Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spinal Cord Injury: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12098-spinal-cord-injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) happens when theres damage to your spinal cord, a thick bundle of nerve fibers that allows your brain to communicate with other nerves almost everywhere else in your body. These injuries can range from minor and manageable to severe and permanent. […] Spinal cord injuries can happen for many reasons. Possible causes include (but arent limited to): Motor vehicle crashes. These are the most common cause. They make up more than 37% of all SCIs. Falls. They make up about 31% of all SCIs. Violence-related injuries. This includes penetrating injuries from bullets or sharp objects like knives. They make up about 15% of all SCIs. Sports-related injuries. These account for about 8% of SCIs. Diving is the most common sports-related spinal cord injury. […] Other common causes of or contributing factors to spinal cord injuries include: Conditions that make it easier for your bones to break, like osteopenia and osteoporosis. Spine tumors, including cancers. Cysts or fluid-filled cavities within your spinal cord (syringomyelia). Infections that attack your spinal cord, or cause swelling and inflammation in surrounding tissues that then press on your spinal cord. Lack of blood flow (ischemia) to your spinal cord. Congenital spinal conditions, such as myelomeningocele or spina bifida. Autoimmune or inflammatory conditions like Guillain-Barr syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica or transverse myelitis. Genetic conditions like hereditary spastic paraplegia. Electrocution (if the electric current travels along or near your spinal cord).

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinal-cord-injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cordthe bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain. […] Direct injury to the spinal cord itself or damage to the tissue and bones (vertebrae) that surround the spinal cord can cause an SCI. […] Motor vehicle accidents and serious falls are the most common causes of SCI in the U.S. Other causes include: Acts of violence (mostly gunshot wounds and assaults), Sports injuries, Medical or surgical injuries, Industrial or workplace accidents, Diseases, Conditions that can damage the spinal cord. […] Risk factors for an SCI include age (either being between ages 16 and 30, or after age 65 for dangerous falls), alcohol use, or not wearing proper gearsuch as a seat belt or protective sports equipment.

• #3 Learn About Spinal Cord Injuries | Shepherd Center

  https://shepherd.org/treatment/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/overview/

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord, which is a crucial bundle of nerves that carry signals between the brain and the rest of the body. […] Spinal cord injuries can result from direct trauma to the spinal cord itself, such as a blow or compression, or from damage to the bones, tissues, and ligaments surrounding the spinal cord. This damage can disrupt the transmission of signals, leading to changes in sensation, movement, strength, and bodily functions below the level of injury. […] Spinal cord injuries result from a range of traumatic events or medical conditions. Understanding the common causes and risk factors can help in prevention and in recognizing the challenges you may face. […] Traumatic injuries include motor vehicle accidents, falls, acts of violence, sports injuries, and diving into shallow water. […] Non-traumatic injuries/illnesses include cancer and tumors, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis and spinal inflammation, and arthritis and spinal stenosis.

• #4 Causes of Spinal Cord Injuries | SpinalCord.com

  https://www.spinalcord.com/causes-of-non-traumatic-traumatic-spinal-cord-injuries

  Spinal cord injuries occur for many different reasons. Depending upon the severity of the injury, patients symptoms may be mild, moderate, or severe enough to cause death. […] Causes for spinal cord injuries are characterized as traumatic or non-traumatic. Traumatic injuries are caused by an abrupt traumatic hit to the spine which results in damage to one or more of the vertebrae, or a severing of the spinal cord. Non-traumatic injuries are the result of slow internal damage to the spinal cord region. […] Traumatic spinal cord injuries occur due to: Motor vehicle accidents (38%), Slips/falls (30.5%), Acts of violence (13.5%), Sports-related injuries (9%), Medical / surgical (5%), Other (4%). […] Non-traumatic spinal cord injuries occur due to: Degeneration of the spinal column, Infections, Cancer/tumors, Inflammation, Congenital medical issues.

• #5 Causes of Spinal Cord Injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3584795/

  Knowledge of the causes of spinal cord injury (SCI) and associated factors is critical in the development of successful prevention programs. […] This study analyzed data from the National SCI Database (NSCID) and National Shriners SCI Database (NSSCID) in the United States to examine specific etiologies of SCI by age, sex, race, ethnicity, day and month of injury, and neurologic outcomes. […] The most common causes of SCI were automobile crashes (31.5%) and falls (25.3%), followed by gunshot wounds (10.4%), motorcycle crashes (6.8%), diving incidents (4.7%), and medical/surgical complications (4.3%), which collectively accounted for 83.1% of total SCIs since 2005. […] Automobile crashes were the leading cause of SCI until age 45 years, whereas falls were the leading cause after age 45 years.

• #6 Spinal Cord Injuries: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/793582-overview

  Since 2005, the most common causes of spinal cord injury (SCI) remain: (1) motor vehicle accidents (40.4%); (2) falls (27.9%), most common in those aged 45 years or older. Older females with osteoporosis have a propensity for vertebral fractures from falls with associated SCI; (3) interpersonal violence (primarily gunshot wounds) (15.0%), which is the most common cause in some US urban settings. Among patients who had suffered an assault, SCI from a penetrating injury tended to be worse than that from a blunt injury; […] (4) and sports (8.0%), in which diving is the most common cause. […] Other causes of SCI include the following: vascular disorders, tumors, infectious conditions, spondylosis, iatrogenic injuries, especially after spinal injections and epidural catheter placement, vertebral fractures secondary to osteoporosis, and developmental disorders. […] Injuries often associated with traumatic SCI also include bone fractures (29.3%), loss of consciousness (17.8%), and traumatic brain injury (TBI) affecting emotional/cognitive functioning (11.5%). […] The rate of alcohol intoxication among individuals who sustain spinal cord injuries is 17%49%.

• #7 Facts about Spinal Cord Injury | Brain and Spinal Injury Trust Fund Commission

  https://bsitf.georgia.gov/media-room/facts-about-spinal-cord-injury

  Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when a traumatic event results in damage to cells within the spinal cord or severs the nerves that relay signals up and down the spinal cord. […] The leading causes of SCI (2015) are: Motor vehicle accidents (38.3%), Acts of violence (13.8%), Falls (31.6%), Sports (8.2%) (2/3 of sports injuries are from diving), Medical/Surgical (4.3%), Other (1.3%). […] According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Association falls overtake motor vehicles as the leading cause of injury after age 45. Acts of violence and sports cause fewer injuries as age increases.

• #8 6 Most Common Causes of SCI in the US

  https://www.spinalcord.com/blog/6-most-common-causes-of-sci

  Vehicle accidents cause 38% of spinal cord injuries in the United States. […] Falls can happen to anyone, anywhere, and at any time. As a result, falls cause 31% of spinal cord injuries in the United States. […] 14% of spinal cord injuries in the United States are caused by violence. […] Sports injuries, particularly those that involve high-impact collisions and falls, can also result in spinal cord injuries. […] Surgery is often a necessary and life-saving treatment option and the risk of spinal cord injury during surgery is relatively low. […] Diving accidents account for 4% of spinal cord injuries in the United States.

• #9 Treating Symptoms of a Spinal Cord Injury | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/neilsen-physical-rehab-hospital/specialties/sci-spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-and-causes

  Spinal cord injuries occur in two ways: either from an outside impact or from something that happens inside your body. The spinal cord does not have to be severed or broken for an injury to occur. In many cases, an injury takes place when the spinal cord is bruised but still intact. […] There are two types of spinal cord injuries: […] Traumatic spinal cord injury After a car accident, sports injury, fall, or act of violence (such as a gunshot wound), your vertebrae may be dislocated, fractured or compressed. As a result, parts of your nerve cells are damaged, which means communication can no longer occur between the body and the brain. […] Nontraumatic spinal cord injury A tumor, infection, arthritis, and inflammation can lead to damage of your spinal cord. […] The most common cause of spinal cord injury is a car accident, but many patients experience an injury outside a car. Since 2015, data on spinal cord injuries show the following results: […] 37.5% are caused by car accidents […] 31.7% are a result of falls […] 15.4% take place after acts of violence, primarily gunshot wounds […] 8% result from sports accidents […] 3.7% take place for medical/surgical reasons […] 3.8% have other various causes.

• #10 Causes of Spinal Cord Injury

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3584795/

  The percentage of SCIs due to falls has steadily increased over the last 4 decades, from 17% in the 1970s to 28% in 2005 to 2011. […] Motor vehicle crashes have consistently been the leading cause of SCI over the last 40 years, accounting for about 40% to 50% of all SCIs reported to the NSCID. […] The etiology of SCI is analyzed with respect to age, gender, race/ethnicity, day of the week, month of the year, and neurological level and severity. […] The present findings suggest that prevention strategies should be tailored to the targeted population and major causes to have a meaningful impact on reducing the incidence of SCI.

• #11 Types of Spinal Cord Injury | Reeve Foundation

  https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury/

  There are approximately 17,730 new cases of Spinal Cord Injury from trauma each year with an annual total of 291,000. Men number 78% of the total. […] Causes of Spinal Cord Injury from Trauma since 2019 include Automobile Crashes (39.3%), Falls (31.8%), Violence (13.5%), Sports (8%), Medical Surgical Complications (4.3%), Other (3.1%).

• #12 Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review | JN

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-worldwide-spinal-cord-injury-a-literature-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JN

  As for etiology of SCI, because of the growing aging population, no matter in developing or developed countries, falls gradually tend to be one of the main causes of SCI, challenging social health systems and individual economic pressure. However, MVAs are still the principal cause in some developed countries, especially after drunk and drugged driving, and even without wearing seat belts, in which major groups are young and middle-aged persons.30,41 […] The incidence and prevalence of SCI have increased along with the expansion of human activity. The incidence rates in developed countries ranged from 13.121 to 163.420 per million people. The rates in nondeveloped countries varied from 13.019 to 220.022 per million people. Such a broad range might be due to various sampling methods and scopes of research. […] The etiology of high falls was more probably related to work, resulting in thoracic and complete injury, while the cause of low falls was more likely associated with cervical and incomplete motor dysfunction injury.46

• #13 Spinal Cord Injury Causes – Warner Law Offices PLLC

  https://www.wvpersonalinjury.com/spinal-cord-injury-causes/

  Slips and falls are the second most common cause of spinal cord injuries, but they are the most common cause for older adults and seniors. […] Gunshot wounds, stab wounds, and other similar acts of violence make up around 12 percent of all spinal cord injury causes, which makes them the third most common cause of spinal cord injuries. […] Unfortunately, medical or surgical complications occur, and they can sometimes cause a spinal cord injury. A little over 4 percent of all spinal cord injuries are caused by a medical or surgical complication. […] Accidents in the workplace can lead to severe injuries, especially in jobs involving manual labor or machinery use.

• #14 Epidemiology of worldwide spinal cord injury: a literature review | JN

  https://www.dovepress.com/epidemiology-of-worldwide-spinal-cord-injury-a-literature-review-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JN

  Non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) is a special type of SCI that is not caused by traumatic reasons. The etiologies of NTSCI include vertebral spondylosis (spinal stenosis), tumorous compression, vascular ischemia and congenital disease.46 […] There are diverse causes of SCI, including falls (falls from height, simple falls), motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)/motor vehicle crashes, sports-related accidents, violence and other remaining causes of injury. Certain differences exist between regions or countries. MVAs and falls are the most common causes of injury accounting for nearly equal percentages. The main cause of SCI in developed countries used to be MVAs, but in recent researches, it turned to be falls. However, the most common cause of SCI in nondeveloped countries was still falls.1118

• #15 Causes of Spinal Cord Injury | Koonz McKenney Johnson & DePaolis LLP

  https://koonz.com/causes-of-spinal-cord-injury/

  Spinal cord injuries can be painful and hard to recover from. If you have suffered from a spinal cord injury, it is important to understand what caused your injury so that you can seek money from the person responsible for your injury. […] The most common causes of spinal cord injury in the United States are car accidents, falls, acts of violence, sports-related accidents and diseases. […] Car accidents are the most common cause of spinal cord injuries. About fifty percent of all spinal cord injuries are the result of a car accident. […] About twenty percent of spinal cord injuries are the result of a fall. Falls are also the leading cause of spinal cord injury to individuals older than age 65. […] Violent acts, such as gunshot and knife wounds, cause about fifteen percent of spinal cord injuries.

• #16 Spinal Cord Injury in Children – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/spinal-injuries/spinal-cord-injury-in-children

  Most spinal cord injuries in children younger than 8 years result from motor vehicle crashes, falls, and child abuse; spinal cord injuries in older children are more likely to result from motor vehicle crashes or sports injuries. […] In children younger than 8 years, neck spinal injuries are most commonly caused by motor vehicle crashes, falls, and child abuse. In children older than 8 years, motor vehicle crashes and sports injuries, particularly injuries due to gymnastics, diving, horseback riding, American football, and wrestling, are common causes of spine injuries. […] Spinal cord injury can be caused by pulling or stretching of the spinal cord, pressure on the nerves or spinal cord (spinal cord impingement), spinal cord concussion (similar to a brain concussion), and injury to the blood vessels.

• #17 WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SPINAL CORD INJURY? – Facing Disability

  https://facingdisability.com/blog/what-are-the-causes-of-spinal-cord-injury

  The major causes of spinal cord injuries in the U.S. remain relatively unchanged, according to a new fact sheet recently released by the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. Vehicular accidents, accidental falls, acts of violence and sports and recreation account for more than 90 per cent of all spinal cord injuries. […] Vehicular accidents remain the number-one cause, accounting for almost 4 out of 10 spinal cord injuries. […] Accidental falls are the number-two cause, responsible for about 30 per cent of all spinal cord injuries. […] The third major causes of SCI are acts of violence, which are responsible for about 15% of the total. […] Sports and recreation activities rank number-four in causes of spinal cord injury, with diving accidents being by far the most common cause, followed by winter sports, surfing and horseback riding.

• #18 Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: a large population-based study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41393-022-00795-w

  Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCI) are increasingly recognized as a global health priority. […] Traffic crashes, falls, and self-inflicted violence are among the most common causes of injury-related TSCIs worldwide. […] Given the preventable nature of occupational accidents, traffic crashes, and falls, that are leading causes of TSCIs, public health experts should monitor TSCI trends and identify groups at increased risk, to implement targeted prevention policies. […] Most TSCIs were cervical lesions (52.1%), and the most common cause of injury were traffic crashes (29.9%) followed by occupational accidents (29.8%). […] The incidence of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar or sacral injuries varies a lot in previous literature. […] When examining the causes of the injury, it was possible to observe that traffic crashes accounted for about half of all TSCI cases among younger men and women.

• #19 Causes of Spinal Cord Injuries | Demas Law Group, P.C.

  https://www.injury-attorneys.com/blog/common-causes-of-spinal-cord-injuries/

  Estimates suggest that 294,000 people live with a spinal cord injury in the U.S. today. More than 17,800 new cases are reported every year. […] Many spinal cord injuries are the result of traumatic accidents such as: Car accidents, Truck accidents, Motorcycle accidents, Bicycle accidents, Boating accidents, Bus accidents, Pedestrian accidents, Train accidents, E-scooter accidents, Construction accidents, Slip and fall accidents, Workplace accidents, Elevator/escalator accidents, Swimming pool accidents, Defective product accidents.

• #20 Spinal Cord Injuries: Causes, Case Examples and Compensation

  https://www.wkw.com/spinal-cord-injuries/

  Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can be life-altering for victims and their families, causing extreme pain, loss of movement, and even permanent disability. […] A hard blow to the back, neck, or pelvis is the most common cause of spinal cord injuries. The trauma can fracture, compress, or dislocate one or more vertebrae, causing the spinal cord to swell. If not treated quickly, the brains ability to carry messages throughout the body can be permanently impaired. […] Injuries of this nature can happen in a variety of circumstances, including: Motor vehicle accidents, Workplace accidents, Slips and falls, Medical malpractice, Farming accidents, Defective products.

• #21 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. […] In the majority of cases the damage results from physical trauma such as car accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, or sports injuries, but it can also result from nontraumatic causes such as infection, insufficient blood flow, and tumors. […] Spinal cord injuries are most often caused by physical trauma. […] In the U.S., motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of SCIs; second are falls, then violence such as gunshot wounds, then sports injuries. […] Another potential cause of SCI is iatrogenic injury, caused by an improperly done medical procedure such as an injection into the spinal column. […] SCI can also be of a nontraumatic origin. Nontraumatic lesions cause anywhere from 30 to 80% of all SCI; the percentage varies by locale, influenced by efforts to prevent trauma.

• #22 8 Common Causes of Spinal Cord Injuries in Washington

  https://www.becauseyouwanttowin.com/8-common-causes-of-spinal-cord-injuries-in-washington/

  Falls account for nearly 40% of spinal cord injuries in the state each year. […] Motor vehicle crashes are the second most common cause of spinal cord injuries in Washington. Over 25% of spinal cord injuries are attributed to car accidents each year. […] Approximately 3% of spinal cord injuries are caused by preventable medical errors and surgical accidents. […] In some cases, spinal cord damage is caused by infection or illness rather than injury. […] While not directly causing spinal injuries, alcohol use contributes to about 1 in 4 spinal cord injuries in Washington.

• #23 The Most Common Causes of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) | Cullan & Cullan

  https://www.doctorspracticinglaw.com/news/the-most-common-causes-of-spinal-cord-injury-sci/

  While spinal cord injury (SCI) is thankfully somewhat rare, but is one of the most devastating injuries. Its estimated around 18,000 people suffer this type of damage each year. Spinal cord injury is typically caused either by a serious accident, serious fall, infections, medical mistake or a violent attack. […] Falls are the second most common cause of spinal cord injury, a figure that surprises many. […] Medical malpractice of multiple types can also lead to spinal cord injury. […] Spinal cord injury can also happen during childbirth if a doctor intervenes with labor in a forceful manner. […] While not as common, enough people suffer a spinal cord injury due to either a violent attack or sports accident that its important to be aware of the risk from these situations. […] The majority of violence-related SCIs are caused by guns, but knife attacks and even weaponless violence can also permanently damage the spinal cord.

• #24 Spinal Cord Injury: Signs, Causes, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/spinal-injury

  A spinal cord injury is often the result of an unpredictable accident or violent event. The following can all result in damage to the spinal cord: a violent attack such as a stabbing or a gunshot […] trauma during a car accident, specifically trauma to the face, head, and neck region, back, or chest area […] falling from a significant height […] head or spinal injuries during sporting events […] electrical accidents […] severe twisting of the middle portion of the torso.

• #25 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  In developed countries, the most common cause of nontraumatic SCI is degenerative diseases, followed by tumors; in many developing countries the leading cause is infection such as HIV and tuberculosis. […] Congenital conditions and tumors that compress the cord can also cause SCI, as can vertebral spondylosis and ischemia.

• #26 Acute vs. Chronic Spinal Cord Injuries | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/acute-vs-chronic/

  Whether its the result of a car accident, a sudden fall, an infection, or a tumor, a spinal cord injury (SCI) can change your life entirely. […] Acute spinal cord injury is caused by a traumatic injury that partially tears, bruises, or completely tears the spinal cord. […] Acute SCI commonly occurs when the neck area or spine is compressed or bent. Common accidents that cause SCI include: […] Chronic SCI is caused by a vascular or mechanical distortion of the spinal cord arising from a tumor, trauma, infection, or other space-occupying lesions. […] Chronic SCI can happen to people of all ages. However, some factors have higher chances of sustaining this type of injury. It can be caused by arthritis, certain types of cancer, and some health conditions, like polio and spina bifida.

• #27 Spinal Cord Injury Causes – Warner Law Offices PLLC

  https://www.wvpersonalinjury.com/spinal-cord-injury-causes/

  Causes of spinal cord injuries, such as car accidents, truck accidents, medical complications, and slips and falls, result in bruising or tearing that may have damaging and long-term effects on your body’s ability to function fully. Damage to the vertebrae, ligaments or disks of the spinal column can also be categorized as a spinal cord injury. Non-traumatic spinal cord injury causes include arthritis, cancer, disk degeneration, inflammation, and spinal cord infection following surgery. […] Traumatic injuries to the spinal cord occur when there is trauma or impact resulting in the spinal cord being bruised or torn. Non-traumatic spinal cord injuries result from certain diseases and post-operative infections. […] Based on data from the National Spinal Cord Injury Database, the most common cause of spinal cord injuries is motor vehicle accidents. Motor vehicle accidents cause over 31 percent of all spinal cord injuries.

• #28 Causes Of Spinal Cord Injury – SpinalHub

  https://www.spinalhub.com.au/what-is-a-spinal-cord-injury/what-happens-to-the-spinal-cord-after-injury/causes-of-spinal-cord-injury

  Spinal cord injury (SCI) can have many causes. SCI can generally be described as being 'traumatic’ or due to a trauma, or 'non-traumatic’ being due to other causes. […] Spinal cord injuries occur in a variety of ways. In adults, damage to the spinal column is usually also involved and the cord is stretched, bruised, impacted or compacted because of an external force or movement. […] Most traumatic SCI in Australia is caused by: Motor vehicle accident involving either occupants or pedestrians, Falls, Sporting related accidents, Diving into shallow water. […] Non-traumatic spinal cord injury can be caused by a wide range of health problems and diseases. The most common are: Arthritis and degeneration of the spinal column, Cancer, Circulation or bleeding problems, Infections, Inflammation. […] Non-traumatic SCI occurs more often than traumatic SCI. In Australia non-traumatic SCI occurs in about 26 adults for each million in the population, every year. It is expected that this will increase significantly in the years ahead due to the aging of our population.

• #29 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Paraplegia.aspx

  Vascular lesions, including spinal cord infarction, extradural hematomas of the spine, arteriovenous malformations, or aortic aneurysms have also been found to cause paraplegia. […] Tumors, due to primary or secondary growths of the spine, including myeloma, neurofibromatosis, and neurilemmomas, as well as anesthetic accidents leading to spinal cord hypoxia, are all additional medical causes in which paraplegia is a potential complication.

• #30 Types of Spinal Cord Injury | Reeve Foundation

  https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury/

  Traumatic injury occurs suddenly, mostly due to an accident. The area of the spinal cord involvement might be at one level or consecutive levels. Some people might have trauma at two different level of the spinal cord or more depending on location(s) of the injury. Other trauma to the body may also occur at the same time. Effects of the spinal cord injury is immediate. […] Medical causes of spinal cord injury can include the following and others: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), Cerebral palsy, Friedreichs Ataxia, Guillain-Barr syndrome, Leukodystrophies, Lyme disease, Mitochondrial Myopathy, Multiple sclerosis (MS), Muscular dystrophy (MD), Neurofibromatosis, Parkinsons Disease (PD), Post-polio syndrome, Spina bifida, Spinal muscular atrophy, Spinal tumors, Stroke (Brain or Spinal Cord Stroke), Syringomyelia and tethered cord, Transverse myelitis.

• #31 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-Causes-Paraplegia.aspx

  Paraplegia can be caused by a range of both local and cerebral causes. […] Most commonly, paraplegia is the result of accidents, which often occur in the young adult male population, between the ages of 15 and 35, that cause traumatic injury to the spinal cord. This accounts for more than 75% of all spinal injury cases. […] Some of the different accidents that may cause paraplegia can include vehicle accidents, sports accidents, gunshot or stab wounds, or suicide attempts. […] Other accidents resulting in paraplegia include spinal injections of toxins that damage the nerves, inflammation of the membranes surrounding the spinal nerves (arachnoiditis), pathologic spinal fractures, such as those that occur in degenerative bone diseases, and surgical accidents. […] Infections in and around the spinal cord, such as abscesses, tuberculous abscesses, Potts disease, and parasitic infestations, such as schistosomiasis or bilharziasis, can also lead to paraplegia.

• #32 Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders | UW Department of Neurological Surgery

  https://neurosurgery.uw.edu/patients-and-family/what-we-treat/conditions/spinal-cord-injuries-and-disorders

  Trauma to the spinal and spinal cord result in approximately 10,000 new spinal cord injuries per year in the United States. Most injuries result from motor vehicle crashes, violent acts and falls. More than 80 percent of injuries occur in males. A spinal cord injury happens as a result of damage to the nerves in the spinal cord. For this to occur, usually the bones protecting the spinal cord have also been injured, either broken or dislocated. […] Congenital defects are problems that result from abnormal growth or development of the spine and spinal cord, and include spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spinal cord or myelomeningocele), scoliosis (bending or twisting of bony spine), tethered spinal cord and diastematomyelia (abnormal division of the spinal cord associated with a bony spur).

• #33 Spinal cord injury

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/s/spinal-cord-injury2/

  Spinal cord injuries can result from damage to the vertebrae, ligaments or disks of the spinal column or to the spinal cord itself. […] A traumatic spinal cord injury can stem from a sudden, traumatic blow to your spine that fractures, dislocates, crushes or compresses one or more of your vertebrae. It can also result from a gunshot or knife wound that penetrates and cuts your spinal cord. […] A nontraumatic spinal cord injury can be caused by arthritis, cancer, inflammation, infections or disk degeneration of the spine. […] The most common causes of spinal cord injuries in the United States are: Motor vehicle accidents. Auto and motorcycle accidents are the leading cause of spinal cord injuries, accounting for almost half of new spinal cord injuries each year. Falls. A spinal cord injury after age 65 is most often caused by a fall. Acts of violence. About 12% of spinal cord injuries result from violent encounters, usually from gunshot wounds. Knife wounds also are common. Sports and recreation injuries. Athletic activities, such as impact sports and diving in shallow water, cause about 10% of spinal cord injuries. Diseases. Cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis and inflammation of the spinal cord also can cause spinal cord injuries.

• #34 Spinal Cord Injuries: Symptoms & Causes | Och Spine at NewYork-Presbyterian

  https://www.nyp.org/ochspine/spinal-cord-injuries

  What Causes Spinal Cord Injuries? […] Causes of spinal cord injury include: […] Falls from height or ground-level falls with head trauma […] Diving accidents that cause cervical spinal cord injury […] Gunshot and knife wounds […] Motorcycle crashes […] Medical/surgical complications […] Falls and motor vehicle accidents are the most common causes of spinal cord injuries. […] […] […] Certain factors can put you at an increased risk of sustaining a spinal injury. These include: […] Being male […] Being between the ages of 16 and 30 […] Being 65 or older […] Using alcohol […] Participating in contact sports

• #35 What are the Causes & Symptoms of Spinal Cord Injuries? SCI Day | Medanta

  https://www.medanta.org/patient-education-blog/what-are-the-causes-symptoms-of-spinal-cord-injuries-sci-day

  One of the most prominent causes of spinal cord injury inflicted on younger people is automobile accidents. Forth elderly people, above the age of 60-65 years, fall is one of the most common causes of spinal cord injury. About 90% of sports-inflicted spinal cord injuries happen in males compared to females. […] Further, vehicular accidents are one of the most common causes of spinal cord injury standing at nearly 40% followed closely by falls.

• #36 Causes of Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.parashospitals.com/blogs/causes-of-spinal-cord-injury

  Falls cause more than one-quarter of spinal cord injuries. […] Acts of violence: Around 15% of spinal cord injuries results from violent encounters, often involving gunshot and knife wounds. […] Athletic activities, such as impact sports and diving in shallow water, cause about 9 percent of spinal cord injuries and are more common in developed world. […] Excessive alcohol is also the cause of spinal cord injury. Alcohol usage is a factor in about 1 out of every 4 spinal cord injuries. […] There are diseases like Cancer, arthritis, osteoporosis and inflammation of the spinal cord which can cause non-traumatic spinal cord injury.

• #37 Understanding Spinal Cord Injuries: Causes, Consequences, and Care – Grigory Goldberg, MD

  https://newjerseyspinespecialist.com/spinal-cord-injuries-explained/

  Spinal cord injuries most commonly occur due to trauma to the spine and vertebrae. Some of the most common things that damage the spinal cord include slip and fall injuries, motor vehicle accidents, violence (like gunshot wounds), sports injuries, arthritis, and disk degeneration. […] Motor vehicle accidents are the single most common cause of spinal cord injury in the U.S. and are responsible for about 40% of cases, according to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center. […] Certain conditions, such as osteoporosis, weaken the vertebrae and make spinal cord injuries more likely. […] Those who engage in risky behaviors, such as playing contact sports or riding motorcycles, are more at risk for spinal cord injuries.

• #38 Chronic spinal cord injury – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1176

  Chronic spinal cord injury is a term generally used when elements of spinal cord injury have been present for at least 1 year. […] Primary injury results from acute mechanical trauma, compression by a space-occupying lesion, infection, or a vascular insult. The injury may be exacerbated by ischemia or inflammation. […] Chronic spinal cord injury refers to a permanent and/or progressive interruption in the conduction of impulses across the neurons and tracts of the spinal cord. It may be due to a traumatic or a nontraumatic cause, such as mechanical distortion or vascular ischemia of the spinal cord arising from trauma, tumor, infection, or other space-occupying lesions. […] Risk factors include spinal cord trauma or ischemia, higher-level spinal cord lesion, extremes of age, narrow spinal canal, and male sex.

• #39 Spinal Cord Injury – USC Spine Center – Los Angeles

  https://www.uscspine.com/conditions-treated/neck-disorders/spinal-cord-injury/

  A spinal cord injury is regarded by many as one of the most devastating injuries. […] The most common cause of a spinal cord injury is spine trauma caused by a motor vehicle accident. Other causes are falls, violence, and sports activities. […] The primary cause is the initial mechanical impact, compression, and contusion resulting in damage to nerve cells, myelin, blood vessels, and supporting bone structures.

• #40 Six Most Common Causes of Spinal Injuries | NJ Spine & OrthopedicAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetHelpFeedback

  https://www.njspineandortho.com/six-most-common-causes-spinal-injuries/

  Six most common causes of spinal injuries […] Any injury can be frightening, but spinal injuries in particular are potentially devastating. Because such an injury can affect your ability to walk, move, control your bladder, breathe easily or feel pressure, heat or cold, it can drastically affect your life and livelihood. And the physical effects are just the beginning. Spinal cord damage that renders patients unable to work, play a favorite sport, hold their children or even clean up after themselves also can lead to mental and emotional despair. […] A spinal cord injury happens when there is damage to the the spinal cord itself or to the vertebrae, ligaments or spinal column disks, that surround it. Traumatic spinal injuries typically occur when the spinal cord is cut or penetrated, or when a severe blow to the body fractures, crushes, dislocates or compresses the vertebrae. Over the days and weeks following the initial injury, patients typically experience persistent bleeding, swelling and inflammation. Also, fluid can accumulate in and around the spinal cord, causing further damage.

• #41 Spinal Cord Injury: Symptoms, Causes, Risks

  https://primecareprosthetics.com/conditions/spinal-cord-injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when there’s damage to the spinal cord, which is a thick bundle of nerve fibers facilitating communication between the brain and other nerves throughout the body. […] SCIs can result from various causes, including traumatic and non-traumatic events. Here are some common causes: […] Traumatic causes, such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries, account for the majority of SCIs. […] Non-Traumatic Causes: Conditions such as spinal tumors, spinal cord compression due to arthritis or degenerative disc disease, and infections such as meningitis or polio can damage the spinal cord. […] Spinal cord injuries often encompass various phases. The initial phase involves the primary injury. However, in the subsequent hours and days, a secondary injury may develop and lead to swelling and additional damage to the spinal cord.

• #42 Types of Spinal Cord Injury | Reeve Foundation

  https://www.christopherreeve.org/todays-care/living-with-paralysis/health/causes-of-paralysis/spinal-cord-injury/

  Spinal cord injury occurs when something interferes with the function or structure of the cord. This can include consequences of a medical illness or trauma resulting in over stretching the nerves, a bump, the bone of the vertebra pressing against the cord, a shock wave, electrocution, tumors, infection, poison, lack of oxygen (ischemia), cutting or tearing of the nerves. Spinal cord injury can occur as a fetus develops, from trauma or medical conditions. […] Individuals with spinal cord injury from medical causes might have several locations of injury resulting in mixed results. Disease caused spinal cord injury evolves over time as the medical condition progresses. An individual may be able to compensate for some muscle weakness or sensory loss in the early stages of the disease. However, at some point, a critical level of disease will occur where function or sensation is severely diminished or lost. No one knows exactly when this time will occur as it is individual for everyone by type of disease and progression.

• #43

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/spinal-cord-injury

  Globally, over 15 million people are living with spinal cord injury (SCI). […] Most SCI cases are due to trauma, including falls, road traffic injuries or violence, and are thus preventable. […] The term spinal cord injury (SCI) refers to damage to the spinal cord resulting from trauma (e.g. from falls and road traffic injuries) or non-traumatic causes like tumors, degenerative and vascular conditions, infections, toxins or birth defects. […] Traumatic SCIs from falls and road traffic accidents are the leading cause of SCI, followed by violence (including self-harm and attempted suicide) and work or sports-related injuries. […] Non-traumatic SCIs are also increasing, specifically in ageing populations, given increases in non-communicable diseases such as tumors, degenerative and vascular conditions that can cause spinal cord damage. […] Effective interventions are available to prevent many causes of traumatic SCI. […] The prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of SCI related secondary conditions are essential to increase life expectancy.

• #44 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a significant disease burden and severe public health issue due to its notably high disability rate, serious complications, limited treatment options, and substantial medical expenses. […] The reported incidence of SCI varies significantly, ranging from 7 to 152.2 per million people. […] The incidence data of SCI were reported across 83 studies, encompassing a total of 324 sets of usable data. Analysis based on different types of SCI revealed an overall incidence rate of 23.77 (95% CI, 21.50-26.15) per million people. The incidence rate for TSCI was 26.48 (95% CI, 24.15-28.93) per million people, while the rate for NTSCI was 17.93 (95% CI, 13.30-23.26) per million people. […] In the population affected by TSCI, falls are identified as the predominant cause of injury. Conversely, tumors are attributed as the most frequent cause in the NTSCI cohort.

• #45 Causes of death after traumatic spinal cord injury—a 70-year British study | Spinal Cord

  https://www.nature.com/articles/sc201764

  Analysed over time, leading causes of death in the 19441969 period were urogenital (32.8%), circulatory (24.2%), respiratory (17.2%) and skin-related (7.8%); those in the 19701989 period were circulatory (27.8%), respiratory (24.7%), urogenital (18.2%) and neoplasms (12.8%); those in the 19902004 period were circulatory (30.9%), respiratory (29.9%), neoplasms (14.2%) and urogenital (6.1%), and those in the 20052014 period were respiratory (34.1%), circulatory (21.8%), neoplasms (15.9%) and urogenital (8.7%). […] The most frequent causes of death were respiratory (29.3% of all certified causes), circulatory, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (26.7%), neoplasms (13.9%), urogenital (11.5%), digestive (5.3%) and external causes, including suicides (4.5%). […] Leading causes of death after tSCI in persons surviving the first year post injury were respiratory, circulatory, neoplasms and urogenital. Cause-specific mortality rates showed improvement over time for most causes, but were still higher than the general population rates, especially for skin, urinary and respiratory causes.

• #46 Spinal cord injury | Causes, Treatment & Recovery | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/spinal-cord-injury

  Estimates on the incidence of spinal cord injury vary, depending on country and mode of reporting. […] Prevention plays a major role in decreasing the incidence and severity of spinal cord injury. Improvements in prehospital care, including widespread instruction in the principles of first aid and introduction of the principle of spinal cord immobilization during rescue and transport, could help to reduce additional injury sustained after initial trauma. Increased public awareness of risk factors leading to head trauma and spinal cord injury, the introduction of the mandatory use of safety belts, and the installation of air bags in cars also aimed at decreasing trauma severity. […] For many decades it was assumed that once spinal cord trauma had occurred, damage to the central nervous system (CNS) was permanent and repair impossible. At the beginning of the 21st century, that dogma ceased to exist in the minds of scientists, clinicians, and patients and their families.

• #47 Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000–2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03514-9

  The causes of TSCI and NTSCI span a broad spectrum, from external environmental factors to internal health conditions, highlighting the need for multifaceted prevention strategies that encompass improving public safety, promoting healthy lifestyles, and the early diagnosis and treatment of internal diseases.

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