Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #2 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  Bone cysts are fluid-filled holes that form in bones. They mainly affect children and teenagers. They’re not usually serious, but they sometimes need to be treated with surgery. […] A bone cyst may not need treatment if it’s small and not causing any problems. They often get better on their own, especially in children and teenagers. […] A bone cyst might need to be treated if it’s large or getting bigger this could make the bone weaker and more likely to break (fracture) if you injure it. […] The main treatments are: draining the fluid with a needle and injecting medicine into the bone to help it heal this may need to be done several times over a few months, cutting or scraping out the cyst the hole may be filled with small pieces of bone taken from another part of your body or from a donor, or with a bone cement mixture.

• #3 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  Bone cysts are fluid-filled holes that form in bones. They mainly affect children and teenagers. They’re not usually serious, but they sometimes need to be treated with surgery. […] A bone cyst may not need treatment if it’s small and not causing any problems. They often get better on their own, especially in children and teenagers. […] A bone cyst might need to be treated if it’s large or getting bigger this could make the bone weaker and more likely to break (fracture) if you injure it. […] The main treatments are: draining the fluid with a needle and injecting medicine into the bone to help it heal this may need to be done several times over a few months, cutting or scraping out the cyst the hole may be filled with small pieces of bone taken from another part of your body or from a donor, or with a bone cement mixture.

• #4 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Unicameral bone cysts (UBC) are cavities within bone that are filled with fluid. […] Treatment for a UBC is based on several factors, including the size and location of the cyst, and the risk for fracture. In some cases, surgery may be recommended. […] If a cyst is small and not causing symptoms, it often can be simply observed. If a cyst is large enough to cause concern about the bone breaking with mild force, then surgery is an option to reduce the risk of fracture. […] The doctor may recommend surgery if the cyst is painful, growing larger, or in a location that may cause fracture. Several different types of operations have been shown to have good results. […] In this procedure, needles are inserted into the cyst to drain the fluid. This is called an aspiration. The cyst is then injected with substances to decrease the chance of the cyst coming back.

• #5 Unicameral Bone Cysts | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/unicameral-bone-cyst

  Nationwide Children’s Hospital offers a team of experts focused on the treatment of children with unicameral bone cysts. […] The main goal for treatment is to prevent bone fractures. Treatment depends on several factors such as: […] Treatment can be nonsurgical, surgical or a combination of both. […] Nonsurgical treatment involves monitoring the cyst with multiple X-rays over time. […] Radiology procedures or surgical treatment may be recommended if the cyst is large and painful or there is a high risk of fracture. Several treatment options are available: […] Sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive technique done in Interventional Radiology. […] For this technique, the cyst is drained and steroids are injected. […] For this procedure, the cyst is drained, then the cyst’s inner lining is scraped out. […] Recovery from surgery usually takes several weeks, with follow-up appointments to monitor healing. […] Despite treatment, unicameral bone cysts can recur.

• #6 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Unicameral bone cysts (UBC) are cavities within bone that are filled with fluid. […] Treatment for a UBC is based on several factors, including the size and location of the cyst, and the risk for fracture. In some cases, surgery may be recommended. […] If a cyst is small and not causing symptoms, it often can be simply observed. If a cyst is large enough to cause concern about the bone breaking with mild force, then surgery is an option to reduce the risk of fracture. […] The doctor may recommend surgery if the cyst is painful, growing larger, or in a location that may cause fracture. Several different types of operations have been shown to have good results. […] In this procedure, needles are inserted into the cyst to drain the fluid. This is called an aspiration. The cyst is then injected with substances to decrease the chance of the cyst coming back.

• #7 Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Treatment for unicameral bone cysts depends on a number of factors including where the cyst is located, how strong the bone is, where the cyst is located, and what the chances are for a fracture. […] Treatment options include: […] Nonoperative/Watchful Waiting: Small UBCs that are not causing symptoms can be treated by observation and repeating X-rays to watch the size of the UBC. Sometimes your doctor may ask your child to decrease physical activity (including sports) if there is a concern that a fracture could occur through the cyst. Many times, especially a fracture that occurs in the arm, your doctor may recommend waiting for the fracture to heal on its own before recommending surgery. Sometimes, the UBC will even go away on its own after the fracture heals. […] Sclerosis and Grafting: This is a new minimally-invasive technique which was developed by our Interventional Radiology team. It involves treating the cysts with small needles without the need for stitches. While your child is asleep, two small needles are placed in the cyst to drain the fluid. Next, a sclerosant (a caustic chemical) is injected into the cyst to destroy the underlying cyst. The cyst is then filled with regenerative bone graft to help strengthen the cyst. The bone graft is temporary and usually disappears in a few months once new healthy bone starts forming. The early studies from this technique are very promising and because it is minimally invasive, it is generally the preferred approach.

• #8 Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Treatment for unicameral bone cysts depends on a number of factors including where the cyst is located, how strong the bone is, where the cyst is located, and what the chances are for a fracture. […] Treatment options include: […] Nonoperative/Watchful Waiting: Small UBCs that are not causing symptoms can be treated by observation and repeating X-rays to watch the size of the UBC. Sometimes your doctor may ask your child to decrease physical activity (including sports) if there is a concern that a fracture could occur through the cyst. Many times, especially a fracture that occurs in the arm, your doctor may recommend waiting for the fracture to heal on its own before recommending surgery. Sometimes, the UBC will even go away on its own after the fracture heals. […] Sclerosis and Grafting: This is a new minimally-invasive technique which was developed by our Interventional Radiology team. It involves treating the cysts with small needles without the need for stitches. While your child is asleep, two small needles are placed in the cyst to drain the fluid. Next, a sclerosant (a caustic chemical) is injected into the cyst to destroy the underlying cyst. The cyst is then filled with regenerative bone graft to help strengthen the cyst. The bone graft is temporary and usually disappears in a few months once new healthy bone starts forming. The early studies from this technique are very promising and because it is minimally invasive, it is generally the preferred approach.

• #9 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  Bone grafting has been disappointing because of the recurrence rate and considerable morbidity. Percutaneous injection of steroids was introduced first by Scaglietti et al. who reported a success rate of up to 90%. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of treating SBCs by aspiration and percutaneous autogenous bone marrow injection (ABMI). […] Conservative treatment was represented by cast immobilization 15 cases, steroid injection 35 cases, and ABMI 12 cases. […] The technique of ABMI and steroid injection are identical, the only difference being the kind of material used for the injection. […] We recommend this kind of treatments only in the cases of conservative management failure and in cases of displaced pathological fracture. […] The conservative treatment consisted in simple cast immobilization of the pathological fracture localized in the upper limb and without fragment displacement, ABMI or steroid injections. […] ABMI is a simple cost free method, effective in both active cyst and inactive cyst, and certain signs of healing follow it in most of the cases since the first injection.

• #10 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  Afterward, the surgeon may use a bone graft (a piece of bone taken from another part of your body or from donated bone) or cement to fill the cavity. […] After surgery, your childs provider will immobilize the affected bone with a cast or sling while it heals. Most children resume their normal activities within three to six months after surgery. […] Treatment for a fracture usually involves a cast to immobilize the bone and allow it to heal. […] If the cyst does not heal, your childs provider may recommend surgery to remove the cyst and prevent another fracture. […] Unicameral bone cysts return (recur) after treatment in up to 50% of children (1 in 2). […] If a child has symptoms, has had a fracture or is at risk of a fracture, effective treatments are available. Ongoing monitoring is important as cysts frequently recur after treatment, especially in very young children.

• #11 Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Treatment for unicameral bone cysts depends on a number of factors including where the cyst is located, how strong the bone is, where the cyst is located, and what the chances are for a fracture. […] Treatment options include: […] Nonoperative/Watchful Waiting: Small UBCs that are not causing symptoms can be treated by observation and repeating X-rays to watch the size of the UBC. Sometimes your doctor may ask your child to decrease physical activity (including sports) if there is a concern that a fracture could occur through the cyst. Many times, especially a fracture that occurs in the arm, your doctor may recommend waiting for the fracture to heal on its own before recommending surgery. Sometimes, the UBC will even go away on its own after the fracture heals. […] Sclerosis and Grafting: This is a new minimally-invasive technique which was developed by our Interventional Radiology team. It involves treating the cysts with small needles without the need for stitches. While your child is asleep, two small needles are placed in the cyst to drain the fluid. Next, a sclerosant (a caustic chemical) is injected into the cyst to destroy the underlying cyst. The cyst is then filled with regenerative bone graft to help strengthen the cyst. The bone graft is temporary and usually disappears in a few months once new healthy bone starts forming. The early studies from this technique are very promising and because it is minimally invasive, it is generally the preferred approach.

• #12 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #13 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  Bone cysts are fluid-filled holes that form in bones. They mainly affect children and teenagers. They’re not usually serious, but they sometimes need to be treated with surgery. […] A bone cyst may not need treatment if it’s small and not causing any problems. They often get better on their own, especially in children and teenagers. […] A bone cyst might need to be treated if it’s large or getting bigger this could make the bone weaker and more likely to break (fracture) if you injure it. […] The main treatments are: draining the fluid with a needle and injecting medicine into the bone to help it heal this may need to be done several times over a few months, cutting or scraping out the cyst the hole may be filled with small pieces of bone taken from another part of your body or from a donor, or with a bone cement mixture.

• #14 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #15 Bone cyst | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/bone-cyst

  A bone cyst might need to be treated if it’s: […] The main treatments are: […] draining the fluid with a needle and injecting medicine into the bone to help it heal this may need to be done several times over a few months […] cutting or scraping out the cyst the hole may be filled with small pieces of bone taken from another part of your body or from someone who donated bone after they died […] Treatment is done under general anaesthetic. You won’t usually need to stay in hospital overnight. […] It normally takes at least a few months for the bone to heal. […] You’ll have regular X-rays for a few years to check it’s getting better. […] See your GP if you get a lump, pain or swelling in the bone after treatment. […] This could mean the cyst has come back or you’ve developed an infection from surgery. […] It’s quite common for bone cysts to come back, especially in the first couple of years after treatment.

• #16 20615 CPT4 – GenHealth.ai

  https://genhealth.ai/code/cpt4/20615-aspiration-and-injection-for-treatment-of-bone-cyst

  Aspiration and injection for the treatment of a bone cyst involve drawing fluid out of the cyst (aspiration) and then injecting a therapeutic substance to help the bone heal, such as a bone-hardening agent or corticosteroid. This minimally invasive procedure is often performed by a radiologist using imaging guidance. […] Aspiration and injection of a bone cyst address abnormalities in the bone where fluid-filled sacs (cysts) have developed. The goals are to reduce the cyst size, alleviate associated pain, promote bone healing, and prevent potential fractures. […] The procedure typically begins with local anesthesia to numb the area around the cyst. […] After aspiration, a therapeutic agent like a corticosteroid or bone-hardening substance is injected into the cyst to aid in healing and prevent recurrence.

• #17 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  Bone grafting has been disappointing because of the recurrence rate and considerable morbidity. Percutaneous injection of steroids was introduced first by Scaglietti et al. who reported a success rate of up to 90%. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of treating SBCs by aspiration and percutaneous autogenous bone marrow injection (ABMI). […] Conservative treatment was represented by cast immobilization 15 cases, steroid injection 35 cases, and ABMI 12 cases. […] The technique of ABMI and steroid injection are identical, the only difference being the kind of material used for the injection. […] We recommend this kind of treatments only in the cases of conservative management failure and in cases of displaced pathological fracture. […] The conservative treatment consisted in simple cast immobilization of the pathological fracture localized in the upper limb and without fragment displacement, ABMI or steroid injections. […] ABMI is a simple cost free method, effective in both active cyst and inactive cyst, and certain signs of healing follow it in most of the cases since the first injection.

• #18 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  Your childs treatment will depend on many factors, including: […] For small cysts that don’t cause symptoms, your childs provider may monitor the cyst with routine X-rays. […] If the cyst is large, causes your child symptoms or the bone is at risk of fracturing, your childs provider may recommend treatment. […] Minimally invasive treatment with injections can be effective in helping cysts heal. Your childs provider numbs the area and uses a needle to remove fluid from the cyst. The provider then injects methylprednisolone, a steroid, into the cavity. This may require a series of injections. […] Sometimes, a surgical procedure called curettage is the best treatment option. A surgeon opens the cyst and scrapes out its contents and lining. The surgeon may apply a substance, such as ethanol, to the inside of the cavity to destroy any remaining cyst cells.

• #19 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  Bone grafting has been disappointing because of the recurrence rate and considerable morbidity. Percutaneous injection of steroids was introduced first by Scaglietti et al. who reported a success rate of up to 90%. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of treating SBCs by aspiration and percutaneous autogenous bone marrow injection (ABMI). […] Conservative treatment was represented by cast immobilization 15 cases, steroid injection 35 cases, and ABMI 12 cases. […] The technique of ABMI and steroid injection are identical, the only difference being the kind of material used for the injection. […] We recommend this kind of treatments only in the cases of conservative management failure and in cases of displaced pathological fracture. […] The conservative treatment consisted in simple cast immobilization of the pathological fracture localized in the upper limb and without fragment displacement, ABMI or steroid injections. […] ABMI is a simple cost free method, effective in both active cyst and inactive cyst, and certain signs of healing follow it in most of the cases since the first injection.

• #20 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/unicameral-bone-cyst

  At Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, we use one or a combination of the following surgical procedures. […] This procedure is generally done for UBCs that occur near the hip. Curettage involves aspirating (draining) the fluid from the cyst, scraping out the bone to completely remove the tumor and all cyst lining. The area that was removed will be then packed with artificial graft material or cadaver bone. It is possible that a metal plate would need to be inserted to stabilize the bone to prevent a fracture. This can all be done through a minimally invasive procedure. […] Injecting a steroid mixture into a unicameral bone cyst can sometimes heal the cyst without any other therapy. Its not fully understood why the steroid heals the cyst, but doctors believe the steroids help the cyst to be reabsorbed into the bone. This procedure is generally done for UBCs that occur near the shoulder.

• #21 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/unicameral-bone-cyst

  How are unicameral bone cysts treated? […] Specific treatment for a unicameral bone cyst will be determined by your child’s physician based on: […] Treatment is aimed primarily at preventing recurrent fractures. […] If treatment is opted for, it will likely involve one or a combination of the following surgical procedures performed by a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon: […] Curettage describes a surgical scraping of the cyst with a special instrument called a curette that has a scoop, loop, or ring at its tip. […] Injection of the steroid methylprednisone acetate into these cysts can help heal the cyst, sometimes without any other therapy. […] Some evidence suggests that bone marrow aspirated from the pelvis above the hip through a small needle and injected in the cyst will help the healing. […] Continuous follow-up care is essential for the successful treatment of this kind of bone cyst.

• #22 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/unicameral-bone-cyst

  At Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, we use one or a combination of the following surgical procedures. […] This procedure is generally done for UBCs that occur near the hip. Curettage involves aspirating (draining) the fluid from the cyst, scraping out the bone to completely remove the tumor and all cyst lining. The area that was removed will be then packed with artificial graft material or cadaver bone. It is possible that a metal plate would need to be inserted to stabilize the bone to prevent a fracture. This can all be done through a minimally invasive procedure. […] Injecting a steroid mixture into a unicameral bone cyst can sometimes heal the cyst without any other therapy. Its not fully understood why the steroid heals the cyst, but doctors believe the steroids help the cyst to be reabsorbed into the bone. This procedure is generally done for UBCs that occur near the shoulder.

• #23 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  This study was performed between 2007-2012 and encompasses 94 patients. The patients were divided in two groups. The first group included the patients who have benefited from surgical treatment (42 cases) and the second one included patients who benefited from conservative treatment. […] Our results suggested that an autogenous bone marrow injection is a safe and effective treatment method for simple bone cysts, when compared with the surgical management, but sometimes-repeated injections are necessary. Cyst index and cortical width are good indicators for treatment outcome. […] The aim of treating SBC is to prevent all possible complications and to avoid prolonged restriction of physical activity. The appropriate treatment, however, remains uncertain and a wide spectrum of treatment modalities have been proposed ranging from observation to subtotal resection.

• #24 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/unicameral-bone-cyst

  How are unicameral bone cysts treated? […] Specific treatment for a unicameral bone cyst will be determined by your child’s physician based on: […] Treatment is aimed primarily at preventing recurrent fractures. […] If treatment is opted for, it will likely involve one or a combination of the following surgical procedures performed by a pediatric orthopaedic surgeon: […] Curettage describes a surgical scraping of the cyst with a special instrument called a curette that has a scoop, loop, or ring at its tip. […] Injection of the steroid methylprednisone acetate into these cysts can help heal the cyst, sometimes without any other therapy. […] Some evidence suggests that bone marrow aspirated from the pelvis above the hip through a small needle and injected in the cyst will help the healing. […] Continuous follow-up care is essential for the successful treatment of this kind of bone cyst.

• #25 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  Bone grafting has been disappointing because of the recurrence rate and considerable morbidity. Percutaneous injection of steroids was introduced first by Scaglietti et al. who reported a success rate of up to 90%. […] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of treating SBCs by aspiration and percutaneous autogenous bone marrow injection (ABMI). […] Conservative treatment was represented by cast immobilization 15 cases, steroid injection 35 cases, and ABMI 12 cases. […] The technique of ABMI and steroid injection are identical, the only difference being the kind of material used for the injection. […] We recommend this kind of treatments only in the cases of conservative management failure and in cases of displaced pathological fracture. […] The conservative treatment consisted in simple cast immobilization of the pathological fracture localized in the upper limb and without fragment displacement, ABMI or steroid injections. […] ABMI is a simple cost free method, effective in both active cyst and inactive cyst, and certain signs of healing follow it in most of the cases since the first injection.

• #26 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  This study was performed between 2007-2012 and encompasses 94 patients. The patients were divided in two groups. The first group included the patients who have benefited from surgical treatment (42 cases) and the second one included patients who benefited from conservative treatment. […] Our results suggested that an autogenous bone marrow injection is a safe and effective treatment method for simple bone cysts, when compared with the surgical management, but sometimes-repeated injections are necessary. Cyst index and cortical width are good indicators for treatment outcome. […] The aim of treating SBC is to prevent all possible complications and to avoid prolonged restriction of physical activity. The appropriate treatment, however, remains uncertain and a wide spectrum of treatment modalities have been proposed ranging from observation to subtotal resection.

• #27 What Is the Best Treatment for Simple Bone Cysts? | Clinical Gate

  https://clinicalgate.com/what-is-the-best-treatment-for-simple-bone-cysts/

  A similar injection of bone marrow into cysts, but obtained by small 3-mL aliquot aspiration to potentiate osteoblast concentration and without venting into the medullary canal, showed similar positive results to Lokiec and Weintroub’s initial reports, but 2 of 12 patients (17%) did not respond to marrow injection. […] Although the literature is full of exogenous materials that can promote cyst healing, many authors have outlined that simple mechanical disruption of the cyst can promote fracture-like biologic response and healing of cysts. […] Healing occurred in all 32 patients of this Level IV study, but 2 recurrences resulted from nail removal. […] Intralesional curettage and bone grafting for treatment of calcaneal SBC is superior to observation. […] Multiple drilling and/or continuous decompression of calcaneal SBC results in healing.

• #28 Modern treatment of unicameral and aneurysmatic bone cysts in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 9 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/9/5/EOR-24-0027.xml

  In ABC, sclerotherapy offers the advantages of lower invasiveness and morbidity, associated with better functional scores and faster return to full weight-bearing. Moreover, they can be used in challenging locations. […] Selective arterial embolization is a complex procedure and often requires association with other treatments. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of denosumab and its side effects on skeletally immature patients. Curettage with adjuvants and autogenous bone grafting still shows promising results and can be used in larger, aggressive defects or superficial lesions. […] For simple bone cysts, the combination of curettage, bone graft, and ESIN showed the best results. Sclerotherapy for ABC also shows promising results.

• #29 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  This operation removes the part of the bone involving the cysts at its margins or beyond its margins (known as a wide excision). A wide excision is recommended when the cyst is located in bones considered expendable, such as the ribs or fibula. It is avoided whenever possible when the cyst occurs in a location that could compromise the bone’s function. […] This is a promising non-surgical technique for healing aneurysmal bone cysts. Instead of surgery to remove the cyst, doctors inject special chemicals into the cyst in order to promote the creation of scar tissue. This scar tissue eventually heals and hardens into bone, healing the cyst without the need for an open surgery. […] Because it’s possible that the cyst will grow back, this procedure, which surgically freezes the cyst, is sometimes used in addition to curetting and bone grafting. However, it is associated with complications such as fracture of the bone, nerve injury, and others.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Over the last years, a growing interest in percutaneous treatment for ABCs has been seen, ranging from percutaneous curettage techniques to the wide array of injectable agents and embolizations. […] Many sclerotherapies have been described with different sclerosants and application techniques. […] A meta-analysis by Cruz et al. including 10 studies (294 patients) utilizing either polidocanol, Ethibloc, Doxycycline, calcitonin and steroid or calcium sulfate, reported recurrence-free survival of 94% at final follow-up. […] Denosumab is a monoclonal anti-RANK-L antibody used to treat bone loss because of increased osteoclast activity. It prevents osteoclast differentiation and activity by binding RANK ligand. The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs.

• #31 Royal Orthopaedic Hospital – Aneurysmal Bone Cyst with Sclerotherapy

  https://roh.nhs.uk/services-information/oncology/aneurysmal-bone-cyst-with-sclerotherapy

  Aneurysmal Bone cyst is a benign bone tumour that is common in children and young adults. Sclerotherapy has been proven to be effective in treatment of these lesions. […] Sclerotherapy would be performed using doxycycline (an antibiotic) and albumin (protein). Depending on the size of the tumour it may require 3 or more sessions. […] It is your choice to have the treatment but you are being offered it because the multi-disciplinary team (surgery, pathologists, oncologists, radiologists and nurses) who have reviewed your case feel it is the best treatment for you. […] In the first instance, you will be seen in clinic to explain your diagnosis and proposed treatment. It will be checked that it is safe for you to receive sclerotherapy. You will of course be given an opportunity to ask questions about the treatment. Your doctor will see you in the clinic and explain the procedure. You will be encouraged to think about and discuss your options for treatment.

• #32 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  The interventional radiology treatment of aneurysmal bone cyst involves a series (one every 3 months) of minimally invasive treatment injections of a drug called doxycycline. […] The therapy is performed as an outpatient procedure with minimal recovery time. Much of the bone pain caused by the ABC is usually relieved within one or two treatments. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts are well-known to recur or regrow after treatment of any kind. Therefore, we follow all patients with periodic imaging tests for 5 years after the last treatment. […] If an aneurysmal bone cyst is left untreated, the destructive tumor processes in the bone continues. Further bone destruction will cause pain, fracture of the bone, immobility of the patient, and if the cyst involves the spine, further destruction can result in nerve damage or paralysis. ABCs are not known to go away without treatment.

• #33 Modern treatment of unicameral and aneurysmatic bone cysts in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 9 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/9/5/EOR-24-0027.xml

  In ABC, sclerotherapy offers the advantages of lower invasiveness and morbidity, associated with better functional scores and faster return to full weight-bearing. Moreover, they can be used in challenging locations. […] Selective arterial embolization is a complex procedure and often requires association with other treatments. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of denosumab and its side effects on skeletally immature patients. Curettage with adjuvants and autogenous bone grafting still shows promising results and can be used in larger, aggressive defects or superficial lesions. […] For simple bone cysts, the combination of curettage, bone graft, and ESIN showed the best results. Sclerotherapy for ABC also shows promising results.

• #34 Sclerotherapy as a primary or salvage procedure for aneurysmal bone cysts: A single-center experience

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v14/i9/698.htm

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are benign cystic bone tumors of an osteolytic and locally aggressive nature. As an alternative to the primary treatment of choice, which consists of curettage with bone grafting, alternative treatment methods with promising results have been described. At our department, we have, in recent years, used percutaneous sclerotherapy with polidocanol. The objective of this study was to identify the healing rate and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol. […] To identify the efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol in primary and recurrent ABC. […] All ABCs except one (96%) showed healing or stable disease after a median of 4 (range 1-8) injections. Complete clinical and radiographic healing was observed in 16 cysts (70%), while partial radiographic healing with resolution of pain was seen in 6 cases (26%) and considered as stable disease.

• #35

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Over the last years, a growing interest in percutaneous treatment for ABCs has been seen, ranging from percutaneous curettage techniques to the wide array of injectable agents and embolizations. […] Many sclerotherapies have been described with different sclerosants and application techniques. […] A meta-analysis by Cruz et al. including 10 studies (294 patients) utilizing either polidocanol, Ethibloc, Doxycycline, calcitonin and steroid or calcium sulfate, reported recurrence-free survival of 94% at final follow-up. […] Denosumab is a monoclonal anti-RANK-L antibody used to treat bone loss because of increased osteoclast activity. It prevents osteoclast differentiation and activity by binding RANK ligand. The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs.

• #36 Sclerotherapy as a primary or salvage procedure for aneurysmal bone cysts: A single-center experience

  https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-5836/full/v14/i9/698.htm

  Percutaneous sclerotherapy with polidocanol appears to be a safe alternative for treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. In our series of both primary and recurrent cysts, it showed the ability to achieve healing or stable disease in 22 of 23 cases (96%). […] Sclerotherapy showed a high potency to achieve healing or stable disease and a low rate of adverse events in both treatment groups. We can recommend it as standard treatment both for primary and recurrent ABC, keeping in mind that randomized multicenter studies would be needed to provide evidence for the superiority of one treatment method. […] Based on the results of the present study, sclerotherapy with polidocanol might be another alternative salvage procedure to stabilize refractory or recurrent ABC. It can be considered before advancing to salvage treatments with a spectrum of more serious adverse events, as described above. However, further studies with more patients and longer follow-ups are needed to decide whether this is of lasting effect.

• #37 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Systemic therapy with denosumab may be an option. […] Impending pathologic fracture, especially a fracture of the hip, is a challenging problem and an indication for intervention, which often includes curettage, adjuvant treatment, and internal fixation. […] Selective arterial embolization has shown much promise for ABCs in small studies. […] Selective arterial embolization has the advantage of being able to reach difficult locations, being able to save joint function when subchondral bone destruction is present, and making the complications that are associated with invasive surgery (eg, bleeding) less likely to occur. […] Some of the literature suggests that selective arterial embolization can be a primary treatment for ABC if the following conditions are met: Histologically confirmed tissue diagnosis of ABC, Technical feasibility and safety, Stability; no evidence of pathologic fracture or impeding fracture, No neurologic involvement.

• #38 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  En bloc excision consists of removing the entire cavitary lesion from the bone that contains it. When considering en bloc excision, the surgeon must weigh the risks and benefits of the procedure, considering the possible loss of functionality of the area, especially when operating near a joint. Due to the result of significant patient morbidity, en bloc resection is typically reserved for patients with recurrent lesions that were not adequately controlled by less invasive means. […] Selective arterial embolization (SAE) may be considered before surgery as an adjuvant, or as a primary treatment if the clinician suspects a severe loss of function or destabilization as a result of local or wide excision of the lesion. In up to 40% of patients being treated primarily with SAE, a second or third embolization attempt is necessary.

• #39 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/bones-joints-and-muscles/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are fluid-filled growths that develop on the bone. While they are mostly noncancerous, they can grow quickly and cause complications. However, surgery can sometimes treat the condition. […] Treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts primarily focuses on surgeries to remove them. This can prevent fractures and other complications. Surgeries for aneurysmal bone cysts can include: […] Your doctor may also recommend selective arterial embolization (SAE) before surgery or as an alternative to surgery. This blocks the blood supply to the cysts to help stop their growth. However, as much as 40% of people treated with SAE may require a repeat SAE treatment. […] Researchers are also investigating therapies that use antibodies to help treat aneurysmal bone cysts. Although, they are not yet part of standard treatment plans. […] Treatment with surgery can completely remove the cysts. It can also reduce the risk of complications, such as fractures and impaired bone growth.

• #40 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Sclerotherapy and radiotherapy are saved for large, difficult-to-access tumors that would be challenging to remove safely during surgery. […] This minimally invasive procedure involves directly injecting a solution into the tumor or blood vessels near the tumor. […] Radiotherapy uses a type of radiation to target the tumor cells. […] The goal of treatment is to eliminate the bone cyst, improve pain, and allow the bone to grow more normally. […] Recovery time after surgery can vary based on the size and location of the ABC. […] Unfortunately, the bone tumor can come back. ABCs recur approximately 25% of the time. […] It is, therefore, important for you or your child to follow up with the surgeon as scheduled to check for appropriate healing and recovery.

• #41 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Systemic therapy with denosumab may be an option. […] Impending pathologic fracture, especially a fracture of the hip, is a challenging problem and an indication for intervention, which often includes curettage, adjuvant treatment, and internal fixation. […] Selective arterial embolization has shown much promise for ABCs in small studies. […] Selective arterial embolization has the advantage of being able to reach difficult locations, being able to save joint function when subchondral bone destruction is present, and making the complications that are associated with invasive surgery (eg, bleeding) less likely to occur. […] Some of the literature suggests that selective arterial embolization can be a primary treatment for ABC if the following conditions are met: Histologically confirmed tissue diagnosis of ABC, Technical feasibility and safety, Stability; no evidence of pathologic fracture or impeding fracture, No neurologic involvement.

• #42 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  En bloc excision consists of removing the entire cavitary lesion from the bone that contains it. When considering en bloc excision, the surgeon must weigh the risks and benefits of the procedure, considering the possible loss of functionality of the area, especially when operating near a joint. Due to the result of significant patient morbidity, en bloc resection is typically reserved for patients with recurrent lesions that were not adequately controlled by less invasive means. […] Selective arterial embolization (SAE) may be considered before surgery as an adjuvant, or as a primary treatment if the clinician suspects a severe loss of function or destabilization as a result of local or wide excision of the lesion. In up to 40% of patients being treated primarily with SAE, a second or third embolization attempt is necessary.

• #43

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02077-9

  Radiotherapy alone in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts does not appear to be an advisable treatment option because of the high complication and recurrence rates. […] Selective arterial embolization is inferior to surgical intervention based on its outcomes as well. However, the neoadjuvant application appears to reduce the number of recurrences in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts and prevent or minimize bleeding complications. […] Non-surgical management of juvenile bone cysts led to very poor results but could be considered in individual cases and after pathological fracture.

• #44 Lurie Children’s Develops Minimally Invasive Treatment for Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/news-stories/lurie-childrens-develops-minimally-invasive-treatment-for-unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Lurie Childrens interventional radiology and orthopedic surgery specialists have developed a minimally invasive procedure that has promising early results in the treatment of unicameral bone cysts. […] There is no standardized treatment of unicameral bone cysts and there are multiple different techniques with variable recurrence rates. Existing treatment options includes steroid injection, mechanical curettage, bone grafting, screw cannulation or a combination of these techniques. […] Utilizing a novel technique developed and studied by Lurie Childrens Division Head of Interventional Radiology Dr. Shankar Rajeswaran and pediatric orthopedic specialists Drs. Terrance Peabody and Samer Attar, a new image-guided minimally invasive approach involving chemical sclerotherapy and bone grafting is now being used to treat UBCs.

• #45 Lurie Children’s Develops Minimally Invasive Treatment for Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/news-stories/lurie-childrens-develops-minimally-invasive-treatment-for-unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Lurie Childrens interventional radiology and orthopedic surgery specialists have developed a minimally invasive procedure that has promising early results in the treatment of unicameral bone cysts. […] There is no standardized treatment of unicameral bone cysts and there are multiple different techniques with variable recurrence rates. Existing treatment options includes steroid injection, mechanical curettage, bone grafting, screw cannulation or a combination of these techniques. […] Utilizing a novel technique developed and studied by Lurie Childrens Division Head of Interventional Radiology Dr. Shankar Rajeswaran and pediatric orthopedic specialists Drs. Terrance Peabody and Samer Attar, a new image-guided minimally invasive approach involving chemical sclerotherapy and bone grafting is now being used to treat UBCs.

• #46 Lurie Children’s Develops Minimally Invasive Treatment for Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/news-stories/lurie-childrens-develops-minimally-invasive-treatment-for-unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Chemical sclerotherapy disrupts the cyst wall, akin to curettage, and the cyst is then grafted with resorbable bone graft which expedites healing and return to activity time. […] Nearly 30 patients have undergone this procedure at Lurie Childrens in the last 3 years and though the results are early, this technique has shown recurrence rates at least on par with traditional mechanical curettage and grafting. […] Given that this technique is minimally invasive, there is overall less morbidity associated with the procedure. In addition, if there is a recurrence, it can be easily treated with needles in a minimally invasive fashion. […] The early results of the study have been very promising, Dr. Rajeswaran said. I feel confident that in a few years, there will be a growing movement towards treating UBCs in a minimally invasive fashion.

• #47 Lurie Children’s Develops Minimally Invasive Treatment for Unicameral Bone Cysts | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/news-stories/lurie-childrens-develops-minimally-invasive-treatment-for-unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Chemical sclerotherapy disrupts the cyst wall, akin to curettage, and the cyst is then grafted with resorbable bone graft which expedites healing and return to activity time. […] Nearly 30 patients have undergone this procedure at Lurie Childrens in the last 3 years and though the results are early, this technique has shown recurrence rates at least on par with traditional mechanical curettage and grafting. […] Given that this technique is minimally invasive, there is overall less morbidity associated with the procedure. In addition, if there is a recurrence, it can be easily treated with needles in a minimally invasive fashion. […] The early results of the study have been very promising, Dr. Rajeswaran said. I feel confident that in a few years, there will be a growing movement towards treating UBCs in a minimally invasive fashion.

• #48

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00270-024-03671-7

  To evaluate the Sclerograft procedure, which is an image-guided, minimally invasive approach of chemical sclerotherapy followed by bone grafting of unicameral bone cysts (UBC). […] The Sclerograft procedure is an image-guided approach to treating unicameral bone cysts, utilizing chemical sclerosis and regenerative bone grafting. The radiographic healing of cysts compares favorably to open curettage and grafting as determined utilizing previously published trials.

• #49 A Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for Treatment of Unicameral Bone Cysts

  https://openorthopaedicsjournal.com/VOLUME/9/PAGE/475/

  Management of unicameral bone cysts (UBC) remain controversial. Various treatments exist with variable success rates. We present our experience of treating these lesions by continuous drainage. The aim of surgery was to place the drain in a dependent area of the cyst, through the cortex allowing for continuous drainage. A cement restrictor (usually used for femoral canal plugging during total hip replacements) was modified and inserted to prevent closure of the drain site. A redivac drain was passed through the plug into the cyst. The drain was left in place for a week to establish an epithelialized pathway which hopefully would remain patent, into the subcutaneous tissues, after the drain had been removed. We think that reducing the intra-medullary pressure in these lesions will lead to healing. We report a safe and minimally invasive technique for the management of UBC.

• #50 A Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for Treatment of Unicameral Bone Cysts

  https://openorthopaedicsjournal.com/VOLUME/9/PAGE/475/

  Management of unicameral bone cysts (UBC) remain controversial. Various treatments exist with variable success rates. We present our experience of treating these lesions by continuous drainage. The aim of surgery was to place the drain in a dependent area of the cyst, through the cortex allowing for continuous drainage. A cement restrictor (usually used for femoral canal plugging during total hip replacements) was modified and inserted to prevent closure of the drain site. A redivac drain was passed through the plug into the cyst. The drain was left in place for a week to establish an epithelialized pathway which hopefully would remain patent, into the subcutaneous tissues, after the drain had been removed. We think that reducing the intra-medullary pressure in these lesions will lead to healing. We report a safe and minimally invasive technique for the management of UBC.

• #51 A Novel Minimally Invasive Technique for Treatment of Unicameral Bone Cysts

  https://openorthopaedicsjournal.com/VOLUME/9/PAGE/475/

  We describe a new technique for treatment of unicameral bone cysts using a modified cement blocker and a drain. This technique allows for continuous drainage of UBC. […] The described method is minimally invasive, can be performed as a day case procedure and is associated with minimal morbidity. […] We report a simple novel technique which allows for treatment of simple bone cysts by continuous drainage. This minimally invasive procedure was successful in treatment of five out of six patients. The procedure can be performed as a day case procedure and can be considered as another treatment option when managing unicameral bone cysts.

• #52 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #53 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] Nonsurgical treatments include: Arterial embolization to block the blood vessels that feed the tumor, Doxycycline injection to shrink the tumor and keep it from growing, Medications to strengthen your bones, like denosumab (Prolia), Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells, Sclerotherapy (injected medication) that makes the tumor collapse. […] Recovery time for you or your child will depend on the treatment your provider uses. For example, it may take three to six months for your bone to heal after curettage.

• #54 Aneurysmal bone cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Even though they are not cancerous, aneurysmal bone cysts tend to grow quickly, and treatment is recommended. […] Treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts may include: […] Intralesional curettage, which involves scraping out the bone to completely remove the tumor and all cyst lining […] Intraoperative adjuvants such as cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen), phenol (a chemical) or cauterization (burning the tumor bed) which are used to remove microscopic tumor cells […] Bone grafting, a surgical procedure to replace missing bone with artificial graft material or cadaver bone. […] In certain conditions, it is recommended to use nonsurgical techniques to treat the tumor. When the ABC is in a hard-to-reach place, an intralesional injection or serial embolization performed by an interventional radiologist is often the best treatment. […] If the aneurysmal bone cyst returns, surgeons will treat the recurrence with intralesional curettage, intraoperative adjuvants, and bone grafting.

• #55 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] Nonsurgical treatments include: Arterial embolization to block the blood vessels that feed the tumor, Doxycycline injection to shrink the tumor and keep it from growing, Medications to strengthen your bones, like denosumab (Prolia), Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells, Sclerotherapy (injected medication) that makes the tumor collapse. […] Recovery time for you or your child will depend on the treatment your provider uses. For example, it may take three to six months for your bone to heal after curettage.

• #56 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts can appear in any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in areas around the knee, shoulder, pelvis, and spine. […] Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ABCs, and most patients undergo removal of the tumor. There are several surgical options: […] The surgeon uses tools to scrape the tumor out of the bone. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging the healthy bone or the growth plate. […] To help reduce the chance of the tumor returning, the surgeon may use a burr, a laser, hydrogen peroxide, liquid nitrogen, or phenol to try and destroy any microscopic tumor cells. […] After the tumor is removed, the surgeon will fill the empty hole in the bone with a bone graft or a bone graft substitute. […] Surgery with a wide resection, or en bloc resection, involves removing a large segment of bone where the cyst is located.

• #57 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  In this procedure, the cyst is aspirated and then scraped out of the bone. After curettage, the doctor may fill the hole with a bone graft; this is bone taken from a donor (allograft) or from another bone in your body (autograft). […] Regardless of the treatment method chosen, unicameral bone cysts come back in the same location 25 to 50% of the time.

• #58 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] Nonsurgical treatments include: Arterial embolization to block the blood vessels that feed the tumor, Doxycycline injection to shrink the tumor and keep it from growing, Medications to strengthen your bones, like denosumab (Prolia), Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells, Sclerotherapy (injected medication) that makes the tumor collapse. […] Recovery time for you or your child will depend on the treatment your provider uses. For example, it may take three to six months for your bone to heal after curettage.

• #59 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] Nonsurgical treatments include: Arterial embolization to block the blood vessels that feed the tumor, Doxycycline injection to shrink the tumor and keep it from growing, Medications to strengthen your bones, like denosumab (Prolia), Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells, Sclerotherapy (injected medication) that makes the tumor collapse. […] Recovery time for you or your child will depend on the treatment your provider uses. For example, it may take three to six months for your bone to heal after curettage.

• #60 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  Afterward, the surgeon may use a bone graft (a piece of bone taken from another part of your body or from donated bone) or cement to fill the cavity. […] After surgery, your childs provider will immobilize the affected bone with a cast or sling while it heals. Most children resume their normal activities within three to six months after surgery. […] Treatment for a fracture usually involves a cast to immobilize the bone and allow it to heal. […] If the cyst does not heal, your childs provider may recommend surgery to remove the cyst and prevent another fracture. […] Unicameral bone cysts return (recur) after treatment in up to 50% of children (1 in 2). […] If a child has symptoms, has had a fracture or is at risk of a fracture, effective treatments are available. Ongoing monitoring is important as cysts frequently recur after treatment, especially in very young children.

• #61 Bone Cyst > Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/bone-oncology-care/bone-cyst/

  Curettage and bone graft: In this procedure, the cyst is aspirated and then scraped out. After that curettage, the doctor may fill the hole with a bone graft bone taken from a donor or from another bone in your body. Your doctor may also use a substance called bone cement to fill the cavity. […] General anesthesia is required for these surgical treatments. Both are typically done as outpatient procedures and your child will be able to go home the same day. […] Regardless of treatment, unicameral bone cysts will return in the same location 25-30% of the time. Generally, the younger a child is during the initial treatment, the higher the chance of the cyst returning. Once a child is full-grown, UBCs typically stop growing and fill in with bone.

• #62

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02077-9

  Surgical procedures to treat aneurysmal bone cysts appear to be the method of choice whereby Doxycycline injection may be an alternative. A surgical approach should be preferred in the treatment of juvenile bone cysts. […] Non-surgical management of juvenile bone cysts yielded the poorest results with only 51% healed cysts identified by our meta-analysis. […] Curettage of juvenile cysts as an isolated procedure achieved satisfactory outcomes (79% healing) within a small cyst collective of 14 cysts. […] The application of cancellous bone graft after curettage substantial increased the success rate (87% healing). […] Injection methods in the treatment of aneurysmal and juvenile bone cysts must be clearly differentiated. Excellent outcomes were achieved with both Doxycycline injections and injection of alcohol into aneurysmal bone cysts.

• #63

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02077-9

  Surgical procedures to treat aneurysmal bone cysts appear to be the method of choice whereby Doxycycline injection may be an alternative. A surgical approach should be preferred in the treatment of juvenile bone cysts. […] Non-surgical management of juvenile bone cysts yielded the poorest results with only 51% healed cysts identified by our meta-analysis. […] Curettage of juvenile cysts as an isolated procedure achieved satisfactory outcomes (79% healing) within a small cyst collective of 14 cysts. […] The application of cancellous bone graft after curettage substantial increased the success rate (87% healing). […] Injection methods in the treatment of aneurysmal and juvenile bone cysts must be clearly differentiated. Excellent outcomes were achieved with both Doxycycline injections and injection of alcohol into aneurysmal bone cysts.

• #64 Aneurysmal bone cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Even though they are not cancerous, aneurysmal bone cysts tend to grow quickly, and treatment is recommended. […] Treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts may include: […] Intralesional curettage, which involves scraping out the bone to completely remove the tumor and all cyst lining […] Intraoperative adjuvants such as cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen), phenol (a chemical) or cauterization (burning the tumor bed) which are used to remove microscopic tumor cells […] Bone grafting, a surgical procedure to replace missing bone with artificial graft material or cadaver bone. […] In certain conditions, it is recommended to use nonsurgical techniques to treat the tumor. When the ABC is in a hard-to-reach place, an intralesional injection or serial embolization performed by an interventional radiologist is often the best treatment. […] If the aneurysmal bone cyst returns, surgeons will treat the recurrence with intralesional curettage, intraoperative adjuvants, and bone grafting.

• #65 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts can appear in any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in areas around the knee, shoulder, pelvis, and spine. […] Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ABCs, and most patients undergo removal of the tumor. There are several surgical options: […] The surgeon uses tools to scrape the tumor out of the bone. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging the healthy bone or the growth plate. […] To help reduce the chance of the tumor returning, the surgeon may use a burr, a laser, hydrogen peroxide, liquid nitrogen, or phenol to try and destroy any microscopic tumor cells. […] After the tumor is removed, the surgeon will fill the empty hole in the bone with a bone graft or a bone graft substitute. […] Surgery with a wide resection, or en bloc resection, involves removing a large segment of bone where the cyst is located.

• #66 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts can appear in any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in areas around the knee, shoulder, pelvis, and spine. […] Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ABCs, and most patients undergo removal of the tumor. There are several surgical options: […] The surgeon uses tools to scrape the tumor out of the bone. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging the healthy bone or the growth plate. […] To help reduce the chance of the tumor returning, the surgeon may use a burr, a laser, hydrogen peroxide, liquid nitrogen, or phenol to try and destroy any microscopic tumor cells. […] After the tumor is removed, the surgeon will fill the empty hole in the bone with a bone graft or a bone graft substitute. […] Surgery with a wide resection, or en bloc resection, involves removing a large segment of bone where the cyst is located.

• #67 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  This operation removes the part of the bone involving the cysts at its margins or beyond its margins (known as a wide excision). A wide excision is recommended when the cyst is located in bones considered expendable, such as the ribs or fibula. It is avoided whenever possible when the cyst occurs in a location that could compromise the bone’s function. […] This is a promising non-surgical technique for healing aneurysmal bone cysts. Instead of surgery to remove the cyst, doctors inject special chemicals into the cyst in order to promote the creation of scar tissue. This scar tissue eventually heals and hardens into bone, healing the cyst without the need for an open surgery. […] Because it’s possible that the cyst will grow back, this procedure, which surgically freezes the cyst, is sometimes used in addition to curetting and bone grafting. However, it is associated with complications such as fracture of the bone, nerve injury, and others.

• #68 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Pelvis in Children and Adolescents: Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment with Curettage, Cryotherapy and Bone Grafting

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/19/2658

  For this reason, intralesional curettage and bone grafting represent the treatment of choice in most cases, as they dovetail a reasonable risk of local recurrence with good post-operative functional outcomes. […] In particular, the management of pelvic ABCs is particularly complex because of the tridimensional anatomy of the pelvic region and its limited accessibility. […] Several adjuvants can be used to aid bone curettage in pelvic lesions to prevent local recurrences and the necessity of further surgical interventions in a complex anatomical segment such as the pelvic region. […] Among other local adjuvants, such as cement, phenol and alcoholization, cryotherapy has been considered, for a long time, a promising adjuvant for curettage to minimize the risk of local recurrence in cases with locally aggressive bone tumors. […] Our study suggests that the association of an accurate curettage, intraoperative cryotherapy and bone grafting can be a reliable and effective therapeutic option for large-sized ABCs of the pelvis.

• #69 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #70

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. Optimal treatment of ABCs is still matter of debate as therapies including sclerotherapy, selective arterial embolization and systemic treatment with denosumab are increasingly utilized, in addition to or instead of traditional curettage. […] Curettage remains a valid treatment option, especially with adjuvant burring, autogenous bone grafting and phenolization. Percutaneous sclerotherapy represents a solid alternative to surgery, with polidocanol showing good results in larger studies. Systematic therapy with denosumab exhibits favorable results but should be reserved in the pediatric population for unresectable lesions, as it may result in severe hypercalcemia in children. […] There is a wide array of treatment options currently in use, with percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical procedures as two of the most frequently utilized. With no one modality having been proven superior to the others, this remains a topic of much scholarly debate.

• #71 Efficacy of treatment interventions for primary aneurysmal bone cysts: a systematic review | Bone & Joint

  https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/2633-1462.22.BJO-2020-0168

  A variety of management strategies have been reported to be effective in the treatment of these lesions. […] The most common treatment option reported on was surgical curettage with or without a form of adjuvant therapy, followed by injection-based therapies. […] While both surgery and sclerotherapy are widely implemented for treatment of ABCs, there is currently no good quality evidence to support the use of one option over the other. […] Treatment is largely aimed at promoting cyst healing, thereby reducing pain and risk of pathological fracture. […] A variety of adjuvant treatments can be applied alongside curettage with a view to minimizing recurrence, including phenol, cryotherapy, and argon beam coagulation. […] Intralesional injection techniques are available as an alternative to surgery and offer the benefits of being minimally invasive and potentially more cost-effective.

• #72 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #73

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. Optimal treatment of ABCs is still matter of debate as therapies including sclerotherapy, selective arterial embolization and systemic treatment with denosumab are increasingly utilized, in addition to or instead of traditional curettage. […] Curettage remains a valid treatment option, especially with adjuvant burring, autogenous bone grafting and phenolization. Percutaneous sclerotherapy represents a solid alternative to surgery, with polidocanol showing good results in larger studies. Systematic therapy with denosumab exhibits favorable results but should be reserved in the pediatric population for unresectable lesions, as it may result in severe hypercalcemia in children. […] There is a wide array of treatment options currently in use, with percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical procedures as two of the most frequently utilized. With no one modality having been proven superior to the others, this remains a topic of much scholarly debate.

• #74 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #75 Efficacy of treatment interventions for primary aneurysmal bone cysts: a systematic review | Bone & Joint

  https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/2633-1462.22.BJO-2020-0168

  A variety of management strategies have been reported to be effective in the treatment of these lesions. […] The most common treatment option reported on was surgical curettage with or without a form of adjuvant therapy, followed by injection-based therapies. […] While both surgery and sclerotherapy are widely implemented for treatment of ABCs, there is currently no good quality evidence to support the use of one option over the other. […] Treatment is largely aimed at promoting cyst healing, thereby reducing pain and risk of pathological fracture. […] A variety of adjuvant treatments can be applied alongside curettage with a view to minimizing recurrence, including phenol, cryotherapy, and argon beam coagulation. […] Intralesional injection techniques are available as an alternative to surgery and offer the benefits of being minimally invasive and potentially more cost-effective.

• #76 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #77

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. Optimal treatment of ABCs is still matter of debate as therapies including sclerotherapy, selective arterial embolization and systemic treatment with denosumab are increasingly utilized, in addition to or instead of traditional curettage. […] Curettage remains a valid treatment option, especially with adjuvant burring, autogenous bone grafting and phenolization. Percutaneous sclerotherapy represents a solid alternative to surgery, with polidocanol showing good results in larger studies. Systematic therapy with denosumab exhibits favorable results but should be reserved in the pediatric population for unresectable lesions, as it may result in severe hypercalcemia in children. […] There is a wide array of treatment options currently in use, with percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical procedures as two of the most frequently utilized. With no one modality having been proven superior to the others, this remains a topic of much scholarly debate.

• #78 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts can appear in any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in areas around the knee, shoulder, pelvis, and spine. […] Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ABCs, and most patients undergo removal of the tumor. There are several surgical options: […] The surgeon uses tools to scrape the tumor out of the bone. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging the healthy bone or the growth plate. […] To help reduce the chance of the tumor returning, the surgeon may use a burr, a laser, hydrogen peroxide, liquid nitrogen, or phenol to try and destroy any microscopic tumor cells. […] After the tumor is removed, the surgeon will fill the empty hole in the bone with a bone graft or a bone graft substitute. […] Surgery with a wide resection, or en bloc resection, involves removing a large segment of bone where the cyst is located.

• #79 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #80 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts can appear in any bone in the body, but they are most commonly found in areas around the knee, shoulder, pelvis, and spine. […] Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for ABCs, and most patients undergo removal of the tumor. There are several surgical options: […] The surgeon uses tools to scrape the tumor out of the bone. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging the healthy bone or the growth plate. […] To help reduce the chance of the tumor returning, the surgeon may use a burr, a laser, hydrogen peroxide, liquid nitrogen, or phenol to try and destroy any microscopic tumor cells. […] After the tumor is removed, the surgeon will fill the empty hole in the bone with a bone graft or a bone graft substitute. […] Surgery with a wide resection, or en bloc resection, involves removing a large segment of bone where the cyst is located.

• #81 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  This operation removes the part of the bone involving the cysts at its margins or beyond its margins (known as a wide excision). A wide excision is recommended when the cyst is located in bones considered expendable, such as the ribs or fibula. It is avoided whenever possible when the cyst occurs in a location that could compromise the bone’s function. […] This is a promising non-surgical technique for healing aneurysmal bone cysts. Instead of surgery to remove the cyst, doctors inject special chemicals into the cyst in order to promote the creation of scar tissue. This scar tissue eventually heals and hardens into bone, healing the cyst without the need for an open surgery. […] Because it’s possible that the cyst will grow back, this procedure, which surgically freezes the cyst, is sometimes used in addition to curetting and bone grafting. However, it is associated with complications such as fracture of the bone, nerve injury, and others.

• #82 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  Once diagnosed with an aneurysmal bone cyst, the patient should obtain a referral to an orthopedic oncologist. Surgical intervention is typically the treatment of choice to prevent pathological fracture. Based on the lesion size and the region of bone involved, either intralesional curettage, intralesional excision, or en bloc (complete) excision may be an option. […] Intralesional curettage involves evacuating the cavity of its contents and filling the remaining space with bone graft or cement to strengthen the bone. […] Intralesional excision is the preferred treatment of choice, which is similar to curettage: the surgeon makes a broad opening through the osseous wall of the lesion and removes the contents. This process allows a greater amount of the bone to remain intact to reduce patient morbidity when compared to en bloc excision. After the removal of the cystic contents, the surgeon can fill the lesion via bone grafting or other material to supply strength and promote healing of the bone. Differing from curettage, this type of treatment allows the use of various forms of adjuvant therapy to reduce the rates of recurrence, due to the broad opening made to gain access to the cavity. Adjuvant therapies include high-speed burr, argon beam coagulation, phenol, and cryotherapy. This type of excision is also beneficial in aneurysmal bone cysts that occur near joints and other structures where the desire to maintain normal anatomy is crucial for functionality.

• #83 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  En bloc excision consists of removing the entire cavitary lesion from the bone that contains it. When considering en bloc excision, the surgeon must weigh the risks and benefits of the procedure, considering the possible loss of functionality of the area, especially when operating near a joint. Due to the result of significant patient morbidity, en bloc resection is typically reserved for patients with recurrent lesions that were not adequately controlled by less invasive means. […] Selective arterial embolization (SAE) may be considered before surgery as an adjuvant, or as a primary treatment if the clinician suspects a severe loss of function or destabilization as a result of local or wide excision of the lesion. In up to 40% of patients being treated primarily with SAE, a second or third embolization attempt is necessary.

• #84

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Over the last years, a growing interest in percutaneous treatment for ABCs has been seen, ranging from percutaneous curettage techniques to the wide array of injectable agents and embolizations. […] Many sclerotherapies have been described with different sclerosants and application techniques. […] A meta-analysis by Cruz et al. including 10 studies (294 patients) utilizing either polidocanol, Ethibloc, Doxycycline, calcitonin and steroid or calcium sulfate, reported recurrence-free survival of 94% at final follow-up. […] Denosumab is a monoclonal anti-RANK-L antibody used to treat bone loss because of increased osteoclast activity. It prevents osteoclast differentiation and activity by binding RANK ligand. The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs.

• #85 Denosumab: A potential new treatment option for recurrent Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the spine | SICOT-J

  https://www.sicot-j.org/articles/sicotj/full_html/2019/01/sicotj180105/sicotj180105.html

  Denosumab: A potential new treatment option for recurrent Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the spine […] ABCs are expansile osteolytic lesions typically containing blood-filled spaces separated by fibrous septae. Standard treatment includes surgical resection or curettage and packing; however, for some spinal lesions, the standard approach is not optimal. […] Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody to RANKL is effective in the treatment of GCT’s. […] We conclude that Denosumab can result in symptomatic and radiological improvement in the recurrent locally aggressive ABC and may be useful in selected cases. Long-term results are mandatory to confirm the efficacy of Denosumab and to evaluate local recurrence after stopping Denosumab. […] Multiple treatment modalities like intra-lesional excision, Selective Arterial Embolisation, injection with sclerosing-agents and radiation have been attempted with variable improvement and recurrence rates. […] Denosumab, a human monoclonal-antibody, binds to a cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa Bligand (RANKL) and prevents the action of agonists acting through RANKL-receptors. This prevents the subsequent activation and proliferation of the osteoclasts. […] Denosumab has beneficial effects as in case of recurrent ABC described in this report. […] We conclude that the usage of Denosumab, although based on anecdotal experiences, may be an excellent option in cases not amenable to surgical interventions and frequent recurrences. Long-term results should confirm these preliminary outcomes to standardise the treatment-guidelines.

• #86 Denosumab: A potential new treatment option for recurrent Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the spine | SICOT-J

  https://www.sicot-j.org/articles/sicotj/full_html/2019/01/sicotj180105/sicotj180105.html

  Denosumab: A potential new treatment option for recurrent Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the spine […] ABCs are expansile osteolytic lesions typically containing blood-filled spaces separated by fibrous septae. Standard treatment includes surgical resection or curettage and packing; however, for some spinal lesions, the standard approach is not optimal. […] Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody to RANKL is effective in the treatment of GCT’s. […] We conclude that Denosumab can result in symptomatic and radiological improvement in the recurrent locally aggressive ABC and may be useful in selected cases. Long-term results are mandatory to confirm the efficacy of Denosumab and to evaluate local recurrence after stopping Denosumab. […] Multiple treatment modalities like intra-lesional excision, Selective Arterial Embolisation, injection with sclerosing-agents and radiation have been attempted with variable improvement and recurrence rates. […] Denosumab, a human monoclonal-antibody, binds to a cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa Bligand (RANKL) and prevents the action of agonists acting through RANKL-receptors. This prevents the subsequent activation and proliferation of the osteoclasts. […] Denosumab has beneficial effects as in case of recurrent ABC described in this report. […] We conclude that the usage of Denosumab, although based on anecdotal experiences, may be an excellent option in cases not amenable to surgical interventions and frequent recurrences. Long-term results should confirm these preliminary outcomes to standardise the treatment-guidelines.

• #87 Bone Cyst – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539849/

  Several minimally invasive treatments have emerged as an alternative to curettage, including sclerotherapy with polidocanol, selective embolization of feeding vessel to the cyst, and medical therapy with denosumab. […] Injection with an alcoholic solution of zein (corn protein), which possesses thrombogenic and fibrogenic properties, is a simple alternative; it makes open surgical treatment unnecessary by stopping the cyst growth and inducing new bone formation along the inner endosteal layer of the cyst. […] Absolute alcohol also shows comparable treatment efficacy with a low complication rate.

• #88

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Over the last years, a growing interest in percutaneous treatment for ABCs has been seen, ranging from percutaneous curettage techniques to the wide array of injectable agents and embolizations. […] Many sclerotherapies have been described with different sclerosants and application techniques. […] A meta-analysis by Cruz et al. including 10 studies (294 patients) utilizing either polidocanol, Ethibloc, Doxycycline, calcitonin and steroid or calcium sulfate, reported recurrence-free survival of 94% at final follow-up. […] Denosumab is a monoclonal anti-RANK-L antibody used to treat bone loss because of increased osteoclast activity. It prevents osteoclast differentiation and activity by binding RANK ligand. The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs.

• #89

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Over the last years, a growing interest in percutaneous treatment for ABCs has been seen, ranging from percutaneous curettage techniques to the wide array of injectable agents and embolizations. […] Many sclerotherapies have been described with different sclerosants and application techniques. […] A meta-analysis by Cruz et al. including 10 studies (294 patients) utilizing either polidocanol, Ethibloc, Doxycycline, calcitonin and steroid or calcium sulfate, reported recurrence-free survival of 94% at final follow-up. […] Denosumab is a monoclonal anti-RANK-L antibody used to treat bone loss because of increased osteoclast activity. It prevents osteoclast differentiation and activity by binding RANK ligand. The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs.

• #90

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. Optimal treatment of ABCs is still matter of debate as therapies including sclerotherapy, selective arterial embolization and systemic treatment with denosumab are increasingly utilized, in addition to or instead of traditional curettage. […] Curettage remains a valid treatment option, especially with adjuvant burring, autogenous bone grafting and phenolization. Percutaneous sclerotherapy represents a solid alternative to surgery, with polidocanol showing good results in larger studies. Systematic therapy with denosumab exhibits favorable results but should be reserved in the pediatric population for unresectable lesions, as it may result in severe hypercalcemia in children. […] There is a wide array of treatment options currently in use, with percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical procedures as two of the most frequently utilized. With no one modality having been proven superior to the others, this remains a topic of much scholarly debate.

• #91

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. Optimal treatment of ABCs is still matter of debate as therapies including sclerotherapy, selective arterial embolization and systemic treatment with denosumab are increasingly utilized, in addition to or instead of traditional curettage. […] Curettage remains a valid treatment option, especially with adjuvant burring, autogenous bone grafting and phenolization. Percutaneous sclerotherapy represents a solid alternative to surgery, with polidocanol showing good results in larger studies. Systematic therapy with denosumab exhibits favorable results but should be reserved in the pediatric population for unresectable lesions, as it may result in severe hypercalcemia in children. […] There is a wide array of treatment options currently in use, with percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical procedures as two of the most frequently utilized. With no one modality having been proven superior to the others, this remains a topic of much scholarly debate.

• #92 Benign Bone Tumors and Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/tumors-of-bones-and-joints/benign-bone-tumors-and-cysts

  This neoplasm is typically treated with aggressive curettage, and the cavity is bone grafted with allograft bone or bone substitute. Local recurrence rate is in the range of 5 to 10% when treated with surgical curettage, and recurrent lesions often resolve with repeat bone curettage and bone grafting. In some instances, prophylactic internal fixation may be warranted if the curettage has created a substantial cortical defect. […] Treatment of chondromyxoid fibroma after biopsy is surgical excision or curettage, often use of an adjuvant (eg, phenol, liquid nitrogen, use of an argon beam), and bone grafting. These are typically treated very aggressively due to their locally destructive nature and propensity to recur if incompletely treated. […] Bisphosphonates have been shown to be helpful to relieve pain. Progressive deformities, fractures that do not heal with immobilization, or intractable pain may be effectively treated surgically.

• #93 Benign Bone Tumors and Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/tumors-of-bones-and-joints/benign-bone-tumors-and-cysts

  This neoplasm is typically treated with aggressive curettage, and the cavity is bone grafted with allograft bone or bone substitute. Local recurrence rate is in the range of 5 to 10% when treated with surgical curettage, and recurrent lesions often resolve with repeat bone curettage and bone grafting. In some instances, prophylactic internal fixation may be warranted if the curettage has created a substantial cortical defect. […] Treatment of chondromyxoid fibroma after biopsy is surgical excision or curettage, often use of an adjuvant (eg, phenol, liquid nitrogen, use of an argon beam), and bone grafting. These are typically treated very aggressively due to their locally destructive nature and propensity to recur if incompletely treated. […] Bisphosphonates have been shown to be helpful to relieve pain. Progressive deformities, fractures that do not heal with immobilization, or intractable pain may be effectively treated surgically.

• #94 Spinal Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs): Optimal Management | ORR

  https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs-optimal-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR

  In contrast, radiotherapy appears to offer excellent cure rates, although the longer-term effects, including malignant transformation, remain unexplored in this study. […] Primary treatment should be surgical, ideally with complete resection, and the use of adjunctive therapies such as cryotherapy or phenol, which offer the best chance of cure. […] Newer techniques including bisphosphonate and doxycycline administration offer potential benefit, but their efficacy requires further investigation.

• #95 Bone Cysts – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/bone-and-joint-tumors/bone-cysts

  Surgical removal of the entire cyst is the most successful treatment, but sometimes the cysts return, particularly if they are not removed completely. An aneurysmal bone cyst can also be injected with doxycycline (an antibiotic), albumin, and air that forms an injectable foam. More than 1 or 2 injections may be needed. Other formulations that contain alcohol have also been used. […] Radiation should be avoided when possible because cancerous tumors occasionally develop later. However, radiation may be the treatment of choice for cysts in the spine that cannot be treated surgically or injection and are putting pressure on the spinal cord. […] These cysts are often treated with injections of corticosteroids (often repeatedly), with processed bone putty, or with synthetic bone substitutes. Sometimes treatment is surgery to remove the contents of the cyst from the bone by scraping it with a scoop-shaped instrument (curettage) and transplantation of bone from one site to another (bone grafting) or use of processed bone from another person (allograft). Regardless of treatment, the cyst remains or returns in about 10 to 15% of people.

• #96 Bone Cysts – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/bone-and-joint-tumors/bone-cysts

  Surgical removal of the entire cyst is the most successful treatment, but sometimes the cysts return, particularly if they are not removed completely. An aneurysmal bone cyst can also be injected with doxycycline (an antibiotic), albumin, and air that forms an injectable foam. More than 1 or 2 injections may be needed. Other formulations that contain alcohol have also been used. […] Radiation should be avoided when possible because cancerous tumors occasionally develop later. However, radiation may be the treatment of choice for cysts in the spine that cannot be treated surgically or injection and are putting pressure on the spinal cord. […] These cysts are often treated with injections of corticosteroids (often repeatedly), with processed bone putty, or with synthetic bone substitutes. Sometimes treatment is surgery to remove the contents of the cyst from the bone by scraping it with a scoop-shaped instrument (curettage) and transplantation of bone from one site to another (bone grafting) or use of processed bone from another person (allograft). Regardless of treatment, the cyst remains or returns in about 10 to 15% of people.

• #97 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Sclerotherapy and radiotherapy are saved for large, difficult-to-access tumors that would be challenging to remove safely during surgery. […] This minimally invasive procedure involves directly injecting a solution into the tumor or blood vessels near the tumor. […] Radiotherapy uses a type of radiation to target the tumor cells. […] The goal of treatment is to eliminate the bone cyst, improve pain, and allow the bone to grow more normally. […] Recovery time after surgery can vary based on the size and location of the ABC. […] Unfortunately, the bone tumor can come back. ABCs recur approximately 25% of the time. […] It is, therefore, important for you or your child to follow up with the surgeon as scheduled to check for appropriate healing and recovery.

• #98 Spinal Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs): Optimal Management | ORR

  https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs-optimal-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR

  Aim: To review the published literature on the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). […] The overall recurrence rate for ABCs following all treatments is 12.8%. This is highest in those lesions described as being treated with isolated surgiflo injection into the lesion (100%), decompression/laminectomy (42.3%), partial excision/resection (35.7%) and curettage alone (25.0%). […] Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with operative intervention offers excellent cure rates. […] Adjuncts to operative intervention, including cryotherapy or phenol reduce the recurrence rates, whereas embolization does not. […] The overall mortality rates are low (1.5%). […] The results of this study suggest that the success of a surgical intervention, such as curettage, is enhanced with adjuncts such as radiotherapy, phenol and cryotherapy (0% recurrence rate when combined with surgical curettage).

• #99 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #100

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02077-9

  Radiotherapy alone in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts does not appear to be an advisable treatment option because of the high complication and recurrence rates. […] Selective arterial embolization is inferior to surgical intervention based on its outcomes as well. However, the neoadjuvant application appears to reduce the number of recurrences in the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts and prevent or minimize bleeding complications. […] Non-surgical management of juvenile bone cysts led to very poor results but could be considered in individual cases and after pathological fracture.

• #101 Comparison of three treatment methods for simple bone cyst in children | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03933-8

  The unicameral bone cyst (UBC) is a kind of benign tumor whose clinical treatments and efficacy are controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN), the injection of autologous bone marrow (ABM), and the combination of ESIN and ABM in the treatment of bone cyst in children. […] The effective rate of the ABM+ESIN group was significantly higher than that of the ABM group, and the cure rates of the ESIN group and the ABM+ESIN group were higher than that of the ABM group. […] The method of ABM combined with ESIN for children’s bone cyst has the highest effective rate and curative rate. For the individual method, ESIN has a higher effective rate and curative rate than that of ABM. Meanwhile, it has the fewest time of hospitalization.

• #102 Comparison of three treatment methods for simple bone cyst in children | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03933-8

  The unicameral bone cyst (UBC) is a kind of benign tumor whose clinical treatments and efficacy are controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN), the injection of autologous bone marrow (ABM), and the combination of ESIN and ABM in the treatment of bone cyst in children. […] The effective rate of the ABM+ESIN group was significantly higher than that of the ABM group, and the cure rates of the ESIN group and the ABM+ESIN group were higher than that of the ABM group. […] The method of ABM combined with ESIN for children’s bone cyst has the highest effective rate and curative rate. For the individual method, ESIN has a higher effective rate and curative rate than that of ABM. Meanwhile, it has the fewest time of hospitalization.

• #103 Comparison of three treatment methods for simple bone cyst in children | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03933-8

  The treatment principles of ESIN are as follows: (1) Decompression and drainage of the cyst fluid. Drainage can reduce the pressure within the cyst and even remove the adverse factors that hinder the healing. (2) ESIN provides support inside the bone marrow cavity. (3) ESIN promotes the growth of new bone around the intramedullary nail. […] Our study suggested that when compared with the previously reported methods of local curettage and bone grafting, ESIN had a higher cure rate and shorter cure period. […] ABM combined with ESIN has a definite efficacy for the treatment of children’s bone cyst with a high cure rate and controllable treatment process, especially for the cases of cysts adjacent to the epiphysis periphery or even evade the epiphysis plate. This method is worthy of clinical application. For the individual method, ESIN is better than that of ABM with less hospitalization time and a shorter cure period.

• #104 Comparison of three treatment methods for simple bone cyst in children | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03933-8

  The unicameral bone cyst (UBC) is a kind of benign tumor whose clinical treatments and efficacy are controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN), the injection of autologous bone marrow (ABM), and the combination of ESIN and ABM in the treatment of bone cyst in children. […] The effective rate of the ABM+ESIN group was significantly higher than that of the ABM group, and the cure rates of the ESIN group and the ABM+ESIN group were higher than that of the ABM group. […] The method of ABM combined with ESIN for children’s bone cyst has the highest effective rate and curative rate. For the individual method, ESIN has a higher effective rate and curative rate than that of ABM. Meanwhile, it has the fewest time of hospitalization.

• #105 Comparison of three treatment methods for simple bone cyst in children | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03933-8

  The treatment principles of ESIN are as follows: (1) Decompression and drainage of the cyst fluid. Drainage can reduce the pressure within the cyst and even remove the adverse factors that hinder the healing. (2) ESIN provides support inside the bone marrow cavity. (3) ESIN promotes the growth of new bone around the intramedullary nail. […] Our study suggested that when compared with the previously reported methods of local curettage and bone grafting, ESIN had a higher cure rate and shorter cure period. […] ABM combined with ESIN has a definite efficacy for the treatment of children’s bone cyst with a high cure rate and controllable treatment process, especially for the cases of cysts adjacent to the epiphysis periphery or even evade the epiphysis plate. This method is worthy of clinical application. For the individual method, ESIN is better than that of ABM with less hospitalization time and a shorter cure period.

• #106

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. Optimal treatment of ABCs is still matter of debate as therapies including sclerotherapy, selective arterial embolization and systemic treatment with denosumab are increasingly utilized, in addition to or instead of traditional curettage. […] Curettage remains a valid treatment option, especially with adjuvant burring, autogenous bone grafting and phenolization. Percutaneous sclerotherapy represents a solid alternative to surgery, with polidocanol showing good results in larger studies. Systematic therapy with denosumab exhibits favorable results but should be reserved in the pediatric population for unresectable lesions, as it may result in severe hypercalcemia in children. […] There is a wide array of treatment options currently in use, with percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical procedures as two of the most frequently utilized. With no one modality having been proven superior to the others, this remains a topic of much scholarly debate.

• #107 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Pelvis in Children and Adolescents: Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment with Curettage, Cryotherapy and Bone Grafting

  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/19/2658

  For this reason, intralesional curettage and bone grafting represent the treatment of choice in most cases, as they dovetail a reasonable risk of local recurrence with good post-operative functional outcomes. […] In particular, the management of pelvic ABCs is particularly complex because of the tridimensional anatomy of the pelvic region and its limited accessibility. […] Several adjuvants can be used to aid bone curettage in pelvic lesions to prevent local recurrences and the necessity of further surgical interventions in a complex anatomical segment such as the pelvic region. […] Among other local adjuvants, such as cement, phenol and alcoholization, cryotherapy has been considered, for a long time, a promising adjuvant for curettage to minimize the risk of local recurrence in cases with locally aggressive bone tumors. […] Our study suggests that the association of an accurate curettage, intraoperative cryotherapy and bone grafting can be a reliable and effective therapeutic option for large-sized ABCs of the pelvis.

• #108 Spinal Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs): Optimal Management | ORR

  https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs-optimal-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR

  Aim: To review the published literature on the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). […] The overall recurrence rate for ABCs following all treatments is 12.8%. This is highest in those lesions described as being treated with isolated surgiflo injection into the lesion (100%), decompression/laminectomy (42.3%), partial excision/resection (35.7%) and curettage alone (25.0%). […] Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with operative intervention offers excellent cure rates. […] Adjuncts to operative intervention, including cryotherapy or phenol reduce the recurrence rates, whereas embolization does not. […] The overall mortality rates are low (1.5%). […] The results of this study suggest that the success of a surgical intervention, such as curettage, is enhanced with adjuncts such as radiotherapy, phenol and cryotherapy (0% recurrence rate when combined with surgical curettage).

• #109 Spinal Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs): Optimal Management | ORR

  https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs-optimal-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR

  Aim: To review the published literature on the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). […] The overall recurrence rate for ABCs following all treatments is 12.8%. This is highest in those lesions described as being treated with isolated surgiflo injection into the lesion (100%), decompression/laminectomy (42.3%), partial excision/resection (35.7%) and curettage alone (25.0%). […] Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with operative intervention offers excellent cure rates. […] Adjuncts to operative intervention, including cryotherapy or phenol reduce the recurrence rates, whereas embolization does not. […] The overall mortality rates are low (1.5%). […] The results of this study suggest that the success of a surgical intervention, such as curettage, is enhanced with adjuncts such as radiotherapy, phenol and cryotherapy (0% recurrence rate when combined with surgical curettage).

• #110 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #111 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  Treatment is done under general anaesthetic. You will not usually need to stay in hospital overnight. […] If you have treatment for a bone cyst it normally takes at least a few months for the bone to heal. […] It’s quite common for bone cysts to come back, especially in the first couple of years after treatment. […] You get a lump, pain or swelling after treatment for a bone cyst.

• #112 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  Afterward, the surgeon may use a bone graft (a piece of bone taken from another part of your body or from donated bone) or cement to fill the cavity. […] After surgery, your childs provider will immobilize the affected bone with a cast or sling while it heals. Most children resume their normal activities within three to six months after surgery. […] Treatment for a fracture usually involves a cast to immobilize the bone and allow it to heal. […] If the cyst does not heal, your childs provider may recommend surgery to remove the cyst and prevent another fracture. […] Unicameral bone cysts return (recur) after treatment in up to 50% of children (1 in 2). […] If a child has symptoms, has had a fracture or is at risk of a fracture, effective treatments are available. Ongoing monitoring is important as cysts frequently recur after treatment, especially in very young children.

• #113 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  In this procedure, the cyst is aspirated and then scraped out of the bone. After curettage, the doctor may fill the hole with a bone graft; this is bone taken from a donor (allograft) or from another bone in your body (autograft). […] Regardless of the treatment method chosen, unicameral bone cysts come back in the same location 25 to 50% of the time.

• #114 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  In this procedure, the cyst is aspirated and then scraped out of the bone. After curettage, the doctor may fill the hole with a bone graft; this is bone taken from a donor (allograft) or from another bone in your body (autograft). […] Regardless of the treatment method chosen, unicameral bone cysts come back in the same location 25 to 50% of the time.

• #115 Bone Cyst > Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/bone-oncology-care/bone-cyst/

  Curettage and bone graft: In this procedure, the cyst is aspirated and then scraped out. After that curettage, the doctor may fill the hole with a bone graft bone taken from a donor or from another bone in your body. Your doctor may also use a substance called bone cement to fill the cavity. […] General anesthesia is required for these surgical treatments. Both are typically done as outpatient procedures and your child will be able to go home the same day. […] Regardless of treatment, unicameral bone cysts will return in the same location 25-30% of the time. Generally, the younger a child is during the initial treatment, the higher the chance of the cyst returning. Once a child is full-grown, UBCs typically stop growing and fill in with bone.

• #116

  https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2018/05040/treatment_outcomes_of_the_simple_bone_cyst__a.20.aspx

  Simple bone cysts (SBCs) are benign lesions of unknown etiology. […] Although various treatment modalities with variable differing outcomes have been described in the literature, no consensus has been reached regarding the standard treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of a minimally invasive technique that uses a ceramic hydroxyapatite cannulated pin (HA pin) for the treatment of SBCs. […] Continuous decompression using HA pin is a less invasive surgical technique for the treatment of SBCs compared with CPC filling and has a high healing rate. […] In conclusion, continuous decompression using HA pin is a less invasive surgical technique for the treatment of SBCs compared with CPC filling and has a high healing rate. The relapse rate was still high when the cysts were caused in children aged less than 10 years, located in the long bone, or remained adjacent to the epiphysis.

• #117 Spinal Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs): Optimal Management | ORR

  https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs-optimal-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR

  Aim: To review the published literature on the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). […] The overall recurrence rate for ABCs following all treatments is 12.8%. This is highest in those lesions described as being treated with isolated surgiflo injection into the lesion (100%), decompression/laminectomy (42.3%), partial excision/resection (35.7%) and curettage alone (25.0%). […] Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with operative intervention offers excellent cure rates. […] Adjuncts to operative intervention, including cryotherapy or phenol reduce the recurrence rates, whereas embolization does not. […] The overall mortality rates are low (1.5%). […] The results of this study suggest that the success of a surgical intervention, such as curettage, is enhanced with adjuncts such as radiotherapy, phenol and cryotherapy (0% recurrence rate when combined with surgical curettage).

• #118 Spinal Aneurysmal Bone Cysts (ABCs): Optimal Management | ORR

  https://www.dovepress.com/spinal-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs-optimal-management-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-ORR

  Aim: To review the published literature on the treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs). […] The overall recurrence rate for ABCs following all treatments is 12.8%. This is highest in those lesions described as being treated with isolated surgiflo injection into the lesion (100%), decompression/laminectomy (42.3%), partial excision/resection (35.7%) and curettage alone (25.0%). […] Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with operative intervention offers excellent cure rates. […] Adjuncts to operative intervention, including cryotherapy or phenol reduce the recurrence rates, whereas embolization does not. […] The overall mortality rates are low (1.5%). […] The results of this study suggest that the success of a surgical intervention, such as curettage, is enhanced with adjuncts such as radiotherapy, phenol and cryotherapy (0% recurrence rate when combined with surgical curettage).

• #119 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #120 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  The interventional radiology treatment of aneurysmal bone cyst involves a series (one every 3 months) of minimally invasive treatment injections of a drug called doxycycline. […] The therapy is performed as an outpatient procedure with minimal recovery time. Much of the bone pain caused by the ABC is usually relieved within one or two treatments. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts are well-known to recur or regrow after treatment of any kind. Therefore, we follow all patients with periodic imaging tests for 5 years after the last treatment. […] If an aneurysmal bone cyst is left untreated, the destructive tumor processes in the bone continues. Further bone destruction will cause pain, fracture of the bone, immobility of the patient, and if the cyst involves the spine, further destruction can result in nerve damage or paralysis. ABCs are not known to go away without treatment.

• #121 Efficacy of treatment interventions for primary aneurysmal bone cysts: a systematic review | Bone & Joint

  https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/2633-1462.22.BJO-2020-0168

  The complication profile of each treatment modality was not consistently reported across all studies. […] This review has failed to identify any controlled studies that support the use of one treatment strategy over another, and so there is a need for good-quality prospective multicentre RCTs on interventions for the treatment of ABCs.

• #122 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #123 Bone cyst | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/bone-cyst

  A bone cyst might need to be treated if it’s: […] The main treatments are: […] draining the fluid with a needle and injecting medicine into the bone to help it heal this may need to be done several times over a few months […] cutting or scraping out the cyst the hole may be filled with small pieces of bone taken from another part of your body or from someone who donated bone after they died […] Treatment is done under general anaesthetic. You won’t usually need to stay in hospital overnight. […] It normally takes at least a few months for the bone to heal. […] You’ll have regular X-rays for a few years to check it’s getting better. […] See your GP if you get a lump, pain or swelling in the bone after treatment. […] This could mean the cyst has come back or you’ve developed an infection from surgery. […] It’s quite common for bone cysts to come back, especially in the first couple of years after treatment.

• #124 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #125 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Nonoperative Therapy, Surgical Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-treatment

  Radiotherapy was used in the past, but this treatment is generally contraindicated at present because of the risk of sarcoma induction, gonadal damage, and growth-plate disruption. […] The unusual stage 1 ABC can be treated with intralesional curettage; the more common stage 2 ABC is treated by intralesional excision. […] The surgeon may also use adjuvant therapy, which extends the area of treatment beyond that which can be physically excised. […] Liquid nitrogen has been the most popular adjuvant and has often been described in the literature. […] Concerns for adjuvant intralesional therapy include the following: Substances such as liquid nitrogen and phenol could penetrate tissues and damage the surrounding structures, with neural and vascular tissues being at particularly high risk. […] It should be noted that special consideration is necessary in dealing with ABCs that are near open physes. […] Treatment for a secondary ABC is that which is appropriate for the underlying lesion.

• #126 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/aneurysmal-bone-cyst-(abc)

  After confirming the diagnosis histopathologically, treatment is pursued. Curettage and bone grafting with or without adjuvant therapy is the accepted method of treatment. Adjuvant therapy treats microscopic disease contamination. Curettage is done through either small fenestration, cortical window or complete saucerization. Cryotherapy and sclerotherapy are methods of adjuvant treatment used in conjunction to curettage to decrease recurrence rate. Radionuclide ablation and arterial embolization are other potential methods to treat ABCs. However, these methods are not first line treatment. En bloc resection of ABCs is associated with the lowest rate of recurrence but is only indicated in expendable bone locations (eg, fibular, clavicle) and where performing this can be achieved without affecting cosmesis or function. […] Malignant transformation is rare and can occur with and without the use of adjuvants during primary treatment. Malignant transformation from ABC to fibroblastic osteosarcoma and telangiectatic osteosarcoma has been reported.

• #127

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Sclerotherapy provides good results, but often requires multiple injections for optimal effect. However, in selected cases, it is an excellent treatment option as it is less invasive and cost effective. […] Selective arterial embolization shows promising results in hard to operate ABCs, but further research is needed. […] Surgical curettage with adjuvants like high-speed burring, phenol and autogenous bone grafting still shows good results and can safely be applied to larger, aggressive defects. The use of (additional) osteosyntheses may be necessary in weight-bearing locations or in cases with fractures.

• #128 Bone Cyst Removal | Patient Testimonial – Dr. Craig P. Jones

  https://www.orlandoortho.com/bone-cyst-removal-surgery-helps-patient-reclaim-active-lifestyle/

  The recovery process after a bone cyst removal is entirely dependent on the size and severity of the condition. In some cases, patients may resume normal physical activity within four to six weeks of surgery. […] Although it can be a challenging process, physical therapy will allow most patients to return to their normal lifestyle. […] If you are interested in learning more about your bone cyst treatment options, contact us today for a consultation with an orthopaedic specialist.

• #129 Subchondral Cysts Treatment Options Chicago – Shane Nho, MD, MS

  https://www.shanenhomd.com/hip/subchondral-cysts-treatment-chicago/

  Acetabular subchondroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure designed to address acetabular subchondral cysts and associated hip pain. […] Total hip arthroplasty (THA), also known as hip replacement surgery, may be recommended for individuals with end-stage osteoarthritis or severe joint damage secondary to acetabular subchondral cysts. […] Following surgical intervention, individuals will undergo a structured rehabilitation program under the guidance of Dr. Shane J. Nho and a physical therapist. […] Rehabilitation exercises and techniques help promote healing, reduce inflammation, and optimize tissue repair following surgery. […] Physical therapy exercises focus on improving joint range of motion, flexibility, and functional mobility, allowing individuals to regain independence in daily activities.

• #130 20615 CPT4 – GenHealth.ai

  https://genhealth.ai/code/cpt4/20615-aspiration-and-injection-for-treatment-of-bone-cyst

  Reduction in cyst size and associated symptoms. […] Promotion of bone healing and stability. […] Minimally invasive with a shorter recovery time compared to surgical options. […] Immediate symptomatic relief in many cases. […] Post-procedure the patient may experience mild discomfort or soreness at the injection site, typically managed with over-the-counter pain relief. […] Patients can usually resume normal activities within a day but may need to avoid strenuous activities for a few days. […] Follow-up imaging to monitor the cyst and bone healing process is often required. […] During the procedure, the patient may feel minimal discomfort due to local anesthesia. Post-procedure soreness at the site can be expected but is generally mild and manageable with pain medication. Patients benefit from a relatively quick recovery and can experience symptom relief soon after the procedure. Regular follow-up appointments ensure monitoring and management of the condition.

• #131 20615 CPT4 – GenHealth.ai

  https://genhealth.ai/code/cpt4/20615-aspiration-and-injection-for-treatment-of-bone-cyst

  Reduction in cyst size and associated symptoms. […] Promotion of bone healing and stability. […] Minimally invasive with a shorter recovery time compared to surgical options. […] Immediate symptomatic relief in many cases. […] Post-procedure the patient may experience mild discomfort or soreness at the injection site, typically managed with over-the-counter pain relief. […] Patients can usually resume normal activities within a day but may need to avoid strenuous activities for a few days. […] Follow-up imaging to monitor the cyst and bone healing process is often required. […] During the procedure, the patient may feel minimal discomfort due to local anesthesia. Post-procedure soreness at the site can be expected but is generally mild and manageable with pain medication. Patients benefit from a relatively quick recovery and can experience symptom relief soon after the procedure. Regular follow-up appointments ensure monitoring and management of the condition.

• #132 20615 CPT4 – GenHealth.ai

  https://genhealth.ai/code/cpt4/20615-aspiration-and-injection-for-treatment-of-bone-cyst

  Reduction in cyst size and associated symptoms. […] Promotion of bone healing and stability. […] Minimally invasive with a shorter recovery time compared to surgical options. […] Immediate symptomatic relief in many cases. […] Post-procedure the patient may experience mild discomfort or soreness at the injection site, typically managed with over-the-counter pain relief. […] Patients can usually resume normal activities within a day but may need to avoid strenuous activities for a few days. […] Follow-up imaging to monitor the cyst and bone healing process is often required. […] During the procedure, the patient may feel minimal discomfort due to local anesthesia. Post-procedure soreness at the site can be expected but is generally mild and manageable with pain medication. Patients benefit from a relatively quick recovery and can experience symptom relief soon after the procedure. Regular follow-up appointments ensure monitoring and management of the condition.

• #133 Bone cyst | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/bone-cyst

  A bone cyst might need to be treated if it’s: […] The main treatments are: […] draining the fluid with a needle and injecting medicine into the bone to help it heal this may need to be done several times over a few months […] cutting or scraping out the cyst the hole may be filled with small pieces of bone taken from another part of your body or from someone who donated bone after they died […] Treatment is done under general anaesthetic. You won’t usually need to stay in hospital overnight. […] It normally takes at least a few months for the bone to heal. […] You’ll have regular X-rays for a few years to check it’s getting better. […] See your GP if you get a lump, pain or swelling in the bone after treatment. […] This could mean the cyst has come back or you’ve developed an infection from surgery. […] It’s quite common for bone cysts to come back, especially in the first couple of years after treatment.

• #134 Bone Cyst Removal | Patient Testimonial – Dr. Craig P. Jones

  https://www.orlandoortho.com/bone-cyst-removal-surgery-helps-patient-reclaim-active-lifestyle/

  The recovery process after a bone cyst removal is entirely dependent on the size and severity of the condition. In some cases, patients may resume normal physical activity within four to six weeks of surgery. […] Although it can be a challenging process, physical therapy will allow most patients to return to their normal lifestyle. […] If you are interested in learning more about your bone cyst treatment options, contact us today for a consultation with an orthopaedic specialist.

• #135 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  Afterward, the surgeon may use a bone graft (a piece of bone taken from another part of your body or from donated bone) or cement to fill the cavity. […] After surgery, your childs provider will immobilize the affected bone with a cast or sling while it heals. Most children resume their normal activities within three to six months after surgery. […] Treatment for a fracture usually involves a cast to immobilize the bone and allow it to heal. […] If the cyst does not heal, your childs provider may recommend surgery to remove the cyst and prevent another fracture. […] Unicameral bone cysts return (recur) after treatment in up to 50% of children (1 in 2). […] If a child has symptoms, has had a fracture or is at risk of a fracture, effective treatments are available. Ongoing monitoring is important as cysts frequently recur after treatment, especially in very young children.

• #136 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] Nonsurgical treatments include: Arterial embolization to block the blood vessels that feed the tumor, Doxycycline injection to shrink the tumor and keep it from growing, Medications to strengthen your bones, like denosumab (Prolia), Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells, Sclerotherapy (injected medication) that makes the tumor collapse. […] Recovery time for you or your child will depend on the treatment your provider uses. For example, it may take three to six months for your bone to heal after curettage.

• #137 Unicameral Bone Cyst Repair – Steven Chudik MD

  https://www.stevenchudikmd.com/shoulder/unicameral-bone-cyst-repair/

  Postoperatively, you will be in a sling for up to six weeks to rest the bone and allow recovery and in physical therapy to restore motion and strength for up to four to six months. You may return to sedentary work in less than one week and return to gentle, daily activities about six to eight weeks after surgery Return to sports and more vigorous activities at the four to six months after surgery if the bone has healed.

• #138 Subchondral Cysts Treatment Options Chicago – Shane Nho, MD, MS

  https://www.shanenhomd.com/hip/subchondral-cysts-treatment-chicago/

  Acetabular subchondroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure designed to address acetabular subchondral cysts and associated hip pain. […] Total hip arthroplasty (THA), also known as hip replacement surgery, may be recommended for individuals with end-stage osteoarthritis or severe joint damage secondary to acetabular subchondral cysts. […] Following surgical intervention, individuals will undergo a structured rehabilitation program under the guidance of Dr. Shane J. Nho and a physical therapist. […] Rehabilitation exercises and techniques help promote healing, reduce inflammation, and optimize tissue repair following surgery. […] Physical therapy exercises focus on improving joint range of motion, flexibility, and functional mobility, allowing individuals to regain independence in daily activities.

• #139 Subchondral Cysts Treatment Options Chicago – Shane Nho, MD, MS

  https://www.shanenhomd.com/hip/subchondral-cysts-treatment-chicago/

  Strengthening exercises target the muscles surrounding the hip joint, enhancing joint stability and reducing the risk of future injury or recurrence of symptoms. […] Rehabilitation programs are tailored to address specific functional limitations and goals, helping individuals return to their desired level of activity and participation in sports, work, and recreational pursuits. […] Compliance with rehabilitation protocols and active participation in therapy sessions are crucial for achieving optimal outcomes and maximizing the benefits of treatment.

• #140 Bone Cyst Removal | Patient Testimonial – Dr. Craig P. Jones

  https://www.orlandoortho.com/bone-cyst-removal-surgery-helps-patient-reclaim-active-lifestyle/

  The recovery process after a bone cyst removal is entirely dependent on the size and severity of the condition. In some cases, patients may resume normal physical activity within four to six weeks of surgery. […] Although it can be a challenging process, physical therapy will allow most patients to return to their normal lifestyle. […] If you are interested in learning more about your bone cyst treatment options, contact us today for a consultation with an orthopaedic specialist.

• #141 Unicameral Bone Cyst Repair – Steven Chudik MD

  https://www.stevenchudikmd.com/shoulder/unicameral-bone-cyst-repair/

  Postoperatively, you will be in a sling for up to six weeks to rest the bone and allow recovery and in physical therapy to restore motion and strength for up to four to six months. You may return to sedentary work in less than one week and return to gentle, daily activities about six to eight weeks after surgery Return to sports and more vigorous activities at the four to six months after surgery if the bone has healed.

• #142 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor. […] The most common treatment is curettage. In curettage, an orthopaedic surgeon makes an incision in the area where the tumor is located. They open the tumor and remove the cysts and the lining of the tumor. They may use bone graft from a donor or another area of your body to refill the area where the tumor was. […] Nonsurgical treatments include: Arterial embolization to block the blood vessels that feed the tumor, Doxycycline injection to shrink the tumor and keep it from growing, Medications to strengthen your bones, like denosumab (Prolia), Radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells, Sclerotherapy (injected medication) that makes the tumor collapse. […] Recovery time for you or your child will depend on the treatment your provider uses. For example, it may take three to six months for your bone to heal after curettage.

• #143 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Many bone cysts don’t cause symptoms and don’t require treatment. But some require surgery because they can weaken the bones and affect your child’s growth. […] For these reasons, some bone cysts require treatment. […] If a bone cyst needs treatment, the treatment option will depend on how severe the cyst is and where it is in the body. Your doctor will explain the benefits and risks of the treatment options. […] Bone cysts can return after treatment. Your doctor may suggest routine x-rays to watch for signs of reoccurrence. […] Doctors can drain some cysts by using a needle to remove the fluid. Then, they fill the area with medicine, usually a steroid, to help with healing. […] Larger cysts and cysts that cause a break in the bone may require surgery. The surgeon will drain the cyst and scrape out the cyst tissue.

• #144 Aneurysmal bone cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Even though they are not cancerous, aneurysmal bone cysts tend to grow quickly, and treatment is recommended. […] Treatment for aneurysmal bone cysts may include: […] Intralesional curettage, which involves scraping out the bone to completely remove the tumor and all cyst lining […] Intraoperative adjuvants such as cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen), phenol (a chemical) or cauterization (burning the tumor bed) which are used to remove microscopic tumor cells […] Bone grafting, a surgical procedure to replace missing bone with artificial graft material or cadaver bone. […] In certain conditions, it is recommended to use nonsurgical techniques to treat the tumor. When the ABC is in a hard-to-reach place, an intralesional injection or serial embolization performed by an interventional radiologist is often the best treatment. […] If the aneurysmal bone cyst returns, surgeons will treat the recurrence with intralesional curettage, intraoperative adjuvants, and bone grafting.

• #145 The modern treatment of the simple bone cysts

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3539840/

  This study was performed between 2007-2012 and encompasses 94 patients. The patients were divided in two groups. The first group included the patients who have benefited from surgical treatment (42 cases) and the second one included patients who benefited from conservative treatment. […] Our results suggested that an autogenous bone marrow injection is a safe and effective treatment method for simple bone cysts, when compared with the surgical management, but sometimes-repeated injections are necessary. Cyst index and cortical width are good indicators for treatment outcome. […] The aim of treating SBC is to prevent all possible complications and to avoid prolonged restriction of physical activity. The appropriate treatment, however, remains uncertain and a wide spectrum of treatment modalities have been proposed ranging from observation to subtotal resection.

• #146 Comparison of three treatment methods for simple bone cyst in children | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Full Text

  https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-020-03933-8

  The unicameral bone cyst (UBC) is a kind of benign tumor whose clinical treatments and efficacy are controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN), the injection of autologous bone marrow (ABM), and the combination of ESIN and ABM in the treatment of bone cyst in children. […] The effective rate of the ABM+ESIN group was significantly higher than that of the ABM group, and the cure rates of the ESIN group and the ABM+ESIN group were higher than that of the ABM group. […] The method of ABM combined with ESIN for children’s bone cyst has the highest effective rate and curative rate. For the individual method, ESIN has a higher effective rate and curative rate than that of ABM. Meanwhile, it has the fewest time of hospitalization.

• #147 Modern treatment of unicameral and aneurysmatic bone cysts in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 9 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/9/5/EOR-24-0027.xml

  In ABC, sclerotherapy offers the advantages of lower invasiveness and morbidity, associated with better functional scores and faster return to full weight-bearing. Moreover, they can be used in challenging locations. […] Selective arterial embolization is a complex procedure and often requires association with other treatments. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of denosumab and its side effects on skeletally immature patients. Curettage with adjuvants and autogenous bone grafting still shows promising results and can be used in larger, aggressive defects or superficial lesions. […] For simple bone cysts, the combination of curettage, bone graft, and ESIN showed the best results. Sclerotherapy for ABC also shows promising results.

• #148

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02077-9

  Surgical procedures to treat aneurysmal bone cysts appear to be the method of choice whereby Doxycycline injection may be an alternative. A surgical approach should be preferred in the treatment of juvenile bone cysts. […] Non-surgical management of juvenile bone cysts yielded the poorest results with only 51% healed cysts identified by our meta-analysis. […] Curettage of juvenile cysts as an isolated procedure achieved satisfactory outcomes (79% healing) within a small cyst collective of 14 cysts. […] The application of cancellous bone graft after curettage substantial increased the success rate (87% healing). […] Injection methods in the treatment of aneurysmal and juvenile bone cysts must be clearly differentiated. Excellent outcomes were achieved with both Doxycycline injections and injection of alcohol into aneurysmal bone cysts.

• #149

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00068-022-02077-9

  Numerous approaches to the management of juvenile and aneurysmal bone cysts (ABC) are described in the specialist literature together with discussion of the associated healing and recurrence rates. […] Since there is currently no evidence-based treatment standard for these conditions, the aim of this systematic literature review with meta-analysis was to examine the different management approaches, evaluate the corresponding clinical outcomes and, as appropriate, to formulate a valid treatment recommendation. […] For aneurysmal bone cysts, both surgical removal and Doxycycline injection lead to excellent outcomes (98% healing) and low recurrence rates (6% and 11% resp.). […] In the management of juvenile bone cysts, surgical interventions like curettage and cancellous bone graft (87% healing) are far superior to non-surgical approaches (51% healing), furthermore, the application of autologous cancellous bone graft reduced the recurrence rate (3% recurrence) compared to curettage alone (20% recurrence).

• #150 Modern treatment of unicameral and aneurysmatic bone cysts in: EFORT Open Reviews Volume 9 Issue 5 (2024)

  https://eor.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/eor/9/5/EOR-24-0027.xml

  In ABC, sclerotherapy offers the advantages of lower invasiveness and morbidity, associated with better functional scores and faster return to full weight-bearing. Moreover, they can be used in challenging locations. […] Selective arterial embolization is a complex procedure and often requires association with other treatments. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of denosumab and its side effects on skeletally immature patients. Curettage with adjuvants and autogenous bone grafting still shows promising results and can be used in larger, aggressive defects or superficial lesions. […] For simple bone cysts, the combination of curettage, bone graft, and ESIN showed the best results. Sclerotherapy for ABC also shows promising results.

• #151

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Sclerotherapy provides good results, but often requires multiple injections for optimal effect. However, in selected cases, it is an excellent treatment option as it is less invasive and cost effective. […] Selective arterial embolization shows promising results in hard to operate ABCs, but further research is needed. […] Surgical curettage with adjuvants like high-speed burring, phenol and autogenous bone grafting still shows good results and can safely be applied to larger, aggressive defects. The use of (additional) osteosyntheses may be necessary in weight-bearing locations or in cases with fractures.

• #152 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  Treatment is done under general anaesthetic. You will not usually need to stay in hospital overnight. […] If you have treatment for a bone cyst it normally takes at least a few months for the bone to heal. […] It’s quite common for bone cysts to come back, especially in the first couple of years after treatment. […] You get a lump, pain or swelling after treatment for a bone cyst.

• #153 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Sclerotherapy and radiotherapy are saved for large, difficult-to-access tumors that would be challenging to remove safely during surgery. […] This minimally invasive procedure involves directly injecting a solution into the tumor or blood vessels near the tumor. […] Radiotherapy uses a type of radiation to target the tumor cells. […] The goal of treatment is to eliminate the bone cyst, improve pain, and allow the bone to grow more normally. […] Recovery time after surgery can vary based on the size and location of the ABC. […] Unfortunately, the bone tumor can come back. ABCs recur approximately 25% of the time. […] It is, therefore, important for you or your child to follow up with the surgeon as scheduled to check for appropriate healing and recovery.

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