Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trichinella spiralis Infection – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538511/

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. It is caused by consuming undercooked or raw meat (usually pork). Trichinella spiralis species is the common cause of human disease and infection occurs after the ingestion of raw or undercooked pork. […] Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, results from roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. It is a parasitic infection. It is caused by consuming undercooked or raw meat (usually pork). Trichinella spiralis species is the common cause of human disease by eating raw or undercooked pork. […] Trichinella spiralis is a nematode (roundworm) parasite. It possesses the capability of infecting a wide range of mammals including pigs, horses, reptiles, and birds but it causes disease only in humans. By eating improperly cooked or raw pork, horse, or other domestic animal meat and wild game meat like bear, humans acquire the infection. […] Trichinellosis is caused by consuming raw or undercooked meat of infected animals.

• #2 Trichinosis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/trichinosis

  Trichinosis is an infectious disease caused by consumption of raw meat contaminated with larvae of nematode in the genus Trichinella. […] Trichinosis is caused by zoonotic infestation of nematode in the genus Trichinella. This genus comprises at least seven species (T spiralis, T nelsoni, T britovi, T nativa, T pseudospiralis, T murelli, and T papuae) and three additional genotypes (Trichinella T6, related to T nativa, and Trichinella T8 and T9, related to T britovi). […] At least six species of Trichinella have been known to cause human infections (ie, T spiralis, T nelsoni, T britovi, T nativa, T pseudospiralis, and T murelli). […] The most common species reported to be responsible for human trichinosis is T spiralis, the prevalence of human infections with other species has not yet been verified.

• #3 CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/trichinellosis/index.html

  Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is caused by nematodes (roundworms) of the genus Trichinella. In addition to the classical agent T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals), several other species of Trichinella are now recognized, including T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nativa (Arctic bears), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. britovi (carnivores of Europe and western Asia), and T. papuae (wild and domestic pigs, Papua New Guinea and Thailand). Trichinella zimbabwensis is found in crocodiles in Africa but to date there are no known associations of this species with human disease. […] Trichinellosis is caused by the ingestion of undercooked meat containing encysted larvae (except for T. pseudospiralis and T. papuae, which do not encyst) of Trichinella species.

• #4 Trichinosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/trichinosis

  Trichinosis is infection with the nematode (worm) Trichinella spiralis or related Trichinella species. […] In addition to Trichinella spiralis, trichinosis can also be caused by T. pseudospiralis, T. nativa, T. nelsoni, T. murelli, T. papuae, T. zimbabwensis, and T. britovi in different geographic locations. […] Humans become infected by eating undercooked meat from infected animals, most commonly pigs, wild boar, or bear. […] Symptoms begin with gastrointestinal irritation followed by periorbital edema, muscle pain, fever, and eosinophilia. […] Infection is most commonly diagnosed using enzyme immunoassay. […] Thoroughly cooking or freezing pork or cooking meat from wild animals can prevent trichinosis.

• #5 Trichinosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378583

  Trichinosis can be treated with medication, though it’s not always needed. It’s also easy to prevent. […] People get trichinosis when they eat raw or undercooked meat that is infected with the larvae of the trichinella roundworm parasite. You can’t pass the parasite on to another person. […] Animals are infected when they feed on other infected animals. Infected meat anywhere in the world can come from wild animals such as bear, cougar, wolf, wild boar, walrus or seal. Domestic pigs and horses can become infected with trichinosis when they feed on garbage containing infected meat scraps. […] In the United States, pigs have become a less common source of infection due to increased control of pork feed and products. Wild-animal meat is the source of most cases of trichinosis in the U.S. […] You can’t get trichinosis from beef, as cows don’t eat meat. But some cases of trichinosis in people have been linked to eating beef that was mixed with infected pork. […] You can also get trichinosis when beef or other meat is ground in a grinder previously used to grind infected meat.

• #6 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  People who eat raw or undercooked meat from certain animals can get trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis is an infection caused by the larvae of a parasitic worm. […] People get trichinellosis, or trichinosis, after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the parasite. […] Usually, meat contaminated with the Trichinella larvae comes from meat-eating animals such as bear, wild boar, or walrus. […] In the past, people in the U.S. often got the disease from eating undercooked or raw pork containing the larvae. […] The risk of getting trichinellosis in the U.S. is very low. […] People who eat raw or undercooked pork or wild game, in particular, bear, wild boar, wildcat, fox, wolf, seal, or walrus are at risk of getting trichinellosis. […] Even tasting small amounts of such meat while it’s raw or undercooked (like tasting the meat during preparation) puts you at risk for infection with Trichinella worms.

• #7 Trichinosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536945/

  Trichinosis occurs from a nematode from the genus Trichinella. The life cycle begins with the enteral phase when the host eats the infected meat. […] Trichinella Spiralis belongs to the encapsulated group and causes most human infections and deaths from trichinosis. […] Trichinosis or trichinellosis is a helminth infection primarily transmitted via the ingestion of improperly prepared food. Pork and its byproducts are the primary sources of infection.

• #8 Trichinosis Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/trichinosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Trichinosis is a food-borne disease caused by a microscopic parasite called Trichinella. People can get this disease by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite. Often these infected meats come from wild game, such as bear, or pork products. […] Anyone who eats raw or undercooked meat from infected animals can develop trichinosis. Most cases come from consuming undercooked wild game meat, such as bear, while some other cases come from eating pork products. The parasite is not found in domestic pigs raised in confinement, but can be found in pigs raised outdoors in close contact with wildlife and rodents. Trichinosis infection is relatively rare in the United States. […] Animals such as pigs, dogs, cats, rats, and many wild animals (including fox, wolf, and polar bear) may carry the parasite. When humans eat infected pork or wild game that has not been properly cooked, they become infected. Person-to-person spread does not occur.

• #9 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  People who eat raw or undercooked meat from certain animals can get trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis is an infection caused by the larvae of a parasitic worm. […] People get trichinellosis, or trichinosis, after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the parasite. […] Usually, meat contaminated with the Trichinella larvae comes from meat-eating animals such as bear, wild boar, or walrus. […] In the past, people in the U.S. often got the disease from eating undercooked or raw pork containing the larvae. […] The risk of getting trichinellosis in the U.S. is very low. […] People who eat raw or undercooked pork or wild game, in particular, bear, wild boar, wildcat, fox, wolf, seal, or walrus are at risk of getting trichinellosis. […] Even tasting small amounts of such meat while it’s raw or undercooked (like tasting the meat during preparation) puts you at risk for infection with Trichinella worms.

• #10 Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/trichinellosis-trichinosis/

  Trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the early, immature form (larvae) of a worm called Trichinella. […] People who eat raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the Trichinella worm are at higher risk for developing trichinellosis. […] Humans become infected after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains Trichinella larvae. […] Successful control programs in the United States have nearly eliminated the disease in most domestic pigs, but pigs raised outdoors in close contact with rodents and other wildlife have an increased chance of acquiring Trichinella infection. […] Infection used to be more common and was usually caused by ingestion of undercooked pork. Infection is now relatively rare. The number of cases decreased beginning in the mid-20th century because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw-meat garbage to hogs, commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products. Current cases are less commonly associated with pork products and more often associated with eating raw or undercooked wild game meats.

• #11 Trichinosis Infection: Pork Symptoms, Treatment & Causes

  https://www.medicinenet.com/trichinosis/article.htm

  Trichinosis is caused by eating raw or undercooked pork and wild game infected with the larvae of a parasitic worm. […] Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella species (parasitic nematodes, intestinal worms, and roundworms) that initially enter the body when meat contains the Trichinella cysts (roundworm larvae) is eaten. […] Trichinellosis trichinosis is not spread to a person; infection only occurs when raw undercooked meat containing the parasite is ingested. […] The major risk factor for contracting trichinosis is eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game such as bear meat, wild boar meat, or other carnivore meat. […] Trichinella species are treated by mebendazole (Vermox).

• #12 Trichinosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20378583

  Trichinosis can be treated with medication, though it’s not always needed. It’s also easy to prevent. […] People get trichinosis when they eat raw or undercooked meat that is infected with the larvae of the trichinella roundworm parasite. You can’t pass the parasite on to another person. […] Animals are infected when they feed on other infected animals. Infected meat anywhere in the world can come from wild animals such as bear, cougar, wolf, wild boar, walrus or seal. Domestic pigs and horses can become infected with trichinosis when they feed on garbage containing infected meat scraps. […] In the United States, pigs have become a less common source of infection due to increased control of pork feed and products. Wild-animal meat is the source of most cases of trichinosis in the U.S. […] You can’t get trichinosis from beef, as cows don’t eat meat. But some cases of trichinosis in people have been linked to eating beef that was mixed with infected pork. […] You can also get trichinosis when beef or other meat is ground in a grinder previously used to grind infected meat.

• #13 Trichinosis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/trichinosis

  People get trichinosis when they eat raw or undercooked meat that is infected with the larvae of the trichinella roundworm parasite. You can’t pass the parasite on to another person. […] Animals are infected when they feed on other infected animals. Infected meat anywhere in the world can come from wild animals such as bear, cougar, wolf, wild boar, walrus or seal. Domestic pigs and horses can become infected with trichinosis when they feed on garbage containing infected meat scraps. […] In the United States, pigs have become a less common source of infection due to increased control of pork feed and products. Wild-animal meat is the source of most cases of trichinosis in the U.S. […] You can’t get trichinosis from beef, as cows don’t eat meat. But some cases of trichinosis in people have been linked to eating beef that was mixed with infected pork. […] You can also get trichinosis when beef or other meat is ground in a grinder previously used to grind infected meat.

• #14 Trichinosis: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/trichinosis

  Trichinosis is caused by the larvae of the Trichinella roundworm. The parasitic worm is often found in animals that eat meat. Pigs are one of the most common carriers of this parasite. […] Humans can get trichinosis when they eat raw or undercooked meat from an animal infected with Trichinella larvae. […] After the parasites are ingested, the stomach acid dissolves the cyst, which is the protective capsule surrounding the larvae. When the cyst is dissolved, the larvae enter the intestine, where they mature into adult worms and reproduce. […] The female worms then release their larvae into the bloodstream, letting them migrate through the blood vessels and into the muscles. […] Once theyre in the muscles, the worms encapsulate into the muscle tissues, where they can live for an extended period.

• #15 Trichinosis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/trichinosis

  An outbreak of trichinosis possibly caused by T papuae was reported in Taiwan in which eating raw soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) was the suspected mode of infection. […] A variety of sylvatic and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts of trichinae. […] The life cycle of T spiralis requires both enteral and parenteral phases. After ingestion of infected meat, the first stage larvae are released and pass into the duodenum and jejunum. […] During the migratory phase, the newborn larvae pass through the intestinal wall into the lymphatic vessels and circulatory system. […] During the parenteral phase, the larvae resume their lives as an intracellular parasite only in skeletal muscle.

• #16 Trichinosis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/trichinosis

  An outbreak of trichinosis possibly caused by T papuae was reported in Taiwan in which eating raw soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) was the suspected mode of infection. […] A variety of sylvatic and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts of trichinae. […] The life cycle of T spiralis requires both enteral and parenteral phases. After ingestion of infected meat, the first stage larvae are released and pass into the duodenum and jejunum. […] During the migratory phase, the newborn larvae pass through the intestinal wall into the lymphatic vessels and circulatory system. […] During the parenteral phase, the larvae resume their lives as an intracellular parasite only in skeletal muscle.

• #17 FSHN10-05/FS153: The Cause of Trichinosis and Its Prevention Through Safe Food Handling Practices

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS153

  Trichinosis is an infection caused by roundworms in the genus Trichinella, with infection resulting primarily from food sources. Illness occurs as a result of ingesting Trichinella larvae from undercooked meat, typically pork, and the resultant activity of adult worms in the intestines as well as larvae encysted in host tissue (Crompton and Savioli 2006). […] The main two species of Trichinella associated with human infection in the United States are T. spiralis and T. murrelli, though T. spiralis is responsible for the most human infections. […] When a human consumes raw or undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae, the ingested larvae establish residency in the small intestine, where they typically grow to maturity in less than a week (Redman 2007). […] Once in the bloodstream or lymphatic system, larvae can then travel to most areas of the human body.

• #18 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-overview

  Trichinosis, or trichinellosis, is caused by a parasitic nematode from the genus Trichinella. […] Infection occurs when individuals consume inadequately cooked meat containing Trichinella larvae, primarily found in wild game and pork. […] Humans can become infected by eating raw, undercooked, or inadequately processed meat from infected sources, primarily pigs, wild boar, or bear. […] The life cycle of Trichinella species requires two hosts to sustain their life cycles, spreading through the ingestion of infected flesh rather than relying on traditional arthropod intermediate hosts. […] The life cycle of Trichinella as a foodborne illness begins when raw or inadequately cooked meat containing viable larvae within cyst walls (nurse cells) is consumed. […] The intensity and frequency of exposure to infected meat determine the severity of the disease. […] The degree of infection is categorized as light (0-10 larvae ingested), moderate (50-500 larvae ingested), and severe (1000 larvae ingested). […] The likelihood of complete recovery is less certain if there is cardiac or neurologic involvement.

• #19 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-overview

  Trichinosis, or trichinellosis, is caused by a parasitic nematode from the genus Trichinella. […] Infection occurs when individuals consume inadequately cooked meat containing Trichinella larvae, primarily found in wild game and pork. […] Humans can become infected by eating raw, undercooked, or inadequately processed meat from infected sources, primarily pigs, wild boar, or bear. […] The life cycle of Trichinella species requires two hosts to sustain their life cycles, spreading through the ingestion of infected flesh rather than relying on traditional arthropod intermediate hosts. […] The life cycle of Trichinella as a foodborne illness begins when raw or inadequately cooked meat containing viable larvae within cyst walls (nurse cells) is consumed. […] The intensity and frequency of exposure to infected meat determine the severity of the disease. […] The degree of infection is categorized as light (0-10 larvae ingested), moderate (50-500 larvae ingested), and severe (1000 larvae ingested). […] The likelihood of complete recovery is less certain if there is cardiac or neurologic involvement.

• #20 Trichinosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/trichinosis

  Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is an infection with a parasite called Trichinella. In humans, it starts in the stomach and small intestine. Due to the high infectivity of Trichinella and the global distribution of pork meat, trichinosis can occur in any part of the world. […] The cause of trichinosis is consuming undercooked meat contaminated with larvae of Trichinella. The species that most commonly causes disease in humans is Trichinella spiralis. […] T. spiralis is the species that a person is most likely to find in pork meat. As distributors sell pork meat globally, trichinosis has a wide distribution. […] Other species of Trichinella, such as T. britovi and T. papuae, can also cause human disease. […] After a person ingests the parasites, the larvae enter the small intestine, where they mature and reproduce. The female worms then release larvae that migrate from the small intestine into the circulation to reach the muscles. Once in the muscles, the worms can live for an extended period.

• #21 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-overview

  Trichinosis, or trichinellosis, is caused by a parasitic nematode from the genus Trichinella. […] Infection occurs when individuals consume inadequately cooked meat containing Trichinella larvae, primarily found in wild game and pork. […] Humans can become infected by eating raw, undercooked, or inadequately processed meat from infected sources, primarily pigs, wild boar, or bear. […] The life cycle of Trichinella species requires two hosts to sustain their life cycles, spreading through the ingestion of infected flesh rather than relying on traditional arthropod intermediate hosts. […] The life cycle of Trichinella as a foodborne illness begins when raw or inadequately cooked meat containing viable larvae within cyst walls (nurse cells) is consumed. […] The intensity and frequency of exposure to infected meat determine the severity of the disease. […] The degree of infection is categorized as light (0-10 larvae ingested), moderate (50-500 larvae ingested), and severe (1000 larvae ingested). […] The likelihood of complete recovery is less certain if there is cardiac or neurologic involvement.

• #22 What Is Trichinosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/trichinosis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Trichinosis is a food-borne infection caused by Trichinella. Humans get infected when they consume raw or undercooked meat that contains the larvae of Trichinella; it is present mainly in wild animals like boars. […] Trichinosis occurs when someone consumes undercooked pork or wild game infected with the Trichinella larvae. Even though domestic pigs are not commonly infected, they may get infected if they are in close contact with other wild animals. […] Trichinella species require two hosts to maintain their life cycles. After development in a host, they spread to the next through ingestion of infected flesh, as opposed to the traditional insect host in other parasitic diseases. […] Risk factors for Trichinosis include: Improperly Cooked Food: Trichinosis develops in humans when they consume food (meat) that is undercooked, resulting in the parasite entering the body. […] Wild animals are considered the primary source and reservoir of the Trichinella larvae; consuming non-commercial meat or meat of wild animals may lead to trichinosis.

• #23 Trichinellosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/1140

  Trichinellosis is a parasitosis caused by ingestion of under-cooked meat containing Trichinella species larvae. […] The most important reservoir is the domestic pig, although a variety of other animals, including horses and wild carnivores, can be the source of infection. […] Trichinellosis is a parasitosis caused by the ingestion of raw or under-cooked meat (usually pork) containing Trichinella species cysts. […] The intestinal phase occurs within a few days of ingesting the parasite and manifests with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. […] After the first week, larvae released from the cysts become adult worms and mate. […] The female parasites then release newborn larvae that disseminate, leading to the systemic phase. […] This phase manifests with fever, eosinophilic myositis, myalgia, and peri-orbital oedema. […] Risk factors include consumption of raw or under-cooked pork, consumption of raw or under-cooked horse or other domestic animal meat, consumption of raw or under-cooked wild game meat, and consumption of raw or under-cooked reptile meat.

• #24 Trichinellosis | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/trichinellosis

  The parasite is Trichinella spiralis. Four separately named strains of Trichinella spiralis have been named. They have minor anatomical differences and may simply represent different ecotypes of the same species. […] The parasites life cycle begins with ingestion of infected muscle that contains encysted T. spiralis larvae. […] Larvae have a predilection for certain striated muscles, generally those that normally are quite active, e.g. diaphragm, intercostal, lingual, laryngeal, masseter and ocular muscles. […] Survival of T. spiralis is promoted by the wide range of animals that serve as intermediate hosts, by the long survival of larvae in muscle fibers, and by the scavenging, cannibalistic nature of pigs. […] In swine, transmission often occurs when pigs scavenge trichinella-infected carcasses of swine, rats or other animals. Transmission also occurs when uncooked garbage containing pork or other meat scraps that harbor T. spiralis are fed to pigs.

• #25 Trichinella spiralis -induced immunomodulation signatures on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in mice | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1011893

  Trichinella spiralis, a parasitic roundworm, causes trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, in humans. […] T. spiralis was a significant public health threat because it could cause severe illness and even death in humans who eat undercooked or raw meat containing the parasite. […] The complex interactions between gastrointestinal helminths, gut microbiota, and the host immune system present a challenge for researchers. […] Gut microbiota alterations and metabolic activity accompanied by parasite-induced immunomodulation were detected. […] These disrupted metabolisms adapted to infection stress during the enteral and parenteral phases and then return to homeostasis during the encapsulated phase. […] Th2 immune response (IL-4/IL-5/IL-13), lamina propria Treg, and immune hyporesponsiveness metabolic pathways (decreased tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid) were all altered.

• #26 Trichinella spiralis -induced immunomodulation signatures on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in mice | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1011893

  The hygiene hypothesis assumes that the decreased incidence of infections with parasites and bacteria in developed countries may cause immune system deregulation and the consequent development of allergic and autoimmune diseases. […] Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that gastrointestinal (GI) helminth infections are associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications in the gut commensal microbiota with different downstream effects on parasite-mediated immune modulation, which can influence immune regulation and control of harmful inflammation. […] Infections with gastrointestinal helminths have been shown to alter the gut microbiota composition and the relative abundance of individual microbial species. […] The host type 2 responses to parasite infection led to a depletion of the intestinal segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), which reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 in the intestine.

• #27 Trichinosis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/trichinosis

  Trichinosis is infection with the nematode (worm) Trichinella spiralis or related Trichinella species. […] In addition to Trichinella spiralis, trichinosis can also be caused by T. pseudospiralis, T. nativa, T. nelsoni, T. murelli, T. papuae, T. zimbabwensis, and T. britovi in different geographic locations. […] Humans become infected by eating undercooked meat from infected animals, most commonly pigs, wild boar, or bear. […] Symptoms begin with gastrointestinal irritation followed by periorbital edema, muscle pain, fever, and eosinophilia. […] Infection is most commonly diagnosed using enzyme immunoassay. […] Thoroughly cooking or freezing pork or cooking meat from wild animals can prevent trichinosis.

• #28 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella genus. […] The classical agent is T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals, both domestic and sylvatic (wild), but seven primarily sylvatic species of Trichinella also are now recognized. […] Several species of Trichinella can cause disease, with T. spiralis being the most common. […] Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts is eaten. […] The typical lifecycle for T. spiralis involves humans, pigs, and rodents. A pig becomes infected when it eats infectious cysts in raw meat, often porcine carrion or a rat (sylvatic cycle). A human becomes infected by consuming raw or undercooked infected pork (domestic cycle).

• #29 Trichinosis: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/trichinosis

  Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is an infection with a parasite called Trichinella. In humans, it starts in the stomach and small intestine. Due to the high infectivity of Trichinella and the global distribution of pork meat, trichinosis can occur in any part of the world. […] The cause of trichinosis is consuming undercooked meat contaminated with larvae of Trichinella. The species that most commonly causes disease in humans is Trichinella spiralis. […] T. spiralis is the species that a person is most likely to find in pork meat. As distributors sell pork meat globally, trichinosis has a wide distribution. […] Other species of Trichinella, such as T. britovi and T. papuae, can also cause human disease. […] After a person ingests the parasites, the larvae enter the small intestine, where they mature and reproduce. The female worms then release larvae that migrate from the small intestine into the circulation to reach the muscles. Once in the muscles, the worms can live for an extended period.

• #30 Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) – Direct microscopic exam (Trichinoscopy); Artificial digestion-concentration; Identification os species (PCR and sequencing) – IVAMI

  https://www.ivami.com/en/food-microbiology/3264-trichinosis-trichinella-spiralis-direct-microscopic-examn-trichinoscopy-artificial-digestion-concentration

  Trichinella spp.: Etiological agents of human trichinosis of food origin. Detection in animals and food: Trichinoscopy; Artificial digestion-concentration; Identification of species (PCR and sequencing. […] Nematodes of the genus Trichinella spp. are the causative agents of trichinosis, a zoonotic parasitosis of food origin caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat infected with viable larvae located in muscle cells. […] Although trichinosis is endemic in many regions of the world, the predominant impact of human diseases is mainly related to acute outbreaks after the consumption of infected raw meat products. […] In addition, trichinosis appears in the list of diseases of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and therefore, it is a mandatory declaration.

• #31 Black Bear Biology – The Science of Trichinosis – Tactics/Knowledge – Bear Hunting Magazine

  http://www.bear-hunting.com/2024/9/black-bear-biology-the-science-of-trichinosis

  If youre an experienced bear hunter, youve no doubt heard about the perils of Trichinosis, a parasitic infection associated with eating undercooked pork or bear meat. […] Trichinosis (also known as Trichinellosis) is a general term for infections involving worms from the genus Trichinella. […] Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella britovi are the most common causes of Trichinosis in Europe where the disease is associated with farmyard pigs and wild boar. In North America, Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella nativa are common culprits, and their occurrence is almost exclusively linked to wildlife and increases with latitude. […] The scientific review cites evidence that the detection of Trichinosis in human populations is 800 times greater in northern Nunavut, Nunavik and Quebec than elsewhere in Canada. Similarly, the annual incidence of human Trichinosis in Alaska is 40 times higher than in the rest of the U.S.

• #32 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-to-know-about-trichinosis-trichinellosis

  Trichinosis is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat infected with the larvae of the Trichinella worm. […] There are an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis infection worldwide each year. […] Most of those infections were among hunters and others who ate meat from wild animals.

• #33 Trichinosis – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/trichinosis/

  Trichinosis is a type of roundworm infection. These roundworm parasites (trichinella) use a host body to live and reproduce. These parasites infect animals such as bears, cougars, walruses, foxes, wild boars and domestic pigs. You get the infection by eating the immature form of the roundworm (larvae) in raw or undercooked meat. […] People get trichinosis when they eat raw or undercooked meat that is infected with the larvae of the trichinella roundworm parasite. Animals are infected when they feed on other infected animals. Infected meat anywhere in the world can come from wild animals such as bear, cougar, wolf, wild boar, walrus or seal. Domestic pigs and horses can become infected with trichinosis when they feed on garbage containing infected meat scraps. […] Risk factors for trichinosis include: Improper food preparation. Trichinosis infects humans when they eat raw or undercooked infected meat, including pork and wild-animal meat. It can also include other meat contaminated by grinders or other equipment. Rural areas. Trichinosis is more common in rural areas around the world. Higher infection rates are found in hog-raising regions. Eating wild or noncommercial meats. Public health measures have greatly lowered the number of trichinosis infections from commercial meats. But noncommercial farm-raised animals particularly those with access to wild-animal carcasses have higher rates of infection. Wild animals are still common infection sources.

• #34 What Is Trichinosis?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/trichinosis-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment

  Trichinosis is a food-borne infection caused by Trichinella. Humans get infected when they consume raw or undercooked meat that contains the larvae of Trichinella; it is present mainly in wild animals like boars. […] Trichinosis occurs when someone consumes undercooked pork or wild game infected with the Trichinella larvae. Even though domestic pigs are not commonly infected, they may get infected if they are in close contact with other wild animals. […] Trichinella species require two hosts to maintain their life cycles. After development in a host, they spread to the next through ingestion of infected flesh, as opposed to the traditional insect host in other parasitic diseases. […] Risk factors for Trichinosis include: Improperly Cooked Food: Trichinosis develops in humans when they consume food (meat) that is undercooked, resulting in the parasite entering the body. […] Wild animals are considered the primary source and reservoir of the Trichinella larvae; consuming non-commercial meat or meat of wild animals may lead to trichinosis.

• #35 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7142-trichinosis

  You can develop trichinosis (trichinellosis) by eating undercooked meat infected with Trichinella roundworms. Cooking meat at recommended temperatures can help prevent being infected. […] Trichinellosis, more commonly known as trichinosis, is a parasitic food-borne disease that is caused by eating raw or undercooked meats, particularly pork products infested with the larvae of a type of roundworm called Trichinella. […] The most common ways to get trichinosis (trichinellosis) are: Eating raw or undercooked pork products. Eating improperly stored meats. Unclean kitchen utensils used to prepare meats. Eating raw or undercooked meat from wild animals that are infected. These animals include deer, moose, elk, boar, bear, walrus and many birds. […] U.S. cases of trichinosis in previous years were caused by eating undercooked pork, but a successful education campaign reduced those numbers. However, many people still dont cook game meats correctly. Also, most people dont know that salting meat doesnt kill the cysts of trichinosis and neither does smoking meats. Jerky has caused some of the recent cases of trichinosis in the U.S.

• #36 Trichinosis – Hancock Health

  https://www.hancockhealth.org/mayo-health-library/trichinosis/

  Trichinosis is a type of roundworm infection. These roundworm parasites (trichinella) use a host body to live and reproduce. These parasites infect animals such as bears, cougars, walruses, foxes, wild boars and domestic pigs. You get the infection by eating the immature form of the roundworm (larvae) in raw or undercooked meat. […] People get trichinosis when they eat raw or undercooked meat that is infected with the larvae of the trichinella roundworm parasite. Animals are infected when they feed on other infected animals. Infected meat anywhere in the world can come from wild animals such as bear, cougar, wolf, wild boar, walrus or seal. Domestic pigs and horses can become infected with trichinosis when they feed on garbage containing infected meat scraps. […] Risk factors for trichinosis include: Improper food preparation. Trichinosis infects humans when they eat raw or undercooked infected meat, including pork and wild-animal meat. It can also include other meat contaminated by grinders or other equipment. Rural areas. Trichinosis is more common in rural areas around the world. Higher infection rates are found in hog-raising regions. Eating wild or noncommercial meats. Public health measures have greatly lowered the number of trichinosis infections from commercial meats. But noncommercial farm-raised animals particularly those with access to wild-animal carcasses have higher rates of infection. Wild animals are still common infection sources.

• #37 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  People who eat raw or undercooked meat from certain animals can get trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis is an infection caused by the larvae of a parasitic worm. […] People get trichinellosis, or trichinosis, after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the parasite. […] Usually, meat contaminated with the Trichinella larvae comes from meat-eating animals such as bear, wild boar, or walrus. […] In the past, people in the U.S. often got the disease from eating undercooked or raw pork containing the larvae. […] The risk of getting trichinellosis in the U.S. is very low. […] People who eat raw or undercooked pork or wild game, in particular, bear, wild boar, wildcat, fox, wolf, seal, or walrus are at risk of getting trichinellosis. […] Even tasting small amounts of such meat while it’s raw or undercooked (like tasting the meat during preparation) puts you at risk for infection with Trichinella worms.

• #38 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  People who eat raw or undercooked meat from certain animals can get trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis is an infection caused by the larvae of a parasitic worm. […] People get trichinellosis, or trichinosis, after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the parasite. […] Usually, meat contaminated with the Trichinella larvae comes from meat-eating animals such as bear, wild boar, or walrus. […] In the past, people in the U.S. often got the disease from eating undercooked or raw pork containing the larvae. […] The risk of getting trichinellosis in the U.S. is very low. […] People who eat raw or undercooked pork or wild game, in particular, bear, wild boar, wildcat, fox, wolf, seal, or walrus are at risk of getting trichinellosis. […] Even tasting small amounts of such meat while it’s raw or undercooked (like tasting the meat during preparation) puts you at risk for infection with Trichinella worms.

• #39 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  Homemade jerky and sausage made of these meats can also be sources for trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis does not spread from person to person. You can’t give it to another person or get it from them. […] The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. […] Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat alone does not consistently kill infective worms. […] Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, may not effectively kill all worms because some worm species that infect wild game animals are freeze-resistant. […] Trichinellosis, or trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite Trichinella.

• #40 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia. […] The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). […] The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.

• #41 ADW: Trichinella spiralis: INFORMATION

  https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trichinella_spiralis/

  Trichinella spiralis is prevalent in Mexico, the northern hemisphere, parts of southern Asia, Africa, South America, and the Middle East. The species is also found in other tropical regions. […] Trichinella spiralis has an extremely broad host range; almost any species of mammal can become infected. […] In the urban cycle, rats and pigs serve as hosts and reservoirs of the parasite. Humans can become infected with the worm by eating pork that is not cooked thoroughly. […] Humans may know this parasite more commonly by the disease that it causes. This disease is known as trichinosis, trichiniasis, or trichinelliasis. Humans can obtain this parasite by eating meat that is already infected. Generally, a human gets the disease by eating undercooked pork. […] A good treatment for ridding the body of this parasite is not known. Treatment with analgesics and corticosteroids merely relieves the symptoms of trichinosis. […] The incidence of infection has steadily declined throughout the world. Cases in the United States declined from over 400 per year in the 1940’s to 30-40 cases per year from 1987-1989.

• #42 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia. […] The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). […] The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.

• #43 Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/trichinellosis-trichinosis/

  Trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the early, immature form (larvae) of a worm called Trichinella. […] People who eat raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the Trichinella worm are at higher risk for developing trichinellosis. […] Humans become infected after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains Trichinella larvae. […] Successful control programs in the United States have nearly eliminated the disease in most domestic pigs, but pigs raised outdoors in close contact with rodents and other wildlife have an increased chance of acquiring Trichinella infection. […] Infection used to be more common and was usually caused by ingestion of undercooked pork. Infection is now relatively rare. The number of cases decreased beginning in the mid-20th century because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw-meat garbage to hogs, commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products. Current cases are less commonly associated with pork products and more often associated with eating raw or undercooked wild game meats.

• #44 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia. […] The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). […] The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.

• #45 Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/trichinellosis-trichinosis/

  Trichinellosis, also known as trichinosis, is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the early, immature form (larvae) of a worm called Trichinella. […] People who eat raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the Trichinella worm are at higher risk for developing trichinellosis. […] Humans become infected after eating raw or undercooked meat that contains Trichinella larvae. […] Successful control programs in the United States have nearly eliminated the disease in most domestic pigs, but pigs raised outdoors in close contact with rodents and other wildlife have an increased chance of acquiring Trichinella infection. […] Infection used to be more common and was usually caused by ingestion of undercooked pork. Infection is now relatively rare. The number of cases decreased beginning in the mid-20th century because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw-meat garbage to hogs, commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products. Current cases are less commonly associated with pork products and more often associated with eating raw or undercooked wild game meats.

• #46 Trichinellosis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/trichinellosis.html

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with a roundworm parasite, particularly wild game meat (for example, bear meat) or pork. […] Trichinellosis is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella worms. It cannot be transmitted from person to person.

• #47 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  Homemade jerky and sausage made of these meats can also be sources for trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis does not spread from person to person. You can’t give it to another person or get it from them. […] The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. […] Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat alone does not consistently kill infective worms. […] Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, may not effectively kill all worms because some worm species that infect wild game animals are freeze-resistant. […] Trichinellosis, or trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite Trichinella.

• #48 Trichinellosis | Health | Province of Manitoba

  https://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/diseases/trichinellosis.html

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with a roundworm parasite, particularly wild game meat (for example, bear meat) or pork. […] Trichinellosis is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella worms. It cannot be transmitted from person to person.

• #49 How can we help you?

  https://www.thepigsite.com/articles/the-cause-of-trichinosis-and-its-prevention-through-safe-food-handling-practices

  Trichinosis is an infection of humans caused by roundworms in the genus Trichinella, with infection resulting entirely from food sources, typiclaly undercooked pork. […] Trichinosis is an infection caused by roundworms in the genus Trichinella, with infection resulting entirely from food sources. Illness occurs as a result of ingesting Trichinella larvae from undercooked meat, typically pork, and the resultant activity of adult worms in the intestines as well as larvae encysted in host tissue. […] When a human consumes raw or undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae, the ingested larvae establish residency in the small intestine, where they typically grow to maturity in less than a week. […] Trichinosis is spread to intermediate hosts such as pigs in the same way it is spread to humans: through food.

• #50 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7142-trichinosis

  You can develop trichinosis (trichinellosis) by eating undercooked meat infected with Trichinella roundworms. Cooking meat at recommended temperatures can help prevent being infected. […] Trichinellosis, more commonly known as trichinosis, is a parasitic food-borne disease that is caused by eating raw or undercooked meats, particularly pork products infested with the larvae of a type of roundworm called Trichinella. […] The most common ways to get trichinosis (trichinellosis) are: Eating raw or undercooked pork products. Eating improperly stored meats. Unclean kitchen utensils used to prepare meats. Eating raw or undercooked meat from wild animals that are infected. These animals include deer, moose, elk, boar, bear, walrus and many birds. […] U.S. cases of trichinosis in previous years were caused by eating undercooked pork, but a successful education campaign reduced those numbers. However, many people still dont cook game meats correctly. Also, most people dont know that salting meat doesnt kill the cysts of trichinosis and neither does smoking meats. Jerky has caused some of the recent cases of trichinosis in the U.S.

• #51 Trichinellosis | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/trichinellosis

  The parasite is Trichinella spiralis. Four separately named strains of Trichinella spiralis have been named. They have minor anatomical differences and may simply represent different ecotypes of the same species. […] The parasites life cycle begins with ingestion of infected muscle that contains encysted T. spiralis larvae. […] Larvae have a predilection for certain striated muscles, generally those that normally are quite active, e.g. diaphragm, intercostal, lingual, laryngeal, masseter and ocular muscles. […] Survival of T. spiralis is promoted by the wide range of animals that serve as intermediate hosts, by the long survival of larvae in muscle fibers, and by the scavenging, cannibalistic nature of pigs. […] In swine, transmission often occurs when pigs scavenge trichinella-infected carcasses of swine, rats or other animals. Transmission also occurs when uncooked garbage containing pork or other meat scraps that harbor T. spiralis are fed to pigs.

• #52 Trichinosis | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/trichinosis

  An outbreak of trichinosis possibly caused by T papuae was reported in Taiwan in which eating raw soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) was the suspected mode of infection. […] A variety of sylvatic and domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts of trichinae. […] The life cycle of T spiralis requires both enteral and parenteral phases. After ingestion of infected meat, the first stage larvae are released and pass into the duodenum and jejunum. […] During the migratory phase, the newborn larvae pass through the intestinal wall into the lymphatic vessels and circulatory system. […] During the parenteral phase, the larvae resume their lives as an intracellular parasite only in skeletal muscle.

• #53 Trichinosis Fact Sheet

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/trichinosis/fact_sheet.htm

  Trichinosis is a food-borne disease caused by a microscopic parasite called Trichinella. People can get this disease by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite. Often these infected meats come from wild game, such as bear, or pork products. […] Anyone who eats raw or undercooked meat from infected animals can develop trichinosis. Most cases come from consuming undercooked wild game meat, such as bear, while some other cases come from eating pork products. The parasite is not found in domestic pigs raised in confinement, but can be found in pigs raised outdoors in close contact with wildlife and rodents. Trichinosis infection is relatively rare in the United States. […] Animals such as pigs, dogs, cats, rats, and many wild animals (including fox, wolf, and polar bear) may carry the parasite. When humans eat infected pork or wild game that has not been properly cooked, they become infected. Person-to-person spread does not occur.

• #54 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  Trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis, is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the Trichinella genus. […] The classical agent is T. spiralis (found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals, both domestic and sylvatic (wild), but seven primarily sylvatic species of Trichinella also are now recognized. […] Several species of Trichinella can cause disease, with T. spiralis being the most common. […] Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing Trichinella cysts is eaten. […] The typical lifecycle for T. spiralis involves humans, pigs, and rodents. A pig becomes infected when it eats infectious cysts in raw meat, often porcine carrion or a rat (sylvatic cycle). A human becomes infected by consuming raw or undercooked infected pork (domestic cycle).

• #55 Trichinellosis | Iowa State University

  https://vetmed.iastate.edu/vdpam/about/focus-areas/swine/swine-disease-manual/index-diseases/trichinellosis

  The parasite is Trichinella spiralis. Four separately named strains of Trichinella spiralis have been named. They have minor anatomical differences and may simply represent different ecotypes of the same species. […] The parasites life cycle begins with ingestion of infected muscle that contains encysted T. spiralis larvae. […] Larvae have a predilection for certain striated muscles, generally those that normally are quite active, e.g. diaphragm, intercostal, lingual, laryngeal, masseter and ocular muscles. […] Survival of T. spiralis is promoted by the wide range of animals that serve as intermediate hosts, by the long survival of larvae in muscle fibers, and by the scavenging, cannibalistic nature of pigs. […] In swine, transmission often occurs when pigs scavenge trichinella-infected carcasses of swine, rats or other animals. Transmission also occurs when uncooked garbage containing pork or other meat scraps that harbor T. spiralis are fed to pigs.

• #56 Trichinellosis in Animals – Generalized Conditions – Merck Veterinary Manual

  https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/trichinellosis/trichinellosis-in-animals

  Trichinellosis is a zoonotic condition affecting mammals, including humans, birds and reptiles caused by infection with Trichinella sp. […] Infections in humans result from the consumption of insufficiently cooked infected meat or meat-derived products, usually pork from domestic or wild swine, as well as bear, horse, or walrus meat. […] There is no treatment for trichinellosis in animals, and Trichinella sp infections are only detected by means of post-mortem laboratory testing of muscle tissue samples; several specific tests are available. […] The genus Trichinella is currently considered a complex of nine species and four additional genotypes (T6, T8, T9, and T13) of undetermined taxonomic status. […] Infection occurs by means of ingestion of larvae that parasitize striated muscle cells.

• #57 Black Bear Biology – The Science of Trichinosis – Tactics/Knowledge – Bear Hunting Magazine

  http://www.bear-hunting.com/2024/9/black-bear-biology-the-science-of-trichinosis

  One important characteristic of the Trichinella species adapted to these northern climates is their cold tolerance. […] Despite their differences, Trichinella species tend to share a similar life cycle, and that cycle is somewhat unusual because it occurs in a single host (most parasites use different hosts for each life stage). […] The symptoms of Trichinosis reflect the parasites life cycle. […] Although the risk of Trichinosis is real, its also easily prevented. The standard recommendation to prevent infection is to cook game meat to an internal temperature of 160F (71C), confirm the temperature with a thermometer, and allow the meat to rest for three minutes before cutting. […] Trichinella parasites can infect almost any mammal, so feeding uncooked scraps to pets can put them at risk of infection.

• #58 Trichinosis in Alaska’s Species, Alaska Department of Fish and Game

  https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=disease.muscle2

  Trichinosis from Alaskan wildlife is caused by a roundworm called Trichinella nativa. […] You can get trichinosis by eating meat from infected animals that has not been thoroughly cooked. […] People can get trichinosis by eating infected meat that has not been adequately cooked. […] Freezing meat does NOT kill the Trichnella species found in Alaska’s wildlife. […] Do not feed infected parts to dogs.

• #59 Trichinosis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/trichinosis/trichinosis.html

  Trichinosis is a parasitic disease that develops after ingestion of roundworms of the genus Trichinella. People primarily get this disease from eating undercooked meat from infected animals. […] People can get trichinosis from eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the larvae of roundworms of the genus Trichinella. Larvae can be found in the meat of wild and domestic animals such as bears, cougars, wild boars, walruses, and domestic pigs. […] Trichinosis may be suspected based on symptoms and a history of eating raw or undercooked wild game meat or pork. The diagnosis can be confirmed through laboratory testing of blood (for antibodies to Trichinella) or muscle biopsy tissue (for Trichinella larvae). […] The best way to prevent trichinosis is to cook meat to safe internal temperatures: at least 165F for wild game and at least 160F for pork.

• #60 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  Homemade jerky and sausage made of these meats can also be sources for trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis does not spread from person to person. You can’t give it to another person or get it from them. […] The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. […] Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat alone does not consistently kill infective worms. […] Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, may not effectively kill all worms because some worm species that infect wild game animals are freeze-resistant. […] Trichinellosis, or trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite Trichinella.

• #61 Trichinosis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/trichinosis/trichinosis.html

  Trichinosis is a parasitic disease that develops after ingestion of roundworms of the genus Trichinella. People primarily get this disease from eating undercooked meat from infected animals. […] People can get trichinosis from eating raw or undercooked meat that contains the larvae of roundworms of the genus Trichinella. Larvae can be found in the meat of wild and domestic animals such as bears, cougars, wild boars, walruses, and domestic pigs. […] Trichinosis may be suspected based on symptoms and a history of eating raw or undercooked wild game meat or pork. The diagnosis can be confirmed through laboratory testing of blood (for antibodies to Trichinella) or muscle biopsy tissue (for Trichinella larvae). […] The best way to prevent trichinosis is to cook meat to safe internal temperatures: at least 165F for wild game and at least 160F for pork.

• #62 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  Homemade jerky and sausage made of these meats can also be sources for trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis does not spread from person to person. You can’t give it to another person or get it from them. […] The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. […] Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat alone does not consistently kill infective worms. […] Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, may not effectively kill all worms because some worm species that infect wild game animals are freeze-resistant. […] Trichinellosis, or trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite Trichinella.

• #63 How can we help you?

  https://www.thepigsite.com/articles/the-cause-of-trichinosis-and-its-prevention-through-safe-food-handling-practices

  If a hog is fed uncooked meat that is contaminated with Trichinella, that hog may become infected, leading to possible infections in humans who consume the meat from that hog. […] To prevent cross-contamination of uninfected meat with infected meat, it is highly recommended that the equipment used to process meat, particularly grinders, be regularly cleaned and sanitised. […] Performed under very carefully controlled conditions, the food industry may attempt to destroy trichinae through curing and smoking, pickling, freezing, or cooking and canning. […] The ICT considers irradiation to be an effective method for reducing larvae in meat to levels safe for human consumption. […] Trichinae are not always killed by microwaving, smoking, curing, or drying.

• #64 Trichinosis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/trichinosis

  Trichinosis is an infection caused by the roundworm (nematode) Trichinella spiralis or another Trichinella species. […] People acquire the infection by eating undercooked, contaminated meat. […] People develop trichinosis if they eat undercooked meat from an animal that carries the parasite. In most people, infections result from eating pork, particularly in regions where pigs are fed uncooked meat scraps and garbage, or from eating wild boar, bear, or walrus meat. […] Trichinosis is prevented by thoroughly cooking meats, especially pork and meat from wild animals, to a temperature higher than 160 F (71 C), until they are brown throughout. Alternatively, larvae can be killed in pork that is less than 6 inches (15 centimeters) thick by freezing the pork at -15 F (-5 C) for 20 days.

• #65 About Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/about/index.html

  Homemade jerky and sausage made of these meats can also be sources for trichinellosis. […] Trichinellosis does not spread from person to person. You can’t give it to another person or get it from them. […] The best way to prevent trichinellosis is to cook meat to safe temperatures. […] Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat alone does not consistently kill infective worms. […] Freezing wild game meats, unlike freezing pork products, may not effectively kill all worms because some worm species that infect wild game animals are freeze-resistant. […] Trichinellosis, or trichinosis, is a disease that people can get by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite Trichinella.

• #66 Trichinosis in Alaska’s Species, Alaska Department of Fish and Game

  https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=disease.muscle2

  Trichinosis from Alaskan wildlife is caused by a roundworm called Trichinella nativa. […] You can get trichinosis by eating meat from infected animals that has not been thoroughly cooked. […] People can get trichinosis by eating infected meat that has not been adequately cooked. […] Freezing meat does NOT kill the Trichnella species found in Alaska’s wildlife. […] Do not feed infected parts to dogs.

• #67 FSHN10-05/FS153: The Cause of Trichinosis and Its Prevention Through Safe Food Handling Practices

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS153

  Most damage to the body occurs during the invasion of extraintestinal host cells by larvae (which may invade and kill brain, kidney, liver, heart, and most other types of cells), or the encysting of larvae in skeletal muscle tissue (Despommier 2005). […] Trichinosis is spread to intermediate hosts such as pigs in the same way it is spread to humans: through food. […] If a hog is fed uncooked meat contaminated with Trichinella, that hog may become infected, leading to possible infections in humans who consume the meat from that hog. […] Performed under very carefully controlled conditions, the food industry may attempt to destroy trichinae through curing and smoking, pickling, freezing, or cooking and canning (Dresser and Bellenir 1995). […] However, the International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) only recognizes three methods for reducing the number of larvae in meats to safe levelsfreezing, irradiating, or cooking (ICT 2007).

• #68 FSHN10-05/FS153: The Cause of Trichinosis and Its Prevention Through Safe Food Handling Practices

  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FS153

  Studies show that treatment of pork with 0.3 kGy of irradiation with Cobalt-60, or irradiation with high energy X-rays are completely effective against Trichinella (Gamble 2001). […] The ICT considers irradiation to be an effective method for reducing larvae in meat to levels safe for human consumption.

• #69 :: Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

  https://www.parahostdis.org/m/journal/view.php?doi=10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.497

  Trichinellosis (trichinosis) is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Pigs are the most common source of human infection. […] The histological estimation the femoral muscular tissue was compatible with inflammatory myopathy of parasitic etiology with trichinosis to be the predominant diagnosis. […] Trichinellosis is a food-borne treatable infection. Preventive measures include community education especially in zones where parasite prevalence is increased, improvement of farming and cooking techniques to inactivate Trichinella larvae in meat.

• #70 How can we help you?

  https://www.thepigsite.com/articles/the-cause-of-trichinosis-and-its-prevention-through-safe-food-handling-practices

  If a hog is fed uncooked meat that is contaminated with Trichinella, that hog may become infected, leading to possible infections in humans who consume the meat from that hog. […] To prevent cross-contamination of uninfected meat with infected meat, it is highly recommended that the equipment used to process meat, particularly grinders, be regularly cleaned and sanitised. […] Performed under very carefully controlled conditions, the food industry may attempt to destroy trichinae through curing and smoking, pickling, freezing, or cooking and canning. […] The ICT considers irradiation to be an effective method for reducing larvae in meat to levels safe for human consumption. […] Trichinae are not always killed by microwaving, smoking, curing, or drying.

• #71 Trichinosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis

  Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia. […] The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). […] The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.

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