Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. It is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. […] Symptoms of spinal cord injury may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be complete, with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or incomplete, meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments. Depending on the location and severity of damage, the symptoms vary, from numbness to paralysis, including bowel or bladder incontinence. Long term outcomes also range widely, from full recovery to permanent tetraplegia (also called quadriplegia) or paraplegia. Complications can include muscle atrophy, loss of voluntary motor control, spasticity, pressure sores, infections, and breathing problems.

• #1 Spinal cord injury – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20377890

  Paralysis of the lower half of the body is called paraplegia. Paralysis below the neck, including both arms and legs, is called quadriplegia. […] The ability to control your arms or legs after a spinal cord injury depends on two factors. One factor is where the injury occurred on the spinal cord. The other factor is how bad the injury is. […] Loss of feeling and control of movement is known as paralysis. Paralysis from a spinal cord injury can be referred to as: Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia. This means that your arms, hands, trunk, legs and pelvic organs are all affected by your spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. This paralysis affects all or part of the trunk, legs and pelvic organs but not the arms. […] Spinal cord injuries can cause the following symptoms: Loss of movement. Loss of or a change in sensation. This includes a change in the ability to feel heat, cold and touch. Loss of bowel or bladder control. Exaggerated reflex activities or spasms. Changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and fertility. Pain or an intense stinging sensation caused by damage to the nerve fibers in the spinal cord. Trouble breathing, coughing or clearing secretions from the lungs.

• #1 Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Children | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/acute-spinal-cord-injury-children

  The extent of the damage to the spinal cord determines whether the injury is complete or incomplete. A complete injury means that there is no movement or feeling below the level of the injury. An incomplete injury means that there is still some degree of feeling or movement below the level of the injury. […] Initially after a spinal cord injury, the patient may experience spinal shock, which causes loss or decrease in feeling, muscle movement, and reflexes. […] Generally, the higher up the level of the injury is to the spinal cord, the more severe the symptoms. […] The symptoms of SCI may include: Muscle weakness, Loss of voluntary muscle movement in the chest, arms, or legs, Breathing problems, Loss of feeling in the chest, arms, or legs, Loss of bowel and bladder function. […] There is no cure to repair a damaged or bruised spinal cord. The severity of the SCI and the location determines if the SCI is mild, severe, or fatal. […] Recovery from a SCI requires long-term hospitalization and rehabilitation.

• #1 What Is a Spinal Shock? Symptoms, Causes and How Long it Lasts

  https://www.spinalcord.com/blog/spinal-shock-what-it-is-and-how-you-treat-it

  Spinal shock is characterized by the temporary reduction or loss of reflexes following a spinal cord injury. […] When the spinal cord is injured, there may be a permanent or temporary loss of activity and sensation below the level of the injury. […] In the hours immediately following a spinal shock, SCI survivors might not even realize that they are in spinal shock. Other, more urgent injuries are typically a higher priority. […] After a spinal shock, the spinal cord enters either hyporeflexia a significant reduction in reflexes or areflexia the temporary loss of reflexes. […] Spinal shock is characterized by a variety of symptoms and everyone experiences their SCI differently. […] Below is a list of some symptoms that may accompany the different stages of spinal shock. […] Spinal shock death is rare, and most deaths among spinal shock patients is caused by the original injury rather than the condition.

• #1 Symptoms of Spinal Cord Injury | Stanford Health Care

  https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/back-neck-and-spine/spinal-cord-injury/symptoms.html

  Symptoms vary depending on the severity and location of the SCI. At first, the patient may experience spinal shock, which causes loss of feeling, muscle movement, and reflexes below the level of injury. Spinal shock usually lasts from several hours to several weeks. As the period of shock subsides, other symptoms appear, depending on the location of the injury. […] Generally, the higher up the level of the injury to the spinal cord, the more severe the symptoms. For example, an injury at C2 or C3 (the second and third vertebrae in the spinal column), affects the respiratory muscles and the ability to breathe. A lower injury, in the lumbar vertebrae, may affect nerve and muscle control to the bladder, bowel, and legs. […] The following are the most common symptoms of acute spinal cord injuries. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: Muscle weakness or paralysis in the trunk, arms or legs, Loss of feeling in the trunk, arms, or legs, Muscle spasticity, Breathing problems, Problems with heart rate and blood pressure, Digestive problems, Loss of bowel and bladder function, Sexual dysfunction.

• #1 Types & Levels of Spinal Cord Injuries | Shepherd Center

  https://www.spinalinjury101.org/details/levels-of-injury

  The spinal cord serves as the body’s “communication highway,” relaying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. When a spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs, this critical pathway can be disrupted, leading to a loss of essential functions like movement, sensation, and autonomic processes. […] Common symptoms of cervical spinal cord injury include: Loss of sensation or feeling in the arms, hands, chest, or legs, depending on the level of injury. Paralysis in varying degrees, such as tetraplegia (quadriplegia), which affects the arms, legs, and torso. In severe cases, full paralysis may occur. Difficulty breathing or breathing problems if the injury affects the diaphragm or chest muscles, potentially requiring mechanical ventilation. Loss of voluntary control over bladder and bowel functions, with possible incontinence. Pain or a burning sensation in the neck, shoulders, or arms. Impaired motor function that may affect fine motor skills, such as grasping objects or moving fingers and hands. Spasticity or muscle stiffness, often resulting in involuntary muscle contractions.

• #1 Types & Levels of Spinal Cord Injuries | Shepherd Center

  https://www.spinalinjury101.org/details/levels-of-injury

  Damage to the thoracic spinal cord typically results in paraplegia and can disrupt nerve function, leading to: Significant weakness or loss of sensation in the legs. Loss of feeling in the genitals or rectal region. Difficulty controlling bowel or bladder function. Pain radiating from the back to the arms, legs, or around the rib cage toward the chest. Fever and lower back pain, often linked to underlying inflammation or infection. Symptoms following a fall, injury, or other trauma. […] Injuries to the lumbar spinal cord can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the severity and location of the damage. Common symptoms include: Loss of function in the hips and legs, which may vary from weakness to complete immobility. Little or no voluntary control of bowel and bladder function, although these can often be managed with specialized equipment. Difficulty walking, requiring assistive devices like braces or wheelchairs for mobility. Altered sensation or numbness in the lower body, affecting balance and coordination.

• #1 2 Progression of Spinal Cord Injury | Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11253/chapter/4

  A complete injury relies on the detection of any neurological function below the site of the injury, especially the loss of motor and sensory functions in the lowest sacral region of the spinal cord (S4 and S5), which supplies nerves to the anal and perineal regions. […] The biological response to a spinal cord injury is divided into three phases that follow a distinct but somewhat overlapping temporal sequence: acute (seconds to minutes after the injury), secondary (minutes to weeks after the injury), and chronic (months to years after the injury). […] The secondary phase features a continuation of some events from the acute phase—electrolyte shifts, edema, and necrotic cell death—as well as novel ones, including the formation of free radicals, delayed calcium influx, immune system response (inflammation), and apoptotic cell death.

• #1 Traumatic spinal cord injury | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/nrdp201718

  Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating consequences for the physical, social and vocational well-being of patients. […] Pathophysiologically, the initial mechanical trauma (the primary injury) permeabilizes neurons and glia and initiates a secondary injury cascade that leads to progressive cell death and spinal cord damage over the subsequent weeks. […] Over time, the lesion remodels and is composed of cystic cavitations and a glial scar, both of which potently inhibit regeneration. […] Following diagnosis, several interventions need to be rapidly applied, including haemodynamic monitoring in the intensive care unit, early surgical decompression, blood pressure augmentation and, potentially, the administration of methylprednisolone. […] Managing the complications of SCI, such as bowel and bladder dysfunction, the formation of pressure sores and infections, is key to address all facets of the patient’s injury experience.

• #1 2 Progression of Spinal Cord Injury | Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11253/chapter/4

  The chronic phase is marked by the emergence of new types of pathology at both the microlevel and the macrolevel (e.g., the formation of a fluid-filled cavity or a glial scar). […] The cavity creates a physical gap that blocks axon regrowth, whereas the glial scar contains substances that inhibit axon regrowth. […] Spasticity is a state of increased muscular tone, often with heightened stretch reflexes. […] Pain is a common and debilitating outcome of spinal cord injuries. Most studies find that 60 to 80 percent of individuals report chronic pain after a spinal cord injury. […] Three common types of bladder dysfunction accompany spinal cord injuries, depending on the level of the injury. […] Neurogenic bowel comes in two types—reflexic and areflexic—depending on the location of the injury. […] Many aspects of human sexuality are under reflexive control by various centers in the spinal cord, most frequently in the sacral and in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

• #1 Spinal Cord Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinal-cord-injury

  People with spinal cord injuries are at increased risk for blood clots because blood flow can slow or stop in the large veins in the legs. […] Some people with an SCI develop neurogenic painan intense burning or stinging sensation. This pain may be constant or may come and go. […] Depending on the severity and location of the injury, and the persons recovery after the injury, their sexual function and fertility may be affected. […] Many people living with an SCI may develop depression due to lifestyle changes after the injury.

• #1 Chronic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/sci/factsheets/pain-after-spinal-cord-injury

  Chronic pain can cause or worsen problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress. This does not mean the pain is all in your head. It means that pain and distress can make each other worse. […] Even though pain after SCI can be complex and hard to treat, there are many treatments that can help. Understanding your pain, working with your doctor, and being open to a variety of treatments will help you manage your pain. It will also improve your quality of life. Many people who have chronic pain after SCI have found relief from the techniques described here. […] Neuropathic pain (nerve pain) after an SCI may be due to injury to the nerves in the spinal cord. It may also be due to injury to the nerves that exit the spinal cord, which are known as nerve roots. After SCI, the spinal cord and nerve roots can become very excitable and send signals to the brain for various sensations, such as cold, hot, or pressure, for no reason. This can cause you to feel pain in areas of your body where you have little or no feeling.

• #1 Manage Spasticity After Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/sci/factsheets/spasticity-and-spinal-cord-injury

  Spasticity is a condition in which muscles stiffen or contract. It is common in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). About 65% to 93% of people with an SCI have spasticity. The symptoms of spasticity, and how severe it is, vary from person to person. Symptoms include: Sudden, uncontrolled flexing (bending) or extending (straightening) of a limb. Uncontrolled jerking of groups of muscles. These may include muscles in the trunk (chest, back, and abdomen), the bladder, or the rectum. Reflexes that are hyperactive or overactive, such as a muscle spasm when you are lightly touched. Stiff or tight muscles at rest, which makes it hard to relax or stretch your muscles. Tight muscles during activity, which makes it hard for you to control your movement. […] After an SCI, the normal flow of signals is disrupted, and messages from the brain do not reach the spinal cord, and messages from the spinal cord do not reach the brain. Instead, the signals are sent back to the motor cells in the spinal cord, and the brain cant regulate the reaction. The motor cells become easy to trigger. This causes muscle twitching, jerking, or stiffening. Researchers have also found changes to the muscle structure after SCI. These changes contribute to muscle stiffness.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ug2980&lang=en-ca

  Autonomic dysreflexia is a syndrome in which the blood pressure of a person with a spinal cord injury (SCI) suddenly goes very high, (20 to 40 mmHg) above your normal blood pressure. […] Symptoms include: Increase (rise) in blood pressure 20 to 40 mmHg above your normal blood pressure. […] Autonomic dysreflexia occurs when your body reacts to pain or pressure below your spinal cord injury. […] These situations trigger an automatic reaction that causes your blood pressure to go up. […] There are ways you may be able to prevent autonomic dysreflexia. […] To avoid an overfull bladder or urinary tract infections (UTIs), follow your bladder management program. […] Bladder issues are the most common cause of autonomic dysreflexia. […] Call your healthcare provider, even if symptoms go away and your blood pressure goes down. […] If the symptoms return or do not go away, repeat the above steps and go to the emergency room or call 911. […] If you or a caregiver can’t treat it promptly and correctly, it may lead to seizures, stroke, and even death.

• #1 Spinal Cord Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinal-cord-injury

  An SCI can damage a few, many, or almost all of the nerve fibers that cross the site of injury. If the injury causes little or no nerve cell death, a person can make an almost complete recovery. […] An SCI can cause one or more symptoms, including: Numbness, tingling, or a loss of (or changes in) sensation in hands and feet; Paralysis (loss of movement); Pain or pressure in the head, neck, or back; Weakness in any part of the body; Unnatural or uncomfortable positions of the spine or head; Loss of bladder and bowel control; Problems with walking; Difficulty breathing; Changes in sexual function. […] An SCI may result in the following problems, which require treatment: Breathing problems. About one-third of people with an SCI will need temporary or permanent help with breathing and may require a breathing tube.

• #1 Spinal cord injury | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/spinal-cord-injury?content_id=CON-20377872

  A spinal cord injury can lead to many complications. […] A spinal cord injury increases the risk of osteoporosis and fractures below the level of injury. […] Recovery, if it occurs, usually relates to the level of the injury. The fastest rate of recovery usually happens during the first six months. But some people make small improvements for up to 1 to 2 years.

• #1 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  Complications of spinal cord injuries include pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site. […] In the long term, the loss of muscle function can have additional effects from disuse, including muscle atrophy. Immobility also can lead to pressure sores, particularly in bony areas, requiring precautions such as extra cushioning and turning in bed every two hours (in the acute setting) to relieve pressure. […] People with spinal cord injury are at especially high risk for respiratory and cardiovascular problems, so hospital staff must be watchful to avoid them.

• #1 Spinal cord injury – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20377890

  Emergency symptoms of a spinal cord injury after an accident include: Extreme back pain or pressure in the neck, head or back. Weakness, incoordination or loss of control in any part of the body. Numbness, tingling or loss of feeling in the hands, fingers, feet or toes. Loss of bladder or bowel control. Trouble with balance and walking. Trouble breathing after injury. A twisted neck or back.

• #1 Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/spinal-injuries/injuries-of-the-spinal-cord-and-vertebrae

  Recovery is more likely if paralysis is partial and if movement or sensation starts to return during the first week after the injury. If function is not regained within 6 months, loss is likely to be permanent. However, several studies have shown that some recovery is possible up to one year after injury.

• #1 Spinal cord injury – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spinal-cord-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377895

  In the meantime, spinal cord injury treatment focuses on preventing further injury and empowering people to return to an active and productive life. […] Urgent medical attention is critical to minimize the effects of a head or neck injury. Therefore, treatment for a spinal cord injury often begins at the accident scene. […] People with a spinal cord injury often are admitted to the intensive care unit for treatment. […] As the condition stabilizes, medical care focuses on preventing other medical conditions that may arise. A spinal cord injury can lead to a decline in physical functioning, known as deconditioning. Or it can lead to stiff muscles due to lack of use, known as muscle contractures. […] Recovery, if it occurs, usually relates to the level of the injury. The fastest rate of recovery usually happens during the first six months. But some people make small improvements for up to 1 to 2 years. […] Advances in stem cell research and nerve cell regeneration give hope for greater recovery for people with spinal cord injuries. And new treatments are being investigated for people with long-standing spinal cord injuries.

• #1 What are Spinal Cord Injuries? | UC Health | Symptoms

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/spinal-cord-injuries

  Depending on the level and severity of the injury, a person with an SCI will have varying degrees of feeling and movement in his or her body. Other body functions, such as breathing and bowel and bladder control, may be affected as well. Some people with SCI may be able to do most personal care and daily activities on their own. Others may need more help. This can include help with certain tasks, such as dressing, eating, driving, and moving around. […] Note that outcomes are different from person to person, even with the same level of injury. Many factors are involved. The grade and severity of your injury may change over time. Your abilities and function may change, too. After a period of adjustment, many people with all levels of SCI report a high quality of life.

• #1 How Long Does a Spinal Cord Injury Take to Show Signs or Symptoms?

  https://nicholsonrevell.com/blog/how-long-does-a-spinal-cord-injury-take-to-show-signs-or-symptoms/

  You may not notice symptoms of spinal cord injuries at first, especially if you lose all feeling below the injury site or go into shock. Sometimes, numbness and paralysis may come on gradually following the injury. […] You should seek emergency medical attention for a spinal cord injury if you experience any of the following symptoms: Difficulty breathing, Difficulty walking or keeping balance, Numbness, tingling, or a loss of sensation, Weakness, Paralysis in any part of the body, A twisted or contorted neck or back, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Extreme pain or pressure in the back, neck, or head.

• #1 Spinal Cord Injury in Children – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/spinal-injuries/spinal-cord-injury-in-children

  A spinal cord injury is damage to the bundle of cells and nerves that carry incoming and outgoing messages between the brain and the rest of the body. […] A child with a spinal cord injury may have severe symptoms (such as paralysis), usually immediately. […] A child with a spinal cord injury may only have mild symptoms (such as brief tingling or weakness or shooting pains down the spine or arms and legs), and those symptoms may be delayed up to 4 days. […] In about 25% of affected children, onset of symptoms, such as weakness, numbness, other nerve damage, or even complete paralysis, is delayed from 30 minutes to 4 days after injury, making it more difficult for doctors to diagnose spinal cord injury.

• #1 Spinal cord injury | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/spinal-cord-injury?content_id=CON-20377872

  Spinal cord injuries can cause the following symptoms: […] Emergency symptoms of a spinal cord injury after an accident include: […] Anyone who has an injury to the head or neck needs an immediate medical evaluation. […] A serious spinal injury is not always immediately obvious. If a spinal injury occurs but it is not known, worse injury may occur. […] Numbness or paralysis can happen quickly or come on gradually. […] The time between injury and treatment can be critical. Learning the level of the injury can help determine the possible recovery. […] Whether the cause is traumatic or nontraumatic, spinal cord damage affects the nerve fibers passing through the injured area. This can impair part of or all the muscles and nerves below the injury site. […] An injury to the chest or lower back can affect the trunk, legs, bowel, bladder and sexual function. A neck injury affects the same areas plus movements of the arms and possibly the ability to breathe.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinal-cord-injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cordthe bundle of nerves and nerve fibers that sends and receives signals from the brain. The spinal cord extends from the lower part of the brain down through the lower back. […] This damage can cause temporary or permanent changes in feeling, movement, strength, and body functions below the point where the injury happens. […] The symptoms of spinal cord injuries depend on the part of the spinal cord that is damaged and how much damage there is. SCIs to upper parts of the spinal cord affect more of the body than injuries lower down. An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord can cause paralysis in most of the body and affect all limbs (tetraplegia or quadriplegia). […] An injury that happens lower down the spinal cord may only affect a persons lower body and legs (paraplegia). Paralysis can happen immediately upon injury (primary damage) or develop over time from bleeding and swelling in the spinal cord and cell death (secondary damage).

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12098-spinal-cord-injury

  The symptoms of an SCI depend on the affected signals. There are three types of signals that an SCI can affect: sensory, motor and autonomic. […] Examples of sensory symptoms include: Pain. Numbness. Tingling or pins-and-needles (paresthesia). […] Motor symptoms can include: Weakness (reduced strength). Paralysis (lack of muscle control). Spasticity (muscles that remain flexed uncontrollably). […] Autonomic symptoms can include: Heart rate disruptions, especially slow heart rate (bradycardia). Blood pressure disruptions, especially low blood pressure (hypotension). Body temperature disruptions, especially low body temperature (hypothermia). Urinary incontinence or fecal incontinence. Erectile dysfunction. […] SCIs can have severe complications, many of which are permanent. SCIs commonly cause a partial or total loss of abilities in body parts below the injury. That can cause certain forms of paralysis: Tetraplegia (sometimes known as quadriplegia): This is paralysis from the neck down. It involves an injury to the cervical segments of your spinal cord. The complications can vary depending on the location of the injury. Paraplegia: This is paralysis that affects your lower body only. It involves an injury to the thoracic, lumbar or sacral segments of your spinal cord. The complications of this can also vary depending on the location of the injury, but usually affect body functions and abilities from your chest down.

• #2 Complete vs incomplete spinal cord injury: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/complete-vs-incomplete-spinal-cord-injury

  People with a complete spinal cord injury cannot move or feel anything at or below the area where the trauma occurred. Those with an incomplete spinal cord injury may have some sensation and movement below the level of the injury. […] A complete spinal cord injury occurs when a person loses all sensory and motor function below the level of the spinal cord injury. When a person with a spinal cord injury retains some function below the level of the injury, they have an incomplete spinal cord injury. […] Complete spinal cord injuries result in a total loss of motor function and sensation below the level of the injury. People with complete spinal cord injuries will have a loss of muscle function and sensation on both sides of the body. […] People with incomplete spinal cord injuries may retain varying degrees of muscle movement and sensation. A person with an incomplete injury may be able to move one arm or leg more than the other. They may also have more functioning on one side of the body than on the other.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury

  The exact symptoms your child experiences will depend on the degree of severity and particular location of her SCI. […] Right after the trauma, she may go through spinal shock a pronounced loss of feeling, muscle movement, and reflexes below the level of her injury. This is caused by swelling. In the case of minor SCIs (such as bruises), spinal shock can subside over the next couple of days as the swelling goes down, and some or all sensation and functions may gradually return. […] When a SCI is more severe, however, other symptoms will start to emerge. These can include any or all of the following, depending on the location of the injury: Muscle weakness, Partial or complete loss of muscle movement in the chest, arms, or legs, Breathing difficulty, Partial or complete loss of feeling in the chest, arms, or legs, Loss of bowel and bladder function.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spinal-cord-injury

  An SCI can damage a few, many, or almost all of the nerve fibers that cross the site of injury. If the injury causes little or no nerve cell death, a person can make an almost complete recovery. […] An SCI can cause one or more symptoms, including: Numbness, tingling, or a loss of (or changes in) sensation in hands and feet; Paralysis (loss of movement); Pain or pressure in the head, neck, or back; Weakness in any part of the body; Unnatural or uncomfortable positions of the spine or head; Loss of bladder and bowel control; Problems with walking; Difficulty breathing; Changes in sexual function. […] An SCI may result in the following problems, which require treatment: Breathing problems. About one-third of people with an SCI will need temporary or permanent help with breathing and may require a breathing tube.

• #2 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  Spinal cord injuries at the cervical vertebrae (neck) level result in full or partial tetraplegia, also called quadriplegia. Depending on the specific location and severity of trauma, limited function may be retained. Additional symptoms of cervical injuries include low heart rate, low blood pressure, problems regulating body temperature, and breathing dysfunction. […] The effects of injuries at or above the lumbar or sacral regions of the spinal cord (lower back and pelvis) include decreased control of the legs and hips, genitourinary system, and anus. People injured below level L2 may still have use of their hip flexor and knee extensor muscles. […] In addition to the problems found in lower-level injuries, thorax (chest height) spinal lesions can affect the muscles in the trunk. Injuries at the level of T1 to T8 result in inability to control the abdominal muscles.

• #2 Signs & Symtoms of Spinal Cord Injuries | SpinalCord.com

  https://www.spinalcord.com/signs-symptoms-of-spinal-cord-injuries

  Damage to the spinal cord in the cervical spine is considered the most severe because it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of cervical spinal cord damage may affect the arms, legs, mid-body, and even the ability to breathe on ones own. The higher up in the cervical spine the damage occurs, the worse the injury. Symptoms may be felt on one or both sides of the body. […] Damage to the spinal cord in the thoracic spine typically affects the legs. Thoracic spinal cord damage high up in the area may affect blood pressure. […] Damage to the spinal cord in the lumbar spine typically affects one or both legs. Patients with lumbar spinal cord damage may also have trouble controlling their bladder and/or bowel function.

• #2 Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/thoracic/

  The thoracic spine is the middle and longest section of the spine, stretching from the base of the neck to the bottom of the rib cage. A thoracic spine injury can rupture ligaments, tear the spinal cord, damage intervertebral discs, and dislocate vertebral bones. Depending on the intensity of force, thoracic spine injury can be complete or incomplete. […] Regardless of the category, these injuries can cause severe back pain, loss of bowel control, exaggerated reflexes, inability to move, and other debilitating issues that need specialized medication and rehabilitation. […] An incomplete thoracic spine injury partially disrupts the spinal cords ability to transmit signals to the level below the injury. Patients with this type of spine injury can lead a more independent life with fewer limitations.

• #2 Types & Levels of Spinal Cord Injuries | Shepherd Center

  https://www.spinalinjury101.org/details/levels-of-injury

  Damage to the sacral spine is uncommon and usually occurs due to major trauma, such as falls or direct impacts. While the sacral region does not contain the spinal cord, injury to the sacral nerves can produce symptoms similar to those of a spinal cord injury. Common effects of sacral nerve damage include: Loss of some hip and leg function. Reduced or no voluntary control over bowel and bladder function, though these can often be managed with adaptive equipment. Retained ability to walk, depending on the severity of the injury.

• #2 2 Progression of Spinal Cord Injury | Spinal Cord Injury: Progress, Promise, and Priorities | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11253/chapter/4

  The chronic phase is marked by the emergence of new types of pathology at both the microlevel and the macrolevel (e.g., the formation of a fluid-filled cavity or a glial scar). […] The cavity creates a physical gap that blocks axon regrowth, whereas the glial scar contains substances that inhibit axon regrowth. […] Spasticity is a state of increased muscular tone, often with heightened stretch reflexes. […] Pain is a common and debilitating outcome of spinal cord injuries. Most studies find that 60 to 80 percent of individuals report chronic pain after a spinal cord injury. […] Three common types of bladder dysfunction accompany spinal cord injuries, depending on the level of the injury. […] Neurogenic bowel comes in two types—reflexic and areflexic—depending on the location of the injury. […] Many aspects of human sexuality are under reflexive control by various centers in the spinal cord, most frequently in the sacral and in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

• #2 Chronic spinal cord injury – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1176

  Chronic spinal cord injury is a term generally used when elements of spinal cord injury have been present for at least 1 year. […] Common problems associated with chronic spinal cord injury include bladder and/or bowel dysfunction, pain (neurogenic and musculoskeletal), gait disturbances, soft-tissue contractures, sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular dysautonomia (including autonomic dysreflexia), and development and/or progression of long-term neurologic complications such as syringomyelia and spinal or foraminal stenosis. […] Full recovery of neurologic function is unlikely, and outcome depends on residual function and the success of rehabilitation. […] Commensurate neurologic deficits occur that may be stable or progressive and lead to disability with associated spasticity, joint contractures, sensory changes, and sphincter and locomotion abnormalities.

• #2 Treating Symptoms of a Spinal Cord Injury | University of Utah Health

  https://healthcare.utah.edu/neilsen-physical-rehab-hospital/specialties/sci-spinal-cord-injury/symptoms-and-causes

  While there is no simple cure for a spinal cord injury, ongoing research on surgical techniques and medication is giving hope to many spinal cord injury survivors. Research shows that beginning rehabilitation as early as possible has a better outcome for the patient. […] If your injury is complete, you can no longer feel anything or control your body below the injury site. Patients who have some sensation and control beneath the injury site have an incomplete injury, which can vary in degrees. These patients have a greater chance of regaining some function. […] When someone experiences a spinal cord injury, other internal organs and functions are also affected, which may lead to problems in the following areas: Bowels and bladder control, sexual function, blood pressure, spasticity or stiff and tight muscles, urinary tract infections, breathing, pressure ulcers, depression, chronic pain.

• #2 Chronic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) | MSKTC

  https://msktc.org/sci/factsheets/pain-after-spinal-cord-injury

  People use words such as burning, stabbing, electric, numb, or tingling to describe nerve pain. But nerve pain varies from person to person. It is often resistant to treatment. Because of this, a combination of treatments is most effective for nerve pain. […] Musculoskeletal pain may be due to injury or overuse of muscles or arthritis of joints. It is a common problem for all people as they get older, including those with SCI. This type of pain often gets worse with movement and better with rest. […] Muscle spasm pain. This type of pain happens when muscles are tense and cant relax. This often happens with muscle weakness, imbalance, or overuse. This type of pain may be related to spasticity that is due to an SCI. Muscle spasms often occur in specific muscles or regions of the body. Although spasms cause many symptoms, they often feel like stiffness in muscles.

• #2 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  In the majority of cases the damage results from physical trauma such as car accidents, gunshot wounds, falls, or sports injuries, but it can also result from nontraumatic causes such as infection, insufficient blood flow, and tumors. […] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and medical imaging. […] Signs (observed by a clinician) and symptoms (experienced by a patient) vary depending on where the spine is injured and the extent of the injury. […] A group of muscles innervated through a specific part of the spine is called a myotome, and injury to that part of the spinal cord can cause problems with movements that involve those muscles. The muscles may contract uncontrollably (spasticity), become weak, or be completely paralysed. […] Neurogenic bladder involves a compromised ability to empty the bladder and is a common symptom of spinal cord injury. This can lead to high pressures in the bladder that can damage the kidneys.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury: Autonomic Dysreflexia – Health Information Library | PeaceHealth

  https://www.peacehealth.org/medical-topics/id/ug2980

  Autonomic dysreflexia is a syndrome in which the blood pressure of a person with a spinal cord injury (SCI) suddenly goes very high. Symptoms include: A pounding headache. A flushed face and red blotches on the skin above the level of spinal injury. Sweating above the level of spinal injury. A stuffy nose. Nausea. A slow or very fast heart rate. Goose bumps below the level of spinal injury. Cold, clammy skin below the level of spinal injury. […] Autonomic dysreflexia occurs when your body reacts to pain or pressure below your spinal cord injury. This can be a pain or an irritant (such as tight clothing or something pinching your skin). Or it can be a normal function that your body may not notice (such as having a full bladder). These situations trigger an automatic reaction that causes your blood pressure to go up. […] There are ways you may be able to prevent autonomic dysreflexia. This means doing things to avoid the things that cause it. […] There are ways you may be able to treat autonomic dysreflexia at home.

• #2 Effects of Spinal Cord Injury: Here’s What to Expect – Flint Rehab

  https://www.flintrehab.com/spinal-cord-injury-side-effects/?srsltid=AfmBOoo9duehCNQtvwK2LVdufJ9vacUxeYDQaGIeCcgpZuIVkhVflLRc

  Bowel and bladder dysfunction can occur when signals from the brain cannot pass through the damaged areas of the spinal cord and reach the bowel and bladder muscles. […] High level cervical and thoracic injuries may result in breathing difficulties. […] Another common secondary effect of a spinal cord injury is spasticity, or involuntary muscle stiffness. […] After a spinal cord injury, reflexes can become hyperexcitable to stimulation and cause a condition known as clonus. […] Sexual functions may be affected by a spinal cord injury due to impaired sensation, and it affects men and women differently. […] Spinal cord injury secondary effects may also consist of sleeping disorders such as sleep apnea. […] The effects of a spinal cord injury depend on the level of injury. […] The best way to promote recovery is to stimulate the central nervous system through high-repetition of exercises.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Types

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12098-spinal-cord-injury

  With fast care to limit damage early on, its more likely that an SCI will have limited effects and youll make a greater recovery. But your spinal cord doesnt regenerate like nerves elsewhere in your body. Thats why SCIs are often but not always permanent. Your healthcare provider is the best source of information about how long the symptoms should last. […] The outlook for SCIs is generally guarded depending on the level and extent of injury, but there have been major improvements in care for people with an SCI. The reasons why the outlook is often guarded include: Risk of complications. People with an SCI have a very high risk of developing complications related to their injury. That includes pneumonia, urinary tract infections, constipation, blood clots, skin issues like pressure injuries and much more. Mental health effects. Having an SCI doesnt just affect physical health. It also has major impacts on mental health. Having an SCI increases your chances of developing conditions like depression. The risk of dying by suicide also increases. Cost. Many SCIs require long-term care or the use of assistive devices. These can be expensive. It can also be draining or time-consuming to seek out resources that might help you.

• #2 How Long Does a Spinal Cord Injury Take to Show Signs or Symptoms?

  https://nicholsonrevell.com/blog/how-long-does-a-spinal-cord-injury-take-to-show-signs-or-symptoms/

  You may not notice symptoms of spinal cord injuries at first, especially if you lose all feeling below the injury site or go into shock. Sometimes, numbness and paralysis may come on gradually following the injury. […] You should seek emergency medical attention for a spinal cord injury if you experience any of the following symptoms: Difficulty breathing, Difficulty walking or keeping balance, Numbness, tingling, or a loss of sensation, Weakness, Paralysis in any part of the body, A twisted or contorted neck or back, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Extreme pain or pressure in the back, neck, or head.

• #2 Injuries of the Spinal Cord and Vertebrae – Injuries and Poisoning – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/injuries-and-poisoning/spinal-injuries/injuries-of-the-spinal-cord-and-vertebrae

  Recovery is more likely if paralysis is partial and if movement or sensation starts to return during the first week after the injury. If function is not regained within 6 months, loss is likely to be permanent. However, several studies have shown that some recovery is possible up to one year after injury.

• #2 Spinal Cord Injury Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/spinal-cord-injury

  Symptoms do not always begin immediately. They can develop gradually after an injury if bleeding or swelling put pressure on the spinal cord. Any person who has experienced a dangerous fall or motor vehicle accident should be evaluated for a spinal injury. Prompt treatment may help control this type of gradual damage.

• #3 Spinal cord injury (acute management)

  https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Spinal_Cord_Injury_Acute_Management/

  Spinal cord injury (SCI) in children is a rare injury that can result in permanent loss of motor and sensory function, and dysfunction of the bowel and bladder. […] Children with SCI experience multiple health care problems including autonomic instability, complications of immobility and bowel or bladder dysfunction. […] Signs symptoms of acute SCI include flaccid paralysis below level of injury, loss of spinal reflexes below level of injury, loss of sensation (pain, touch, proprioception, temperature) below level of injury, loss of sweating below level of injury, and loss of sphincter tone and bowel bladder dysfunction. […] Injury results from primary secondary insults. […] Primary injury occurs at the time of the traumatic insult. […] Secondary injury occurs over hours to days because of a complex inflammatory process, vascular changes and intracellular calcium changes leading to oedema and ischemia of the spinal cord. Irreversible damage occurs to nerve cells leading to permanent disability.

• #3 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. It is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions. […] Symptoms of spinal cord injury may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. Injury can occur at any level of the spinal cord and can be complete, with a total loss of sensation and muscle function at lower sacral segments, or incomplete, meaning some nervous signals are able to travel past the injured area of the cord up to the Sacral S4-5 spinal cord segments. Depending on the location and severity of damage, the symptoms vary, from numbness to paralysis, including bowel or bladder incontinence. Long term outcomes also range widely, from full recovery to permanent tetraplegia (also called quadriplegia) or paraplegia. Complications can include muscle atrophy, loss of voluntary motor control, spasticity, pressure sores, infections, and breathing problems.

• #3 Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/spinal-cord-injury/

  Any kind of spinal cord injury will result in one or more of the following symptoms: Loss of movement, Extreme pain or pressure in the neck, head, or back, Altered or lost sensation, including the ability to sense heat, cold, and touch, Tingling of the hands, fingers, feet, or toes, Loss of bowel or bladder control, Changes in sexual function, sensitivity, and fertility, Pain or intense tingling caused by nerve damage to the spinal cord, Difficulty breathing or coughing, Difficulty or inability to walk, Unusual lumps on the head or spine. […] The vertebrae in the neck make up the cervical spinal cord, which includes bones C1-7. Because this part of the spine is closer to the brain and affects a larger portion of the body, these injuries are the most severe types of spinal cord injury. Injuries to the cervical spine result in tetraplegia or quadriplegia, meaning there is limited or no sensation or movement below the neck. Paralysis is permanent and requires lifelong medical care; patients will need assistance completing some basic daily functions. Many of these patients are unable to speak, or speaking ability will be impaired.

• #3 Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/spinal-cord-injury/

  Injuring the thoracic spine typically results in paraplegia, or paralysis below the waist. Patients with thoracic spinal cord injuries can often move their arms, hands, and upper bodies normally, and get around with a manual or electric wheelchair. Many can learn to drive a modified car, and may be able to stand in a standing frame or even walk with braces. Most are able to live independently, work a full-time job, and practice good self-care without assistance. […] Lumbar spinal cord injuries often result in a degree of function loss in the hips and legs, but not the functionality of the upper body. People who suffer from lumbar spinal cord injuries have little or no voluntary control of their bowel or bladder. Most need a manual or electric wheelchair for movement, although some may be able to walk with special braces.

• #3 Sacral Spinal Cord Injury | Brooks Rehabilitation

  https://brooksrehab.org/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/sacral/

  A spinal cord injury refers to damage to any part of the spinal cord or its nerves. More often, spinal cord injury results in persistent decreases in strength, sensation, and other body functions below the injury site. […] If you have a sacral spinal cord injury, it may appear as though every element of your life is severely impacted. This kind of harm affects the physical body, mind, emotions, and social life. However, you can still get treated and recover from a sacral spinal cord injury. It all starts with knowing the level of the spinal cord injury, which is essential in helping you understand and determine what functions may be affected before and after treatment. […] If you have sacral nerve damage, you may experience symptoms on one or both sides of the body. Meanwhile, damage to the sacral spine may cause you to lose some function in your legs or hips. You could find it difficult to walk or drive a car.

• #3 Spinal cord injury – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury

  Complications of spinal cord injuries include pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, neurogenic shock, and paralysis below the injury site. […] In the long term, the loss of muscle function can have additional effects from disuse, including muscle atrophy. Immobility also can lead to pressure sores, particularly in bony areas, requiring precautions such as extra cushioning and turning in bed every two hours (in the acute setting) to relieve pressure. […] People with spinal cord injury are at especially high risk for respiratory and cardiovascular problems, so hospital staff must be watchful to avoid them.

• #3 Recognising Spinal Injury Symptoms | Fletchers

  https://www.fletcherssolicitors.co.uk/serious-personal-injury/guides/recognising-spinal-injury-symptoms/

  If you’ve had a serious accident and you experience any of the following symptoms, you should call 999 and get to A&E as quickly as you can: Twisted neck or back, Extreme head, neck, or back pain or pressure, Difficulty breathing, General lack of coordination, Poor or no bladder or bowel control, Bruising and swelling, Numbness, loss of feeling, or tingling. […] The symptoms of a spinal injury vary from person to person, so err on the side of caution and seek medical help.

• #3 Complete vs incomplete spinal cord injury: What to know

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/complete-vs-incomplete-spinal-cord-injury

  Research suggests that people with an incomplete spinal cord injury have a higher chance of recovering from a loss of motor and sensory function in the affected limbs than those with a complete spinal cord injury. […] Following a spinal cord injury, a person may experience pain. An older study reports that about one-third of people who have a spinal cord injury experience severe pain. People may also experience fatigue. […] Other symptoms that people with a spinal cord injury may report include: breathlessness, memory problems, vision problems, numbness, perceived weakness. […] A complete spinal cord injury causes a total loss of muscle movement and sensation at the injured site and below. […] A person with an incomplete spinal cord injury retains some level of function below the level of the injury.

• #4 Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/spinal-cord-injury/

  Injuring the thoracic spine typically results in paraplegia, or paralysis below the waist. Patients with thoracic spinal cord injuries can often move their arms, hands, and upper bodies normally, and get around with a manual or electric wheelchair. Many can learn to drive a modified car, and may be able to stand in a standing frame or even walk with braces. Most are able to live independently, work a full-time job, and practice good self-care without assistance. […] Lumbar spinal cord injuries often result in a degree of function loss in the hips and legs, but not the functionality of the upper body. People who suffer from lumbar spinal cord injuries have little or no voluntary control of their bowel or bladder. Most need a manual or electric wheelchair for movement, although some may be able to walk with special braces.

• #5 Spinal Cord Injury

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/spinal-cord-injury/

  Sacral spinal cord injuries are rare, and usually only occur from a fall or direct trauma to the area. Injuries to the sacral nerves can result in some loss of function to the hips and legs, as well as lack of voluntary bowel or bladder control. Most people with sacrum injuries are still able to walk.

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