Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-to-know-about-trichinosis-trichinellosis

  What Is the Treatment for Trichinosis? […] Depending on your symptoms and severity of infection, your doctor may prescribe: […] Anti-parasitic medication. This is the first line of trichinella infection treatment. If the infection is found early, taking albendazole or mebendazole can eliminate the worms and larvae in your intestine. You may have some mild side effects during the trichinella treatment. But if the infection is discovered after the larvae embed in your muscles, anti-parasitic drugs may be less effective. […] Pain relievers. If the larvae have moved into your muscles, your doctor may prescribe pain relief medication to help with muscle aches. Over time, the larvae cysts in your muscles will harden, which destroys the larvae. Then your fatigue and muscle aches will go away. […] Corticosteroids. For some people, trichinellosis may cause allergic reactions. This can happen when the parasites enter your muscles or when the dying larvae release chemicals. Your doctor might prescribe a corticosteroid to help with your inflammation.

• #2 Trichinosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/trichinosis

  Trichinosis doesn’t always require treatment. The infection may resolve without treatment within several months after the onset of symptoms. […] However, the condition is often treated with medications to help manage symptoms and to prevent complications from developing. […] Your doctor may prescribe antiparasitic medication (albendazole or mebendazole usually) to treat the infection, steroids to help control inflammation, and pain medication for muscle aches.

• #3 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Trichinosis usually gets better on its own. In cases with a mild or moderate number of larvae, most signs and symptoms typically go away within a few months. However, fatigue, mild pain, weakness and diarrhea may stay for many months or years. Infection with a large number of larvae can cause more-severe symptoms that need treatment right away. […] Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. If your provider discovers that you have roundworm (trichinella) parasites early, albendazole (Albenza) or mebendazole (Emverm) can kill the worms and larvae in the small intestine. The drugs may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain during the treatment.

• #4 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment with either mebendazole or albendazole is recommended. […] If a patient does not start treatment within the first several days of infection, prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] Prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs can help prevent the progression of trichinellosis by killing the adult worms and so preventing further release of larvae. […] The recommended treatment of trichinellosis is either mebendazole or albendazole. […] If treatment is not initiated within the first several days of infection, more prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in more severe cases. […] Both drugs are considered relatively safe but have been associated with side effects including bone marrow suppression.

• #5 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Medication: Anthelmintics, Analgesics, Corticosteroids

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-medication

  It is difficult to differentiate the efficacy of drug therapy from natural recovery of infection in mild-to-moderate cases. Factors such as the Trichinella species involved, intensity and length of infection, and host response can aid in deciding on the treatment course. The mainstays of therapy include bed rest, antipyretics, and analgesics. Anthelmintic medications and steroids have a limited role in therapy. If anthelmintic medications are used, the drug of choice is albendazole, because it appears to have the best adverse-effect profile and efficacy. […] Benzimidazoles, specifically albendazole and mebendazole, are the primary medications for treating trichinellosis. They disrupt microtubule formation, primarily affecting glucose absorption of Trichinellae, which decreases mobility and aids in expulsion from the intestinal tract. However, these medications are poorly absorbed in the intestines, limiting their effectiveness against larvae in the muscle phase and encysted worms, which do not require mobility.

• #6 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #7 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  The therapeutic regimen for this condition includes anthelmintics (mebendazole or albendazole) and glucocorticosteroids. […] Anthelmintics are most effective if administered within 1 week of infection to prevent adult worms from producing new larvae and invading muscle tissue. However, treatment typically begins during the larval development stage in muscle cells. It is advised that treatment with anthelmintics be given to all infected individuals within 4 to 6 weeks of exposure. Early administration of mebendazole, within 48 hours of consuming highly infected meat, has been shown to prevent clinical disease. Delayed treatment increases the likelihood of long-term viability of larvae in the muscles, potentially causing persistent myalgia. […] Several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of mebendazole, a benzimidazole anthelmintic, in treating trichinellosis.

• #8 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  The therapeutic regimen for this condition includes anthelmintics (mebendazole or albendazole) and glucocorticosteroids. […] Anthelmintics are most effective if administered within 1 week of infection to prevent adult worms from producing new larvae and invading muscle tissue. However, treatment typically begins during the larval development stage in muscle cells. It is advised that treatment with anthelmintics be given to all infected individuals within 4 to 6 weeks of exposure. Early administration of mebendazole, within 48 hours of consuming highly infected meat, has been shown to prevent clinical disease. Delayed treatment increases the likelihood of long-term viability of larvae in the muscles, potentially causing persistent myalgia. […] Several studies have confirmed the effectiveness of mebendazole, a benzimidazole anthelmintic, in treating trichinellosis.

• #9 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #10 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #11 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #12 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  If your provider discovers the infection after the larvae bury themselves in muscle tissues, the anti-parasitic drugs may not kill all the parasites. However, your provider might prescribe one if you have brain, heart or lung problems due to larvae causing pain and swelling (inflammation) in these organs. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). Over time, the larvae cysts in your muscles tend to harden into calcium (calcify). As a result, the larvae die, and the muscle aches and weakness usually go away. […] Sometimes trichinosis can cause an allergic reaction. This happens when the parasite enters muscle tissue or when dead or dying larvae release chemicals in your muscle tissue. Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #13 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Patients on longer courses of therapy should be monitored by serial complete blood counts to detect any adverse effects promptly and discontinue treatment. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not approved for use in pregnant women or children under the age of 2 years. […] Prescribe albendazole only if the potential benefits to the woman justify the potential risks to the fetus. […] Prescribe mebendazole only if the potential benefits to the woman justify the potential risks to the fetus.

• #14 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #15 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #16 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Patients on longer courses of therapy should be monitored by serial complete blood counts to detect any adverse effects promptly and discontinue treatment. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not approved for use in pregnant women or children under the age of 2 years. […] Prescribe albendazole only if the potential benefits to the woman justify the potential risks to the fetus. […] Prescribe mebendazole only if the potential benefits to the woman justify the potential risks to the fetus.

• #17 Trichinella spiralis Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538511/

  Trichinellosis is treated symptomatically with antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents for mild infections. […] Trichinella infection with systemic complications is treated with antiparasitic agents and corticosteroids. Antiparasitic agents that can be used include albendazole 500mg twice a day given orally for 10 to 14 days, mebendazole 200 to 400 mg three times a day for 3 days, then 400 to 500 mg three times a day for 10 days. Severe cases may require coadministration with prednisone at a dose of 30 to 60 mg daily for a total of 10 to 14 days. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not considered safe in pregnant women and children less than or equal to 2 years of age. Specialist consultation is necessary in these cases and risk, and weighing the risks versus benefits is necessary before administering these medications. […] Cardiac monitoring may be necessary for patients with cardiac involvement. […] Postexposure prophylaxis with mebendazole if given within 6 days of exposure may be effective.

• #18 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  If your provider discovers the infection after the larvae bury themselves in muscle tissues, the anti-parasitic drugs may not kill all the parasites. However, your provider might prescribe one if you have brain, heart or lung problems due to larvae causing pain and swelling (inflammation) in these organs. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). Over time, the larvae cysts in your muscles tend to harden into calcium (calcify). As a result, the larvae die, and the muscle aches and weakness usually go away. […] Sometimes trichinosis can cause an allergic reaction. This happens when the parasite enters muscle tissue or when dead or dying larvae release chemicals in your muscle tissue. Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #19 Trichinosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/trichinosis

  Treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole and, if symptoms are severe, also with prednisone. […] Anthelmintics eliminate adult Trichinella worms from the gastrointestinal tract, but once larvae encyst in skeletal muscle, treatment may not eradicate them or any associated symptoms. However, most people with trichinosis recover fully. […] Albendazole or mebendazole can be used. The efficacy of higher doses and prolonged courses in killing encysted larvae is uncertain and adverse effects are more likely. […] Analgesics may help relieve muscle pains. […] For severe allergic manifestations or myocardial or central nervous system involvement, prednisone is given for 3 or 4 days, then tapered over 10 to 14 days. […] Treat symptoms (eg, with analgesics for pain and prednisone for allergic manifestations or central nervous system or myocardial involvement); anthelmintics kill adult worms, but once larvae encyst in skeletal muscle, treatment may not eradicate them or any associated symptoms.

• #20 Trichinosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/trichinosis

  Treatment includes medications used to treat worm infections and medications to relieve muscle pain. […] To eliminate adult worms from the intestine, a doctor prescribes albendazole or mebendazole. These medications are known as anthelmintics, and they are taken by mouth. These medications do not eliminate cysts in the muscles. […] People can take pain relievers (such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs) to help with muscle pain. […] Doctors prescribe corticosteroids (such as prednisone) to reduce inflammation in people who have a severe infection or who have inflammation in their heart or brain. […] Most people with trichinosis recover fully.

• #21 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

• #22 Trichinosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/trichinosis

  Treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole and, if symptoms are severe, also with prednisone. […] Anthelmintics eliminate adult Trichinella worms from the gastrointestinal tract, but once larvae encyst in skeletal muscle, treatment may not eradicate them or any associated symptoms. However, most people with trichinosis recover fully. […] Albendazole or mebendazole can be used. The efficacy of higher doses and prolonged courses in killing encysted larvae is uncertain and adverse effects are more likely. […] Analgesics may help relieve muscle pains. […] For severe allergic manifestations or myocardial or central nervous system involvement, prednisone is given for 3 or 4 days, then tapered over 10 to 14 days. […] Treat symptoms (eg, with analgesics for pain and prednisone for allergic manifestations or central nervous system or myocardial involvement); anthelmintics kill adult worms, but once larvae encyst in skeletal muscle, treatment may not eradicate them or any associated symptoms.

• #23 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  Mebendazole typically is prescribed at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, divided into 2 doses, for a duration of 10 to 15 days, with the option to repeat the cycle after 5 days. […] Albendazole is generally well-tolerated in trichinellosis patients. […] The goal is to stop the larval invasion into the host muscle. […] Within 1 week of ingestion of contaminated meat, administer albendazole (5 mg/kg/d for 1 wk) or mebendazole (5 mg/kg/d for 8-14 d). […] The goal is to prevent systemic invasion. […] Glucocorticosteroids are commonly used by physicians to manage type I hypersensitivity symptoms, despite the lack of controlled studies validating their efficacy. […] They should always be used alongside anthelmintics, not alone, to avoid increasing the larval burden by delaying worm expulsion from the intestines. […] Prednisolone is the most commonly used glucocorticosteroid, typically administered in doses of 30 mg to 60 mg per day over 10 to 14 days.

• #24 Trichinella spiralis Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538511/

  Trichinellosis is treated symptomatically with antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents for mild infections. […] Trichinella infection with systemic complications is treated with antiparasitic agents and corticosteroids. Antiparasitic agents that can be used include albendazole 500mg twice a day given orally for 10 to 14 days, mebendazole 200 to 400 mg three times a day for 3 days, then 400 to 500 mg three times a day for 10 days. Severe cases may require coadministration with prednisone at a dose of 30 to 60 mg daily for a total of 10 to 14 days. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not considered safe in pregnant women and children less than or equal to 2 years of age. Specialist consultation is necessary in these cases and risk, and weighing the risks versus benefits is necessary before administering these medications. […] Cardiac monitoring may be necessary for patients with cardiac involvement. […] Postexposure prophylaxis with mebendazole if given within 6 days of exposure may be effective.

• #25 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-to-know-about-trichinosis-trichinellosis

  What Is the Treatment for Trichinosis? […] Depending on your symptoms and severity of infection, your doctor may prescribe: […] Anti-parasitic medication. This is the first line of trichinella infection treatment. If the infection is found early, taking albendazole or mebendazole can eliminate the worms and larvae in your intestine. You may have some mild side effects during the trichinella treatment. But if the infection is discovered after the larvae embed in your muscles, anti-parasitic drugs may be less effective. […] Pain relievers. If the larvae have moved into your muscles, your doctor may prescribe pain relief medication to help with muscle aches. Over time, the larvae cysts in your muscles will harden, which destroys the larvae. Then your fatigue and muscle aches will go away. […] Corticosteroids. For some people, trichinellosis may cause allergic reactions. This can happen when the parasites enter your muscles or when the dying larvae release chemicals. Your doctor might prescribe a corticosteroid to help with your inflammation.

• #26 Trichinella spiralis Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538511/

  Trichinellosis is treated symptomatically with antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents for mild infections. […] Trichinella infection with systemic complications is treated with antiparasitic agents and corticosteroids. Antiparasitic agents that can be used include albendazole 500mg twice a day given orally for 10 to 14 days, mebendazole 200 to 400 mg three times a day for 3 days, then 400 to 500 mg three times a day for 10 days. Severe cases may require coadministration with prednisone at a dose of 30 to 60 mg daily for a total of 10 to 14 days. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not considered safe in pregnant women and children less than or equal to 2 years of age. Specialist consultation is necessary in these cases and risk, and weighing the risks versus benefits is necessary before administering these medications. […] Cardiac monitoring may be necessary for patients with cardiac involvement. […] Postexposure prophylaxis with mebendazole if given within 6 days of exposure may be effective.

• #27 Trichinosis: What Is, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://healthsea.com/trichinosis/

  Hydration and rest are the two most vital strong care exercises for trichinosis patients during the intense period. Water stabilization could control fever and boost the immune system. More genuine treatment may be fundamental in case the heart or respiratory framework is influenced and hospitalization is the alternative.

• #28 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Patients on longer courses of therapy should be monitored by serial complete blood counts to detect any adverse effects promptly and discontinue treatment. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not approved for use in pregnant women or children under the age of 2 years. […] Prescribe albendazole only if the potential benefits to the woman justify the potential risks to the fetus. […] Prescribe mebendazole only if the potential benefits to the woman justify the potential risks to the fetus.

• #29 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment with either mebendazole or albendazole is recommended. […] If a patient does not start treatment within the first several days of infection, prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] Prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs can help prevent the progression of trichinellosis by killing the adult worms and so preventing further release of larvae. […] The recommended treatment of trichinellosis is either mebendazole or albendazole. […] If treatment is not initiated within the first several days of infection, more prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in more severe cases. […] Both drugs are considered relatively safe but have been associated with side effects including bone marrow suppression.

• #30 Trichinosis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/trichinosis

  Albendazole, 800 mg/kg in four divided doses, is the most recommended treatment regimen. […] Despite their comparable initial response, albendazole is possibly more effective than thiabendazole in treatment of residual larvae. […] In severe infections, massive release of antigenic substances may cause Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reactions with these antihelminthics, and coadministration with corticosteroids is recommended.

• #31 Trichinella spiralis Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538511/

  Trichinellosis is treated symptomatically with antipyretics and anti-inflammatory agents for mild infections. […] Trichinella infection with systemic complications is treated with antiparasitic agents and corticosteroids. Antiparasitic agents that can be used include albendazole 500mg twice a day given orally for 10 to 14 days, mebendazole 200 to 400 mg three times a day for 3 days, then 400 to 500 mg three times a day for 10 days. Severe cases may require coadministration with prednisone at a dose of 30 to 60 mg daily for a total of 10 to 14 days. […] Albendazole and mebendazole are not considered safe in pregnant women and children less than or equal to 2 years of age. Specialist consultation is necessary in these cases and risk, and weighing the risks versus benefits is necessary before administering these medications. […] Cardiac monitoring may be necessary for patients with cardiac involvement. […] Postexposure prophylaxis with mebendazole if given within 6 days of exposure may be effective.

• #32 Trichinella spiralis Infection (Trichinosis) – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/trichinella-spiralis-infection-trichinosis/

  If the Trichinella infection affects the heart, doctors may need to monitor the heart activity of the patient to ensure their safety. […] Furthermore, if someone has been exposed to the Trichinella parasite, taking mebendazole within six days of the exposure might possibly help in preventing an infection.

• #33 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Trichinosis usually gets better on its own. In cases with a mild or moderate number of larvae, most signs and symptoms typically go away within a few months. However, fatigue, mild pain, weakness and diarrhea may stay for many months or years. Infection with a large number of larvae can cause more-severe symptoms that need treatment right away. […] Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. If your provider discovers that you have roundworm (trichinella) parasites early, albendazole (Albenza) or mebendazole (Emverm) can kill the worms and larvae in the small intestine. The drugs may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain during the treatment.

• #34 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  If your provider discovers the infection after the larvae bury themselves in muscle tissues, the anti-parasitic drugs may not kill all the parasites. However, your provider might prescribe one if you have brain, heart or lung problems due to larvae causing pain and swelling (inflammation) in these organs. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). Over time, the larvae cysts in your muscles tend to harden into calcium (calcify). As a result, the larvae die, and the muscle aches and weakness usually go away. […] Sometimes trichinosis can cause an allergic reaction. This happens when the parasite enters muscle tissue or when dead or dying larvae release chemicals in your muscle tissue. Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #35 Trichinosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/trichinosis

  Treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole and, if symptoms are severe, also with prednisone. […] Anthelmintics eliminate adult Trichinella worms from the gastrointestinal tract, but once larvae encyst in skeletal muscle, treatment may not eradicate them or any associated symptoms. However, most people with trichinosis recover fully. […] Albendazole or mebendazole can be used. The efficacy of higher doses and prolonged courses in killing encysted larvae is uncertain and adverse effects are more likely. […] Analgesics may help relieve muscle pains. […] For severe allergic manifestations or myocardial or central nervous system involvement, prednisone is given for 3 or 4 days, then tapered over 10 to 14 days. […] Treat symptoms (eg, with analgesics for pain and prednisone for allergic manifestations or central nervous system or myocardial involvement); anthelmintics kill adult worms, but once larvae encyst in skeletal muscle, treatment may not eradicate them or any associated symptoms.

• #36 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Medication: Anthelmintics, Analgesics, Corticosteroids

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-medication

  Due to the limited number of cases in outbreaks, comparative trials at various infection stages are scarce, leading to controversy related to dosing and effectiveness during the muscle phase. One Italian trial showed that although mebendazole improved symptoms in all patients, 3-45% experienced symptom recurrence after a 10-day course. A study in Thailand reported 100% resolution of myalgias in groups treated with mebendazole or thiabendazole, compared with only 50% resolution in groups treated with fluconazole and pyrantel. […] Thiabendazole is not recommended due to its adverse effects, including rashes and gastrointestinal upset. A Romanian review indicated that children responded better to albendazole than adults, and both children and adults had better outcomes with albendazole compared with mebendazole. […] Anthelmintic therapy remains controversial due to the lack of controlled trials and the fact that many infected individuals experience mild cases without complications or long-term sequelae. Additionally, anthelmintics are considered minimally effective during the muscular phase of infection.

• #37 Progress in Treatment and Prevention of Trichinellosis | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/progress-in-treatment-and-prevention-of-trichinellosis-2090-7214-1000251.php?aid=65895

  Because of the increasing spread of anthelminthic resistance and/or decreasing activity against encapsulated larval stages of parasites, there has been a growing interest in developing newer anthelminthics from medicinal plants, particularly those used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. […] All these medications are active against adult worms in the gut and are ineffective against the larvae embedded in tissues, so there is serious concern about the currently used therapeutic agents. […] Significant efforts have been made to design effective vaccines against T. spiralis infection. […] The potential use of probiotics to control enteric infections has generated tremendous interest in the last decade.

• #38 Efficacy of silver nanoparticles against Trichinella spiralis in mice and the role of multivitamin in alleviating its toxicity | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-56337-2

  Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease. The majority of currently available anti-trichinellosis medications exhibit inadequate efficacy. The efficacy of a natively prepared new formulation of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was evaluated in the treatment of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection in mice alone and combined with multivitamin-mineral (MM). After investigating the products biological and pharmacological characteristics, its therapeutic dose was estimated to be Ag-NPs at 21.5 mg/kg B.W. This dose was orally inoculated to experimentally infected mice at 35 days post-inoculation (dpi) against the mature worms, at 810 dpi against the newborn larvae, and at 3335th dpi against the encapsulated larvae. Each treatments efficacy was assessed by scarifying control and treated mice 3 days post-treatment. The drug alone or in supplement form has a high trichinocidal effect exceeding that of the reference drug. Early treatment (35 dpi) by Ag-NPs or Ag-NPs+MM and albendazole revealed high efficacy against the intestinal stage, reaching 93.3%, 94.7%, and 90.6% for the three treatments, respectively. The materials causing a significant (P-value0.001) decrease in the mean encapsulated larvae reached 86.61%, 89.07%, and 88.84%/gm of muscles using the three treatments, respectively. Moreover, all larvae extracted from Ag-NPs-treated groups failed to induce infection post-inoculation in new mice. Additionally, combining the material with MM proved to overcome the reversible adverse effects of silver material on the estimated redox parameters and liver and kidney biomarkers, denoting its ability to alleviate Ag-NP toxicity. In conclusion, the high trichinocidal effect of Ag-NPs against the adult and encapsulated larvae during a short inoculation period introduced Ag-NPs as an alternative to other nematicidal drugs.

• #39 Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of Olibanum extract against enteric and intramuscular phases of trichinosis in experimentally infected mice | Journal of Helminthology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-helminthology/article/evaluation-of-the-therapeutic-effect-of-olibanum-extract-against-enteric-and-intramuscular-phases-of-trichinosis-in-experimentally-infected-mice/5737CAE57BC70F266FE6857520AF7754

  Trichinosis is a global food-borne zoonotic disease. Most drugs used in its treatment have low bioavailability and reduced activity against larvae. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and effective medications. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo anti-parasitic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of olibanum (OL) extract, alone or combined with albendazole (ABZ) during both intestinal and muscular phases of trichinosis. […] In conclusion, OL exhibits promising in vivo activity against both stages of Trichinella spiralis infection, particularly at the intramuscular phase. It can be safe as an alternative treatment for trichinosis.

• #40 Progress in Treatment and Prevention of Trichinellosis | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/progress-in-treatment-and-prevention-of-trichinellosis-2090-7214-1000251.php?aid=65895

  Because of the increasing spread of anthelminthic resistance and/or decreasing activity against encapsulated larval stages of parasites, there has been a growing interest in developing newer anthelminthics from medicinal plants, particularly those used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. […] All these medications are active against adult worms in the gut and are ineffective against the larvae embedded in tissues, so there is serious concern about the currently used therapeutic agents. […] Significant efforts have been made to design effective vaccines against T. spiralis infection. […] The potential use of probiotics to control enteric infections has generated tremendous interest in the last decade.

• #41 Progress in Treatment and Prevention of Trichinellosis | OMICS International

  https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/progress-in-treatment-and-prevention-of-trichinellosis-2090-7214-1000251.php?aid=65895

  Because of the increasing spread of anthelminthic resistance and/or decreasing activity against encapsulated larval stages of parasites, there has been a growing interest in developing newer anthelminthics from medicinal plants, particularly those used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. […] All these medications are active against adult worms in the gut and are ineffective against the larvae embedded in tissues, so there is serious concern about the currently used therapeutic agents. […] Significant efforts have been made to design effective vaccines against T. spiralis infection. […] The potential use of probiotics to control enteric infections has generated tremendous interest in the last decade.

• #42 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  As with most diseases, early treatment is better and decreases the risk of developing the disease. If larvae do encyst in skeletal muscle cells, they can remain infectious for months to years. […] Early administration of anthelmintics, such as mebendazole or albendazole, decreases the likelihood of larval encystation, particularly if given within three days of infection. However, most cases are diagnosed after this time. In humans, mebendazole (200–400 mg three times a day for three days) or albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 8–14 days) is given to treat trichinosis. These drugs prevent newly hatched larvae from developing, but should not be given to pregnant women or children under two years of age. […] After infection, steroids, such as prednisone, may be used to relieve muscle pain associated with larval migration. […] Researchers trying to develop a vaccine for Trichinella have tried using either „larval extracts, excretory-secretory antigen, DNA, or recombinant antigen protein.” Currently, no marketable vaccine is available for trichinosis, but experimental mouse studies have suggested possibilities.

• #43 Trichinosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378583

  Trichinosis can be treated with medication, though it’s not always needed. […] The best defense against trichinosis is proper food preparation.

• #44 Trichinellosis – Fact Sheet – inspection.canada.ca

  http://inspection.canada.ca/en/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/trichinellosis/fact-sheet

  The objective, in humans and animals, is to prevent the ingestion of viable Trichinella cysts. […] Treatment of trichinellosis in animals is not practical. Treatment in humans is unpredictable, but consists of using antihelmintics (a group of drugs targeted at the adult worm) as well as corticosteroids (steroidal anti-inflammatories). Treatment must occur within a short timeframe of ingestion of infected meat in order to target the adult worm. The later the treatment occurs, the higher the probability that the person will harbour viable larvae in their muscles for years.

• #45 Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) in Dogs – Dog Owners – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-dogs/trichinellosis-trichinosis-in-dogs

  Treatment is generally impractical in animals. […] Making sure that ingestion of viable Trichinella cysts in muscle does not occur is the best way to prevent disease in both animals and people. […] Pork products that are not labeled as „ready to eat” should be heated to an internal temperature of 145F (63C) for roasts or 160F (71C) for ground meats.

• #46 Trichinosis Symptoms, Doctors, Treatments, Advances & More | MediFind

  https://www.medifind.com/conditions/trichinosis/5256

  Medicines, such as albendazole, can be used to treat infections in the intestines. A mild infection does not usually need treatment. Pain medicine can help relieve muscle soreness after the larvae have invaded the muscles. […] Most people with trichinosis have no symptoms, and the infection goes away by itself. More severe infections may be difficult to treat, especially if the lungs, heart, or brain are involved. […] Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of trichinosis and you recently ate undercooked or raw meat that might have been contaminated. […] Freezing pork at a low temperature (5°F or -15°C or colder) for 3 to 4 weeks will kill the worms. Freezing wild game meat does not always kill the worms. Smoking, salting, and drying meat are also not reliable methods of killing the worms. Pork and meat from wild animals should be cooked until well done (no traces of pink). […] Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of ellagic acid as a new therapy for Trichinella spiralis infection.

• #47 Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) in Cats – Cat Owners – MSD Veterinary Manual

  https://www.msdvetmanual.com/cat-owners/disorders-affecting-multiple-body-systems-of-cats/trichinellosis-trichinosis-in-cats

  Treatment is generally impractical in animals. […] Making sure that ingestion of viable Trichinella cysts in muscle does not occur is the best way to prevent disease in both animals and humans. Raw or improperly cooked meat should not be fed to cats. […] Cooking meat to an internal temperature of at least 145F (63C) for roasts or 160F (71C) for ground meats will kill the cysts.

• #48 FSHN10-05/FS153: The Cause of Trichinosis and Its Prevention Through Safe Food Handling Practices

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS153

  What Is the Treatment for Trichinosis? Many antihelminthic drugs are available for use in the treatment of trichinosis, including albendazole and mebendazole (WSDOH 2011). The efficacy of treatment is dependent upon how soon the infection is caught and how severe the infection is. Some mild infections are never diagnosed or treated, but resolve themselves after several weeks (Despommier 2005). […] Performed under very carefully controlled conditions, the food industry may attempt to destroy trichinae through curing and smoking, pickling, freezing, or cooking and canning (Dresser and Bellenir 1995). However, the International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) only recognizes three methods for reducing the number of larvae in meats to safe levelsfreezing, irradiating, or cooking (ICT 2007).

• #49 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Trichinosis usually gets better on its own. In cases with a mild or moderate number of larvae, most signs and symptoms typically go away within a few months. However, fatigue, mild pain, weakness and diarrhea may stay for many months or years. Infection with a large number of larvae can cause more-severe symptoms that need treatment right away. […] Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. If your provider discovers that you have roundworm (trichinella) parasites early, albendazole (Albenza) or mebendazole (Emverm) can kill the worms and larvae in the small intestine. The drugs may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain during the treatment.

• #50 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment with either mebendazole or albendazole is recommended. […] If a patient does not start treatment within the first several days of infection, prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] Prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs can help prevent the progression of trichinellosis by killing the adult worms and so preventing further release of larvae. […] The recommended treatment of trichinellosis is either mebendazole or albendazole. […] If treatment is not initiated within the first several days of infection, more prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in more severe cases. […] Both drugs are considered relatively safe but have been associated with side effects including bone marrow suppression.

• #51 Trichinosis | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30584

  Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. The primary drug treatment for trichinosis is antihelminthics. These include albendazole and mebendazole. Albendazole has been shown to reach adequate plasma levels and does not require monitoring whereas mebendazole plasma levels can vary from patient to patient and requires individual monitoring and dosing. The recommended dose of albendazole is 400 mg two times a day for 8 to 14 days. The recommended dose for mebendazole is 200 to 400 mg thrice daily for 3 days. Another dose of 400 to 500 mg should be given thrice daily for 10 days. […] These doses are acceptable for children and adults but contraindicated in those 2 years or those who are pregnant. Pyrantel can is an option for children and pregnant women, given as a single dose of 10-20 mg/kg of body weight. It is only effective against intestinal larvae and does not affect newborn or muscle larvae. Primary chemotherapy for severe symptoms is prednisone given at a dose of 30-60 mg/day for 10-15 days.

Zobacz więcej