SCI than females, with consistently higher prevalence and YLDs attributed to this demographic. […] Life expectancy in people with SCI strongly correlates with neurological impairment and preventable secondary conditions. […] For people with SCI, the inhospital mortality rate is nearly three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

• #5 Spinal Cord Injuries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/

  Between 250,000 and 500,000 patients each year suffer from SCIs globally. […] Approximately 17,000 new SCI cases in the United States occur each year, and 282,000 persons are estimated to be living with SCIs. […] SCIs disproportionately affect people younger than 30, leading to significant lifelong functional impairment and possibly causing numerous health, financial, and psychosocial complications.

• #6 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The incidence rates of different types of SCI remain high, and the demographic distribution of SCI patients is changing, indicating a serious disease burden on healthcare systems and affected populations. […] Epidemiological data form the foundation for tracking the incidence of SCI, formulating prevention and diagnosis strategies and planning the allocation of medical resources. […] The reported incidence of SCI varies significantly, ranging from 7 to 152.2 per million people. […] Conducting epidemiological surveys of SCI on a global scale is time-consuming and labor-intensive. […] The incidence data of SCI were reported across 83 studies, encompassing a total of 324 sets of usable data. […] Data was collected from 29 countries. In developed countries, the incidence rate of TSCI was 16.40 (95% CI, 16.20-16.60) per million, whereas in developing countries, it was 30.17 (95% CI, 29.82-30.53) per million.

• #7 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  This study employs systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury (SCI) between 2000 and 2021, aiming to provide the most recent and comprehensive data support for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of SCI. […] Systematic searches were conducted on epidemiological studies of SCI published between January 1, 2000, and March 29, 2024. […] The pooled results from 229 studies indicated that the overall incidence rate of SCI was 23.77 (95% CI, 21.50-26.15) per million people, with traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) at a rate of 26.48 (95% CI, 24.15-28.93) per million people, and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries (NTSCI) at a rate of 17.93 (95% CI, 13.30-23.26) per million people. […] Between 2000 and 2021, the incidence of TSCI remained consistently high, between 20 and 45 per million people, whereas NTSCI incidence has seen a steady rise since 2007, stabilizing at a high rate of 25-35 per million people.

• #8 Spinal Cord Injuries: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-overview

  The incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) in the United States is approximately 40 cases per million population, or about 12,000 patients per year based on data in the National Spinal Cord Injury database. However, this estimate is based on older data from the 1990s as there has not been any new overall incidence studies completed. Estimates from various studies suggest that the number of people in the United States alive in 2010 with SCI was about 265,000 persons (range, 232,000-316,000). […] […] SCIs occur most frequently in July and least commonly in February. The most common day on which these injuries occur is Saturday. SCIs also occur more frequently during daylight hours, which may be due to the increased frequency of motor vehicle accidents and of diving and other recreational sporting accidents during the day. […]

• #9 Spinal Cord Injuries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/

  Between 250,000 and 500,000 patients each year suffer from SCIs globally. […] Approximately 17,000 new SCI cases in the United States occur each year, and 282,000 persons are estimated to be living with SCIs. […] SCIs disproportionately affect people younger than 30, leading to significant lifelong functional impairment and possibly causing numerous health, financial, and psychosocial complications.

• #10 Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-015-0061-4

  Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) has a high personal and socio-economic impact. Effective public health prevention policies that aim to reduce this burden are reliant on contemporary information of the risk and underlying causes of TSCI. This study contextualizes Swiss annual incidence rates within the European context, and provides detailed estimates by age, gender and etiology towards informing targeted intervention strategies. […] The crude annual incidence rate (IR) estimate of TSCI for the study period was 18.0 (95 % confidence interval 16.9-19.2) per one million population; standardized to the WHO world population IR was 21.7 (20.3-23.1) population. The injury rate of TSCI in Switzerland was intermediate in comparison to estimates for other European countries, which ranged from around 8.3 in Denmark to 33.6 per million in Greece. Males exhibited consistently higher IRs than females, with a highest IR ratio (IRR) of 3.9 (2.8-5.5) in young adults (aged 16 to 30).

• #11 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_1

  Worldwide, the average prevalence of spinal cord injury (SCI) is estimated to be 1:1000, and the mean incidence is proposed to be between 4 and 9 cases per 100,000 population per year. […] The mean incidence of SCI in developing countries is estimated to be 25.5/million/year with a range between 2.1 and 130.7/million/year. […] The incidence of SCI in industrialized countries ranges from 15 in Western Europe to 39/million/year in the USA. […] Most common causes for traumatic SCI are traffic accidents, falls, and results of violence, whereas the leading causes of non-traumatic SCI (NTSCI) are degenerative diseases and tumors (developed countries) and infections, particularly tuberculosis and HIV (developing countries). […] The majority of people with traumatic SCI are males (ratio men/women = 3:1), whereas in non-traumatic SCI, genders are almost equally distributed.

• #12 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The incidence rates of different types of SCI remain high, and the demographic distribution of SCI patients is changing, indicating a serious disease burden on healthcare systems and affected populations. […] Epidemiological data form the foundation for tracking the incidence of SCI, formulating prevention and diagnosis strategies and planning the allocation of medical resources. […] The reported incidence of SCI varies significantly, ranging from 7 to 152.2 per million people. […] Conducting epidemiological surveys of SCI on a global scale is time-consuming and labor-intensive. […] The incidence data of SCI were reported across 83 studies, encompassing a total of 324 sets of usable data. […] Data was collected from 29 countries. In developed countries, the incidence rate of TSCI was 16.40 (95% CI, 16.20-16.60) per million, whereas in developing countries, it was 30.17 (95% CI, 29.82-30.53) per million.

• #13 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2011178

  Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury has been studied extensively over the past 40 years. […] An extensive literature review was conducted to identify all relevant studies of descriptive epidemiology of traumatic SCI. […] The incidence of SCI in the rest of the world is much lower than in the United States. […] Two recent Scandinavian studies have evaluated trends in incidence rates over the past few decades. […] The average age at injury has increased from 28.3 years during the 1970s to 37.1 years between 2005 and 2008. […] The percentage of new injuries that are at least 60 years of age will continue to increase as well, perhaps by 2% over the next decade and lesser amounts thereafter. […] The average age at injury is a few years higher in most other countries than in the United States.

• #14 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury: Changes to Its Cause Amid Aging Population, a Single Center Study

  https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=4202

  Objective: To investigate the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) who were admitted to a department of rehabilitation of a university hospital. […] This study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic changes on SCI epidemiology in Korea with cross-sectional data of single university hospital. […] The epidemiology of SCI in Korea might be characterized by high mean age at time of injury and dominance of falls, especially low falls, as a cause of traumatic SCI. […] In the United States, epidemiologic changes in age, sex, and completeness of injury of SCI are continuously being monitored by the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC), and a gradual increase in the prevalence of the people with old age, female sex, and incomplete injury has been reported.

• #15 Changing trends in traumatic spinal cord injury in an aging society: Epidemiology of 1152 cases over 15 years from a single center in Japan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0298836

  The purpose of this study is to elucidate the current epidemiology and demographics of patients with TSCIs at the largest SCI center in Japan over the past 15 years. Additionally, the study aims to propose future strategies for the prevention of TSCIs. […] The mean age at injury increased over time, demonstrating an increasing trend in the proportion of elderly TSCIs over 60 years. A characteristic feature of TSCI in the elderly was that the injury was at the cervical level (C1-C4 or C5-C8), and the severity of injury included a comparatively large portion of TSCIs with mild neurological impairment, such as AIS C or D. […] This study presents the prospective findings of the demographics and epidemiology of TSCI in single center in Japan over a period of more than 15 years since 2005. Throughout the study period, approximately 80% of the patients were male. Since 2014, the average age at injury has gradually increased to exceed 60 years. As the number of injuries among the elderly increased, the injury mechanisms shifted from high-fall trauma and traffic accidents to falls on level surfaces and downstairs. Incomplete tetraplegia in the elderly due to upper cervical SCI also increased over time.

• #16 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury: Changes to Its Cause Amid Aging Population, a Single Center Study

  https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=4202

  The most common cause of traumatic SCI was falling off (37.3%), followed by motor vehicle crash (35.4%) and tripping over (19.3%). […] The proportion of falls had risen from 23% to 43% during the same time intervals, implying a change in trends regarding the etiology of traumatic SCI. […] In our study, the mean age at SCI was 52.8 years, and 39.82% of the overall SCI patients were aged 60 years or older. […] Among the 31 patients with traumatic SCI who experienced low fall injuries, 20 (64.5%) had underlying OPLL. […] The prevalence of OPLL in patients who were injured by tripping over was high at 64.5%.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Global estimates suggest that in 2021, approximately 15.4 million people were living with SCI. […] Males are more commonly affected by SCI than females, with consistently higher prevalence and YLDs attributed to this demographic. […] Life expectancy in people with SCI strongly correlates with neurological impairment and preventable secondary conditions. […] For people with SCI, the inhospital mortality rate is nearly three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

• #18 International surveillance study in acute spinal cord injury confirms viability of multinational clinical trials | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02395-0

  The epidemiological international landscape of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has evolved over the last decades along with given inherent differences in acute care and rehabilitation across countries and jurisdictions. […] However, to what extent these differences may influence neurological and functional recovery as well as the integrity of international trials is unclear. […] A total of 4601 patients with acute SCI were included. […] Over the course of 20 years, the ratio of male to female patients remained stable at 3:1, while the distribution of age at injury significantly shifted from unimodal (2001/02) to bimodal distribution (2019). […] The proportional distribution of injury severities and levels remained stable with the largest percentages of motor complete injuries. […] Despite some epidemiological changes and considerable advances in clinical management and rehabilitation, the neurological and functional recovery following SCI has remained stable over the last two decades.

• #19 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The incidence of SCI increases with age, revealing a complex relationship between aging and the heightened risk of SCI. […] Gender-based analysis reveals that the incidence of TSCI in males is approximately 3.2 times higher than in females, aligning with the gender ratio of TSCI patients at approximately 3:1, males to females.

• #20 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The incidence of SCI increases with age, revealing a complex relationship between aging and the heightened risk of SCI. […] Gender-based analysis reveals that the incidence of TSCI in males is approximately 3.2 times higher than in females, aligning with the gender ratio of TSCI patients at approximately 3:1, males to females.

• #21 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  The aim of the present study is to perform grouped analyses on incidence rates and trends of TSCI and examine the factors that are most strongly associated with short- and long-term mortality. […] Overall, age-sex-standardized TSCI incidence rate was 26.5 (95% CI, 25.0-27.9) per 1,000,000 inhabitants. […] TSCIs were more common among males, with an overall male to female ratio of 2.3:1. […] TSCI incidence rates were directly associated with age in both sexes, exceeding among older individuals (65 years), 59.2 and 23.3 per 1,000,000 for men and women, respectively. […] Over the 10-year study period, TSCI incidence remained relatively stable. […] Age-specific sex-stratified incidence rates of TSCIs grouped by cause and setting that led to the onset of the injury are reported. […] Regardless of the setting and anatomical level of the spinal cord injury, patients with TSCI are at increased risk of premature death.

• #22 Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review | JN

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-worldwide-spinal-cord-injury-a-literature-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JN

  The male:female ratio ranged from 1.10:128 to 6.69:121 among developed countries. As for nondeveloped countries, the ratio varied from 1.00:126 to 7.59:1. […] The cervical level of spine was the most common part of injury in both developed countries and nondeveloped countries. […] The incidence and prevalence of SCI have increased along with the expansion of human activity. […] Understanding and recognizing the epidemiological characteristics of SCI is indispensable for the optimal allocation of therapeutic resources and to provide more effective medical services to SCI patients. […] There have been a lot of changes in the trends of epidemiology of SCI. MVAs and falls are the most common causes of injury. SCI incidence varies by regions or countries. With the expansion of human activities, the incidence of SCI has gradually increased. […] The average age of patients with SCI has a tendency to increase gradually. Cervical level of spine was the most common site of injury; patients with tetraplegia were more than those with paraplegia. […] Mortality has been stabilized, although still persists at a high level.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Global estimates suggest that in 2021, approximately 15.4 million people were living with SCI. […] Males are more commonly affected by SCI than females, with consistently higher prevalence and YLDs attributed to this demographic. […] Life expectancy in people with SCI strongly correlates with neurological impairment and preventable secondary conditions. […] For people with SCI, the inhospital mortality rate is nearly three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

• #24 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  A retrospective population-based study. […] Describe the incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and mortality risks, based on the characteristics of the patient, anatomical level of the lesion, setting/cause of the injury, and type of healthcare support received within the regional trauma network (highly specialized trauma center or spoke hospital). […] Between 2011 and 2020, 1303 patients with incident TSCI were identified in a population of 4.9 million inhabitants. […] Over the past decade, age-sex-standardized TSCI incidence rates remained stable with 26.5 cases (95% CI, 25.0-27.9) per 1,000,000 inhabitants (mean age 59.2 years) and most cases were males (68.3%). […] Incidence was directly associated with age while the male to female ratio was inversely related. […] Most TSCIs were cervical lesions (52.1%), and the most common cause of injury were traffic crashes (29.9%) followed by occupational accidents (29.8%).

• #25 Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-015-0061-4

  Evidence suggests sports/leisure- and transport-related injuries in young men and falls among the elderly as prime targets for prevention policies and programs. […] The overall annual incidence rate between 2005 and 2012 was 18.0 per one million (95 % CI 16.9-19.2). Adjustment to the WHO world population resulted in similar, albeit slightly higher, overall annual incidence rates. In comparison with reported annual incidence rates by other nationally representative studies, overall incidence of TSCI for Switzerland was intermediately located. […] The most common causes of TSCI were falls, sports/leisure-related activities, and transport-related injuries. Fall-related injuries accounted for 37.1 % (N=346) of TSCI cases, with slightly more cases of paraplegias than tetraplegia (54.6 % versus 45.4 %, respectively).

• #26 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury: Changes to Its Cause Amid Aging Population, a Single Center Study

  https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=4202

  The most common cause of traumatic SCI was falling off (37.3%), followed by motor vehicle crash (35.4%) and tripping over (19.3%). […] The proportion of falls had risen from 23% to 43% during the same time intervals, implying a change in trends regarding the etiology of traumatic SCI. […] In our study, the mean age at SCI was 52.8 years, and 39.82% of the overall SCI patients were aged 60 years or older. […] Among the 31 patients with traumatic SCI who experienced low fall injuries, 20 (64.5%) had underlying OPLL. […] The prevalence of OPLL in patients who were injured by tripping over was high at 64.5%.

• #27 Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-015-0061-4

  Evidence suggests sports/leisure- and transport-related injuries in young men and falls among the elderly as prime targets for prevention policies and programs. […] The overall annual incidence rate between 2005 and 2012 was 18.0 per one million (95 % CI 16.9-19.2). Adjustment to the WHO world population resulted in similar, albeit slightly higher, overall annual incidence rates. In comparison with reported annual incidence rates by other nationally representative studies, overall incidence of TSCI for Switzerland was intermediately located. […] The most common causes of TSCI were falls, sports/leisure-related activities, and transport-related injuries. Fall-related injuries accounted for 37.1 % (N=346) of TSCI cases, with slightly more cases of paraplegias than tetraplegia (54.6 % versus 45.4 %, respectively).

• #28 Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-015-0061-4

  This study found that injury rates for Switzerland varied according to both age and sex with the highest annual IRs observed among men, and the greatest proportion of TSCIs occurring in individuals between 16 and 30 years. The most common cause of TSCI was falls, for which incidence steadily increased with increasing age. […] The estimated annual incidence rates of TSCI for Switzerland are comparable to other European countries and identified several groups at higher risk for TSCI within Switzerland, towards which prevention efforts should be aimed.

• #29 Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review | JN

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-worldwide-spinal-cord-injury-a-literature-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JN

  The male:female ratio ranged from 1.10:128 to 6.69:121 among developed countries. As for nondeveloped countries, the ratio varied from 1.00:126 to 7.59:1. […] The cervical level of spine was the most common part of injury in both developed countries and nondeveloped countries. […] The incidence and prevalence of SCI have increased along with the expansion of human activity. […] Understanding and recognizing the epidemiological characteristics of SCI is indispensable for the optimal allocation of therapeutic resources and to provide more effective medical services to SCI patients. […] There have been a lot of changes in the trends of epidemiology of SCI. MVAs and falls are the most common causes of injury. SCI incidence varies by regions or countries. With the expansion of human activities, the incidence of SCI has gradually increased. […] The average age of patients with SCI has a tendency to increase gradually. Cervical level of spine was the most common site of injury; patients with tetraplegia were more than those with paraplegia. […] Mortality has been stabilized, although still persists at a high level.

• #30 Changing trends in traumatic spinal cord injury in an aging society: Epidemiology of 1152 cases over 15 years from a single center in Japan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0298836

  Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) causes an insult to the central nervous system, often resulting in devastating temporary or permanent neurological impairment and disability, which places a substantial financial burden on the health-care system. This study aimed to clarify the up-to-date epidemiology and demographics of patients with TSCI treated at the largest SCI center in Japan. Data on all patients admitted to the Spinal Injuries Center with TSCI between May 2005 and December 2021 were prospectively collected using a customized, locally designed SCI database named the Japan Single Center Study for Spinal Cord Injury Database (JSSCI-DB). A total of 1152 patients were identified from the database. The study period was divided into the four- or five-year periods of 2005-2009, 2010-2013, 2014-2017, and 2018-2021 to facilitate the observation of general trends over time. Our results revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in age at injury. Since 2014, the average age of injury has increased to exceed 60 years. The most frequent spinal level affected by the injury was high cervical (C1-C4: 45.8%), followed by low cervical (C5-C8: 26.4%). Incomplete tetraplegia was the most common cause or etiology category of TSCI, accounting for 48.4% of cases. As the number of injuries among the elderly has increased, the injury mechanisms have shifted from high-fall trauma and traffic accidents to falls on level surfaces and downstairs. Given that Japan has one of the highest aging populations in the world, epidemiological studies in this country will be very helpful in determining health insurance and medical costs and deciding strategies for the prevention and treatment of TSCI in future aging populations worldwide.

• #31 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  A retrospective population-based study. […] Describe the incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and mortality risks, based on the characteristics of the patient, anatomical level of the lesion, setting/cause of the injury, and type of healthcare support received within the regional trauma network (highly specialized trauma center or spoke hospital). […] Between 2011 and 2020, 1303 patients with incident TSCI were identified in a population of 4.9 million inhabitants. […] Over the past decade, age-sex-standardized TSCI incidence rates remained stable with 26.5 cases (95% CI, 25.0-27.9) per 1,000,000 inhabitants (mean age 59.2 years) and most cases were males (68.3%). […] Incidence was directly associated with age while the male to female ratio was inversely related. […] Most TSCIs were cervical lesions (52.1%), and the most common cause of injury were traffic crashes (29.9%) followed by occupational accidents (29.8%).

• #32 Changing trends in traumatic spinal cord injury in an aging society: Epidemiology of 1152 cases over 15 years from a single center in Japan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0298836

  Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) causes an insult to the central nervous system, often resulting in devastating temporary or permanent neurological impairment and disability, which places a substantial financial burden on the health-care system. This study aimed to clarify the up-to-date epidemiology and demographics of patients with TSCI treated at the largest SCI center in Japan. Data on all patients admitted to the Spinal Injuries Center with TSCI between May 2005 and December 2021 were prospectively collected using a customized, locally designed SCI database named the Japan Single Center Study for Spinal Cord Injury Database (JSSCI-DB). A total of 1152 patients were identified from the database. The study period was divided into the four- or five-year periods of 2005-2009, 2010-2013, 2014-2017, and 2018-2021 to facilitate the observation of general trends over time. Our results revealed a statistically significant increasing trend in age at injury. Since 2014, the average age of injury has increased to exceed 60 years. The most frequent spinal level affected by the injury was high cervical (C1-C4: 45.8%), followed by low cervical (C5-C8: 26.4%). Incomplete tetraplegia was the most common cause or etiology category of TSCI, accounting for 48.4% of cases. As the number of injuries among the elderly has increased, the injury mechanisms have shifted from high-fall trauma and traffic accidents to falls on level surfaces and downstairs. Given that Japan has one of the highest aging populations in the world, epidemiological studies in this country will be very helpful in determining health insurance and medical costs and deciding strategies for the prevention and treatment of TSCI in future aging populations worldwide.

• #33 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_1

  Worldwide NTSCI increases significantly as well as the number of high-level tetraplegic patients with the need for permanent or artificial ventilation. […] In general, the percentage of tetraplegic patients has increased and nowadays equals that of paraplegic patients. […] Additionally, in industrialized countries, the mean age at the time of injury increases continuously, mostly due to older patients also experiencing SCI. […] The mortality rate in the first phase after SCI is directly linked to the availability and quality of primary care and rehabilitation approaches. […] Life expectancy is determined by the level of integration into a proper socioeconomic environment after initial treatment and directly related to the availability of qualified medical care in the event of complications such as pressure ulcers or urological problems.

• #34 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  This study employs systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury (SCI) between 2000 and 2021, aiming to provide the most recent and comprehensive data support for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of SCI. […] Systematic searches were conducted on epidemiological studies of SCI published between January 1, 2000, and March 29, 2024. […] The pooled results from 229 studies indicated that the overall incidence rate of SCI was 23.77 (95% CI, 21.50-26.15) per million people, with traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) at a rate of 26.48 (95% CI, 24.15-28.93) per million people, and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries (NTSCI) at a rate of 17.93 (95% CI, 13.30-23.26) per million people. […] Between 2000 and 2021, the incidence of TSCI remained consistently high, between 20 and 45 per million people, whereas NTSCI incidence has seen a steady rise since 2007, stabilizing at a high rate of 25-35 per million people.

• #35 International surveillance study in acute spinal cord injury confirms viability of multinational clinical trials | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02395-0

  The epidemiological international landscape of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has evolved over the last decades along with given inherent differences in acute care and rehabilitation across countries and jurisdictions. […] However, to what extent these differences may influence neurological and functional recovery as well as the integrity of international trials is unclear. […] A total of 4601 patients with acute SCI were included. […] Over the course of 20 years, the ratio of male to female patients remained stable at 3:1, while the distribution of age at injury significantly shifted from unimodal (2001/02) to bimodal distribution (2019). […] The proportional distribution of injury severities and levels remained stable with the largest percentages of motor complete injuries. […] Despite some epidemiological changes and considerable advances in clinical management and rehabilitation, the neurological and functional recovery following SCI has remained stable over the last two decades.

• #36 International surveillance study in acute spinal cord injury confirms viability of multinational clinical trials | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02395-0

  The epidemiological international landscape of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has evolved over the last decades along with given inherent differences in acute care and rehabilitation across countries and jurisdictions. […] However, to what extent these differences may influence neurological and functional recovery as well as the integrity of international trials is unclear. […] A total of 4601 patients with acute SCI were included. […] Over the course of 20 years, the ratio of male to female patients remained stable at 3:1, while the distribution of age at injury significantly shifted from unimodal (2001/02) to bimodal distribution (2019). […] The proportional distribution of injury severities and levels remained stable with the largest percentages of motor complete injuries. […] Despite some epidemiological changes and considerable advances in clinical management and rehabilitation, the neurological and functional recovery following SCI has remained stable over the last two decades.

• #37 International surveillance study in acute spinal cord injury confirms viability of multinational clinical trials | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02395-0

  The epidemiological international landscape of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has evolved over the last decades along with given inherent differences in acute care and rehabilitation across countries and jurisdictions. […] However, to what extent these differences may influence neurological and functional recovery as well as the integrity of international trials is unclear. […] A total of 4601 patients with acute SCI were included. […] Over the course of 20 years, the ratio of male to female patients remained stable at 3:1, while the distribution of age at injury significantly shifted from unimodal (2001/02) to bimodal distribution (2019). […] The proportional distribution of injury severities and levels remained stable with the largest percentages of motor complete injuries. […] Despite some epidemiological changes and considerable advances in clinical management and rehabilitation, the neurological and functional recovery following SCI has remained stable over the last two decades.

• #38 International surveillance study in acute spinal cord injury confirms viability of multinational clinical trials | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02395-0

  The second aim was to establish a benchmark for the rate and pattern of neurological and functional recovery after a spinal cord injury. […] Our international surveillance study revealed that rate, pattern, and variability of neurological and functional recovery remained stable between 2001 and 2019. […] With recovery rates remaining rather consistent over recent decades, the data from the EMSCI can be pooled across the years making it the largest longitudinal observational study world-wide. […] EMSCI constitutes an unparalleled resource to inform real-time clinical practice as well as guide the design and implementation forthcoming clinical trials targeting neural repair and neural plasticity.

• #39 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_1

  Worldwide NTSCI increases significantly as well as the number of high-level tetraplegic patients with the need for permanent or artificial ventilation. […] In general, the percentage of tetraplegic patients has increased and nowadays equals that of paraplegic patients. […] Additionally, in industrialized countries, the mean age at the time of injury increases continuously, mostly due to older patients also experiencing SCI. […] The mortality rate in the first phase after SCI is directly linked to the availability and quality of primary care and rehabilitation approaches. […] Life expectancy is determined by the level of integration into a proper socioeconomic environment after initial treatment and directly related to the availability of qualified medical care in the event of complications such as pressure ulcers or urological problems.

• #40 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  Mortality rates were greater for cervical lesions, and increased with age, remaining stably high among older individuals even 12 months after the accident. […] Public health policies should aim at reducing preventable TSCIs, and special attention should be drawn to long-term management of elderly patients in the attempt to decrease mortality rates. […] Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) are increasingly recognized as a global health priority. […] Worldwide, TSCIs have a considerable impact in terms of mortality and morbidity, and represent a relevant burden for healthcare systems due to the expensive and complex medical support required by patients with TSCI, in addition to economic consequences deriving from loss in productivity. […] Given the preventable nature of occupational accidents, traffic crashes, and falls, that are leading causes of TSCIs, public health experts should monitor TSCI trends and identify groups at increased risk, to implement targeted prevention policies.

• #41 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  There are wide geographical variations in the reported incidence, prevalence, as well as mortality related to TSCIs. […] The variability of estimates across countries can be partly explained by differences in terms of mechanism of injury, demographic characteristics of patients, as well as cultural and life-style differences. […] Age was strongly associated with an increased mortality at all time-points. […] The present results add evidence in support of mortality rates remaining elevated among older patients even one year after the injury. […] High cervical lesions (C1-C4) were associated with the highest mortality rates at all time-points, and especially one month after the lesion. […] Occupational accidents and traffic crashes were not associated with higher adjusted mortality risks compared to injuries due to other causes or settings.

• #42 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  There are wide geographical variations in the reported incidence, prevalence, as well as mortality related to TSCIs. […] The variability of estimates across countries can be partly explained by differences in terms of mechanism of injury, demographic characteristics of patients, as well as cultural and life-style differences. […] Age was strongly associated with an increased mortality at all time-points. […] The present results add evidence in support of mortality rates remaining elevated among older patients even one year after the injury. […] High cervical lesions (C1-C4) were associated with the highest mortality rates at all time-points, and especially one month after the lesion. […] Occupational accidents and traffic crashes were not associated with higher adjusted mortality risks compared to injuries due to other causes or settings.

• #43 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  There are wide geographical variations in the reported incidence, prevalence, as well as mortality related to TSCIs. […] The variability of estimates across countries can be partly explained by differences in terms of mechanism of injury, demographic characteristics of patients, as well as cultural and life-style differences. […] Age was strongly associated with an increased mortality at all time-points. […] The present results add evidence in support of mortality rates remaining elevated among older patients even one year after the injury. […] High cervical lesions (C1-C4) were associated with the highest mortality rates at all time-points, and especially one month after the lesion. […] Occupational accidents and traffic crashes were not associated with higher adjusted mortality risks compared to injuries due to other causes or settings.

• #44 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  There are wide geographical variations in the reported incidence, prevalence, as well as mortality related to TSCIs. […] The variability of estimates across countries can be partly explained by differences in terms of mechanism of injury, demographic characteristics of patients, as well as cultural and life-style differences. […] Age was strongly associated with an increased mortality at all time-points. […] The present results add evidence in support of mortality rates remaining elevated among older patients even one year after the injury. […] High cervical lesions (C1-C4) were associated with the highest mortality rates at all time-points, and especially one month after the lesion. […] Occupational accidents and traffic crashes were not associated with higher adjusted mortality risks compared to injuries due to other causes or settings.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Global estimates suggest that in 2021, approximately 15.4 million people were living with SCI. […] Males are more commonly affected by SCI than females, with consistently higher prevalence and YLDs attributed to this demographic. […] Life expectancy in people with SCI strongly correlates with neurological impairment and preventable secondary conditions. […] For people with SCI, the inhospital mortality rate is nearly three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

• #46

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] Effective prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and ongoing health care are essential to alleviate the global burden of SCI. […] Global estimates suggest that in 2021, approximately 15.4 million people were living with SCI. […] Males are more commonly affected by SCI than females, with consistently higher prevalence and YLDs attributed to this demographic. […] Life expectancy in people with SCI strongly correlates with neurological impairment and preventable secondary conditions. […] For people with SCI, the inhospital mortality rate is nearly three times higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.

• #47

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Many people with SCI, their carers and families face substantial social and economic consequences. […] While existing data limit global cost estimates of SCI, its economic burden is significant. […] The prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of SCI related secondary conditions are essential to increase life expectancy. […] Timely access to prehospital management, emergency and acute care and rehabilitation is essential to ensure survival and restore optimal levels of functioning, aimed at minimizing long-term disability. […] Long-term management is indispensable to maintain functioning and to prevent secondary conditions and premature mortality. […] Persons with disabilities such as SCI continue to experience substantial health inequities. […] Addressing inequities is essential to realize this mandate.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Many people with SCI, their carers and families face substantial social and economic consequences. […] While existing data limit global cost estimates of SCI, its economic burden is significant. […] The prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of SCI related secondary conditions are essential to increase life expectancy. […] Timely access to prehospital management, emergency and acute care and rehabilitation is essential to ensure survival and restore optimal levels of functioning, aimed at minimizing long-term disability. […] Long-term management is indispensable to maintain functioning and to prevent secondary conditions and premature mortality. […] Persons with disabilities such as SCI continue to experience substantial health inequities. […] Addressing inequities is essential to realize this mandate.

• #49 Acute traumatic spinal cord injury – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-traumatic-spinal-cord-injury

  Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) has become an epidemic in modern society. Despite advances made in the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvements in early recognition and treatment, it remains a devastating event, often producing severe and permanent disability. With a peak incidence in young adults, TSCI remains a costly problem for society; direct medical expenses accrued over the lifetime of one patient range from USD $500,000 to $2 million. […] This topic reviews acute TSCI.

• #50 Spinal Cord Injuries – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560721/

  Between 250,000 and 500,000 patients each year suffer from SCIs globally. […] Approximately 17,000 new SCI cases in the United States occur each year, and 282,000 persons are estimated to be living with SCIs. […] SCIs disproportionately affect people younger than 30, leading to significant lifelong functional impairment and possibly causing numerous health, financial, and psychosocial complications.

• #51

  https://scite.ai/reports/10.1038/sc.1991.34

  In the United States, injuries are the leading cause of premature lost years of life, surpassing cancer and heart disease combined. Public health surveillance of injuries such as spinal cord injury (SCI) has recently begun to evolve, following decades of experience with similar methods for infectious and chronic disease conditions. In 1985, the Federal Government’s Centers for Disease Control began to promote the development of surveillance systems for sentinel injuries at both the state and national level. […] Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic and costly result of both intentional and unintentional injury. We present data from the Health Statistics Services files of New Zealand for the year 1988 on the epidemiology of SCI resulting in morbidity. New Zealand has one of the highest rates of SCI in the western world and since 1979 this has been increasing. It occurs most often to young, Caucasian men and is typically the result of motor transport crashes. The ethnicity adjusted rates show high rates for Maori males. Children in New Zealand have greater than 4 times the risk of an SCI than American children. The rehabilitation and hospital costs for SCI are among the highest for all injuries.

• #52

  https://scite.ai/reports/10.1038/sc.1991.34

  The creation and utilization of databases, such as Regional Model Spinal Cord Systems, have increased the reporting of SCI occurrences and related injury information. […] An adjusted average incidence rate of 27.1 cases per million per year was obtained for this region. A high rate of SCI was found for the youngest age group, 14-24 year olds, and for African Americans. A high frequency of injuries was also observed for adults between the ages of 25-39 years. Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) were the leading cause of SCI. Contributing factors included alcohol and widespread non-use of vehicle safety precautions.

• #53 Spinal cord injury epidemiology [Neurosurgery Education Wiki]

  https://neurosurgery.education/wiki/doku.php?id=spinal_cord_injury_epidemiology

  Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury in British Columbia, Canada: 20 Years of Population-Based Administrative Data. […] Spinal cord injury epidemiology is changing as preventative interventions reduce injuries in younger individuals, and there is an increased incidence of incomplete injuries in aging populations. […] Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) affect up to 500,000 people worldwide each year, and their high morbidity is associated with substantial individual and societal burden and socioeconomic impact. […] TSCIs most commonly affect young males and result from road traffic accidents, but recent reports also highlight their increasing incidence in older adults as a result of low-energy falls. […] These registries have identified changes in epidemiology, recovery patterns, complication incidence, and the impact of practice changes like early decompression.

• #54

  https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/International_surveillance_study_in_acute_spinal_cord_injury_confirms_viability_of_multinational_clinical_trials/6049776

  The epidemiological international landscape of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has evolved over the last decades along with given inherent differences in acute care and rehabilitation across countries and jurisdictions. […] A total of 4601 patients with acute SCI were included. […] Despite some epidemiological changes and considerable advances in clinical management and rehabilitation, the neurological and functional recovery following SCI has remained stable over the last two decades. […] Our study, including a newly created open-access and online surveillance tool, constitutes an unparalleled resource to inform clinical practice and implementation of forthcoming clinical trials targeting neural repair and plasticity in acute spinal cord injury.

• #55

  https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/International_surveillance_study_in_acute_spinal_cord_injury_confirms_viability_of_multinational_clinical_trials/6049776

  The epidemiological international landscape of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has evolved over the last decades along with given inherent differences in acute care and rehabilitation across countries and jurisdictions. […] A total of 4601 patients with acute SCI were included. […] Despite some epidemiological changes and considerable advances in clinical management and rehabilitation, the neurological and functional recovery following SCI has remained stable over the last two decades. […] Our study, including a newly created open-access and online surveillance tool, constitutes an unparalleled resource to inform clinical practice and implementation of forthcoming clinical trials targeting neural repair and plasticity in acute spinal cord injury.

• #56 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury: Changes to Its Cause Amid Aging Population, a Single Center Study

  https://www.e-arm.org/journal/view.php?number=4202

  Objective: To investigate the epidemiologic and demographic characteristics of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) who were admitted to a department of rehabilitation of a university hospital. […] This study aimed to investigate the effect of demographic changes on SCI epidemiology in Korea with cross-sectional data of single university hospital. […] The epidemiology of SCI in Korea might be characterized by high mean age at time of injury and dominance of falls, especially low falls, as a cause of traumatic SCI. […] In the United States, epidemiologic changes in age, sex, and completeness of injury of SCI are continuously being monitored by the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC), and a gradual increase in the prevalence of the people with old age, female sex, and incomplete injury has been reported.

• #57 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  Mortality rates were greater for cervical lesions, and increased with age, remaining stably high among older individuals even 12 months after the accident. […] Public health policies should aim at reducing preventable TSCIs, and special attention should be drawn to long-term management of elderly patients in the attempt to decrease mortality rates. […] Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) are increasingly recognized as a global health priority. […] Worldwide, TSCIs have a considerable impact in terms of mortality and morbidity, and represent a relevant burden for healthcare systems due to the expensive and complex medical support required by patients with TSCI, in addition to economic consequences deriving from loss in productivity. […] Given the preventable nature of occupational accidents, traffic crashes, and falls, that are leading causes of TSCIs, public health experts should monitor TSCI trends and identify groups at increased risk, to implement targeted prevention policies.

• #58 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  Mortality rates were greater for cervical lesions, and increased with age, remaining stably high among older individuals even 12 months after the accident. […] Public health policies should aim at reducing preventable TSCIs, and special attention should be drawn to long-term management of elderly patients in the attempt to decrease mortality rates. […] Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) are increasingly recognized as a global health priority. […] Worldwide, TSCIs have a considerable impact in terms of mortality and morbidity, and represent a relevant burden for healthcare systems due to the expensive and complex medical support required by patients with TSCI, in addition to economic consequences deriving from loss in productivity. […] Given the preventable nature of occupational accidents, traffic crashes, and falls, that are leading causes of TSCIs, public health experts should monitor TSCI trends and identify groups at increased risk, to implement targeted prevention policies.

• #59 Epidemiology and contemporary risk profile of traumatic spinal cord injury in Switzerland | Injury Epidemiology | Full Text

  https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40621-015-0061-4

  Evidence suggests sports/leisure- and transport-related injuries in young men and falls among the elderly as prime targets for prevention policies and programs. […] The overall annual incidence rate between 2005 and 2012 was 18.0 per one million (95 % CI 16.9-19.2). Adjustment to the WHO world population resulted in similar, albeit slightly higher, overall annual incidence rates. In comparison with reported annual incidence rates by other nationally representative studies, overall incidence of TSCI for Switzerland was intermediately located. […] The most common causes of TSCI were falls, sports/leisure-related activities, and transport-related injuries. Fall-related injuries accounted for 37.1 % (N=346) of TSCI cases, with slightly more cases of paraplegias than tetraplegia (54.6 % versus 45.4 %, respectively).

• #60 SciELO Brazil – EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/9WmmmSHq5fsRHyBZDMcJbnJ/

  A recent systematic review analyzed 10 studies on the epidemiology of SCI in Brazil, published from 2010 to 2016. […] A meta-analysis of 64 studies on the epidemiology of SCI in 28 developing countries showed an incidence of 25.5 cases per million inhabitants per year, ranging from 2.1 to 130.7/million/year. […] The data from the aforementioned study were similar to the findings of our study, which showed a prevalence of 82.9% of men, a mean age at SCI of 26.5 years, and traffic accidents as the cause of SCI in 56.1% of cases. […] Due to the high morbidity of SCI and its prevalence mainly in young adult men, SCI prevention campaigns directed at this population are essential.

• #61 SciELO Brazil – EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL

  https://www.scielo.br/j/aob/a/9WmmmSHq5fsRHyBZDMcJbnJ/

  Objective: to outline the profile of risk groups for spinal cord injury (SCI) at the Hospital de Clinicas de Campinas by an epidemiological survey of 41 patients with SCI. […] A recent meta-analysis reviewed the worldwide incidence of SCI, reaching 105 new cases per million inhabitants, with a higher incidence in developing countries. […] The incidence of SCI in the US is 38 new cases per million inhabitants per year, or 10,000 new cases per year, of which 4,000 die before reaching hospital and 1,000 during hospitalization. […] Knowledge of the epidemiology of SCI is essential for proposing preventive measures and concentrating technical and human resources in reference services for the care and treatment of these patients. […] In Brazil, estimates show the occurrence of 40 new cases of SCI per million inhabitants, representing about 8,000 new cases a year, with a high cost to the health system.

• #62 Epidemiology of Spinal Cord Injury | Springer Publishing

  https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-3775-3/part/part01/chapter/ch04

  Knowledge of trends in spinal cord injury (SCI) epidemiology can help assess future healthcare needs throughout the region and country. This chapter provides an overview of the demographic, injury, and clinical profiles of people with acute SCI and the characteristics of those currently living with SCI. It discusses the economic impacts of SCI. […] The work in understanding the global epidemiology of SCI has been prolific. Future epidemiology efforts should focus on developing a more accurate profile of persons with SCI who are alive today as well as the direct and indirect costs of SCI. This will allow clinical and other lifelong supportive services to be better organized and coordinated.

• #63 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The incidence rates of different types of SCI remain high, and the demographic distribution of SCI patients is changing, indicating a serious disease burden on healthcare systems and affected populations. […] Epidemiological data form the foundation for tracking the incidence of SCI, formulating prevention and diagnosis strategies and planning the allocation of medical resources. […] The reported incidence of SCI varies significantly, ranging from 7 to 152.2 per million people. […] Conducting epidemiological surveys of SCI on a global scale is time-consuming and labor-intensive. […] The incidence data of SCI were reported across 83 studies, encompassing a total of 324 sets of usable data. […] Data was collected from 29 countries. In developed countries, the incidence rate of TSCI was 16.40 (95% CI, 16.20-16.60) per million, whereas in developing countries, it was 30.17 (95% CI, 29.82-30.53) per million.

• #64 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  There are wide geographical variations in the reported incidence, prevalence, as well as mortality related to TSCIs. […] The variability of estimates across countries can be partly explained by differences in terms of mechanism of injury, demographic characteristics of patients, as well as cultural and life-style differences. […] Age was strongly associated with an increased mortality at all time-points. […] The present results add evidence in support of mortality rates remaining elevated among older patients even one year after the injury. […] High cervical lesions (C1-C4) were associated with the highest mortality rates at all time-points, and especially one month after the lesion. […] Occupational accidents and traffic crashes were not associated with higher adjusted mortality risks compared to injuries due to other causes or settings.

• #65 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  There are wide geographical variations in the reported incidence, prevalence, as well as mortality related to TSCIs. […] The variability of estimates across countries can be partly explained by differences in terms of mechanism of injury, demographic characteristics of patients, as well as cultural and life-style differences. […] Age was strongly associated with an increased mortality at all time-points. […] The present results add evidence in support of mortality rates remaining elevated among older patients even one year after the injury. […] High cervical lesions (C1-C4) were associated with the highest mortality rates at all time-points, and especially one month after the lesion. […] Occupational accidents and traffic crashes were not associated with higher adjusted mortality risks compared to injuries due to other causes or settings.

• #66

  https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/fulltext/2001/12151/epidemiology,_demographics,_and_pathophysiology_of.2.aspx

  The annual incidence of SCI in developed countries varies from 11.5 to 53.4 per million population. […] An accurate incidence rate requires enumeration of all injured individuals as well as a valid count of the population at risk. […] The mortality of these injuries, despite their relatively low incidence, is between 48.3% and 79% either at the time of the accident or on arrival to the hospital. […] Mortality aside, the relative morbidity associated with acute SCI is also high, with many survivors requiring prolonged or repeated admissions to hospitals for complications after the injury. […] The incidence rate of those reaching the hospital alive increased from 17 (1935-1944) to 50 in the 1975-1981 period. […] It seems probable that over the past 20 years the incidence has not decreased but survival has continued to improve.

• #67

  https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/fulltext/2001/12151/epidemiology,_demographics,_and_pathophysiology_of.2.aspx

  The annual incidence of SCI in developed countries varies from 11.5 to 53.4 per million population. […] An accurate incidence rate requires enumeration of all injured individuals as well as a valid count of the population at risk. […] The mortality of these injuries, despite their relatively low incidence, is between 48.3% and 79% either at the time of the accident or on arrival to the hospital. […] Mortality aside, the relative morbidity associated with acute SCI is also high, with many survivors requiring prolonged or repeated admissions to hospitals for complications after the injury. […] The incidence rate of those reaching the hospital alive increased from 17 (1935-1944) to 50 in the 1975-1981 period. […] It seems probable that over the past 20 years the incidence has not decreased but survival has continued to improve.

• #68 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2011178

  Given the estimate of a 40.7 per million incidence rate used in the Canadian study and their use of US life expectancy data, the estimate of prevalence in Canada should be comparable to prevalence of SCI in the United States. […] The mean age of persons alive in December 2008 who were enrolled in the combined US data set was 45.4 years. […] The percentage of persons with SCI in Canada who are alive in 2010 and at least 60 years of age is estimated to be 36.2%. […] The trends toward higher injury levels and older age at injury will provide significant challenges for research. […] Future epidemiological efforts should focus on developing a more accurate profile of persons with SCI who are alive today.

• #69 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sc2011178

  Given the estimate of a 40.7 per million incidence rate used in the Canadian study and their use of US life expectancy data, the estimate of prevalence in Canada should be comparable to prevalence of SCI in the United States. […] The mean age of persons alive in December 2008 who were enrolled in the combined US data set was 45.4 years. […] The percentage of persons with SCI in Canada who are alive in 2010 and at least 60 years of age is estimated to be 36.2%. […] The trends toward higher injury levels and older age at injury will provide significant challenges for research. […] Future epidemiological efforts should focus on developing a more accurate profile of persons with SCI who are alive today.

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