Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hamstring muscle and tendon injuries – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hamstring-muscle-and-tendon-injuries

  Hamstring muscle injuries occur frequently among recreational and elite athletes. Several terms, including posterior thigh injury, hamstring strain, hamstring tendinopathy, and hamstring tear, are used to describe such injuries, but they are not always synonymous. In most cases, the severity of the injury determines treatment and the amount of time the athlete must take off from sport. […] The diagnosis, management, risk factors, and prevention of hamstring muscle and tendon injuries are reviewed here. […] The incidence of hamstring injuries among athletes varies based upon the definition used. Nevertheless, most researchers agree that hamstring injuries comprise a substantial percentage of acute, sports-related musculoskeletal injuries and are likely the most common injury among participants in sports involving sprinting and cutting. In a meta-analysis of 63 prospective studies encompassing 5952 injuries sustained over more than seven million hours of exposure to field-based team sports (eg, soccer, rugby), hamstring injury incidence was 0.81 per 1000 hours, comprising 10 percent of all injuries sustained. The incidence has not changed over the past 30 years, according to the review.

• #2 Incidence and prevalence of hamstring injuries in field-based team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 5952 injuries from over 7 million exposure hours – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36455927/

  Objective: This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyse the incidence and prevalence of hamstring injuries in field-based team sports. A secondary aim was to determine the impact of other potential effect moderators (match vs training; sport; playing surface; cohort age, mass and stature; and year when data was collected) on the incidence of hamstring injury in field-based team sports. […] Results: Sixty-three articles were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing 5952 injuries and 7 262 168 hours of exposure across six field-based team sports (soccer, rugby union, field hockey, Gaelic football, hurling and Australian football). Hamstring injury incidence was 0.81 per 1000 hours, representing 10% of all injuries. Prevalence for a 9-month period was 13%, increasing 1.13-fold for every additional month of observation (p=0.004). Hamstring injury incidence increased 6.4% for every 1 year of increased average cohort age, was 9.4-fold higher in match compared with training scenarios (p=0.003) and was 1.5-fold higher on grass compared with artificial turf surfaces (p0.001). Hamstring injury incidence was not significantly moderated by average cohort mass (p=0.542) or stature (p=0.593), was not significantly different between sports (p=0.150) and has not significantly changed over the last 30 years (p=0.269). […] Conclusion: Hamstring injury represents 10% of all injuries in field-based team sports, with 13% of the athletes experiencing a hamstring injury over a 9-month period most commonly during matches. More work is needed to reduce the incidence of hamstring injury in field-based team sports.

• #3 Hamstring Injuries in Athletes – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/hamstring-injuries-in-athletes/

  Hamstring injuries (HSI) are commonly encountered among athletes who participate in sports involving high speed sprinting such as track and field, American football and soccer. It occurs frequently in both elite and recreational athletes and account for 75% of all lower extremity strains in running sports. Moreover, nearly one third of these injuries recur within the first year following a return to sport, with subsequent injuries often being more severe than the original. […] Most researchers agree that hamstring injuries comprise a substantial percentage of acute, sports-related musculoskeletal injuries. In a study investigating the epidemiology of hamstring injuries among student athletes in 25 types of NCAA championship sports over 5 seasons, the incidence during competition per 10,000 athlete exposures was highest for men’s indoor track (15.70), soccer (14.69) and football(10.67). Significant loss of training time is observed (>28 days) in Australian Football and Soccer respectively. Furthermore a high recurrence rates have been observed in sports, most notably in American football (32%), rugby union (21%) and soccer (16%).

• #4 Epidemiology of Hamstring Tears in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: Findings From the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program Between 2014/2015 and 2018/2019 – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38896546/

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology of hamstring tears in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports. […] Results: Two thousand ninety-six hamstring tears from 8 474 400 athlete-exposures (AEs) were reported (2.47 per 10 000 AEs). Rates were highest in Men’s Soccer (5.97 per 10 000 AEs) and Women’s Soccer (3.13 per 10 000 AEs), among all Men’s and Women’s sports, respectively. […] Overall, hamstring tear rates were higher across all Men’s sports compared with Women’s sports. Rates across event type were comparable in several sports; and so, adjustments to practice are needed considering that practice environments are more modifiable than competitions. Indeed, improving hamstring tear prevention programs to reduce the burden of this injury in NCAA athletes remains critical.

• #5 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in mens professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 […] 2636 hamstring injuries represented 19% of all reported injuries, with the proportion of all injuries increasing from 12% during the first season to 24% in the most recent season. During that same period, the percentage of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries increased from 10% to 20%. Between 2014/15 and 2021/22, training hamstring injury incidence increased (6.7% annually, 95% CI 1.7% to 12.5%) as did burden (9.0% annually, 95% CI 1.2% to 18.3%). During those years, the match hamstring injury incidence also increased (3.9% annually, 95% CI 0.1% to 7.9%) and with the same trend (not statistically significant) for match hamstring injury burden (6.2% annually, 95% CI 0.5% to 15.0%).

• #6 Hamstring injury rates have increased during recent seasons and now constitute 24% of all injuries in men’s professional football: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study from 2001/02 to 2021/22 | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/57/5/292

  Hamstring injury proportions in number of injuries and total absence days doubled during the 21-year period of study. During the last eight seasons, hamstring injury rates have increased both in training and match play. […] The proportion of injuries diagnosed as hamstring injuries increased from 12% in 2001/02 to 24% in 2021/22. […] The proportion of all injury absence days caused by hamstring injuries has increased from 10% in 2001/02 to 20% in 2021/22. […] Around 18% of all reported hamstring injuries were recurrences with over two-thirds occurring within 2 months of the footballers return to play. […] Over the past 21 years, in professional mens football, hamstring injuries have increased substantially as a proportion of the total number of reported injuries and as a proportion of injury burden.

• #7 (PDF) Hamstrings injury incidence, risk factors, and prevention in Rugby Union players: a systematic review

  https://www.academia.edu/103409664/Hamstrings_injury_incidence_risk_factors_and_prevention_in_Rugby_Union_players_a_systematic_review

  Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common injuries in Rugby Union, representing up to 15% of all injuries sustained. […] We aimed to systematically review and summarize the scientific literature that addressed hamstring strain injury incidence, risk factors, injury prevention or strengthening strategies, and strength or asymmetry measures in Rugby Union. […] A significant reduction in injury incidence and severity in professional players has been observed in players performing routines incorporating progressive Nordic exercises. […] The aetiology of hamstring strain injuries is multifactorial, with playing position, fatigue, previous injuries, leg imbalances, lack of readiness to return to play, and running actions identified as contributing factors across levels. […] Hamstring strain injuries are one of the most common injuries in Rugby Union players, representing up to 15% of all sustained injuries.

• #8 (PDF) Hamstrings injury incidence, risk factors, and prevention in Rugby Union players: a systematic review

  https://www.academia.edu/103409664/Hamstrings_injury_incidence_risk_factors_and_prevention_in_Rugby_Union_players_a_systematic_review

  Eccentric strength training with Nordic hamstring lowers combined with warm-up stretching appears to reduce the risk of hamstring strains, while no effect was detected from flexibility training alone. […] Hamstring injuries are the most common injury sustained by elite Australian football players and result in substantial costs because of missed training time, unavailability for matches and lost player payments. […] The Nordic hamstring (NH) exercise has been shown to decrease risk by increasing eccentric hamstring strength. […] Injury prevention programs that included the NH exercise reduced hamstring injury rates up to 51 % in the long term compared with the teams that did not use any injury prevention measures.

• #9 Hamstring Injury – Do You Know the Odds and Can You Beat Them?FacebookInstagramTwitterYouTubeFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTubeFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTube

  https://simplifaster.com/articles/hamstring-injury/

  If you’re an athlete reading this and have been involved in a serious training program for a length of time, it is likely that you have suffered a hamstring injury. Similarly, if you’re a coach involved in a speed-power sport, it is likely that you have had many athletes suffer a hamstring injury. Hamstrings are a sprinters “bogey” muscle – the one that seems to get injured the most. […] In professional soccer, hamstring injuries account for roughly one in five of all injuries (Petersen & Holmich 2005). In high-level sprinters, this rate is higher; in a group of national level sprinters from Hong Kong, hamstring injuries accounted for 50% of all injuries (Yeung et al. 2009). The IAAF reports that 48% of all injuries within the 2011 World Athletics Championships were hamstring injuries (Alonso et al. 2012). Even more concerning is the re-injury rate for hamstrings, which in professional soccer is up to 30%, and in sprinters is 38%.

• #10

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstrings-are-dangerous-for-sport-and-sport-is-dangerous-for-hamstrings-447

  As with the other football codes, hamstring injuries are responsible for the highest number of matches missed (20 per season per club on average), and sprinting is seen to be the main mechanism of injury. On average, each AFL club may expect six hamstring strains per season. The recurrence rate (26% on average) has shown a steady drop over the last 21 years, declining from over 40% to an average of 13.5% in the last 3 years. Speculatively, this may be the result of more cautious return to play strategies. […] In a recent prospective study the most frequent diagnosis in sprinters was hamstring strain. In athletics, the most common mechanism of hamstring injury is sprinting and the most common injury site is the long head of the biceps femoris. Biomechanical studies have shown that a powerful eccentric contraction in the late swing phase is the likely time when the hamstrings are most prone to injury.

• #11

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstrings-are-dangerous-for-sport-and-sport-is-dangerous-for-hamstrings-447

  Surveillance of injuries in the UEFA Champions League showed that muscle injuries make up more than 30% of all player injuries and cause about 1/4 of total time lost due to injury. Over 90% of muscle injuries seen in this study involved four major muscle groups of the lower extremity: hamstrings, adductors, quadriceps and gastrocnemius. Injury to the hamstring muscle group is reported to be the most common injury subtype representing 12% of all injuries and more than 1/3 of all strains. These normally occur with an acute onset (70%) and in a non-contact situation (96%). The incidence of hamstring injury during matches and training sessions are 0.43 and 3.70/1000 hours of exposure, respectively. Accordingly, a professional male soccer team with 25 players may expect about five hamstring injuries each season, equivalent to more than 80 lost football days and 14 missed matches. Despite a massive amount of recent research and consequent prevention programmes, hamstring injury incidence is not decreasing. These injuries undoubtedly have an impact on the performance of the team and consequently, on a clubs economy.

• #12 Preventing hamstring injuries on the gridiron | Lower Extremity Review Magazine

  https://lermagazine.com/article/preventing-hamstring-injuries-on-the-gridiron

  Feeley and colleagues published epidemiological data for one NFL teams preseason injuries over a 10-year period (1998-2007). Hamstring strains were implicated as the second most common preseason injury (after knee sprains) with 1.79 injuries per 1000 A-E for practice and 4.07 injuries per 1000 A-E for preseason games. […] Based on this data, the authors recommended an increased focus on conditioning prior to the beginning of training camp. […] Preseason muscle weakness has been associated with an increased risk of injury in Australian Rules football as well. […] A common element in almost all published hamstring muscle strain injury prevention programs is the implementation of strength training with a focus on eccentric muscle contraction. […] One proposed mechanism by which eccentric exercise reduces injury risk is through increases in overall muscle strength.

• #13 Epidemiology of hamstring injuries in 538 cases from an FC Barcelona multi sports club – Barça Innovation Hub

  https://barcainnovationhub.fcbarcelona.com/investigation/epidemiology-of-hamstring-injuries-in-538-cases-from-an-fc-barcelona-multi-sports-club/

  Objectives: Hamstring injuries are the most common muscle injuries in team sports. The aims of this study were to describe the epidemiology of hamstring muscle injuries in the professional and amateur sport sections of a multi-sport club Football Club Barcelona (FCB) and to determine any potential correlation between return-to-play (RTP) and injury location, severity of connective tissue damage, age, sex, and athlete’s level of competition. […] A total of 538 hamstring injuries were reported in the club’s database, of which 240 were structurally verified by imaging as hamstring injuries. The overall incidence for the 17 sports studied was 1.29 structurally verified hamstring injuries per 100 athletes per year. […] In the 17 sports practiced at multi-sport club, the incidence of hamstring injury was 1.29 per 100 athletes per year. Players from sports in which high-speed sprinting and kicking are necessary, and amateurs, were at higher risk of suffering a hamstring injury. In addition, proximally located hamstring injuries involving tendinous connective tissue showed the longest RTP time. Age did not seem to have any influence on RTP. Documenting location and the exact tissue involved in hamstring injuries may be beneficial for determining the prognosis and RTP.

• #14 Epidemiology of Hamstring Tears in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: Findings From the National Colleg…

  https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/9j50rDwl/

  Objective: To describe the epidemiology of hamstring tears in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports. […] Results: Two thousand ninety-six hamstring tears from 8 474 400 athlete-exposures (AEs) were reported (2.47 per 10 000 AEs). Rates were highest in Men’s Soccer (5.97 per 10 000 AEs) and Women’s Soccer (3.13 per 10 000 AEs), among all Men’s and Women’s sports, respectively. […] Conclusions: Overall, hamstring tear rates were higher across all Men’s sports compared with Women’s sports. Rates across event type were comparable in several sports; and so, adjustments to practice are needed considering that practice environments are more modifiable than competitions. Indeed, improving hamstring tear prevention programs to reduce the burden of this injury in NCAA athletes remains critical.

• #15 Pulled hamstring – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulled_hamstring

  Straining of the hamstring, also known as a pulled hamstring, is defined as an excessive stretch or tear of muscle fibers and related tissues. Hamstring injuries are common in athletes participating in many sports. Track and field athletes are particularly at risk, as hamstring injuries have been estimated to make up 29% of all injuries in sprinters. […] An academic study found that the most common and prevalent musculoskeletal injury in the world is a hamstring strain. The study further explains that hamstring strains represented 15% of all injuries per club per season also had a 34% chance of recurrence. […] One study found that men and master athletes (athletes older than forty) were at an increased risk of hamstring strains compared with women and younger athletes. Women were approximately 3 times more likely to develop hamstring strain than males with the majority of these being non-sporting scenarios.

• #16 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Given the high risk of reinjury and significant time loss from sport following hamstring injury, it is critical to attempt to prevent hamstring injuries and to undergo comprehensive rehabilitation following these injuries. […] There are several risk factors shown to contribute to hamstring injury risk. Some risk factors are non-modifiable and some are modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors may include age, sex, and previous hamstring injury. Modifiable factors include hamstring flexibility and muscle length, poor hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio, pelvic control, exercise volume/workload, lumbar pathology, and neural tension and fatigue. […] Injury prevention and rehabilitation programs should attempt to comprehensively address the modifiable risk factors. Substantial evidence confirms decreased hamstring injury incidence when a strength and conditioning program integrates key injury prevention elements including strengthening, specifically eccentric training; sprinting; trunk and lumbopelvic control training; and trunk and lower extremity mobility and flexibility training.

• #16 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  March marks the return of spring sports, including baseball, softball, track and field, and soccer for many athletes. These sports often involve sudden sprinting or acceleration which may increase susceptibility to hamstring injury. Hamstring injuries represent the most common non-contact muscle injury. […] Research findings reveal an estimated incidence of .87 per 1000 hours of exposure in non-contact sports and up to .96 per 1000 exposure hours in contact sports and these rates continue to increase. […] Time lost from sport related to hamstring strain can be significant and reinjury rates for hamstring strain are high. Time loss from competition may generally range from 3-28 days or more depending on the severity of the injury. Recurrence rate for hamstring strains varies from 13.9% to 63.3% across various studies, and those who have a history of prior hamstring injury have a 3.6 times higher risk of future hamstring injury.

• #17 Pulled hamstring – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulled_hamstring

  These results also show that hamstring strains account for 50% of muscle injuries received by sprinters and are the most common injury in hurdling. […] Over a 10-year study more than 51.3% of hamstring strains occurred during the preseason of athletics. In another study, that analyzed 25 NCAA sports over four years, it was clearly shown that hamstring strain rates are higher in the preseason. […] One of the few predisposing factors that most researchers agree upon however is previous hamstring injury. Brokett et al. (2004) stated that the athletes most at risk of a hamstring strain are those with a previous history of such injury and noted that 34% of the hamstring injuries were recurrences.

• #18 Apollo News

  https://apollov2.com/posts/the-battle-against-hamstring-injuries

  Approximately 84% of hamstring strains occur in the biceps femoris. […] To effectively reduce hamstring strains, it is clear that identifying the reasons why the biceps femoris fails so frequently should be prioritised. […] Most hamstring injuries occur in games. […] Incidence of hamstring injury is 10x higher during match play than training. […] The majority of injuries occur towards the end of each half. […] Almost 50% of hamstring injuries occur during the last 15 minutes of the first and second half, indicating that tolerance to fatigue plays a role in making the hamstring more susceptible to injury. […] Risk of re-injury is high. […] Athletes with a history of just one previous hamstring injury are 2.7 times more likely to sustain an injury than players with no hamstring injury record.

• #18 Apollo News

  https://apollov2.com/posts/the-battle-against-hamstring-injuries

  ECIS data revealed that 18% of all hamstring injuries are recurrences, the vast majority of which are classified as early recurrences, meaning they happen within two months of the player returning to play. […] An overview of hamstring injuries such as this not only allows us to establish the scale of the problem, it also provides practitioners with a clearer view of when, where, and how they happen. […] Understanding the conditions under which hamstring injuries commonly occur, and identifying the specific mechanisms of injury, should mean that training interventions can be put into place which reduce the potential of hamstring injuries from occurring. […] Extensive research has proposed various interventions designed to lower hamstring injuries, and this has led teams to adopt systematic, criteria-based prevention programmes.

• #18 Apollo News

  https://apollov2.com/posts/the-battle-against-hamstring-injuries

  Data recently published from the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study (ECIS) has revealed that hamstring injuries in mens professional soccer have doubled in 21 years. […] Hamstring injuries represent 24% of all soccer injuries. […] In addition, hamstrings are responsible for 20% of all injury related player absence days. […] Both of these figures have doubled since UEFA launched their injury research in 2001/02. […] A playing squad will average 8 hamstring strains per season. […] Every season, 20% of players miss training or match play due to hamstring injury. […] The average lay off for a player following a hamstring injury is 13 days. […] Hamstring injuries occur mainly through sprint mechanisms. […] By far the most common mechanism of hamstring injury is sprinting, which is responsible for 61% of injuries.

• #19 Epidemiology, Biomechanics, and Classification of Proximal Hamstring Injuries | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-56025-6_2

  Hamstring injuries are some of the most frequently occurring injuries experienced by athletes of all levels. […] They can result in a significant amount of time away from play and have a high rate of recurrence. […] Some sports confer a higher risk of injury, specifically, ballistic or sprint sports such as rugby, football, and soccer. […] Similarly, sports such as dance and waterskiing require high risk positioning in deep hip flexion with concurrent knee extension and lead to a high incidence of hamstring injury. […] Kinematic studies have suggested that these injuries typically occur in late swing phase, when the hamstrings are contracting eccentrically, at or near their maximal length. […] Multiple classification systems have been described, with various points of focus, to aid the practitioner in guiding treatment and anticipating prognosis.

• #20 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles are among the most common in sports and account for significant time loss. Despite being so common, the injury mechanism of hamstring injuries remains to be determined. […] Hamstring injuries are common in several sports, with an overall incidence of 1.24 injuries per 1000h of athlete exposure. In athletics and Gaelic football, they account for 17-21% of total injuries and it is suggested that approximately 22% of all football players sustain a hamstring injury each season. Hamstring injuries result in an average time loss of 24 days and result in high cost for professional athletes and teams. […] A stretch-type injury to the hamstrings is caused by extensive hip flexion with an extended knee. Hamstring injuries during sprinting are most likely to occur due to excessive muscle strain caused by eccentric contraction during the late swing phase of the running gait cycle.

• #21 The mechanism of hamstring injuries – a systematic review | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03658-8

  The majority of studies of hamstring injuries during running reported that the hamstrings are most prone to injury during the late swing phase as a result of eccentric loading. However, some studies reported that the hamstrings are most likely to be injured during the stance phase. […] In conclusion, hamstring injuries sustained while running or sprinting are estimated to occur during the late swing phase as a consequence of increased strain on the hamstring muscles. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

• #22 Hamstring Injury – Do You Know the Odds and Can You Beat Them?FacebookInstagramTwitterYouTubeFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTubeFacebookInstagramTwitterYouTube

  https://simplifaster.com/articles/hamstring-injury/

  In terms of hamstring injury rate, Yeung et al. (2009) found in their sprinter subjects that hamstring injuries occurred roughly 0.87 times per 1000 training and competition hours. This means that a sprinter training two hours a day, five times per week, will likely have a hamstring injury once every two years. The rate in sprinters is much higher than that in other sports. Black et al. (2006) reported that in professional rugby union in the UK, the injury rate was 0.27 injuries per 1000 training hours, and in professional American Footballers, the rate is 0.77 per 1000 training hours (Elliot et al. 2011). […] Most hamstring injuries occur in the biceps femoris, which is the most lateral of the hamstrings, situated towards the outside of the thigh. One of the mechanisms proposed for this increased injury rate is that the bicep femoris has a shorter moment arm in knee extension and so the musclo-tendonous stretch is significantly greater within that muscle (Malliaropoulas et al. 2005).

• #23 Preventing hamstring injuries on the gridiron | Lower Extremity Review Magazine

  https://lermagazine.com/article/preventing-hamstring-injuries-on-the-gridiron

  Epidemiological research shows that hamstring muscle strains represent 46% of practice injuries and 22% of game injuries during the NFL preseason. […] A recent 10-year review of hamstring injuries in the NFL revealed that 1716 hamstring muscle strain injuries occurred across the 1989-1998 seasons for an overall injury rate of 0.77 per 1000 A-E. […] Muscle strain injuries represent 12% to 24% of all injuries in high school football. […] Published data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance System demonstrate that across all divisions from 1988 to 2004, muscle strain injuries accounted for 18.9% of spring practice and 22.2% of fall practice injuries. […] The NFL is no different, with 16.5% of all hamstring muscle strains occurring as reinjuries. […] A comprehensive study of hamstring injuries by the Football Association Medical Research Programme covering British soccer leagues reported a similar reinjury rate of 12%.

• #24

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstrings-are-dangerous-for-sport-and-sport-is-dangerous-for-hamstrings-447

  Together with its high incidence and important time lost from competition, hamstring injuries have a high recurrence rate. As previously stated, in AFL it has been estimated that 1/3 of all hamstring strains are a recurrence of a previous lesion although quite recently it appears that this trend is improving, possibly because of a more conservative management approach. High rates of recurrence have also been reported for American football (16.5%) and soccer (16%). […] The majority of hamstring injuries occurring in players from European high-level professional football clubs were examined by MRI, US or a combination of these examinations. Imaging is frequently used to enhance the quality of the diagnosis in order to better prognosticate healing time and lay-off from football. At the elite level, the frequent use of imaging may also be justified by the scrutiny of the media and public of the health of these athletes. MRI has been the preferred modality in recent years and has offered a highly detailed imaging analysis of the extent of injury.

• #25 Hamstring Injuries in Athletes – Sports Medicine Review

  https://www.sportsmedreview.com/blog/hamstring-injuries-in-athletes/

  Recurrence rates following hamstring injuries are high with the greatest incidence for re-injury occurring within the first two weeks after return to sport. The rate of reinjury is at least 30 percent, and some studies report rates as high as 60 to 70 percent. Lifetime reinjury rates vary considerably by activity. […] As previously mentioned typical management of HSI would involve, PRICE therapy, comparative US or MRI and then a graded rehabilitation program. However it is important to note that MRI findings have not been found to be a useful prognostic tool for determining reinjury risk however it can be used to quantify the extent of the injury and determining progression of the injury. […] Rehabilitation programs focused on eccentric loading in a lengthened position and lumbopelvic stability have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing recurrence after injury. Furthermore, dynamic and functional testing techniques may be useful in predicting return to injury time and identifying impairment when clinical exam appears normal. […] The astute physician will ensure that other diagnoses are not masquerading as a recurrent HSI, specifically lumbar radiculopathy, femoral neck stress fracture, posterior thigh compartment syndrome, adductor muscle strain, piriformis muscle syndrome, and sacroiliac joint dysfunction.

• #26 Acute Hamstring Tears

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/leg-injuries/acute-hamstring-tears

  Injuries to the hamstring muscles in the back of the thighs are extremely common on all levels of athletic competition. […] They account for up to 29% of all lower extremity injuries across all sports and represent an important cause of back of the thigh and buttock pain. […] For example, the incidence of hamstring injuries in the National Football League (NFL) was second only to knee sprains over a 10-year period. […] Not surprisingly, the occurrence of hamstring injury in sports such as soccer, rugby, basketball, track and field, and gymnastics has been reported at a similar rate. […] Injury to the hamstrings can be detrimental with an average number of days lost to injury ranging from 8 to 25, depending on injury location and severity. […] Unfortunately, there is a relatively high rate of re-injury, especially in the first two weeks following return to activity.

• #27 Acute Hamstring Tears

  https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/leg-injuries/acute-hamstring-tears

  Therefore, care must be taken to properly diagnose and treat an acute hamstring injury to avoid long-term complications, such as strength deficits and prolonged pain. […] Getting an early diagnosis and receiving proper treatment for a hamstring injury is important because: Early recognition and appropriate management of hamstring injuries, followed by a proper return to activity, have been shown to result in improved functional outcome and prevention of future injuries. […] A re-injured hamstring typically takes longer to heal. […] For example, it has been reported that NFL players with recurrent injuries needed 2.5 times longer for recovery and return to play than players with first-time injuries. […] Hamstring injuries have been shown to result in permanent anatomical findings on MRI scans and in physical exams.

• #28 Apollo News

  https://apollov2.com/posts/the-battle-against-hamstring-injuries

  Despite this, hamstring injuries are not decreasing in fact, the evidence is pointing in the opposite direction, suggesting that current preventative measures are not effective. […] One of the most significant recommendations from the ECIS author is that clubs with good internal communication showed fewer injuries and greater player availability.

• #29 Association of Hamstring Strain Injuries with Season and Temperature in Track and Field Collegiate Athletes in Japan: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study

  https://brieflands.com/articles/asjsm-96743

  Few descriptive epidemiological studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hamstring strain injury in athletics. […] To investigate the variations in the incidence of hamstring strain injury between seasons in track and field athletes, and further to investigate the relationship between environmental temperature and occurrence of hamstring strain injury. […] In total, 183 hamstring strain injuries were recorded (16.98/100 person-years). The incidence was significantly higher in early-season (IRR = 2.23) than in other seasons. […] The very-high-temperature zone showed a significantly lower incidence of hamstring strain injuries (IRR = 0.53) than did other temperature zones. The lower-middle-temperature zone showed a significantly higher incidence of hamstring strain injury (IRR = 1.46) than the other temperature zones.

• #30

  https://journal.aspetar.com/en/archive/volume-8-targeted-topic-hamstring-injuries-aspetar-experience/hamstrings-are-dangerous-for-sport-and-sport-is-dangerous-for-hamstrings-447

  Muscle injuries are a cause of considerable disability in American football both at senior and high school level. The injury rate per 1000 hours of exposure is 0.47 for trainings and 2.7 for matches, with relative match-training risk of 5.74. While the impact of hamstring strains in American Football is similar to other sports such as soccer and AFL, their temporal distribution is worthy of review, particularly from a prevention point of view. The pre-season is seen to be a high risk period. Muscle strains account for 46% of practice injuries and 22% of pre-season game injuries. They are the second most common pre-season injury, with an injury rate of 1.79 per 1,000 athlete-exposures for practices and 4.07 per 1,000 athlete-exposures for games. Furthermore, more than half (53.1%) of all hamstring injuries occurred in the 7-week pre-season, before the teams had even played their first regular-season game.

• #31 Exploring the Role of Sprint Biomechanics in Hamstring Strain Injuries: A… | Austin Driggers, PhD

  https://www.linkedin.com/posts/austin-driggers-phd-3b95b450_exploring-the-role-of-sprint-biomechanics-activity-7123348544769421313-Bmfc

  What role do sprint biomechanics play in hamstring injury? The authors explore a lot of highly relevant areas, though it’s always challenging to pin down research support for complex concepts like this. Still, two that caught my eye were: 4.5 Over-striding 4.6 Forward trunk lean Mainly because the hallmark HSI event in baseball is the batter-runner lunging for first base, which is practically characterized by what? Overstriding over the lead leg to reach the base. The MLB injury surveillance system (see Camp et al., 2018) indicates 56% of all hamstring injuries occur during baserunning with 36% happening at 1st base specifically. Unfortunately this maneuver seems to be a remarkably innate urge, seemingly impervious to medical and performance staffers begging players not to do this.

• #32 Preventing hamstring injuries on the gridiron | Lower Extremity Review Magazine

  https://lermagazine.com/article/preventing-hamstring-injuries-on-the-gridiron

  A primary mode of eccentric exercise utilized in injury prevention studies is the Nordic hamstring lower exercise. The Nordic hamstring lower has been shown to reduce muscle strain injuries. […] An area for future research in hamstring strain injury prevention is the potential role of neuromuscular activation training in injury risk reduction.

• #33 Risk factors for hamstring strain injury in male college American football players -a preliminary prospective cohort study- | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-023-06565-w

  The most important findings of the present prospective study were that lower hamstring flexibility, lower hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio, and lower general joint laxity may be risk factors for HSI in American football players in skilled positions. […] Our findings revealed that lower hamstring flexibility was one of the significant risk factors for HSI. […] The current study found that lower H/Q was one of the risk factors for HSI. […] This study found that lower general joint laxity was a risk factor for HSI, although many other studies have shown higher general joint laxity to be a risk factor for lower limb injuries. […] The current study showed that lower hamstring flexibility and lower hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio were risk factors for HSI among male college American football players placed in skill positions.

• #34 Innovative techniques shed light on hamstring injury in athletes | Stanford Report

  https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2024/10/innovative-techniques-shed-light-on-hamstring-injury-in-athletes

  Hamstring injuries affect athletes across the globe, accounting for 10% of all injuries in field-based sports. Despite their frequency, the mechanisms behind these injuries and effective prevention strategies remain unclear. […] Our findings, along with previous work from our group, highlight the importance of long-term training to induce meaningful adaptations in the hamstrings, said Max Andrews, first author and a graduate student at the University of Queensland. […] Another strategy for preventing hamstring injuries involves monitoring exposure to high-speed running. […] These findings can improve athlete monitoring to prevent hamstring injuries, Delp said.

• #35 What You Need to Know About Hamstring Injury and Rehab – University Orthopedics Blog

  https://blog.universityorthopedics.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-hamstring-injury-and-rehab/

  Hamstring injury has been extensively studied, specifically in soccer athletes due to the high injury rate, high rate of reinjury or recurrence, and time loss from sport. There is emerging evidence that steps can be taken to limit hamstring strain risk and improve recovery following hamstring injury to limit reinjury and keep athletes safe and healthy. Understanding the risk factors for hamstring injury, mechanical role of the hamstrings, regional interdependence and influence of the kinetic chain on hamstrings, and effective exercises to target hamstrings and functional training specificity is critical to designing an effective rehabilitation and injury prevention program.

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