Materiały źródłowe

• #1 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles are among the most common in sports and account for significant time loss. Despite being so common, the injury mechanism of hamstring injuries remains to be determined. […] All studies that reported the stretch-type injury mechanism concluded that injury occurs due to extensive hip flexion with a hyperextended knee. The vast majority of studies on injuries during running proposed that these injuries occur during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] A stretch-type injury to the hamstrings is caused by extensive hip flexion with an extended knee. Hamstring injuries during sprinting are most likely to occur due to excessive muscle strain caused by eccentric contraction during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] All the studies of stretch-type injuries concluded that injuries occur due to extensive hip flexion with simultaneous knee extension.

• #2 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32993700/

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles are among the most common in sports and account for significant time loss. […] Despite being so common, the injury mechanism of hamstring injuries remains to be determined. […] A stretch-type injury to the hamstrings is caused by extensive hip flexion with an extended knee. Hamstring injuries during sprinting are most likely to occur due to excessive muscle strain caused by eccentric contraction during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle.

• #3 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in mens professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22. […] The primary objective of this ECIS study was to describe the hamstring injury incidence and burden in professional mens football over 21 seasons (2001/02 to 2021/22). Our secondary aim was to analyse the time trends of hamstring muscle injuries over the most recent eight seasons (2013/14 to 2021/22) to see if previously reported trends have continued. […] The most important findings were that the proportion of all injuries diagnosed as hamstring injuries increased from 12% to 24%, and that the proportion of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries increased from 10% to 20% during the 21-year study period.

• #4 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  The most worrying finding was that the injury rates have increased during the recent eight seasons. […] The most expected findings (extending previous studies) were that hamstring injuries were: (1) most commonly due to running/sprinting; (2) more likely to occur in the last 15min of match halves; (3) affect the biceps femoris rather than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles; and (4) predisposed to recur within 2 months in the same location. […] Over the past 21 years, in professional mens football, hamstring injuries have increased substantially as a proportion of the total number of reported injuries and as a proportion of injury burden. […] We postulate that the number of hamstring injuries increased over time due to a greater number of high-risk activities in later years. […] The Nordic Hamstring Exercise programme has been promoted for injury prevention, and may reduce hamstring injuries by 65-70%. However, the programme has not been widely adopted in mens professional football in Europe. […] We found the biceps femoris muscle was injured far more frequently than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles. The reasons for this finding are not well understood, and provide an important focus for future research.

• #5

  https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/fulltext/2023/05000/mechanisms_of_hamstring_injury_in_professional.3.aspx

  To describe the injury mechanisms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in acute hamstring injuries of male soccer players using a systematic video analysis. […] Two different hamstring injury mechanisms have been previously described in the literature: stretching-type and sprinting-type. […] The stretching-type hamstring injury has been shown to most commonly affect the proximal tendon of the semimembranosus or biceps femoris. […] By contrast, the sprinting-type hamstring injury most often affects the long head of the biceps femoris, whereas the most severe avulsions of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and/or semitendinosus usually occur as a result of a rapid forceful hip flexion with the ipsilateral knee in extension. […] However, in certain cases, the hamstring injury mechanisms are not so easily classifiable, as the injury inciting actions may involve different movements that make hamstrings susceptible to injury.

• #6 Explorations in Hamstring Injury Concepts – Part II: Mechanism of Injury

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/explorations-hamstring-injury-concepts-part-ii-ryan

  Two specific injury mechanisms are most often associated with (but are not limited to) hamstring strains. The first and more common type results from high-speed running and often involves an injury to the LHBF (Erickson and Sherry, 2017). […] The second type which is worth noting, but will not be discussed in as great of detail is coined the excessive stretching or overstretching type. This injury typically involves the proximal free tendon of the semimembranosus (Erickson and Sherry, 2017). […] As it relates to the first type of injury, I’ve seen two incredibly well-done webinars that discuss in great detail how this MOI may occur. […] The first given by Bryan Heiderscheit discusses the belief that these injuries occur when the hamstrings are subjected to periods of peak eccentric force, as most often seen during the terminal swing phase of running.

• #7 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles are among the most common in sports and account for significant time loss. Despite being so common, the injury mechanism of hamstring injuries remains to be determined. […] All studies that reported the stretch-type injury mechanism concluded that injury occurs due to extensive hip flexion with a hyperextended knee. The vast majority of studies on injuries during running proposed that these injuries occur during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] A stretch-type injury to the hamstrings is caused by extensive hip flexion with an extended knee. Hamstring injuries during sprinting are most likely to occur due to excessive muscle strain caused by eccentric contraction during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] All the studies of stretch-type injuries concluded that injuries occur due to extensive hip flexion with simultaneous knee extension.

• #8 Hamstring strain

  https://fittoplay.org/body-parts/hamstring/-hamstring-strain-pulled-hamstringnew-page/

  A strain involves a tear in some of the muscle fibres. In technical terms, this is known as a rupture. […] The most common type of hamstring strain injury is called a sprinting injury and occurs when running at high speeds. The hamstring tears as it produces power in an eccentric movement. […] Another type of injury is a so-called 'stretching injury’. It occurs when the hip and knee joints are moved to an extreme outward position. This injury can occur, for example, during a high kick or a sliding tackle with the hip bent. This leads to the hamstrings being subjected to a large amount of stretching. […] Sprinting injuries most often occur in the junction between the tendon and the muscle biceps femoris. Stretching injuries usually occur in the actual tendon. When the injury is located where the tendon and the muscle connect, it is easier to heal.

• #9 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  The majority of studies of hamstring injuries during running reported that the hamstrings are most prone to injury during the late swing phase as a result of eccentric loading. However, some studies reported that the hamstrings are most likely to be injured during the stance phase. […] In conclusion, hamstring injuries sustained while running or sprinting are estimated to occur during the late swing phase as a consequence of increased strain on the hamstring muscles.

• #10 Hamstring strain

  https://fittoplay.org/body-parts/hamstring/-hamstring-strain-pulled-hamstringnew-page/

  A strain involves a tear in some of the muscle fibres. In technical terms, this is known as a rupture. […] The most common type of hamstring strain injury is called a sprinting injury and occurs when running at high speeds. The hamstring tears as it produces power in an eccentric movement. […] Another type of injury is a so-called 'stretching injury’. It occurs when the hip and knee joints are moved to an extreme outward position. This injury can occur, for example, during a high kick or a sliding tackle with the hip bent. This leads to the hamstrings being subjected to a large amount of stretching. […] Sprinting injuries most often occur in the junction between the tendon and the muscle biceps femoris. Stretching injuries usually occur in the actual tendon. When the injury is located where the tendon and the muscle connect, it is easier to heal.

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/fulltext/2023/05000/mechanisms_of_hamstring_injury_in_professional.3.aspx

  The injuries may combine biomechanical characteristics from both sprinting and stretching-type mechanisms. […] Therefore, in our opinion also, mixed-type injury mechanisms can occur in hamstring injuries. […] In addition to sprinting and stretching, we described the mixed-type injury mechanism, which included typical patterns from both of these mechanisms. […] Most cases (93%) involved knee flexion 45 degrees, and in 6 of the cases, we found the fully extended knee. […] The stretch-type injuries usually occur during a side or sagittal split movement, high kick, or stretching. […] In our sample, of the 5 stretch-type injuries (36% of all injuries), 2 affected semimembranosus, 2 were proximal avulsions (biceps femoris + semitendinosus), and 1 affected distal biceps femoris. […] The 6 mixed-type injuries involved high-speed running or acceleration combined with stretch-related movement (lunging, landing, or kicking), and the injury locations varied widely: 2 proximal biceps femoris, proximal 2 tendon avulsions (biceps femoris + semitendinosus), mid-thigh semimembranosus, distal biceps femoris, and distal semitendinosus.

• #12 Mechanisms of Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players: Video Analysis and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings – Barça Innovation Hub

  https://barcainnovationhub.fcbarcelona.com/investigation/mechanisms-of-hamstring-injury-in-professional-soccer-players-video-analysis-and-magnetic-resonance-imaging-findings/

  Objective: To describe the injury mechanisms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in acute hamstring injuries of male soccer players using a systematic video analysis. […] Independent Variables: Hamstring injury mechanisms (specific scoring based on standardized models) in relation to hamstring muscle injury MRI findings. […] Results: Fourteen videos of acute hamstring injuries in 13 professional male soccer players were analyzed. Three different injury mechanisms were seen: mixed-type (both sprint-related and stretch-related, 43%), stretch-type (36%), and sprint-type (21%). […] Conclusions: According to a video analysis, most hamstring injuries in soccer occur during high-speed movements. Physicians should suspect proximal and isolated single-tendon—most often BF—hamstring injury, if represented injury mechanisms are seen during game play. In addition to sprinting and stretching, also mixed-type injury mechanisms occur.

• #13 Mechanisms of Hamstring Injury in Professional Soccer Players: Video Analysis and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings – Barça Innovation Hub

  https://barcainnovationhub.fcbarcelona.com/investigation/mechanisms-of-hamstring-injury-in-professional-soccer-players-video-analysis-and-magnetic-resonance-imaging-findings/

  Objective: To describe the injury mechanisms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in acute hamstring injuries of male soccer players using a systematic video analysis. […] Independent Variables: Hamstring injury mechanisms (specific scoring based on standardized models) in relation to hamstring muscle injury MRI findings. […] Results: Fourteen videos of acute hamstring injuries in 13 professional male soccer players were analyzed. Three different injury mechanisms were seen: mixed-type (both sprint-related and stretch-related, 43%), stretch-type (36%), and sprint-type (21%). […] Conclusions: According to a video analysis, most hamstring injuries in soccer occur during high-speed movements. Physicians should suspect proximal and isolated single-tendon—most often BF—hamstring injury, if represented injury mechanisms are seen during game play. In addition to sprinting and stretching, also mixed-type injury mechanisms occur.

• #14 Hamstring injury patterns in professional male football (soccer): a systematic video analysis of 52 cases – FMPA

  https://www.fmpa.co.uk/2022/01/25/hamstring-injury-patterns-professional-male-football-soccer-systematic-video-analysis-52-cases/

  Hamstring injury patterns in professional male football (soccer): a systematic video analysis of 52 cases […] Objective […] To closely describe the injury inciting events of acute hamstring injuries in professional male football (soccer) using systematic video analysis. […] Methods […] Video footage from four seasons (20142019) of the two highest divisions in German male football was searched for moderate and severe (ie, time loss of 7 days) acute non-contact and indirect contact match hamstring injuries. Two raters independently categorised inciting events using a standardised procedure to determine specific injury patterns and kinematics. […] Results 52 cases of hamstring injuries were included for specific pattern analysis. The pattern analysis revealed 25 sprint-related (48%) and 27 stretch-related hamstring injuries (52%). All sprint-related hamstring injuries occured during linear acceleration or high-speed running. Stretch-related hamstring injuries were connected with closed chain movements like braking or stopping with a lunging or landing action and open chain movements like kicking. The kinematic analysis of stretch-related injuries revealed a change of movement involving knee flexion to knee extension and a knee angle of 45 at the assumed injury frame in all open and closed chain movements. Biceps femoris was the most affected muscle (79%) of all included cases.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/fulltext/2023/05000/mechanisms_of_hamstring_injury_in_professional.3.aspx

  The injuries may combine biomechanical characteristics from both sprinting and stretching-type mechanisms. […] Therefore, in our opinion also, mixed-type injury mechanisms can occur in hamstring injuries. […] In addition to sprinting and stretching, we described the mixed-type injury mechanism, which included typical patterns from both of these mechanisms. […] Most cases (93%) involved knee flexion 45 degrees, and in 6 of the cases, we found the fully extended knee. […] The stretch-type injuries usually occur during a side or sagittal split movement, high kick, or stretching. […] In our sample, of the 5 stretch-type injuries (36% of all injuries), 2 affected semimembranosus, 2 were proximal avulsions (biceps femoris + semitendinosus), and 1 affected distal biceps femoris. […] The 6 mixed-type injuries involved high-speed running or acceleration combined with stretch-related movement (lunging, landing, or kicking), and the injury locations varied widely: 2 proximal biceps femoris, proximal 2 tendon avulsions (biceps femoris + semitendinosus), mid-thigh semimembranosus, distal biceps femoris, and distal semitendinosus.

• #16 Hamstring strain

  https://fittoplay.org/body-parts/hamstring/-hamstring-strain-pulled-hamstringnew-page/

  A strain involves a tear in some of the muscle fibres. In technical terms, this is known as a rupture. […] The most common type of hamstring strain injury is called a sprinting injury and occurs when running at high speeds. The hamstring tears as it produces power in an eccentric movement. […] Another type of injury is a so-called 'stretching injury’. It occurs when the hip and knee joints are moved to an extreme outward position. This injury can occur, for example, during a high kick or a sliding tackle with the hip bent. This leads to the hamstrings being subjected to a large amount of stretching. […] Sprinting injuries most often occur in the junction between the tendon and the muscle biceps femoris. Stretching injuries usually occur in the actual tendon. When the injury is located where the tendon and the muscle connect, it is easier to heal.

• #17

  https://www.movementforlifephysio.com.au/hamstring-strain

  Hamstring muscle strains are common injuries in sports that require maximum sprinting, kicking, acceleration, and change of direction. The injury mechanism has been called the high-speed running mechanism. A second injury type has also been described as a stretch injury. This occurs during movements leading to extensive lengthening of the hamstrings, such as high kicking, sliding tackles and sideways splits. The distinction is important to make as the stretch injury may have a more prolonged recovery. […] Because they cross both the hip AND the knee joint the hamstrings are referred to as a two joint muscle and is one reason they are particularly susceptible to strain injury. […] By far the greatest risk factor for a hamstring strain in the future is a past history of a hamstring injury. Football players with a previous hamstring injury have a seven-times higher risk of injury than players with no injury history. On average, repeat injuries also result in a 30% longer absence from football. Other risk factors for hamstring strain are older age and increased peak quadriceps torque. The latter basically means the hamstring is working against a greater opposing force.

• #18 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles are among the most common in sports and account for significant time loss. Despite being so common, the injury mechanism of hamstring injuries remains to be determined. […] All studies that reported the stretch-type injury mechanism concluded that injury occurs due to extensive hip flexion with a hyperextended knee. The vast majority of studies on injuries during running proposed that these injuries occur during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] A stretch-type injury to the hamstrings is caused by extensive hip flexion with an extended knee. Hamstring injuries during sprinting are most likely to occur due to excessive muscle strain caused by eccentric contraction during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] All the studies of stretch-type injuries concluded that injuries occur due to extensive hip flexion with simultaneous knee extension.

• #19 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a – ProQuest

  https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/mechanism-hamstring-injuries-systematic-review/docview/2451743568/se-2

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles are among the most common in sports and account for significant time loss. Despite being so common, the injury mechanism of hamstring injuries remains to be determined. […] To investigate the hamstring injury mechanism by conducting a systematic review. […] All studies that reported the stretch-type injury mechanism concluded that injury occurs due to extensive hip flexion with a hyperextended knee. The vast majority of studies on injuries during running proposed that these injuries occur during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle. […] A stretch-type injury to the hamstrings is caused by extensive hip flexion with an extended knee. Hamstring injuries during sprinting are most likely to occur due to excessive muscle strain caused by eccentric contraction during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle.

• #20

  https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/fulltext/2023/05000/mechanisms_of_hamstring_injury_in_professional.3.aspx

  To describe the injury mechanisms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in acute hamstring injuries of male soccer players using a systematic video analysis. […] Two different hamstring injury mechanisms have been previously described in the literature: stretching-type and sprinting-type. […] The stretching-type hamstring injury has been shown to most commonly affect the proximal tendon of the semimembranosus or biceps femoris. […] By contrast, the sprinting-type hamstring injury most often affects the long head of the biceps femoris, whereas the most severe avulsions of biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and/or semitendinosus usually occur as a result of a rapid forceful hip flexion with the ipsilateral knee in extension. […] However, in certain cases, the hamstring injury mechanisms are not so easily classifiable, as the injury inciting actions may involve different movements that make hamstrings susceptible to injury.

• #21 Proximal and Mid-Hamstring Strain/Tendon Tear | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/proximal-and-mid-hamstring-straintendon-tear/

  The most common tendons injured are the long head of the biceps femoris and semimembranosus. This is likely because their elongation exceeds that of the other hamstring muscles when the knee is in extension. […] Mechanism of injury: Stretch-type and Sprint-type. Stretch-type: Occurs during substantial hip flexion and knee extension maneuvers (i.e., dancing). Commonly affecting the proximal free tendon portion of the semimembranosus. Stretching injuries have been shown to require a longer recovery time to achieve full return to premorbid levels of activity compared to acute sprinting-type injuries. […] Sprint-type: Usually during eccentric loading during hip flexion and knee extension typically seen in maximal running. Commonly affecting the long head of the biceps femoris. Key points of hamstring injury typically occur in the late swing and early stance. Muscle fatigue may promote Groucho running pattern, that along with anterior pelvic tilt, can place the biceps femoris muscle in a vulnerable state for injury. […] Acute hamstring tears or high-grade strains may involve the sciatic nerve due to compression or inflammation. Chronic injuries may be associated with fibrosis and scarring. […] Chronic tendinopathy is characterized by fibrosis with proximal attachment hyaline degeneration in some cases.

• #22 Proximal and Mid-Hamstring Strain/Tendon Tear | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/proximal-and-mid-hamstring-straintendon-tear/

  The most common tendons injured are the long head of the biceps femoris and semimembranosus. This is likely because their elongation exceeds that of the other hamstring muscles when the knee is in extension. […] Mechanism of injury: Stretch-type and Sprint-type. Stretch-type: Occurs during substantial hip flexion and knee extension maneuvers (i.e., dancing). Commonly affecting the proximal free tendon portion of the semimembranosus. Stretching injuries have been shown to require a longer recovery time to achieve full return to premorbid levels of activity compared to acute sprinting-type injuries. […] Sprint-type: Usually during eccentric loading during hip flexion and knee extension typically seen in maximal running. Commonly affecting the long head of the biceps femoris. Key points of hamstring injury typically occur in the late swing and early stance. Muscle fatigue may promote Groucho running pattern, that along with anterior pelvic tilt, can place the biceps femoris muscle in a vulnerable state for injury. […] Acute hamstring tears or high-grade strains may involve the sciatic nerve due to compression or inflammation. Chronic injuries may be associated with fibrosis and scarring. […] Chronic tendinopathy is characterized by fibrosis with proximal attachment hyaline degeneration in some cases.

• #23 De-Mystifying Hamstring Injuries

  https://www.sportssurgeryclinic.com/de-mystifying-hamstring-injuries/

  Other studies have suggested that high speed running injuries will result in quicker recovery times in comparison to stretch type injuries. […] With sprinting type strains, the high eccentric forces during both the stance and swing phase of running increases an athletes injury risk during maximal sprinting. […] Stretching type injuries generally occur much closer to the ischial tuberosity (where the hamstring attaches to the pelvis) and commonly involve the semimembranosis tendon. […] This demonstrates that there are many factors that will determine how severe the injury is and how long it will take to rehabilitate. […] Identifying the root cause is often the difference between fully rehabilitating and the athlete who has ongoing tightness and re-injury. […] Progressively loading the injured muscle to maximise strength gains and enhance collagen fibre formation in the tissue remodelling process is key.

• #24 Hamstring injuries in football, an unsolved puzzle – SoccerDoc

  https://soccerdoc.nl/en/hamstring-injuries-in-football-an-unsolved-puzzle/

  Hamstring injuries cause many problems to football teams and, although research has increased greatly in recent years, it seems to be insufficient, as hamstrings injuries also continue to increase. […] What makes this muscle group so vulnerable to injury? What changes occur in players who suffer hamstring muscle tears? […] There are 2 mechanisms of hamstring injury, stretch-type and sprint-type. […] Stretch-type normally occurs during an excessive hip flexion with simultaneous knee extension and SM proximal tendon seems to be the most affected location. […] Sprint-type injuries are the ones that occur the most, especially in sports such as soccer, where they can account for up to 80% of sustained hamstring injuries. […] The hamstrings play a critical role in high intensity running.

• #25 Part 1: Hamstring Injuries – Tidal

  https://tidalphysioperformance.com/part-1-hamstring-injuries/

  Hamstring strain injuries are the most common non-contact injury in sport, we see 80% of these injuries occur when sprinting. […] The injury rates continue to increase and unfortunately so do the re-occurrence of hamstring strain injuries. […] A hamstring strain injury most commonly occurs during sprinting (high speed running). This is typically during late swing or early stance phase, as the hip flexes and the knee extends. The bicep femoris is the frequently injured muscle or tendon, as it shows the highest level of muscular activity during terminal swing phase. […] During the terminal swing phase of the running gait cycle, the hamstrings incur the greatest stretch and are active, eccentrically contracting to decelerate the lower limb in preparation for foot contact. […] The hamstrings muscle group cross two joints. This means that at various stages of sprinting the hamstrings lengthen over two points, while at others they shorten over two joints simultaneously. As a result, the hamstrings undergo greater changes in length than muscles crossing only one joint.

• #26 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  The majority of studies of hamstring injuries during running reported that the hamstrings are most prone to injury during the late swing phase as a result of eccentric loading. However, some studies reported that the hamstrings are most likely to be injured during the stance phase. […] In conclusion, hamstring injuries sustained while running or sprinting are estimated to occur during the late swing phase as a consequence of increased strain on the hamstring muscles.

• #27 Mechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/8/5/65

  The phase of the running cycle during which HSIs most commonly occur remains a controversial topic in sprint-type HSI research. In order to increase the efficacy of hamstring injury risk reduction strategies, a complete understanding of the biomechanical function of the hamstring muscles during sprinting is required. […] The majority of researchers investigating the role of the hamstrings during sprint-running argue that the late swing phase is likely to be the point in the running cycle at which the hamstrings are most susceptible to injury. […] It is suggested that this could place an excessive load on neighboring tissues, which could induce excessive tensile shear stress and potentially increase injury risk. […] The late swing and early stance phases appear to be critical points at which HSI is more likely to occur. More accurately defining the influence of fatigue on tissue behaviors in these two phases may be key to gaining a better understanding of hamstring injury mechanisms.

• #28

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  An accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that the injured athlete receives appropriate treatment and rehabilitation, and correct information related to the prognosis. […] The diagnosis and prognosis for time to return to sport (RTS) after acute hamstring injuries are mainly based on a comprehensive clinical examination. […] The evidence regarding the actual injury mechanism related to acute hamstring injuries is limited, and the subject of much debate. The majority of hamstring injuries are reported to occur during high-speed running when the athlete is accelerating or running at (or close to) maximal speed, typical in sports like football, rugby, and athletics. […] Muscle strain injuries during high-speed running are thought to occur during eccentric muscle contractions when the muscles are lengthened while producing forces.

• #29

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  Biomechanical studies show that the hamstrings are most active from the mid-swing until the terminal phase of the stride cycle during running and sprinting. […] During this terminal swing phase, the peak hamstring musculotendinous stretch seems to occur, and is significantly greater for biceps femoris. […] However, controversies exist and the early stance phase has also been suggested as highest risk period during the gait cycle, since the hamstring muscles are also working against potentially large opposing forces. […] To rule out more severe injuries, consider a combination of signs and symptoms that include excessive pain located at the tendons insertions. […] Red flags on history taking include pain on sitting, severe loss of function and force on isometric contraction, as well as difficulty when walking.

• #30 Explorations in Hamstring Injury Concepts – Part II: Mechanism of Injury

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/explorations-hamstring-injury-concepts-part-ii-ryan

  This phenomenon may be explained for a few different reasons. First, although similar in magnitude of peak forces placed on the hamstrings, those experienced in the stance phase are considered positive; in the swing phase however, they are considered negative (Thelen et al., 2004). […] Unfortunately, muscles may inherently be more prone to injury under periods of negative work (i.e. during eccentric contractions) (Chumanov et al, 2011). This can help to explain why we often see injuries during the terminal swing phase of high-speed running. […] As a victim of its function, the muscle most subjected to this increase in eccentric load during terminal swing is the long head of the biceps femoris (Chumanov et al, 2011). […] Here, we’ve essentially become victims to natural anatomy and biomechanics.

• #31 Hamstring Function And Mechanism of Injury | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

  https://dralexjimenez.com/hamstring-function-mechanism-of-injury-sports-specialist/

  Muscle strains are a common injury among athletes, together with the hamstrings being susceptible to injury in sports which involve high speed running. […] The susceptibility of the hamstrings to harm during high speed running is linked to the biomechanical demands put on the muscle, although debate continues regarding whether injury occurs through the stance or swing phase of a gait cycle. […] In particular, the biarticular hamstrings are proven to experience a contraction with the quantity of negative work with running speed. Thus, the hamstrings may be vulnerable to some late swing injury because of repetitive strides of high speed. […] Other research study results suggest that the hamstrings are considerably loaded during both the stance and swing phases of top speed treadmill running.

• #32 Reduce hamstring injury risk by sprinting – Sportsmith

  https://www.sportsmith.co/articles/reduce-hamstring-injury-risk-by-sprinting/

  At high velocity (7m/s or 26km/h), a 30% increase in running velocity leads to a 100% increase in hamstring muscle requirements. […] If the sprint mechanical pattern is associated with high incidence or risk of hamstring strains, then recommending more sprinting might be counterproductive! […] The measurement approach will depend on the available tools. […] Coaches should expand their exercise toolbox so hamstring muscles can be prepared for a large range of mechanical demands during sports. Sprinting itself represents such an exercise.

• #33

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  Biomechanical studies show that the hamstrings are most active from the mid-swing until the terminal phase of the stride cycle during running and sprinting. […] During this terminal swing phase, the peak hamstring musculotendinous stretch seems to occur, and is significantly greater for biceps femoris. […] However, controversies exist and the early stance phase has also been suggested as highest risk period during the gait cycle, since the hamstring muscles are also working against potentially large opposing forces. […] To rule out more severe injuries, consider a combination of signs and symptoms that include excessive pain located at the tendons insertions. […] Red flags on history taking include pain on sitting, severe loss of function and force on isometric contraction, as well as difficulty when walking.

• #34 Explorations in Hamstring Injury Concepts – Part II: Mechanism of Injury

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/explorations-hamstring-injury-concepts-part-ii-ryan

  The second, given by Sam Blanchard in his talk on using research in hamstring rehab, discusses the theory that these types of injuries occur in either the stride or stance phase, more specifically during the amortization phase wherein the hamstring muscle switches from eccentric to concentric contraction. […] Regardless of the differences in either frame of thinking, each requires an inherent understanding of high-speed running. […] When analyzing forces that our hamstrings are subjected to during each of these phases, it has been determined that peak forces between the two phases are similar (Chumanov et al., 2007). However, in the period of terminal swing, or the last portion of the swing phase shortly before our heel touches the ground and begins the stance phase, we most often see these types of high-speed running injuries even though forces are similar.

• #35 Mechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/8/5/65

  Isolated injury to the long head of biceps femoris is the most common type of acute hamstring strain injury (HSI). However, the precise hamstring injury mechanism (i.e., sprint-type) is still not well understood, and research is inconclusive as to which phase in the running cycle HSI risk is the greatest. […] Injury rates are particularly high in soccer, accounting for 37% of all muscle related injuries, and a recurrence rate of 12–33% has been reported. Data showing higher injury rates towards the late stages of each half of a (European) soccer game suggests an association between fatigue and injury risk. […] Neuromuscular fatigue is one potential major HSI risk factor. Fatigue can be defined as the inability to maintain a given exercise intensity or power output, resulting from either acute or residual (i.e., inadequate recovery from repeated exposures to load) physical exercise burden.

• #36 Hamstring injury patterns in professional male football (soccer): a systematic video analysis of 52 cases – FMPA

  https://www.fmpa.co.uk/2022/01/25/hamstring-injury-patterns-professional-male-football-soccer-systematic-video-analysis-52-cases/

  Hamstring injury patterns in professional male football (soccer): a systematic video analysis of 52 cases […] Objective […] To closely describe the injury inciting events of acute hamstring injuries in professional male football (soccer) using systematic video analysis. […] Methods […] Video footage from four seasons (20142019) of the two highest divisions in German male football was searched for moderate and severe (ie, time loss of 7 days) acute non-contact and indirect contact match hamstring injuries. Two raters independently categorised inciting events using a standardised procedure to determine specific injury patterns and kinematics. […] Results 52 cases of hamstring injuries were included for specific pattern analysis. The pattern analysis revealed 25 sprint-related (48%) and 27 stretch-related hamstring injuries (52%). All sprint-related hamstring injuries occured during linear acceleration or high-speed running. Stretch-related hamstring injuries were connected with closed chain movements like braking or stopping with a lunging or landing action and open chain movements like kicking. The kinematic analysis of stretch-related injuries revealed a change of movement involving knee flexion to knee extension and a knee angle of 45 at the assumed injury frame in all open and closed chain movements. Biceps femoris was the most affected muscle (79%) of all included cases.

• #37 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  The most worrying finding was that the injury rates have increased during the recent eight seasons. […] The most expected findings (extending previous studies) were that hamstring injuries were: (1) most commonly due to running/sprinting; (2) more likely to occur in the last 15min of match halves; (3) affect the biceps femoris rather than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles; and (4) predisposed to recur within 2 months in the same location. […] Over the past 21 years, in professional mens football, hamstring injuries have increased substantially as a proportion of the total number of reported injuries and as a proportion of injury burden. […] We postulate that the number of hamstring injuries increased over time due to a greater number of high-risk activities in later years. […] The Nordic Hamstring Exercise programme has been promoted for injury prevention, and may reduce hamstring injuries by 65-70%. However, the programme has not been widely adopted in mens professional football in Europe. […] We found the biceps femoris muscle was injured far more frequently than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles. The reasons for this finding are not well understood, and provide an important focus for future research.

• #38 Explorations in Hamstring Injury Concepts – Part II: Mechanism of Injury

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/explorations-hamstring-injury-concepts-part-ii-ryan

  This phenomenon may be explained for a few different reasons. First, although similar in magnitude of peak forces placed on the hamstrings, those experienced in the stance phase are considered positive; in the swing phase however, they are considered negative (Thelen et al., 2004). […] Unfortunately, muscles may inherently be more prone to injury under periods of negative work (i.e. during eccentric contractions) (Chumanov et al, 2011). This can help to explain why we often see injuries during the terminal swing phase of high-speed running. […] As a victim of its function, the muscle most subjected to this increase in eccentric load during terminal swing is the long head of the biceps femoris (Chumanov et al, 2011). […] Here, we’ve essentially become victims to natural anatomy and biomechanics.

• #39 Explorations in Hamstring Injury Concepts – Part II: Mechanism of Injury

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/explorations-hamstring-injury-concepts-part-ii-ryan

  Suddenly, there are now three negative influencers predisposing any of us to hamstring strain injury: high levels of negative peak force during terminal swing, increased load at the LHBF due to its responsibility for force production at high velocities, and anatomically smaller width of LHBF aponeurosis decreasing ability to optimally handle large amounts of force. […] This challenges the initial thought that peak eccentric forces are causing injury to the LHBF. […] Rather, because of the now lengthened state of the tendon and aponeurosis, coupled with the responsibility to re-transition from a period of eccentric back to concentric contraction, there places a large physical demand and responsibility of the BF to control two different types of contractions.

• #40

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  Biomechanical studies show that the hamstrings are most active from the mid-swing until the terminal phase of the stride cycle during running and sprinting. […] During this terminal swing phase, the peak hamstring musculotendinous stretch seems to occur, and is significantly greater for biceps femoris. […] However, controversies exist and the early stance phase has also been suggested as highest risk period during the gait cycle, since the hamstring muscles are also working against potentially large opposing forces. […] To rule out more severe injuries, consider a combination of signs and symptoms that include excessive pain located at the tendons insertions. […] Red flags on history taking include pain on sitting, severe loss of function and force on isometric contraction, as well as difficulty when walking.

• #41 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  During sprinting, the hamstring muscles contract eccentrically as the back leg is straightened and the toes are used to push off and move forward. The hamstring muscles are not only lengthened at this point in the stride, but they are also loaded with body weight as well as the force required for forward motion. […] Like strains, hamstring tendon avulsions are also caused by large, sudden loads. […] Most hamstring injuries occur in the thick, central part of the muscle (the muscle belly) or where the muscle fibers join tendon fibers. […] In the most severe hamstring injuries, the tendon tears completely away from the bone. It may even pull a piece of bone away with it. This is called an avulsion injury. […] Hamstring strains occur more often in adolescents because bones and muscles do not grow at the same rate. During a growth spurt, a child’s bones may grow faster than the muscles. The growing bone pulls the muscle tight. A sudden jump, stretch, or impact can tear the muscle away from its connection to the bone.

• #42 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  The hamstring pull may occur anywhere along the muscle tendon, however it most commonly occurs in the middle of the hamstring muscle. […] As people age, the tendon can be injured when it inserts into the ischial tuberosity in the pelvis and cause groin or hip symptoms. On occasion, the tendon injury can pull a small part of bone away from the pelvic bone where the tendon inserts. […] Avulsion injuries often occur with a quick muscle contraction during a burst of speed. This occurs in activities like ice skating, weightlifting, or skiing. […] There are a variety of potential risk factors for hamstring injuries: Inadequate warming up and poor stretching, Muscle weakness or an imbalance in the muscle strength within the hamstring muscles, Muscle weakness or an imbalance between the hamstrings and quadriceps, Poor footwear, Recurrent injury when the muscle hasn’t completely healed from the previous damage.

• #43 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  During sprinting, the hamstring muscles contract eccentrically as the back leg is straightened and the toes are used to push off and move forward. The hamstring muscles are not only lengthened at this point in the stride, but they are also loaded with body weight as well as the force required for forward motion. […] Like strains, hamstring tendon avulsions are also caused by large, sudden loads. […] Most hamstring injuries occur in the thick, central part of the muscle (the muscle belly) or where the muscle fibers join tendon fibers. […] In the most severe hamstring injuries, the tendon tears completely away from the bone. It may even pull a piece of bone away with it. This is called an avulsion injury. […] Hamstring strains occur more often in adolescents because bones and muscles do not grow at the same rate. During a growth spurt, a child’s bones may grow faster than the muscles. The growing bone pulls the muscle tight. A sudden jump, stretch, or impact can tear the muscle away from its connection to the bone.

• #44

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-023-01925-x

  Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common injuries in sprint-based sports with the mechanism of injury considered the result of an interaction between applied mechanical strain and the capacity of the muscle to tolerate strain. […] Sprint running biomechanics are one factor proposed to influence the mechanical strain applied to the hamstrings that may be modified (towards reduced strain) within rehabilitation and injury prevention programs. […] Within a biomechanical model of injury causation, muscle injury is considered the result of applied mechanical strain exceeding the tissue capacity to withstand strain. […] Considering the majority of HSIs occur during sprint acceleration and high-to-maximal velocity running, it seems logical that biomechanics should be considered as a potential contributing factor influencing mechanical strain and thus injury development.

• #45 Optimising sprint technique to reduce hamstring injury risk – Sportsmith

  https://www.sportsmith.co/articles/optimising-sprint-technique-to-reduce-hamstring-injury-risk/

  Several articles have associated anterior pelvic tilt (APT) during sprint running with hamstring injuries, which is one reason why APT has become an area of focus for researchers and practitioners. As the biceps femoris attaches to the pelvis, APT moves the attachment site of the hamstring further away, lengthening the hamstrings and increasing tissue strain. This increased strain may contribute to the potential for hamstring injuries. […] What matters more is the total range of anterior pelvic tilt occurring throughout the running cycle the functional APT. Large movements into APT, beyond those that are explained by anatomy, can result in fluctuations in strain application when there is high demand for muscle force. These uncontrolled movements are both modifiable and have the potential to drive tissue strain and injury, which is where we should direct our focus.

• #46 Optimising sprint technique to reduce hamstring injury risk – Sportsmith

  https://www.sportsmith.co/articles/optimising-sprint-technique-to-reduce-hamstring-injury-risk/

  Anterior pelvic tilt during sprinting, linked to hamstring injuries, lengthens hamstrings and increases strain, hence a focus area for researchers and practitioners. […] Over-striding not only lengthens the hamstrings but also affects how and where force is applied. When we over-stride, we reduce the contribution of the ankle in generating force during stance while placing more demand on the hip. This can lead to increased strain on the hamstrings as they are effectively working harder in an elongated position. […] Understanding the biomechanics and consequences of certain movement patterns allows for more specificity in conditioning approaches. This can hopefully allow us to be more effective in the injury management and mitigation strategies we adopt, rather than taking a one-exercise-fixes-all approach.

• #47 Proximal and Mid-Hamstring Strain/Tendon Tear | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/proximal-and-mid-hamstring-straintendon-tear/

  The most common tendons injured are the long head of the biceps femoris and semimembranosus. This is likely because their elongation exceeds that of the other hamstring muscles when the knee is in extension. […] Mechanism of injury: Stretch-type and Sprint-type. Stretch-type: Occurs during substantial hip flexion and knee extension maneuvers (i.e., dancing). Commonly affecting the proximal free tendon portion of the semimembranosus. Stretching injuries have been shown to require a longer recovery time to achieve full return to premorbid levels of activity compared to acute sprinting-type injuries. […] Sprint-type: Usually during eccentric loading during hip flexion and knee extension typically seen in maximal running. Commonly affecting the long head of the biceps femoris. Key points of hamstring injury typically occur in the late swing and early stance. Muscle fatigue may promote Groucho running pattern, that along with anterior pelvic tilt, can place the biceps femoris muscle in a vulnerable state for injury. […] Acute hamstring tears or high-grade strains may involve the sciatic nerve due to compression or inflammation. Chronic injuries may be associated with fibrosis and scarring. […] Chronic tendinopathy is characterized by fibrosis with proximal attachment hyaline degeneration in some cases.

• #48 Mechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/8/5/65

  Isolated injury to the long head of biceps femoris is the most common type of acute hamstring strain injury (HSI). However, the precise hamstring injury mechanism (i.e., sprint-type) is still not well understood, and research is inconclusive as to which phase in the running cycle HSI risk is the greatest. […] Injury rates are particularly high in soccer, accounting for 37% of all muscle related injuries, and a recurrence rate of 12–33% has been reported. Data showing higher injury rates towards the late stages of each half of a (European) soccer game suggests an association between fatigue and injury risk. […] Neuromuscular fatigue is one potential major HSI risk factor. Fatigue can be defined as the inability to maintain a given exercise intensity or power output, resulting from either acute or residual (i.e., inadequate recovery from repeated exposures to load) physical exercise burden.

• #49 Mechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/8/5/65

  Isolated injury to the long head of biceps femoris is the most common type of acute hamstring strain injury (HSI). However, the precise hamstring injury mechanism (i.e., sprint-type) is still not well understood, and research is inconclusive as to which phase in the running cycle HSI risk is the greatest. […] Injury rates are particularly high in soccer, accounting for 37% of all muscle related injuries, and a recurrence rate of 12–33% has been reported. Data showing higher injury rates towards the late stages of each half of a (European) soccer game suggests an association between fatigue and injury risk. […] Neuromuscular fatigue is one potential major HSI risk factor. Fatigue can be defined as the inability to maintain a given exercise intensity or power output, resulting from either acute or residual (i.e., inadequate recovery from repeated exposures to load) physical exercise burden.

• #50 Mechanism of injury – Hamstring

  https://www.time-to-run.com/injuries/hamstring/mechanism.htm

  Any breakdown in the effective function of the legs and pelvis during running may predispose to injury. […] Problem-free running cannot take place if the hamstrings are weak, inflexible, or if there is poor neuromuscular co-ordination. […] Loss of the normal ratio of muscle power between the quadriceps and hamstrings may also occur. […] Fatigue affects performance and may predispose you to injury. […] Fatigue therefore results in decreased strength, power and endurance, and will increase the risk of injury. […] If an injury is not properly treated, or if you do not achieve your pre-injury levels of strength, endurance and flexibility, the risk of re-injury is increased. […] Often trauma to the hamstrings may not always be significant enough to cause pain or disability at the time of injury, and therefore may not initially impair your running performance. […] The excessive eccentric load may result in micro-trauma to the muscle fibres, leading to injury.

• #51 Mechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/8/5/65

  The phase of the running cycle during which HSIs most commonly occur remains a controversial topic in sprint-type HSI research. In order to increase the efficacy of hamstring injury risk reduction strategies, a complete understanding of the biomechanical function of the hamstring muscles during sprinting is required. […] The majority of researchers investigating the role of the hamstrings during sprint-running argue that the late swing phase is likely to be the point in the running cycle at which the hamstrings are most susceptible to injury. […] It is suggested that this could place an excessive load on neighboring tissues, which could induce excessive tensile shear stress and potentially increase injury risk. […] The late swing and early stance phases appear to be critical points at which HSI is more likely to occur. More accurately defining the influence of fatigue on tissue behaviors in these two phases may be key to gaining a better understanding of hamstring injury mechanisms.

• #52 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  Muscle or tendon strains cause inflammation surrounding the injury site and symptoms include tenderness, pain, and swelling. Muscle spasms may also occur. Since muscles have an excellent blood supply, a hamstring injury may cause bruising at the site of injury. […] Grade 1 strain describes fibers that are stretched but not torn. Grade 2 strain occurs if there is a partial tear of some of the muscle or tendon fibers. Grade 3 strain describes the rare situation where there is a complete tear or rupture of the muscle or tendon. […] A pulled hamstring is diagnosed by history and physical examination. The circumstances of the injury will give a clue as to the type of injury, while the physical examination will be used to grade the amount of damage to the muscle or tendon. […] The recovery of strains goes through three phases. The first phase decreases the inflammation of the pulled muscle, the second returns normal blood supply, and the third begins remodeling and repair of the muscle to allow it to return to full function.

• #53 Mechanical movement mediated by hamstring and mechanism of injury – GPnotebook

  https://gpnotebook.com/en-IE/pages/uncategorised/pulled-hamstring/mechanical-movement-mediated-by-hamstring-and-mechanism-of-injury

  Strain is the typical mechanism of injury, and of all such injuries, the hamstring muscle complex is by far the most commonly involved (1) […] it is poorly understood at which phase of gait hamstring injuries occur. However some studies have demonstrated that biceps femoris has a tendency to tear during the terminal swing phase of the running gait (2) […] the most common site for hamstring injury is in the biceps femoris at the myotendinous junction. At the microscopic level the injury disrupts the myotendinous junction at the Z line between adjacent thin filaments […] musculotendinous injuries usually occur as a result of either direct or indirect trauma […] indirect trauma can occur as a result of alteration in the intensity or synergy of contraction, resulting in a single powerful muscle contraction

• #54 Mechanism of injury – Hamstring

  https://www.time-to-run.com/injuries/hamstring/mechanism.htm

  Any breakdown in the effective function of the legs and pelvis during running may predispose to injury. […] Problem-free running cannot take place if the hamstrings are weak, inflexible, or if there is poor neuromuscular co-ordination. […] Loss of the normal ratio of muscle power between the quadriceps and hamstrings may also occur. […] Fatigue affects performance and may predispose you to injury. […] Fatigue therefore results in decreased strength, power and endurance, and will increase the risk of injury. […] If an injury is not properly treated, or if you do not achieve your pre-injury levels of strength, endurance and flexibility, the risk of re-injury is increased. […] Often trauma to the hamstrings may not always be significant enough to cause pain or disability at the time of injury, and therefore may not initially impair your running performance. […] The excessive eccentric load may result in micro-trauma to the muscle fibres, leading to injury.

• #55

  https://www.leagravetherapy.co.uk/hamstrings%20and%20deep%20gluteal%20syndrome

  The proximal tendon of the semimembranosus, close to the ischial tuberosity is mostly involved and recovery has been shown to be prolonged compared to type I hamstring strains. […] A serious complication of nonoperatively treated proximal hamstring injuries is „hamstring syndrome”. […] This condition usually presents as local posterior buttock pain, persistent pain at the ischial tuberosity and proximal hamstring regions made worse via sitting which may be associated to previous hamstring injury or tendinopathy. […] Hamstrings syndrome could be perceived as a neurologically associated condition, as its occurrence is mainly secondary to tendinous bands of the hamstring muscles entrapping or scarring around the sciatic nerve from fibrosis of the injured hamstring tendon. […] This scarring leads to tethering of the nerve, especially with specific positions, including sitting or positions that involve stretching the hamstring muscles which may lead to sciatica related pain.

• #56 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  The most worrying finding was that the injury rates have increased during the recent eight seasons. […] The most expected findings (extending previous studies) were that hamstring injuries were: (1) most commonly due to running/sprinting; (2) more likely to occur in the last 15min of match halves; (3) affect the biceps femoris rather than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles; and (4) predisposed to recur within 2 months in the same location. […] Over the past 21 years, in professional mens football, hamstring injuries have increased substantially as a proportion of the total number of reported injuries and as a proportion of injury burden. […] We postulate that the number of hamstring injuries increased over time due to a greater number of high-risk activities in later years. […] The Nordic Hamstring Exercise programme has been promoted for injury prevention, and may reduce hamstring injuries by 65-70%. However, the programme has not been widely adopted in mens professional football in Europe. […] We found the biceps femoris muscle was injured far more frequently than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles. The reasons for this finding are not well understood, and provide an important focus for future research.

• #57

  https://www.movementforlifephysio.com.au/hamstring-strain

  Hamstring muscle strains are common injuries in sports that require maximum sprinting, kicking, acceleration, and change of direction. The injury mechanism has been called the high-speed running mechanism. A second injury type has also been described as a stretch injury. This occurs during movements leading to extensive lengthening of the hamstrings, such as high kicking, sliding tackles and sideways splits. The distinction is important to make as the stretch injury may have a more prolonged recovery. […] Because they cross both the hip AND the knee joint the hamstrings are referred to as a two joint muscle and is one reason they are particularly susceptible to strain injury. […] By far the greatest risk factor for a hamstring strain in the future is a past history of a hamstring injury. Football players with a previous hamstring injury have a seven-times higher risk of injury than players with no injury history. On average, repeat injuries also result in a 30% longer absence from football. Other risk factors for hamstring strain are older age and increased peak quadriceps torque. The latter basically means the hamstring is working against a greater opposing force.

• #58

  https://www.movementforlifephysio.com.au/hamstring-strain

  Hamstring muscle strains are common injuries in sports that require maximum sprinting, kicking, acceleration, and change of direction. The injury mechanism has been called the high-speed running mechanism. A second injury type has also been described as a stretch injury. This occurs during movements leading to extensive lengthening of the hamstrings, such as high kicking, sliding tackles and sideways splits. The distinction is important to make as the stretch injury may have a more prolonged recovery. […] Because they cross both the hip AND the knee joint the hamstrings are referred to as a two joint muscle and is one reason they are particularly susceptible to strain injury. […] By far the greatest risk factor for a hamstring strain in the future is a past history of a hamstring injury. Football players with a previous hamstring injury have a seven-times higher risk of injury than players with no injury history. On average, repeat injuries also result in a 30% longer absence from football. Other risk factors for hamstring strain are older age and increased peak quadriceps torque. The latter basically means the hamstring is working against a greater opposing force.

• #59 When Can I Run? Understanding Hamstring Strain | Activate Health & Fitness

  https://activatehealthfitness.com.au/when-can-i-run-understanding-hamstring-strain-mechanism-rehabilitation-prevention/

  The greatest risk factor for future hamstring injuries is previous hamstrings injuries, highlighting the importance of injury prevention for this type of injury. […] Key factors that are important to consider when preventing hamstring injury include: Adequate warm up/cool down routine, Hamstring strengthening program to address weakness and modifiable risk factors, Monitoring of training and game loads and minimising spikes in loading. […] An experienced physiotherapist can help guide you through your rehabilitation process to ensure you return to sport ready to perform optimally.

• #60

  https://journals.lww.com/sjsm/fulltext/2021/21020/mechanism_of_hamstring_strain_injuries_in_sports_.2.aspx

  The role of neuromuscular inhibition after the injury is a potential mechanism for several maladaptations associated with hamstring reinjury. These maladaptations include eccentric hamstring weakness, selective hamstring atrophy, and knee flexor torque-joint angle shifts. […] The pain-driven neuromuscular inhibition of voluntary hamstring activation following HIS has a marked effect on hamstring recovery by limiting hamstring exposure to eccentric stimuli over long muscle lengths during rehabilitative exercise.

• #61 Mechanism of injury – Hamstring

  https://www.time-to-run.com/injuries/hamstring/mechanism.htm

  Any breakdown in the effective function of the legs and pelvis during running may predispose to injury. […] Problem-free running cannot take place if the hamstrings are weak, inflexible, or if there is poor neuromuscular co-ordination. […] Loss of the normal ratio of muscle power between the quadriceps and hamstrings may also occur. […] Fatigue affects performance and may predispose you to injury. […] Fatigue therefore results in decreased strength, power and endurance, and will increase the risk of injury. […] If an injury is not properly treated, or if you do not achieve your pre-injury levels of strength, endurance and flexibility, the risk of re-injury is increased. […] Often trauma to the hamstrings may not always be significant enough to cause pain or disability at the time of injury, and therefore may not initially impair your running performance. […] The excessive eccentric load may result in micro-trauma to the muscle fibres, leading to injury.

• #62 Part 1: Hamstring Injuries – Tidal

  https://tidalphysioperformance.com/part-1-hamstring-injuries/

  Hamstring strain injuries are the most common non-contact injury in sport, we see 80% of these injuries occur when sprinting. […] The injury rates continue to increase and unfortunately so do the re-occurrence of hamstring strain injuries. […] A hamstring strain injury most commonly occurs during sprinting (high speed running). This is typically during late swing or early stance phase, as the hip flexes and the knee extends. The bicep femoris is the frequently injured muscle or tendon, as it shows the highest level of muscular activity during terminal swing phase. […] During the terminal swing phase of the running gait cycle, the hamstrings incur the greatest stretch and are active, eccentrically contracting to decelerate the lower limb in preparation for foot contact. […] The hamstrings muscle group cross two joints. This means that at various stages of sprinting the hamstrings lengthen over two points, while at others they shorten over two joints simultaneously. As a result, the hamstrings undergo greater changes in length than muscles crossing only one joint.

• #63

  https://www.movementforlifephysio.com.au/hamstring-strain

  Hamstring muscle strains are common injuries in sports that require maximum sprinting, kicking, acceleration, and change of direction. The injury mechanism has been called the high-speed running mechanism. A second injury type has also been described as a stretch injury. This occurs during movements leading to extensive lengthening of the hamstrings, such as high kicking, sliding tackles and sideways splits. The distinction is important to make as the stretch injury may have a more prolonged recovery. […] Because they cross both the hip AND the knee joint the hamstrings are referred to as a two joint muscle and is one reason they are particularly susceptible to strain injury. […] By far the greatest risk factor for a hamstring strain in the future is a past history of a hamstring injury. Football players with a previous hamstring injury have a seven-times higher risk of injury than players with no injury history. On average, repeat injuries also result in a 30% longer absence from football. Other risk factors for hamstring strain are older age and increased peak quadriceps torque. The latter basically means the hamstring is working against a greater opposing force.

• #64 Part 1: Hamstring Injuries – Tidal

  https://tidalphysioperformance.com/part-1-hamstring-injuries/

  Hamstring strain injuries are the most common non-contact injury in sport, we see 80% of these injuries occur when sprinting. […] The injury rates continue to increase and unfortunately so do the re-occurrence of hamstring strain injuries. […] A hamstring strain injury most commonly occurs during sprinting (high speed running). This is typically during late swing or early stance phase, as the hip flexes and the knee extends. The bicep femoris is the frequently injured muscle or tendon, as it shows the highest level of muscular activity during terminal swing phase. […] During the terminal swing phase of the running gait cycle, the hamstrings incur the greatest stretch and are active, eccentrically contracting to decelerate the lower limb in preparation for foot contact. […] The hamstrings muscle group cross two joints. This means that at various stages of sprinting the hamstrings lengthen over two points, while at others they shorten over two joints simultaneously. As a result, the hamstrings undergo greater changes in length than muscles crossing only one joint.

• #65 Mechanism of injury – Hamstring

  https://www.time-to-run.com/injuries/hamstring/mechanism.htm

  Any breakdown in the effective function of the legs and pelvis during running may predispose to injury. […] Problem-free running cannot take place if the hamstrings are weak, inflexible, or if there is poor neuromuscular co-ordination. […] Loss of the normal ratio of muscle power between the quadriceps and hamstrings may also occur. […] Fatigue affects performance and may predispose you to injury. […] Fatigue therefore results in decreased strength, power and endurance, and will increase the risk of injury. […] If an injury is not properly treated, or if you do not achieve your pre-injury levels of strength, endurance and flexibility, the risk of re-injury is increased. […] Often trauma to the hamstrings may not always be significant enough to cause pain or disability at the time of injury, and therefore may not initially impair your running performance. […] The excessive eccentric load may result in micro-trauma to the muscle fibres, leading to injury.

• #66 Hamstring injuries in football, an unsolved puzzle – SoccerDoc

  https://soccerdoc.nl/en/hamstring-injuries-in-football-an-unsolved-puzzle/

  Therefore, hamstring lengthening during high intensity running, according to this theory, would be the result of the alignment of the musculotendinous unit, taking out the muscle slack to place the muscle close to its optimal length to generate force in an isometric action. […] However, there does seem to be a general agreement on the most common location in sprint-type injuries, BFlh is the muscle with the highest number of injuries in all investigations. […] Certain changes in BFlh structure make it more vulnerable to injury during high intensity running.

• #67 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  Hamstring muscle injuries such as a „pulled hamstring” occur frequently in athletes. They are especially common in athletes who participate in sports that require sprinting, such as track, soccer, basketball, and waterskiing. […] A pulled hamstring or strain is an injury to one or more of the muscles at the back of the thigh. Most hamstring injuries respond well to simple, nonsurgical treatments. […] Muscle overload is the main cause of hamstring muscle strain. This can happen when the muscle is stretched beyond its capacity or challenged with a sudden load. […] Hamstring muscle strains often occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts, or shortens. Although it sounds contradictory, this happens when you extend a muscle while it is weighted, or loaded. This is called an „eccentric contraction.”

• #68 Hamstring strain

  https://fittoplay.org/body-parts/hamstring/-hamstring-strain-pulled-hamstringnew-page/

  The great majority of hamstring injuries can be treated without surgery, and at this point there is no criteria for how to operate a hamstring strain. […] Recent research has demonstrated that eccentric exercises (where the hamstring muscles are actively extended) that do not cause pain can have a positive effect. […] Eccentric movements are when the muscles are extended while loaded. […] Strength training is important both for preventing and rehabilitating hamstring injuries. […] Eccentric hamstrings training has been shown to have a substantial preventive effect. Studies have demonstrated that following a 10-week program of the nordic hamstrings exercise is incredibly effective at preventing strain injuries.

• #69 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  During sprinting, the hamstring muscles contract eccentrically as the back leg is straightened and the toes are used to push off and move forward. The hamstring muscles are not only lengthened at this point in the stride, but they are also loaded with body weight as well as the force required for forward motion. […] Like strains, hamstring tendon avulsions are also caused by large, sudden loads. […] Most hamstring injuries occur in the thick, central part of the muscle (the muscle belly) or where the muscle fibers join tendon fibers. […] In the most severe hamstring injuries, the tendon tears completely away from the bone. It may even pull a piece of bone away with it. This is called an avulsion injury. […] Hamstring strains occur more often in adolescents because bones and muscles do not grow at the same rate. During a growth spurt, a child’s bones may grow faster than the muscles. The growing bone pulls the muscle tight. A sudden jump, stretch, or impact can tear the muscle away from its connection to the bone.

• #70 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #71 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #72 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  Muscle or tendon strains cause inflammation surrounding the injury site and symptoms include tenderness, pain, and swelling. Muscle spasms may also occur. Since muscles have an excellent blood supply, a hamstring injury may cause bruising at the site of injury. […] Grade 1 strain describes fibers that are stretched but not torn. Grade 2 strain occurs if there is a partial tear of some of the muscle or tendon fibers. Grade 3 strain describes the rare situation where there is a complete tear or rupture of the muscle or tendon. […] A pulled hamstring is diagnosed by history and physical examination. The circumstances of the injury will give a clue as to the type of injury, while the physical examination will be used to grade the amount of damage to the muscle or tendon. […] The recovery of strains goes through three phases. The first phase decreases the inflammation of the pulled muscle, the second returns normal blood supply, and the third begins remodeling and repair of the muscle to allow it to return to full function.

• #73 Proximal and Mid-Hamstring Strain/Tendon Tear | PM&R KnowledgeNow

  https://now.aapmr.org/proximal-and-mid-hamstring-straintendon-tear/

  The most common tendons injured are the long head of the biceps femoris and semimembranosus. This is likely because their elongation exceeds that of the other hamstring muscles when the knee is in extension. […] Mechanism of injury: Stretch-type and Sprint-type. Stretch-type: Occurs during substantial hip flexion and knee extension maneuvers (i.e., dancing). Commonly affecting the proximal free tendon portion of the semimembranosus. Stretching injuries have been shown to require a longer recovery time to achieve full return to premorbid levels of activity compared to acute sprinting-type injuries. […] Sprint-type: Usually during eccentric loading during hip flexion and knee extension typically seen in maximal running. Commonly affecting the long head of the biceps femoris. Key points of hamstring injury typically occur in the late swing and early stance. Muscle fatigue may promote Groucho running pattern, that along with anterior pelvic tilt, can place the biceps femoris muscle in a vulnerable state for injury. […] Acute hamstring tears or high-grade strains may involve the sciatic nerve due to compression or inflammation. Chronic injuries may be associated with fibrosis and scarring. […] Chronic tendinopathy is characterized by fibrosis with proximal attachment hyaline degeneration in some cases.

• #74 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  Muscle or tendon strains cause inflammation surrounding the injury site and symptoms include tenderness, pain, and swelling. Muscle spasms may also occur. Since muscles have an excellent blood supply, a hamstring injury may cause bruising at the site of injury. […] Grade 1 strain describes fibers that are stretched but not torn. Grade 2 strain occurs if there is a partial tear of some of the muscle or tendon fibers. Grade 3 strain describes the rare situation where there is a complete tear or rupture of the muscle or tendon. […] A pulled hamstring is diagnosed by history and physical examination. The circumstances of the injury will give a clue as to the type of injury, while the physical examination will be used to grade the amount of damage to the muscle or tendon. […] The recovery of strains goes through three phases. The first phase decreases the inflammation of the pulled muscle, the second returns normal blood supply, and the third begins remodeling and repair of the muscle to allow it to return to full function.

• #75 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  Anytime a muscle is torn, the body repairs itself by forming scar tissue. It may take four to six weeks for the area to completely heal. […] Eccentric (away from the center) muscle-strengthening exercise may be helpful in decreasing the risk of a hamstring pull. Exercises that allow the muscle to strengthen as it is stretched include walking down steps, running slowly downhill, and the downward motion of squatting. […] Muscles that are warm and stretched are less inclined to tear. Prior to exercise or manual labor, which can include gardening, shoveling snow, and other household chores, it is important that the leg and back muscles be stretched and flexible to prevent pulled hamstrings.

• #76

  https://www.orthobullets.com/knee-and-sports/3102/hamstring-injuries

  Hamstring injuries most commonly occur at the myotendinous junction in running athletes as a result of sudden hip flexion and knee extension. […] Mechanism of injury includes intramuscular and musculotendinous injuries, which most often occur during the sudden takeoff phase of running. […] Proximal hamstring avulsions occur as a result of hip flexion and knee extension, specifically during eccentric contraction of the hamstring at the end of the swing phase when muscle fibers are at maximal elongation. […] Pathobiology indicates that satellite cells play a role in muscle healing following muscle injury.

• #77

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  The physical assessment starts with observation of gait pattern and function, followed by inspection of the injured area, palpation of the hamstring complex, active and passive flexibility and range of motion (ROM) testing of the hip and knee joint. […] Pain provocation tests and deficits compared to the contralateral uninjured leg are usually registered. […] Hamstring flexibility of the injured leg is usually reduced compared to the uninjured leg after acute hamstring injury. […] Clinical examination during the first week after RTS has been shown to be of significant value for identifying athletes at risk for re-injury.

• #78

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  The physical assessment starts with observation of gait pattern and function, followed by inspection of the injured area, palpation of the hamstring complex, active and passive flexibility and range of motion (ROM) testing of the hip and knee joint. […] Pain provocation tests and deficits compared to the contralateral uninjured leg are usually registered. […] Hamstring flexibility of the injured leg is usually reduced compared to the uninjured leg after acute hamstring injury. […] Clinical examination during the first week after RTS has been shown to be of significant value for identifying athletes at risk for re-injury.

• #79 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #80 When Can I Run? Understanding Hamstring Strain | Activate Health & Fitness

  https://activatehealthfitness.com.au/when-can-i-run-understanding-hamstring-strain-mechanism-rehabilitation-prevention/

  Although we can’t influence factors such as age, sex and previous injury history, other modifiable factors including eccentric strength fascicle length can be altered to enhance performance and reduce injury risk. […] When reconditioning following hamstring injury, or any musculoskeletal injury for that matter, we must ask 3 key questions: What are the tissue-specific considerations to return to performance? […] It also experiences the greatest eccentric lengthening during this phase (110% of standing length), highlighting the importance of increasing fascicle length. […] A final important note regarding the rehabilitation process, is that it is crucial to ensure appropriate, key objective measures are achieved prior to progression. […] Such objective criteria for hamstring rehabilitation includes: symptoms, clinical assessment tests, gym-based physical tests and pitch/grass based tests, along with consideration for acute chronic loading and mechanism specific criteria (e.g. can I sprint maximally repeatedly).

• #81

  https://www.movementforlifephysio.com.au/hamstring-strain

  Hamstring muscle strains are common injuries in sports that require maximum sprinting, kicking, acceleration, and change of direction. The injury mechanism has been called the high-speed running mechanism. A second injury type has also been described as a stretch injury. This occurs during movements leading to extensive lengthening of the hamstrings, such as high kicking, sliding tackles and sideways splits. The distinction is important to make as the stretch injury may have a more prolonged recovery. […] Because they cross both the hip AND the knee joint the hamstrings are referred to as a two joint muscle and is one reason they are particularly susceptible to strain injury. […] By far the greatest risk factor for a hamstring strain in the future is a past history of a hamstring injury. Football players with a previous hamstring injury have a seven-times higher risk of injury than players with no injury history. On average, repeat injuries also result in a 30% longer absence from football. Other risk factors for hamstring strain are older age and increased peak quadriceps torque. The latter basically means the hamstring is working against a greater opposing force.

• #82 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #83 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #84 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #85 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #86 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #87 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #88 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #89 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  The hamstring pull may occur anywhere along the muscle tendon, however it most commonly occurs in the middle of the hamstring muscle. […] As people age, the tendon can be injured when it inserts into the ischial tuberosity in the pelvis and cause groin or hip symptoms. On occasion, the tendon injury can pull a small part of bone away from the pelvic bone where the tendon inserts. […] Avulsion injuries often occur with a quick muscle contraction during a burst of speed. This occurs in activities like ice skating, weightlifting, or skiing. […] There are a variety of potential risk factors for hamstring injuries: Inadequate warming up and poor stretching, Muscle weakness or an imbalance in the muscle strength within the hamstring muscles, Muscle weakness or an imbalance between the hamstrings and quadriceps, Poor footwear, Recurrent injury when the muscle hasn’t completely healed from the previous damage.

• #90 Pulled Hamstring: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/pulled_hamstring/article_em.htm

  The hamstring pull may occur anywhere along the muscle tendon, however it most commonly occurs in the middle of the hamstring muscle. […] As people age, the tendon can be injured when it inserts into the ischial tuberosity in the pelvis and cause groin or hip symptoms. On occasion, the tendon injury can pull a small part of bone away from the pelvic bone where the tendon inserts. […] Avulsion injuries often occur with a quick muscle contraction during a burst of speed. This occurs in activities like ice skating, weightlifting, or skiing. […] There are a variety of potential risk factors for hamstring injuries: Inadequate warming up and poor stretching, Muscle weakness or an imbalance in the muscle strength within the hamstring muscles, Muscle weakness or an imbalance between the hamstrings and quadriceps, Poor footwear, Recurrent injury when the muscle hasn’t completely healed from the previous damage.

• #91 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #92 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #93 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #94 Scholarly Article or Book Chapter | Injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors of hamstring strain injuries in sports: A review of the literature | ID: 5h73q506n | Carolina Digital Repository

  https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/articles/5h73q506n

  Hamstring strains are one of most common sports injuries. […] The purpose of this literature review is to summarize studies on hamstring strain injury rate, mechanism, and risk factors in the last several decades with a focus on the prevention and rehabilitation of this injury. […] Basic science studies have demonstrated that a muscle strain injury occurs due to excessive strain in eccentric contraction instead of force, and that elongation speed and duration of activation before eccentric contraction affect the severity of the injury. […] Hamstring strain injury is likely to occur during the late swing phase and late stance phase of sprint running. […] Shortened optimum muscle length, lack of muscle flexibility, strength imbalance, insufficient warm-up, fatigue, lower back injury, poor lumbar posture, and increased muscle neural tension have been identified as modifiable risk factors while muscle compositions, age, race, and previous injuries are non-modifiable risk factors. […] The theoretical basis of some of these risk factors, however, is lacking, and the results of clinical studies on these risk factors are inconsistent. […] Future studies are needed to establish the cause-and-effect relationships between those proposed risk factors and the injury.

• #95 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #96 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #97 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #98

  https://www.leagravetherapy.co.uk/hamstrings%20and%20deep%20gluteal%20syndrome

  Hamstring related injuries are commonly known to be associated with individuals who participate in sport and according to Ahmad et al.,(2013) they account for approximately 29% of all sporting related injuries. […] Inflammation of the tendons where they attach can lead to hamstrings tendinitis and injury is commonly seen in athletes and runners whose stride lengths are too long. […] The clinical presentation of patients with a hamstring injury is related to the grade, location, and mechanism of injury. […] Individuals who experience an acute hamstring strain injury will typically describe sudden onset of sharp, stabbing or twinge-like posterior thigh pain. […] The long head of the biceps femoris is most commonly involved in this type of injury at the proximal muscle-tendon junction.

• #99 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  During sprinting, the hamstring muscles contract eccentrically as the back leg is straightened and the toes are used to push off and move forward. The hamstring muscles are not only lengthened at this point in the stride, but they are also loaded with body weight as well as the force required for forward motion. […] Like strains, hamstring tendon avulsions are also caused by large, sudden loads. […] Most hamstring injuries occur in the thick, central part of the muscle (the muscle belly) or where the muscle fibers join tendon fibers. […] In the most severe hamstring injuries, the tendon tears completely away from the bone. It may even pull a piece of bone away with it. This is called an avulsion injury. […] Hamstring strains occur more often in adolescents because bones and muscles do not grow at the same rate. During a growth spurt, a child’s bones may grow faster than the muscles. The growing bone pulls the muscle tight. A sudden jump, stretch, or impact can tear the muscle away from its connection to the bone.

• #100

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  An accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that the injured athlete receives appropriate treatment and rehabilitation, and correct information related to the prognosis. […] The diagnosis and prognosis for time to return to sport (RTS) after acute hamstring injuries are mainly based on a comprehensive clinical examination. […] The evidence regarding the actual injury mechanism related to acute hamstring injuries is limited, and the subject of much debate. The majority of hamstring injuries are reported to occur during high-speed running when the athlete is accelerating or running at (or close to) maximal speed, typical in sports like football, rugby, and athletics. […] Muscle strain injuries during high-speed running are thought to occur during eccentric muscle contractions when the muscles are lengthened while producing forces.

• #101

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  An accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure that the injured athlete receives appropriate treatment and rehabilitation, and correct information related to the prognosis. […] The diagnosis and prognosis for time to return to sport (RTS) after acute hamstring injuries are mainly based on a comprehensive clinical examination. […] The evidence regarding the actual injury mechanism related to acute hamstring injuries is limited, and the subject of much debate. The majority of hamstring injuries are reported to occur during high-speed running when the athlete is accelerating or running at (or close to) maximal speed, typical in sports like football, rugby, and athletics. […] Muscle strain injuries during high-speed running are thought to occur during eccentric muscle contractions when the muscles are lengthened while producing forces.

• #102

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstring-injury-444

  The physical assessment starts with observation of gait pattern and function, followed by inspection of the injured area, palpation of the hamstring complex, active and passive flexibility and range of motion (ROM) testing of the hip and knee joint. […] Pain provocation tests and deficits compared to the contralateral uninjured leg are usually registered. […] Hamstring flexibility of the injured leg is usually reduced compared to the uninjured leg after acute hamstring injury. […] Clinical examination during the first week after RTS has been shown to be of significant value for identifying athletes at risk for re-injury.

• #103

  https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/fulltext/2023/05000/mechanisms_of_hamstring_injury_in_professional.3.aspx

  Most of the hamstring injuries are mild strains that heal well conservatively, but some severe ruptures may require surgical treatment, especially in professional athletes. […] Video analysis can be helpful in quick evaluation after the injury. […] Our results suggest that sport-specific exercises including movements with eccentric loads on hamstrings, high-speed running, and combinations of rapid movements, focusing on trunk control, may be useful in the prevention of hamstring injuries. […] Single-tendon hamstring injuries (mostly biceps femoris) are typical in soccer and mainly occur due to high-speed movements involving high eccentric load of the hamstring muscles. […] Mixed-type injury mechanisms also occur, which include patterns from both sprinting-type and stretching-type injury mechanisms.

• #104 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  Hamstring muscle injuries such as a „pulled hamstring” occur frequently in athletes. They are especially common in athletes who participate in sports that require sprinting, such as track, soccer, basketball, and waterskiing. […] A pulled hamstring or strain is an injury to one or more of the muscles at the back of the thigh. Most hamstring injuries respond well to simple, nonsurgical treatments. […] Muscle overload is the main cause of hamstring muscle strain. This can happen when the muscle is stretched beyond its capacity or challenged with a sudden load. […] Hamstring muscle strains often occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts, or shortens. Although it sounds contradictory, this happens when you extend a muscle while it is weighted, or loaded. This is called an „eccentric contraction.”

• #105 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  Surgery is most often performed for tendon avulsion injuries, where the tendon has pulled completely away from the bone. Tears from the pelvis (proximal tendon avulsions) are more common than tears from the shinbone (distal tendon avulsions). […] Rehabilitation for a proximal hamstring repair typically takes at least 6 months, due to the severity of the injury. Distal hamstring repair requires approximately 3 months of rehabilitation before returning to athletic activities. […] Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is currently being investigated for its effectiveness in speeding the healing of hamstring muscle injuries. PRP is a preparation developed from a patient’s own blood. It contains a high concentration of proteins called growth factors that are very important in the healing of injuries.

• #106 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #107 Hamstring strain

  https://fittoplay.org/body-parts/hamstring/-hamstring-strain-pulled-hamstringnew-page/

  The great majority of hamstring injuries can be treated without surgery, and at this point there is no criteria for how to operate a hamstring strain. […] Recent research has demonstrated that eccentric exercises (where the hamstring muscles are actively extended) that do not cause pain can have a positive effect. […] Eccentric movements are when the muscles are extended while loaded. […] Strength training is important both for preventing and rehabilitating hamstring injuries. […] Eccentric hamstrings training has been shown to have a substantial preventive effect. Studies have demonstrated that following a 10-week program of the nordic hamstrings exercise is incredibly effective at preventing strain injuries.

• #108 Hamstring Strain Injury – E3 Rehab

  https://e3rehab.com/hamstring-strain/

  Hamstring strain injuries result in a sudden onset of pain in the back of the thigh, often causing an abrupt end to activity. […] A strain commonly occurs during movements involving forceful and extensive hamstring lengthening, such as during high speed running or kicking. […] It is at this moment when his hamstring is rapidly lengthening in which his injury occurs. […] The second component of rehab is a progressive running protocol. As stated in a 2022 paper, it is arguably the most important aspect of rehab since its fundamental to performance in many sports and is a common mechanism of injury. […] However, because it is associated with sprinting acceleration mechanics, maximizing eccentric hamstring strength should still be a desirable rehab outcome for sports performance. […] There might be a slight advantage to starting rehab exercises early and performing them within a certain pain threshold, since this has been shown to be safe and may allow earlier exposure to and progression of beneficial stimuli.

• #109

  https://www.movementforlifephysio.com.au/hamstring-strain

  Return to sport is largely dictated by the grade of the injury and the success of the rehab program. As a ball-park figure, Grade 1 injuries generally return to sport around 10-14 days, Grade 2s around 21-28 days (although a high Grade 2 may be 6 weeks) and Grade 3s up to 3 months. This is just a guide though, as many factors can influence whether the athlete can return at a particular period, including exposure to appropriate training loads and volumes, post-training symptoms, number of previous injuries, type of sport and position in team, and athlete confidence in the muscle. […] The only way to manage a hamstring injury successfully is through a comprehensive assessment, treatment and return to sport plan. If you have injured your hamstring, get seen early and give PEACE a chance.

• #110 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  Surgery is most often performed for tendon avulsion injuries, where the tendon has pulled completely away from the bone. Tears from the pelvis (proximal tendon avulsions) are more common than tears from the shinbone (distal tendon avulsions). […] Rehabilitation for a proximal hamstring repair typically takes at least 6 months, due to the severity of the injury. Distal hamstring repair requires approximately 3 months of rehabilitation before returning to athletic activities. […] Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is currently being investigated for its effectiveness in speeding the healing of hamstring muscle injuries. PRP is a preparation developed from a patient’s own blood. It contains a high concentration of proteins called growth factors that are very important in the healing of injuries.

• #111 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Exercises emphasizing hip extension are critical due to the synergistic role of gluteus maximus and adductor longus and magnus with the hamstrings, especially during horizontal force production such as sprinting. Research shows that these muscles may reduce strain on the hamstring musculature. […] Lastly, improving the fatigue resistance at the hamstrings is another critical training element to limiting injury risk and fully and effectively rehabilitating hamstring injuries for a return to sport. Hamstring injury has been extensively studied, specifically in soccer athletes due to the high injury rate, high rate of reinjury or recurrence, and time loss from sport. There is emerging evidence that steps can be taken to limit hamstring strain risk and improve recovery following hamstring injury to limit reinjury and keep athletes safe and healthy. Understanding the risk factors for hamstring injury, mechanical role of the hamstrings, regional interdependence and influence of the kinetic chain on hamstrings, and effective exercises to target hamstrings and functional training specificity is critical to designing an effective rehabilitation and injury prevention program.

• #112 When Can I Run? Understanding Hamstring Strain | Activate Health & Fitness

  https://activatehealthfitness.com.au/when-can-i-run-understanding-hamstring-strain-mechanism-rehabilitation-prevention/

  The greatest risk factor for future hamstring injuries is previous hamstrings injuries, highlighting the importance of injury prevention for this type of injury. […] Key factors that are important to consider when preventing hamstring injury include: Adequate warm up/cool down routine, Hamstring strengthening program to address weakness and modifiable risk factors, Monitoring of training and game loads and minimising spikes in loading. […] An experienced physiotherapist can help guide you through your rehabilitation process to ensure you return to sport ready to perform optimally.

• #113

  https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/fulltext/2023/05000/mechanisms_of_hamstring_injury_in_professional.3.aspx

  Most of the hamstring injuries are mild strains that heal well conservatively, but some severe ruptures may require surgical treatment, especially in professional athletes. […] Video analysis can be helpful in quick evaluation after the injury. […] Our results suggest that sport-specific exercises including movements with eccentric loads on hamstrings, high-speed running, and combinations of rapid movements, focusing on trunk control, may be useful in the prevention of hamstring injuries. […] Single-tendon hamstring injuries (mostly biceps femoris) are typical in soccer and mainly occur due to high-speed movements involving high eccentric load of the hamstring muscles. […] Mixed-type injury mechanisms also occur, which include patterns from both sprinting-type and stretching-type injury mechanisms.

• #114 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  The most worrying finding was that the injury rates have increased during the recent eight seasons. […] The most expected findings (extending previous studies) were that hamstring injuries were: (1) most commonly due to running/sprinting; (2) more likely to occur in the last 15min of match halves; (3) affect the biceps femoris rather than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles; and (4) predisposed to recur within 2 months in the same location. […] Over the past 21 years, in professional mens football, hamstring injuries have increased substantially as a proportion of the total number of reported injuries and as a proportion of injury burden. […] We postulate that the number of hamstring injuries increased over time due to a greater number of high-risk activities in later years. […] The Nordic Hamstring Exercise programme has been promoted for injury prevention, and may reduce hamstring injuries by 65-70%. However, the programme has not been widely adopted in mens professional football in Europe. […] We found the biceps femoris muscle was injured far more frequently than the semimembranosus/semitendinosus muscles. The reasons for this finding are not well understood, and provide an important focus for future research.

• #115 Hamstring strain

  https://fittoplay.org/body-parts/hamstring/-hamstring-strain-pulled-hamstringnew-page/

  The great majority of hamstring injuries can be treated without surgery, and at this point there is no criteria for how to operate a hamstring strain. […] Recent research has demonstrated that eccentric exercises (where the hamstring muscles are actively extended) that do not cause pain can have a positive effect. […] Eccentric movements are when the muscles are extended while loaded. […] Strength training is important both for preventing and rehabilitating hamstring injuries. […] Eccentric hamstrings training has been shown to have a substantial preventive effect. Studies have demonstrated that following a 10-week program of the nordic hamstrings exercise is incredibly effective at preventing strain injuries.

• #116 Hamstring Muscle Injuries – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/hamstring-muscle-injuries/

  Surgery is most often performed for tendon avulsion injuries, where the tendon has pulled completely away from the bone. Tears from the pelvis (proximal tendon avulsions) are more common than tears from the shinbone (distal tendon avulsions). […] Rehabilitation for a proximal hamstring repair typically takes at least 6 months, due to the severity of the injury. Distal hamstring repair requires approximately 3 months of rehabilitation before returning to athletic activities. […] Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is currently being investigated for its effectiveness in speeding the healing of hamstring muscle injuries. PRP is a preparation developed from a patient’s own blood. It contains a high concentration of proteins called growth factors that are very important in the healing of injuries.

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