Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bone Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539849/

  A simple bone cyst is a solitary, benign, fluid-filled cyst that may be a single chamber or septated. […] An aneurysmal bone cyst is a locally destructive, rare, blood-filled, benign cystic bone tumor that involves the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. […] Most cases present with mild to moderate pain. […] The rapid growth of lesions may mimic malignancy. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and treatment of bone cysts and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in caring for these patients. […] Identify the evaluation of a patient with a bone cyst. […] Bone cysts are often asymptomatic and found incidentally on radiographs. […] Sometimes, they may present with pain due to repeated hemorrhages or pathological fractures. […] A simple bone cyst is a solitary, fluid-filled, benign bone cyst that may be unicameral (single chamber) or septated.

• #2 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  Bone cysts are often asymptomatic and found incidentally on radiographs. Sometimes, they may present with pain due to repeated hemorrhages or pathological fractures. Bone cysts include but are not limited to simple/unicameral bone cysts (SBC/UBC) and aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC). A simple bone cyst is a solitary, fluid-filled, benign bone cyst that may be unicameral (single chamber) or septated. It can involve any bone of extremities, the most common site being the proximal humerus and proximal femur. In adults, the ilium and calcaneus are common locations. These lesions are most active during growth spurts and are known to heal spontaneously after bone maturity. Two-thirds of UBCs present with a fracture. UBCs in flat bones are often asymptomatic unless detected incidentally on imaging. An aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare, locally destructive, blood-filled, benign cystic bone tumor. It involves the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. They can involve any bone, but the most common sites are the distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus, and spine. Most cases present with mild to moderate pain. The rapid growth of lesions may mimic malignancy. Spinal lesions may cause radicular pain or neurologic deficits. They often involve posterior elements of the vertebral bodies. Exceptionally, ABC can also arise in soft tissue.

• #3 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  A healthcare provider will do a physical examination. Theyll examine any noticeable lumps on your bones. They may do imaging tests like: […] Your provider may do a biopsy to get tissue samples from the tumor. A medical pathologist will look at the tissue under a microscope. Theyll check for signs that the tumor is cancerous. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] An aneurysmal bone cyst can come back (recur) after treatment. You should contact your provider if you notice changes like a new lump or pain in the area where you had treatment. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts are highly treatable. But they come back in 1 in 5 people. Recurrence is most common within the first year after treatment.

• #4 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Unicameral bone cysts are one of the more common noncancerous bone tumors that affect children. […] To confirm a diagnosis of unicameral bone cyst, the doctor will order imaging tests, most importantly, X-rays. […] These tests provide clear pictures of dense structures like bone, and will usually show a UBC quite well. In most cases, a plain X-ray is the only imaging test a doctor needs to diagnose a unicameral bone cyst. […] Sometimes, additional imaging tests are necessary to distinguish a unicameral bone cyst from another common noncancerous bone cyst: an aneurysmal bone cyst. […] If these tests do not adequately reveal the answer, a biopsy may be necessary. In a biopsy, a sample of the fluid within the cyst is taken and examined under a microscope. […] To determine the appropriate treatment, the doctor will consider a range of factors, including the size of the cyst, the strength of the bone, your child’s activity level, and any symptoms your child may be experiencing.

• #5 Simple bone cyst | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/simple-bone-cyst?lang=us

  Simple bone cysts (SBC) are common benign non-neoplastic lucent bone lesions seen mainly in childhood and typically remain asymptomatic. […] Simple bone cysts are usually found in children in their 1st and 2nd decades (65% in teenagers) with the mean age at diagnosis being 9 years. […] Diagnostic criteria are essential: simple cyst lacking a true lining with typical imaging features. […] Plain radiographs are the first-line imaging modality. CT and MRI add little to the diagnosis, however, can be helpful in eliminating other entities that can potentially mimic a simple bone cyst. […] Simple bone cysts are well defined geographic lucent lesions with a narrow zone of transition, mostly seen in skeletally immature patients, which are centrally located and show a thin sclerotic margin in the majority of cases with no periosteal reaction or soft tissue component.

• #6 Aneurysmal bone cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneurysmal_bone_cyst

  Diagnosis involves medical imaging. CT scan and X-ray show lytic expansion lesions with clear borders. MRI reveals fluid levels. […] X-ray and CT scan show lytic expansion lesions with clear borders. Expansion of cortex gives the lesion a balloon-like appearance. Larger lesions may appear septated. MRI reveals fluid levels. Bone scan shows outer radiotracer uptake, with a central dark area. […] Following conditions are excluded before diagnosis can be confirmed: Unicameral bone cyst, Giant cell tumor, Telangiectatic osteosarcoma, Secondary aneurysmal bone cyst.

• #7 Bone Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539849/

  An aneurysmal bone cyst is a rare, locally destructive, blood-filled, benign cystic bone tumor. […] Most cases present with mild to moderate pain. […] The rapid growth of lesions may mimic malignancy. […] Imaging characteristics: Radiograph reveals an expansile lytic, eccentric metaphyseal lesion that remains contained by a thin cortical wall. […] A biopsy should be performed in all cases for confirmation. […] An optimal biopsy specimen is necessary for diagnosis. […] However, fine needle aspiration cytology is performed at some facilities by radiologists, which is often inconclusive. […] The treatment goal for ABC is the eradication of disease, prevention of recurrence, and reduction of pain/ functional impairment. […] Surgical curettage and bone grafting with or without adjuvant therapy were classically the primary modes of treatment.

• #8 Simple bone cyst | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/simple-bone-cyst?lang=us

  If there is a fracture through this lesion a dependent bony fragment may be seen, and this is known as the fallen fragment sign. The rising bubble sign is considered pathognomonic and occurs when a gas bubble is seen at the most non-dependent part of the simple bone cyst. […] Features on CT are similar to plain radiographs but CT has the advantage of characterizing extent, detecting radiograph-occult fractures, and assessing internal density. […] MR signal characteristics for an uncomplicated lesion include low signal on T1 and high signal on T2.

• #9 Benign Bone Tumors and Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/tumors-of-bones-and-joints/benign-bone-tumors-and-cysts

  Most nonossifying fibromas are small and asymptomatic. However, lesions that involve approximately 50% or more of the bone diameter tend to cause pain and increase the risk of pathologic fracture. […] Unicameral bone cysts typically appear as well-marginated lesions without reactive sclerosis or an expansile cortex. If the cyst has a minor fracture, a bone fragment from the thin shell may fall to the bottom of the fluid-filled cyst. The result is the classic „fallen leaf” sign on radiograph.

• #10 Bone cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_cyst

  On CT scans, bone cysts that have a radiodensity of 20 Hounsfield units (HU) or less, and are osteolytic, tend to be aneurysmal bone cysts.[1] […] In contrast, intraosseous lipomas have a lower radiodensity of -40 to -60 HU.[2]

• #11

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. The purpose of this review is to discuss current concepts and difficulties in diagnosing and treating primary ABCs, based on latest available literature. In diagnostics, multiple new fusion partners of USP-6 have been described on next-generation sequencing specifically for primary ABCs. The gold standard for diagnosing ABC is MRI, combined with biopsy. Accurately diagnosing primary ABC is crucial for treatment decisions. Preferred treatment of ABC has always been up for debate, as no single treatment modality has universal preference. The addition of NGS in diagnostics allows more certainty when USP6 rearrangements are found. When not found, H3G34W, H3k36M and SATB2 can be examined to identify GCTB, chondroblastoma and osteosarcoma, respectively. Diagnostics are the first and essential step in treating ABCs and a combination of MRI and biopsy is needed to differentiate from a variety of mimics.

• #12

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-022-05396-6

  On MRI, fluid-fluid levels are the hallmark of the lesion but are not pathognomonic as these are seen in several bone neoplasms. […] Telangiectatic osteosarcoma can have a very similar imaging appearance to ABC, especially in the presence of fluid-fluid levels; therefore, a biopsy is strongly suggested before treatment can be contemplated. […] Although both surgery and sclerotherapy are widely implemented for the treatment of ABC, there is no adequate evidence to support a particular therapeutic option.

• #13 Surface Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology

  https://jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbr-btr.961

  We present a case of a surface aneurysmal bone cyst in a 19-year-old boy. […] MRI confirmed a bony lesion containing a fluid-fluid level (FFL) on T2-WI. […] Because of the aggressive appearance on imaging, the patient underwent a biopsy and the final diagnosis of a subperiosteal aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) was made. […] MRI is not only helpful in evaluating local extent but also for lesion characterization by demonstrating FFL and contrast-enhancing walls. […] Extent of fluid-fluid levels may be particularly helpful in differentiating ABC from a malignant lesion causing FFL (e.g. teleangiectatic osteosarcoma). […] Differential diagnosis of a surface ABC include benign surface lesions such as subperiosteal hemangioma or haematoma, subperiosteal giant cell granuloma and periosteal chondroma. Malignant tumours such as teleangiectatic osteosarcoma should also be excluded.

• #14 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  ABC: Primary Diagnosis: Suspect ABC on clinical examination and imaging: Imaging characteristics: Radiograph reveals an expansile lytic, eccentric metaphyseal lesion that remains contained by a thin cortical wall. The cyst can be well-marginated or mildly permeative, mimicking malignancy. A smooth periosteal reaction usually covers the cyst. Bone scan shows peripheral tracer uptake and a central area of decreased uptake called the „doughnut sign.” CT and MRI further help in delineating cyst characteristics, soft tissue involvement, and the aggressiveness of a tumor. CT is particularly useful in delineating cysts in areas like the spine and pelvis. When differentiating UBC and ABC on MRI, the presence of the double-density fluid and intralesional septations indicates ABC. Imaging further helps in planning surgical management.

• #15

  https://journals.lww.com/nuclearmed/fulltext/1985/11000/diagnosis_of_aneurysmal_bone_cyst_of_the_mandible_.8.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cyst is rarely found in the mandible, and roentgenographic diagnosis of this condition is not easily made. […] In this report, the diagnostic value of bone scintigraphy and radionuclide angiography and CT imaging in two cases of aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible are discussed. […] Bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m MDP demonstrated ring-like or doughnut-pattern accumulation of radioactivity, which corresponded to the expansile character of the bony lesion. […] Furthermore, the central rarefaction showed that the lesion was cystic. […] Thus bone scintigraphy and radionuclide angiography were found to be essential in the differential diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst from other forms of tumor, especially hypervascularized tumor and central hemangioma of the mandible.

• #16 Diagnosis and Current Treatment of Aneurysmal Bone Cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10915701/

  An ABC requires a precise and timely diagnosis because both benign and malignant tumors are on the differential diagnosis list. […] The presence of bloody liquid alone is not sufficient to make the diagnosis of an ABC; nevertheless, this can also be seen in fractured solitary bone cysts. […] In ABCs, a biopsy is necessary to rule out telangiectatic sarcoma. […] Histologically, ABCs have a characteristic appearance. […] A biopsy is recommended when an ABC is suspected to confirm the diagnosis.

• #17 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  Diagnosis: A biopsy should be performed in all cases for confirmation. An optimal biopsy specimen is necessary for diagnosis. However, fine needle aspiration cytology is performed at some facilities by radiologists, which is often inconclusive. The indication for biopsy is high clinical and radiological suspicion for ABC. Uncorrected coagulopathy disorders are relative contraindications.

• #18 Aneurysmal bone cyst | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/aneurysmal-bone-cyst?lang=us

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are benign expansile osteoclastic giant cell-rich bony neoplasms, composed of numerous blood-filled channels and cystic spaces. […] The definitive diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cysts is based on a combination of typical radiological and pathological features. […] Diagnostic criteria according to the WHO classification of soft tissue and bone tumors (5th edition): a multicystic bone lesion with fluid-fluid levels on imaging; histological evidence that cyst walls are composed of fibroblasts, osteoclastic giant cells, and hemosiderin pigment as well as proof of new bone formation. […] The following molecular criterion is desirable: USP6 gene (at 17p13.2 locus) rearrangement; occurs in 63% of cases. […] The radiological report should include a description of the following: imaging characteristics e.g. solitary lucent bone lesion, high T1 or low T1 bone lesion; fluid-fluid levels; location within the bone (eccentric, central); solid components; concerning features such as cortical involvement, soft tissue extension, pathologic fracture, aggressive periosteal reaction, surrounding bone marrow edema, solid mass-like enhancement. […] The lesion can be categorized according to the bone reporting and data system as Bone-RADS 4 unless histology has been already obtained.

• #19

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-022-05396-6

  Because of these similar histological and cytogenetic findings, some authors have proposed to call these lesions USP6 associated neoplasms (UAN). […] Due to these unique cytogenetic findings, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and next generation sequence (NGS) are useful tools in differentiating ABC from other primary bone lesions with ABC changes, which typically lack USP6 rearrangements. […] The imaging work-up of a suspected ABC starts with orthogonal radiographs. Cross-sectional imaging, especially MRI, should be considered complementary in order to confirm the diagnosis and to exclude other bone neoplasms. […] The typical radiographic appearance of aneurysmal bone cyst is that of an eccentric, lytic, geographical, metaphyseal lesion with a sclerotic border with or without septations.

• #20 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Applied Radiology

  https://appliedradiology.com/articles/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal bone cyst. […] Differential diagnosis includes telangiectatic osteosarcoma, chondroblastoma, giant cell tumor, metastatic disease, and multiple myeloma. […] Imaging plays an important role evaluating expansile lytic lesions like ABCs. However, biopsy and histologic evaluation are required for definitive diagnosis. […] The differential diagnosis for ABC includes telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS), chondroblastoma, giant cell tumor, metastatic disease, and multiple myeloma. […] Imaging plays an important role in assessing their size, location, aggressiveness, degree of soft-tissue extension, and presence of solid components to help guide optimal management.

• #21 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  An X-ray is the main tool healthcare providers use to diagnose a unicameral bone cyst as they typically show good contrast between the bone and the cyst. […] Your childs provider may recommend additional testing including: MRI to evaluate the inner cavity of the cyst. […] These tests can help your childs provider distinguish a unicameral bone cyst from other conditions or pathologies, such as an aneurysmal bone cyst or fibrous dysplasia. […] Most unicameral bone cysts dont cause symptoms and resolve on their own when a child is fully grown. […] If a child has symptoms, has had a fracture or is at risk of a fracture, effective treatments are available. […] Observation may be all that’s needed. If the bone is at risk for fracture, their provider will recommend treatment followed by close monitoring because cysts often return.

• #22 ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST

  https://www.seyitaligumustas.com/en/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  An aneurysmal bone cyst is not a real tumour. A bone cyst is an aggressive lesion. In other words, it can damage the bone and may come back after surgery. […] The diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst is confirmed by biopsy after clinical and radiologic evaluation. The biopsy is often performed using a closed procedure with special needles. It is important that the physician performing the biopsy is an orthopedic oncologist who deals with bone and soft tissue tumors, and that the pathologist evaluating the biopsy specimen is experienced in this area. The differential diagnosis should include simple bone cyst, giant cell tumor, and telangiectatic osteosarcoma (diagnosis must be confirmed by biopsy). […] In the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts, grafting or cementation is usually performed after curettage. To reduce the recurrence rate (14-34%), burr, cautery, phenol or alcohol application (aggressive curettage) is recommended after rough curettage. In cases without aggressive curettage, the recurrence rate is high. It is important that the treatment be performed by an orthopedic oncologist with expertise in bone and soft tissue tumors. In selected cases, intralesional injection into the cyst (doxycycline, alcohol, etc.) may be used.

• #22 ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST

  https://www.seyitaligumustas.com/en/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  The recurrence rate of aneurysmal bone cysts is 14-34% and most commonly occurs within the first 2 years. The risk of recurrence is high in patients under fifteen years of age, aggressive lesions, and inadequate curettage. Patients should be followed at regular intervals for a long time to assess the risk of recurrence.

• #23 The Radiology Assistant : Bone tumors – Differential diagnosis

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculoskeletal/bone-tumors/differential-diagnosis

  The differential diagnosis mostly depends on the review of the conventional radiographs and the age of the patient. […] It is important to realize that the plain radiograph is the most useful examination for differentiating these lesions. CT and MRI are only helpful in selected cases. […] The most reliable indicator in determining whether these lesions are benign or malignant is the zone of transition between the lesion and the adjacent normal bone. […] The zone of transition is the most reliable indicator in determining whether an osteolytic lesion is benign or malignant. […] A wide zone of transition indicates malignancy or infection or eosinophilic granuloma. […] Infections and eosinophilic granuloma are exceptional because they are benign lesions which can mimic a malignant bone tumor due to their aggressive biologic behavior.

• #24 The Radiology Assistant : Bone tumors – Differential diagnosis

  https://radiologyassistant.nl/musculoskeletal/bone-tumors/differential-diagnosis

  A periosteal reaction is a non-specific reaction and will occur whenever the periosteum is irritated by a malignant tumor, benign tumor, infection or trauma. […] Detecting a benign periosteal reaction may be very helpful, since malignant lesions never cause a benign periosteal reaction. […] Cortical destruction is a common finding, and not very useful in distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions. […] The location of a bone lesion within the skeleton can be a clue in the differential diagnosis. […] Calcifications or mineralization within a bone lesion may be an important clue in the differential diagnosis. […] Most bone tumors are solitary lesions. If there are multiple or polyostotic lesions, the differential diagnosis must be adjusted.

• #25 Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  A unicameral bone cyst (UBC), also known as a simple bone cyst, is a fluid-filled cavity in the bone. It usually occurs in the long bones of a growing child, especially the upper part of the arm (humerus) or the upper part of the leg (femur); however, other bones can also be affected. […] UBCs may heal spontaneously by the time the child reaches skeletal maturity; however, others may not heal and will continue to grow. […] Most children with a unicameral bone cyst are generally asymptomatic (without symptoms). In most cases, unicameral bone cysts are only discovered when the child breaks the bone that has been weakened by the bone cyst or, incidentally, during imaging obtained for other reasons. […] It is important to note that each child experiences symptoms differently. The symptoms of a unicameral bone cyst may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis.

• #26 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview

  The aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign expansile osteoclastic giant cellrich bony neoplasm composed of numerous blood-filled channels and cystic spaces. It most often affects individuals during their second decade of life and may occur in any bone in the body. Although benign, the ABC can be locally aggressive. Its expansile nature can cause pain, swelling, deformity, disruption of growth plates or joint surfaces, neurologic symptoms (depending on location), and pathologic fracture. […] The true etiology and pathophysiology remain a mystery, but the mainstay of treatment has been intralesional curettage. Recurrence is not uncommon. Other surgical options include en-bloc resection or wide excision, selective arterial embolization, and curettage with locally applied adjuvants such as liquid nitrogen, argon beam photocoagulation, or phenol.

• #27 Managing Simple Bone Cysts: Diagnosis to Recovery Guide

  https://www.manipalhospitals.com/bhubaneswar/blog/managing-simple-bone-cysts-diagnosis-to-recovery-guide/

  Simple bone cysts, commonly known as unicameral bone cysts, are benign fluid-filled cavities mostly present in children and adolescents, wherein 85% of all diagnosed cases occur before the age of 20 years. […] Management of simple bone cysts requires an early diagnosis and monitoring followed by proper treatment. […] An accurate diagnosis with imaging can determine the size of the cyst or the location through X-rays or MRIs. […] Early detection prevents complications and allows for timely intervention, ensuring better health outcomes. […] The size and location of the cyst can be assessed precisely through imaging, which helps determine the most appropriate management strategy. […] Early diagnosis facilitates the development of a comprehensive treatment strategy. […] Follow-up care is an important process for continuously monitoring the cyst and early detection of recurrence.

• #28 Cystic Bone Lesions: Histopathological Spectrum and Diagnostic Challenges – Turkish Journal of Pathology

  https://turkjpath.org/text.php?id=1729

  Bone cysts are benign lesions occurring in any bone, regardless of age. They are often asymptomatic but may cause pain, swelling, fractures, and local recurrence and may be confused with other bone lesions. […] Accurate diagnosis of bone cysts is not only essential for their differential diagnosis with malignant tumors, but also to allow an effective follow-up program. However, one can experience diagnostic challenges, particularly when evaluating needle biopsies. […] The most common and challenging intraosseous cysts are aneurysmal bone cysts, particularly the solid variant. The mixed aneurysmal-solitary bone cyst subgroup requires further research with larger series to be defined more thoroughly. […] The main diagnostic challenge for ABC is the possibility for misdiagnosis of telangiectatic osteosarcoma both on histological and radiological evaluation. […] Clinical and radiological correlation is valuable for cystic lesions of bone, similar to other bone lesions.

• #29 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  If a cyst is small and not causing symptoms, it often can be simply observed. […] If the bone has already broken through the cyst, the fracture will typically heal without surgery. […] The doctor may recommend surgery if the cyst is painful, growing larger, or in a location that may cause fracture. […] To confirm a diagnosis of unicameral bone cyst, the doctor will order imaging tests, most importantly, X-rays. […] Regardless of the treatment method chosen, unicameral bone cysts come back in the same location 25 to 50% of the time.

• #30 Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  At Lurie Childrens, your child’s diagnostic evaluation begins with a thorough medical history and physical examination of your child. Our clinical staff may use a variety of diagnostic tests to diagnose unicameral bone cysts, including: […] In addition to diagnosing the specific type of lesion your child may have, these tests will also help determine the size and location of the cyst. All of this information is crucial in determining the best treatment options for your child. […] Unicameral bone cyst tumors can recur even after treatment so it is important for your child to continue to see a doctor after treatment. Your child will see their physician about one month after their procedure, and then every three months for at least two years to monitor for possible recurrence. […] During follow-up visits, X-rays are recommended to closely monitor the healing bone cyst and make sure there is no recurrence. If the unicameral bone cyst returns, the above procedures can be repeated.

• #31

  https://childrenswi.org/publications/teaching-sheet/imaging/1613-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are diagnosed by X-ray, MRI or CT scan. MRI is most often used to look at the bone cyst and areas around it. A biopsy may also be done during the first treatment to confirm diagnosis. A small amount of the bone cyst is taken to be looked at under a microscope. […] Yes, there is chance that it could come back. We will follow your child with tests 6 months and one year after the last treatment. After that, your child will be checked each year for the next 2 years. We will look for regrowth.

• #32

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00383659

  8090% of individuals suffering from aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) are children or adolescents. Primary ABC is a non-neoplastic lesion. Diagnostic assessment and detection of recurrence demands repeated plain x-rays or CT scans. These repeated radiographic examinations expose these young patients to large doses of ionizing radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is found to be an effective and reliable noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and follow-up controls of ABC.

• #33 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  The first step in treating your child is forming an accurate and complete diagnosis. […] Your child’s physician might order a number of different tests to determine the exact type of cyst, its size, and location. These tests may include: […] A physical exam, including checking the area where the cyst is located […] X-rays to determine the size of the cyst and whether there is a risk of fracture […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which produces detailed images of the bone where the cyst is located and determines the internal characteristics of the cyst and the specific type of cyst […] Computerized tomography scan (CT or CAT scan), which is used in some cases to get a clearer picture of the bone lesion […] A biopsy or tissue sample, collected from the cyst through a needle to provide definitive information about the type of cyst. […] After we complete all necessary tests, your clinician will review and discuss what they have learned about your child’s condition. Then we will meet with you and your family to discuss the results and outline the best treatment options.

• #34 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/unicameral-bone-cyst

  How is a unicameral bone cyst diagnosed? In addition to a performing a complete physical examination and taking your child’s medical history, the doctor will likely take a simple X-ray of the affected area, which can be used alone to diagnose a unicameral bone cyst. The following diagnostic tests are usually not required, except if the cyst is found in an unusual location, such as the pelvis: […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radio frequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body. This test is done to help document the extent of the cyst, how aggressive it is, and distinguish it from other types of bone cysts. […] Computerized tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan): a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays. This test can also help document the extent of the cyst, and distinguish it from other bone cysts. […] Bone scans: a nuclear imaging method to evaluate any degenerative and/or arthritic changes in the joints; to detect bone diseases and tumors; to determine the cause of bone pain or inflammation. This test is to rule out other cysts (which are quite unusual).

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