Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7142-trichinosis

  Trichinosis (trichinellosis) occurs worldwide. An estimated 10,000 people per year get trichinosis worldwide. In the U.S., the numbers have fallen from the estimate of 400 cases per year during the 1940s to 16 cases per year in the time frame from 2011 to 2015. […] If you’ve eaten raw or undercooked meat and show symptoms of trichinosis, you should contact your healthcare provider. Treatment should begin as soon as possible. Although some cases of trichinosis go away on their own, some cases of untreated trichinosis can be fatal. […] Complications of untreated trichinosis can be serious. They might include inflammation and damage to your heart, which could result in irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and/or heart failure. […] Most people enjoy a full recovery from trichinosis even though it may take weeks or even months to feel better completely.

• #2 Trichinellosis

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/disease-information/trichinellosis.html

  Trichinellosis is a reportable disease in Oklahoma. […] Trichinellosis is rare in Oklahoma as well; only two cases have been reported to the Oklahoma State Department of Health since 1978. […] Trichinellosis cannot be spread to others. […] Infection can only occur by eating raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella worms. […] If you suspect that you are ill with trichinellosis, contact your health care provider. […] Trichinellosis can be treated effectively with several prescription drugs. […] Treatment should begin as soon as trichinellosis is suspected.

• #3 Trichinosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000631.htm

  Trichinosis is an infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. […] Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by eating meat that has not been thoroughly cooked and contains cysts (larvae, or immature worms) of Trichinella spiralis. […] When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts break open in the intestine and grow into adult roundworms. […] The resulting cysts can remain alive for years. […] Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping, Diarrhea, Facial swelling around the eyes, Fever, Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), Muscle weakness. […] Tests to diagnose this condition include: Blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), eosinophil count (a type of white blood cell), antibody test, and creatine kinase level (an enzyme found in muscle cells), Muscle biopsy to check for worms in the muscle.

• #4 Trichinosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000631.htm

  Trichinosis is an infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. […] Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by eating meat that has not been thoroughly cooked and contains cysts (larvae, or immature worms) of Trichinella spiralis. […] When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts break open in the intestine and grow into adult roundworms. […] The resulting cysts can remain alive for years. […] Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping, Diarrhea, Facial swelling around the eyes, Fever, Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), Muscle weakness. […] Tests to diagnose this condition include: Blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), eosinophil count (a type of white blood cell), antibody test, and creatine kinase level (an enzyme found in muscle cells), Muscle biopsy to check for worms in the muscle.

• #5 Trichinosis – Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit

  https://healthunit.org/for-professionals/health-care-dental/communicable-disease-resources/reportable-disease-toolkit/trichinosis/

  Confirmed and suspected cases shall be reported to the local Health Unit. […] Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent infection to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, which appear shortly after infection, include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. […] Cardiac and neurological complications may develop and may be fatal if severe. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and epidemiological evidence and can be confirmed by blood tests and skeletal muscle biopsy. […] Provide education about the illness and how to prevent spread. […] Specific treatment is under the direction of the attending health care provider. Treatment mainly involves administration of anthelmintics such as pyrantel, albendazole, or mebendazole which are effective in the intestinal stage and muscle-stage trichinosis.

• #6 Trichinosis – Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit

  https://healthunit.org/for-professionals/health-care-dental/communicable-disease-resources/reportable-disease-toolkit/trichinosis/

  Confirmed and suspected cases shall be reported to the local Health Unit. […] Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent infection to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, which appear shortly after infection, include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. […] Cardiac and neurological complications may develop and may be fatal if severe. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and epidemiological evidence and can be confirmed by blood tests and skeletal muscle biopsy. […] Provide education about the illness and how to prevent spread. […] Specific treatment is under the direction of the attending health care provider. Treatment mainly involves administration of anthelmintics such as pyrantel, albendazole, or mebendazole which are effective in the intestinal stage and muscle-stage trichinosis.

• #7 Trichinosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000631.htm

  Trichinosis is an infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. […] Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by eating meat that has not been thoroughly cooked and contains cysts (larvae, or immature worms) of Trichinella spiralis. […] When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts break open in the intestine and grow into adult roundworms. […] The resulting cysts can remain alive for years. […] Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping, Diarrhea, Facial swelling around the eyes, Fever, Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), Muscle weakness. […] Tests to diagnose this condition include: Blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), eosinophil count (a type of white blood cell), antibody test, and creatine kinase level (an enzyme found in muscle cells), Muscle biopsy to check for worms in the muscle.

• #8 Trichinosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000631.htm

  Trichinosis is an infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. […] Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by eating meat that has not been thoroughly cooked and contains cysts (larvae, or immature worms) of Trichinella spiralis. […] When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts break open in the intestine and grow into adult roundworms. […] The resulting cysts can remain alive for years. […] Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping, Diarrhea, Facial swelling around the eyes, Fever, Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), Muscle weakness. […] Tests to diagnose this condition include: Blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), eosinophil count (a type of white blood cell), antibody test, and creatine kinase level (an enzyme found in muscle cells), Muscle biopsy to check for worms in the muscle.

• #9 2002-2003 Infectious Disease – Trichinosis

  https://www.in.gov/health/reports/disease/2002/trichinosis.htm

  Trichinosis is caused by parasites from the genus Trichinella. Human infections have been traditionally related to consumption of undercooked pork products containing the cyst of infective larva. Symptoms of trichinosis in humans are nausea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal discomfort. Symptoms and signs of muscle infection include headaches, fevers, chills, cough, eye swelling, aching joints, muscle pain, and itchy skin. Mebendazol and thiabendazole can be used to treat the infection in the early stages; however once the parasite has invaded the muscles, treatment is limited to supportive care. […] Prevention can be accomplished by cooking meat products to an internal temperature of 170 degrees Farenheit or by freezing pork products less than 6 inches thick at 5 degrees Farenheit for 20 days. Salting, drying, smoking, and/or microwaving are not reliable methods of destroying infective cysts.

• #10 Trichinosis – Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit

  https://healthunit.org/for-professionals/health-care-dental/communicable-disease-resources/reportable-disease-toolkit/trichinosis/

  Confirmed and suspected cases shall be reported to the local Health Unit. […] Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent infection to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, which appear shortly after infection, include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. […] Cardiac and neurological complications may develop and may be fatal if severe. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and epidemiological evidence and can be confirmed by blood tests and skeletal muscle biopsy. […] Provide education about the illness and how to prevent spread. […] Specific treatment is under the direction of the attending health care provider. Treatment mainly involves administration of anthelmintics such as pyrantel, albendazole, or mebendazole which are effective in the intestinal stage and muscle-stage trichinosis.

• #11 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7142-trichinosis

  Trichinosis (trichinellosis) occurs worldwide. An estimated 10,000 people per year get trichinosis worldwide. In the U.S., the numbers have fallen from the estimate of 400 cases per year during the 1940s to 16 cases per year in the time frame from 2011 to 2015. […] If you’ve eaten raw or undercooked meat and show symptoms of trichinosis, you should contact your healthcare provider. Treatment should begin as soon as possible. Although some cases of trichinosis go away on their own, some cases of untreated trichinosis can be fatal. […] Complications of untreated trichinosis can be serious. They might include inflammation and damage to your heart, which could result in irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and/or heart failure. […] Most people enjoy a full recovery from trichinosis even though it may take weeks or even months to feel better completely.

• #12 Trichinosis – Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit

  https://healthunit.org/for-professionals/health-care-dental/communicable-disease-resources/reportable-disease-toolkit/trichinosis/

  Confirmed and suspected cases shall be reported to the local Health Unit. […] Clinical illness in humans is highly variable and can range from inapparent infection to a fulminating, fatal disease, depending on the number of larvae ingested. […] Gastrointestinal symptoms, which appear shortly after infection, include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. […] Cardiac and neurological complications may develop and may be fatal if severe. […] Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and epidemiological evidence and can be confirmed by blood tests and skeletal muscle biopsy. […] Provide education about the illness and how to prevent spread. […] Specific treatment is under the direction of the attending health care provider. Treatment mainly involves administration of anthelmintics such as pyrantel, albendazole, or mebendazole which are effective in the intestinal stage and muscle-stage trichinosis.

• #13 Trichinosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000631.htm

  Trichinosis is an infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. […] Trichinosis is a parasitic disease caused by eating meat that has not been thoroughly cooked and contains cysts (larvae, or immature worms) of Trichinella spiralis. […] When a person eats meat from an infected animal, trichinella cysts break open in the intestine and grow into adult roundworms. […] The resulting cysts can remain alive for years. […] Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping, Diarrhea, Facial swelling around the eyes, Fever, Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), Muscle weakness. […] Tests to diagnose this condition include: Blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), eosinophil count (a type of white blood cell), antibody test, and creatine kinase level (an enzyme found in muscle cells), Muscle biopsy to check for worms in the muscle.

• #14 Cardiac Parasitic Infection in Trichinellosis Associated with Right Ventricle Outflow Tract Obstruction

  https://www.jchestsurg.org/journal/view.html?uid=301&vmd=Full

  Trichinellosis is definitively diagnosed by revealing the encysted larvae through a muscle biopsy, but this method cannot be applied to all patients. Thus, serologic tests may be helpful for the diagnosis, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is the most commonly used assay with 99% sensitivity and 91% to 96% specificity. […] Although medical treatment during the early stages of infection has been shown to be effective, the treatment of trichinellosis with drugs has been debated for years. The medications used to treat trichinellosis include anthelmintics and glucocorticosteroids. There are several known anthelmintics such as mebendazole, albendazole, and thiabendazole. Drug therapy is effective if it starts within 1 week (early stage) after infection, but it is difficult to discriminate whether the patient is infected or not until the occurrence of specific symptoms. Therefore, the patient is usually recommended to take medications within 4 to 6 weeks after infection, and 48 hours after ingestion of undercooked or raw meat, particularly that of wild boars or bears. The steroid treatment of glucocorticoids should be combined with mebendazole or albendazole for the protection of immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.

• #15 Trichinella IgG Antibody (Sendout) | Laboratory Test Guide | Dept. of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology | UW Medicine

  https://dlmp.uw.edu/test-guide/view/RTRICH

  As an adjunct in the diagnosis of trichinosis. […] A positive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay result suggests current infection with Trichinella spiralis. Serology should be used in conjunction with clinical, epidemiologic, and other laboratory tests to establish the correct diagnosis. […] Antibodies to Trichinella spiralis may not be detectable until 3 weeks after the onset of infection. Therefore, negative results in suspicious cases should be followed by repeat testing in several weeks.

• #16 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). […] Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #17 Trichinosis | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/trichinosis

  Trichinosis can be treated with medication, though it’s not always needed. It’s also easy to prevent. […] If you have digestive problems or muscle pain and swelling about a week after eating pork or wild-animal meat, talk to your health care provider. […] Trichinosis usually gets better on its own. In cases with a mild or moderate number of larvae, most signs and symptoms typically go away within a few months. However, fatigue, mild pain, weakness and diarrhea may stay for many months or years. Infection with a large number of larvae can cause more-severe symptoms that need treatment right away. […] Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. If your provider discovers that you have roundworm (trichinella) parasites early, albendazole (Albenza) or mebendazole (Emverm) can kill the worms and larvae in the small intestine. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). […] Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #18 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). […] Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #19 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  The therapeutic regimen for this condition includes anthelmintics (mebendazole or albendazole) and glucocorticosteroids. […] Anthelmintics are most effective if administered within 1 week of infection to prevent adult worms from producing new larvae and invading muscle tissue. However, treatment typically begins during the larval development stage in muscle cells. It is advised that treatment with anthelmintics be given to all infected individuals within 4 to 6 weeks of exposure. Early administration of mebendazole, within 48 hours of consuming highly infected meat, has been shown to prevent clinical disease. […] Mebendazole typically is prescribed at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, divided into 2 doses, for a duration of 10 to 15 days, with the option to repeat the cycle after 5 days. […] Glucocorticosteroids are commonly used by physicians to manage type I hypersensitivity symptoms, despite the lack of controlled studies validating their efficacy. They should always be used alongside anthelmintics, not alone, to avoid increasing the larval burden by delaying worm expulsion from the intestines.

• #20 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment with either mebendazole or albendazole is recommended. […] If a patient does not start treatment within the first several days of infection, prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] Prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs can help prevent the progression of trichinellosis by killing the adult worms and so preventing further release of larvae. […] In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in more severe cases. […] The recommended treatment of trichinellosis is either mebendazole or albendazole. […] Both drugs are considered relatively safe but have been associated with side effects including bone marrow suppression. […] Patients on longer courses of therapy should be monitored by serial complete blood counts to detect any adverse effects promptly and discontinue treatment. […] Albendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] The safety of albendazole in children less than 6 years old is not certain. […] Mebendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] The safety of mebendazole in children is unclear.

• #21 Trichinosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536945/

  Trichinosis has the potential to be fatal but is more commonly a self-limiting disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of trichinosis and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care and enhance outcomes for affected patients. […] Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and treatment will reduce disease severity, but delay reduces the efficacy of antihelminthic drugs as larvae enter striated muscle. Trichinella larvae can survive in muscle tissue for many years so long-term follow-up may be necessary.

• #22 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  The therapeutic regimen for this condition includes anthelmintics (mebendazole or albendazole) and glucocorticosteroids. […] Anthelmintics are most effective if administered within 1 week of infection to prevent adult worms from producing new larvae and invading muscle tissue. However, treatment typically begins during the larval development stage in muscle cells. It is advised that treatment with anthelmintics be given to all infected individuals within 4 to 6 weeks of exposure. Early administration of mebendazole, within 48 hours of consuming highly infected meat, has been shown to prevent clinical disease. […] Mebendazole typically is prescribed at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, divided into 2 doses, for a duration of 10 to 15 days, with the option to repeat the cycle after 5 days. […] Glucocorticosteroids are commonly used by physicians to manage type I hypersensitivity symptoms, despite the lack of controlled studies validating their efficacy. They should always be used alongside anthelmintics, not alone, to avoid increasing the larval burden by delaying worm expulsion from the intestines.

• #23 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment with either mebendazole or albendazole is recommended. […] If a patient does not start treatment within the first several days of infection, prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] Prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs can help prevent the progression of trichinellosis by killing the adult worms and so preventing further release of larvae. […] In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in more severe cases. […] The recommended treatment of trichinellosis is either mebendazole or albendazole. […] Both drugs are considered relatively safe but have been associated with side effects including bone marrow suppression. […] Patients on longer courses of therapy should be monitored by serial complete blood counts to detect any adverse effects promptly and discontinue treatment. […] Albendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] The safety of albendazole in children less than 6 years old is not certain. […] Mebendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] The safety of mebendazole in children is unclear.

• #24 Clinical Care of Trichinellosis | Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/trichinellosis/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Treatment with either mebendazole or albendazole is recommended. […] If a patient does not start treatment within the first several days of infection, prolonged or repeated courses of treatment may be necessary. […] Prompt treatment with antiparasitic drugs can help prevent the progression of trichinellosis by killing the adult worms and so preventing further release of larvae. […] In addition to antiparasitic medication, treatment with steroids is sometimes required in more severe cases. […] The recommended treatment of trichinellosis is either mebendazole or albendazole. […] Both drugs are considered relatively safe but have been associated with side effects including bone marrow suppression. […] Patients on longer courses of therapy should be monitored by serial complete blood counts to detect any adverse effects promptly and discontinue treatment. […] Albendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] The safety of albendazole in children less than 6 years old is not certain. […] Mebendazole is a pregnancy category C drug. […] The safety of mebendazole in children is unclear.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Trichinellosis-Treatment-and-Prevention.aspx

  With early diagnosis, Trichnellosis can be treated with prescription drugs. […] Effective and safe prescription drugs are available for the treatment of both trichinellosis and the symptoms that arise as a consequence of infection. […] The effectiveness of these drugs depends greatly on the time of administration. […] Corticosteroids are often co-prescribed with anthelmintics, most commonly prednisone. This drug has been shown to be safe and may alleviate symptoms that arise as a result of active parasitic larvae in the tissue. […] All meat derived from animals that may potentially harbor Trichinella larvae, but cannot be subjected to inspection by an adequate laboratory method, should undergo an inactivation procedure before being distributed for human consumption. […] Three methods are known to reliably inactivate parasitic larvae in meat. One of them is thorough cooking with the aim of reaching a core temperature of 71 C (159.8 F) or more for at least one minute, which is recognized by the meat turning gray with its fibers being easily separated. […] In conclusion, there is an ample amount of evidence that with the use of a diligent reporting and testing system, human trichinellosis can be tracked (and even controlled) to a certain extent.

• #26 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). […] Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #27 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  The therapeutic regimen for this condition includes anthelmintics (mebendazole or albendazole) and glucocorticosteroids. […] Anthelmintics are most effective if administered within 1 week of infection to prevent adult worms from producing new larvae and invading muscle tissue. However, treatment typically begins during the larval development stage in muscle cells. It is advised that treatment with anthelmintics be given to all infected individuals within 4 to 6 weeks of exposure. Early administration of mebendazole, within 48 hours of consuming highly infected meat, has been shown to prevent clinical disease. […] Mebendazole typically is prescribed at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, divided into 2 doses, for a duration of 10 to 15 days, with the option to repeat the cycle after 5 days. […] Glucocorticosteroids are commonly used by physicians to manage type I hypersensitivity symptoms, despite the lack of controlled studies validating their efficacy. They should always be used alongside anthelmintics, not alone, to avoid increasing the larval burden by delaying worm expulsion from the intestines.

• #28 Trichinosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trichinosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378587

  Your health care provider may prescribe medications depending on your symptoms and the severity of infection. […] Anti-parasitic medication is the first line of treatment for trichinosis. […] After the larvae have entered the muscles, your provider may prescribe pain relievers to help relieve muscle aches and pain and swelling (inflammation). […] Your provider might prescribe a steroid medication to control pain and swelling.

• #29 Trichinosis: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000631.htm

  Medicines, such as albendazole, can be used to treat infections in the intestines. […] Pain medicine can help relieve muscle soreness after the larvae have invaded the muscles. […] Most people with trichinosis have no symptoms, and the infection goes away by itself. […] More severe infections may be difficult to treat, especially if the lungs, heart, or brain are involved. […] Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of trichinosis and you recently ate undercooked or raw meat that might have been contaminated. […] Freezing pork at a low temperature (5°F or -15°C or colder) for 3 to 4 weeks will kill the worms. […] Pork and meat from wild animals should be cooked until well done (no traces of pink).

• #30 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  In the acute setting, supportive care for gastroenteritis and muscle pain should be instituted. In patients with more severe muscle involvement that may include diaphragmatic involvement leading to respiratory insufficiency, supplemental oxygen may be needed. […] The goal is to stop the larval invasion into the host muscle. […] Patients need continued monitoring because clinical improvement is slow. […] For severe infections, bed rest is recommended. This is especially important upon evidence of myocardial involvement because patients may deteriorate clinically during ambulation. […] Recovery with resolution of signs and symptoms may occur in 5-6 weeks after infestation in many patients with disease limited to enteropathic and mild muscular involvement.

• #31 Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/230490-treatment

  In the acute setting, supportive care for gastroenteritis and muscle pain should be instituted. In patients with more severe muscle involvement that may include diaphragmatic involvement leading to respiratory insufficiency, supplemental oxygen may be needed. […] The goal is to stop the larval invasion into the host muscle. […] Patients need continued monitoring because clinical improvement is slow. […] For severe infections, bed rest is recommended. This is especially important upon evidence of myocardial involvement because patients may deteriorate clinically during ambulation. […] Recovery with resolution of signs and symptoms may occur in 5-6 weeks after infestation in many patients with disease limited to enteropathic and mild muscular involvement.

• #32 Hookworms Nursing Care Planning and Management – Nurseslabs

  https://nurseslabs.com/hookworms/

  Nursing care for a child with hookworms includes the following: […] Assessment of the child includes: […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses are: […] The major nursing care planning goals for patients with hookworm are: […] Nursing interventions for a child with hookworm include the following: […] Goals are met as evidenced by: […] Documentation in a child with hookworm includes the following:

• #33

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-616/?extid=29489255&src=med

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of trichinellosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of collaboration and communication amongst interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by trichinellosis. […] Treatment and prevention of trichinellosis require an interprofessional team effort. Collaboration and effective communication between the healthcare team is crucial to ensure excellent patient care. […] Nurses should educate patients on risks of transmission when consuming undercooked or raw meat. […] When a patient is diagnosed with trichinella, the team should communicate so that the standard of care treatment is provided.

• #34

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-616/?extid=29489255&src=med

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of trichinellosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of collaboration and communication amongst interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by trichinellosis. […] Treatment and prevention of trichinellosis require an interprofessional team effort. Collaboration and effective communication between the healthcare team is crucial to ensure excellent patient care. […] Nurses should educate patients on risks of transmission when consuming undercooked or raw meat. […] When a patient is diagnosed with trichinella, the team should communicate so that the standard of care treatment is provided.

• #35 Trichinellosis – Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora

  https://www.tewhatuora.govt.nz/for-health-professionals/clinical-guidance/communicable-disease-control-manual/trichinellosis

  This guidance supports public health professionals with the prevention and management of Trichinellosis cases, contacts and outbreaks […] The treating doctor should liaise closely with an infectious diseases physician or microbiologist who will advise on management and treatment. Bed rest and anti-inflammatory analgesics are the main treatments. Mebendazole, or albendazole as an alternative, should be started as soon as possible, but these treatments may have little benefit. Corticosteroids are used for severe inflammatory manifestations but are of unknown benefit. […] Advise the case and their caregivers of the nature of the infection and its mode of transmission. […] Offer contacts albendazole 5 mg/kg orally twice daily for 1 week or mebendazole 5 mg/kg orally twice daily for 1 week. These drugs are active against the intestinal worms but not muscle-embedded larvae. […] Advise all contacts of the incubation period and typical symptoms of trichinellosis. Encourage them to seek early medical attention if symptoms develop.

• #36

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-616/?extid=29489255&src=med

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of trichinellosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of collaboration and communication amongst interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by trichinellosis. […] Treatment and prevention of trichinellosis require an interprofessional team effort. Collaboration and effective communication between the healthcare team is crucial to ensure excellent patient care. […] Nurses should educate patients on risks of transmission when consuming undercooked or raw meat. […] When a patient is diagnosed with trichinella, the team should communicate so that the standard of care treatment is provided.

• #37 Trichinosis Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/trichinosis/trichinosis.html

  Trichinosis can be treated with safe and effective anti-parasitic drugs that are available by prescription. […] Treatment decisions should be made as early as possible, in consultation with medical experts. […] Mild cases can resolve on their own, but severe cases can be fatal without treatment. […] There is no treatment once the larvae are embedded in muscles. […] The best way to prevent trichinosis is to cook meat to safe internal temperatures: at least 165F for wild game and at least 160F for pork. […] Cooking temperature should be verified with a meat thermometer. […] Additional measures to prevent trichinosis include safe handling of raw meat (i.e., separating raw or undercooked meat and its juices from other foods), thorough cleaning of any equipment used to prepare the meat, and hand washing after handling raw meat, are also recommended.

• #38 Outbreak of Human Trichinellosis — Arizona, Minnesota, and South Dakota, 2022, CCDR 50(5) – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2024-50/issue-5-may-2024/outbreak-human-trichinellosis-arizona-minnesota-south-dakota-2022.html

  Human trichinellosis cases in the United States are rare and are usually acquired through consumption of wild game. […] Cooking meat to an internal temperature of 165F (74C) is necessary to kill Trichinella spp. parasites. Trichinella-infected meat can cross-contaminate other foods, and raw meat should be kept and prepared separate from other foods to prevent cross-contamination. […] Persons who consume meat from wild game animals should be aware that adequate cooking is the only reliable way to kill Trichinella parasites and that infected meat can cross-contaminate other foods. […] Although freezing kills Trichinella species commonly implicated in pork-associated outbreaks, freeze-resistant Trichinella species, including T. nativa and the T6 genotype, predominate in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions.

• #39 HIE Multimedia – Trichinosis

  https://adamcertificationdemo.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&pid=1&gid=000631

  Trichinosis is an infection with the roundworm Trichinella spiralis. […] Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping, Diarrhea, Facial swelling around the eyes, Fever, Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles), Muscle weakness. […] Medicines, such as albendazole, can be used to treat infections in the intestines. A mild infection does not usually need treatment. Pain medicine can help relieve muscle soreness after the larvae have invaded the muscles. […] Contact your health care provider if you have symptoms of trichinosis and you recently ate undercooked or raw meat that might have been contaminated. […] Freezing pork at a low temperature (5F or -15C or colder) for 3 to 4 weeks will kill the worms. Freezing wild game meat does not always kill the worms. Smoking, salting, and drying meat are also not reliable methods of killing the worms. Pork and meat from wild animals should be cooked until well done (no traces of pink).

• #40

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-616/?extid=29489255&src=med

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of trichinellosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of collaboration and communication amongst interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by trichinellosis. […] Treatment and prevention of trichinellosis require an interprofessional team effort. Collaboration and effective communication between the healthcare team is crucial to ensure excellent patient care. […] Nurses should educate patients on risks of transmission when consuming undercooked or raw meat. […] When a patient is diagnosed with trichinella, the team should communicate so that the standard of care treatment is provided.

• #41 Trichinosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536945/

  Trichinosis has the potential to be fatal but is more commonly a self-limiting disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of trichinosis and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care and enhance outcomes for affected patients. […] Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and treatment will reduce disease severity, but delay reduces the efficacy of antihelminthic drugs as larvae enter striated muscle. Trichinella larvae can survive in muscle tissue for many years so long-term follow-up may be necessary.

• #42

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-616/?extid=29489255&src=med

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of trichinellosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of collaboration and communication amongst interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by trichinellosis. […] Treatment and prevention of trichinellosis require an interprofessional team effort. Collaboration and effective communication between the healthcare team is crucial to ensure excellent patient care. […] Nurses should educate patients on risks of transmission when consuming undercooked or raw meat. […] When a patient is diagnosed with trichinella, the team should communicate so that the standard of care treatment is provided.

• #43

  https://europepmc.org/books/n/statpearls/article-616/?extid=29489255&src=med

  Trichinellosis, also called trichinosis, is a parasitic infection caused by roundworms (nematodes) from the genus Trichinella. […] This activity describes the evaluation and management of trichinellosis and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the importance of collaboration and communication amongst interprofessional team members to enhance the delivery of care for patients affected by trichinellosis. […] Treatment and prevention of trichinellosis require an interprofessional team effort. Collaboration and effective communication between the healthcare team is crucial to ensure excellent patient care. […] Nurses should educate patients on risks of transmission when consuming undercooked or raw meat. […] When a patient is diagnosed with trichinella, the team should communicate so that the standard of care treatment is provided.

• #44 Trichinosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK536945/

  Trichinosis has the potential to be fatal but is more commonly a self-limiting disease. […] This activity reviews the evaluation and management of trichinosis and highlights the role of interprofessional team members in collaborating to provide well-coordinated care and enhance outcomes for affected patients. […] Once a diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed, therapy implementation should begin as soon as possible. If given within the first 3 days of infection, it prevents muscular invasion and disease progression. […] Early diagnosis and treatment will reduce disease severity, but delay reduces the efficacy of antihelminthic drugs as larvae enter striated muscle. Trichinella larvae can survive in muscle tissue for many years so long-term follow-up may be necessary.

• #45 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7142-trichinosis

  Trichinosis (trichinellosis) occurs worldwide. An estimated 10,000 people per year get trichinosis worldwide. In the U.S., the numbers have fallen from the estimate of 400 cases per year during the 1940s to 16 cases per year in the time frame from 2011 to 2015. […] If you’ve eaten raw or undercooked meat and show symptoms of trichinosis, you should contact your healthcare provider. Treatment should begin as soon as possible. Although some cases of trichinosis go away on their own, some cases of untreated trichinosis can be fatal. […] Complications of untreated trichinosis can be serious. They might include inflammation and damage to your heart, which could result in irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and/or heart failure. […] Most people enjoy a full recovery from trichinosis even though it may take weeks or even months to feel better completely.

• #46 Trichinosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7142-trichinosis

  Trichinosis (trichinellosis) occurs worldwide. An estimated 10,000 people per year get trichinosis worldwide. In the U.S., the numbers have fallen from the estimate of 400 cases per year during the 1940s to 16 cases per year in the time frame from 2011 to 2015. […] If you’ve eaten raw or undercooked meat and show symptoms of trichinosis, you should contact your healthcare provider. Treatment should begin as soon as possible. Although some cases of trichinosis go away on their own, some cases of untreated trichinosis can be fatal. […] Complications of untreated trichinosis can be serious. They might include inflammation and damage to your heart, which could result in irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) and/or heart failure. […] Most people enjoy a full recovery from trichinosis even though it may take weeks or even months to feel better completely.

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