Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bone Cysts Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/bone-cysts

  Bone cysts are abnormal, liquid-filled pockets that form within the bones. They happen most often in childhood and during the teenage years. […] In most cases, doctors don’t know why bone cysts happen. As they often occur in children and adolescents, bone cysts seem to happen as the bone grows. […] A solid tumor in the bone causes about 30% of aneurysmal bone cysts to form. That tumor is usually also benign.

• #1 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  The exact cause of bone cysts is unknown. They’re not cancer and do not spread to other parts of the body. […] The main types of cyst are thought to have different causes: […] unicameral bone cysts fluid-filled holes that may form if fluid does not drain properly from a bone as it’s growing […] aneurysmal bone cysts blood-filled holes that may be caused by a problem with the blood vessels in a bone (possibly due to an injury or a non-cancerous growth)

• #1 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  UBC seems to be a reactive bone lesion rather than a true bone tumor. It forms secondary to venous stasis in cancellous bone. Bone resorption occurs secondary to venous stasis, pressure buildup, and increased inflammatory mediators in cyst fluid. […] ABC is a locally aggressive indeterminate tumor. It was thought to be caused by intraosseous hemorrhage because of venous stasis and bone resorption due to the activation of osteoclasts. However, this is no longer the accepted theory for primary ABC. Approximately 70% of primary ABC lesions are associated with recurrent chromosomal translocations causing gene fusions between ubiquitin-specific peptidase 6 (USP6) and multiple genes. […] Secondary ABC has correlations with many benign and malignant primary bone lesions like chondroblastoma, osteosarcoma, simple bone cysts, giant cell tumors, and telangiectatic osteosarcoma. These secondary ABC lesions lack chromosomal translocations.

• #1 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Unicameral bone cysts are one of the more common noncancerous bone tumors that affect children. […] It is not known what causes unicameral bone cysts to form. One theory holds that these cysts arise as an outgrowth of the growth plate or out of abnormal pockets of tissue that surrounds joints. […] The cause of unicameral bone cysts remains unknown, but continues to be investigated with ongoing research.

• #1 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/unicameral-bone-cyst

  What causes a unicameral bone cyst? The cause of a unicameral bone cyst remains unknown. Theories have been proposed but none has been definitively proven. One of these theories is that the cysts result from a disorder of the growth plate. Another is that the cysts result from problems with circulation that are caused by a developmental anomaly in the veins of the affected bone. The role trauma plays in the development of these cysts is unknown. Some speculate that repeated trauma puts the bone at risk for developing a bone cyst. This, however, has not been proven.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  Unicameral Bone Cysts, also known as simple bone cysts, are non-neoplastic, serous fluid-filled bone lesions most commonly found in the proximal humerus. The condition typically presents in patients 20 years of age with a pathological fracture through the lesion. […] Etiology […] Pathophysiology […] reactive bone lesion that arises in the metaphysis adjacent to physis and progresses toward the diaphysis with bone growth. […] forms due to venous stasis in cancellous bone leading to bone resorption […] increased pressure and inflammatory proteins within cyst fluid. […] increased levels of lysosomal enzymes versus serum levels. […] resolution of the cyst typically occurs after losing connection with the physis. […] Genetics […] no known genetic associations.

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546654/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are non-malignant, tumor-like, vascular lesions that can grow aggressively, be locally destructive, and weaken bones to the point of pathologic fracture. […] The etiology of aneurysmal bone cysts is currently unknown, although they appear to be due to vascular malformations in the bone. […] There are three main theories for their etiology: Aneurysmal bone cysts occur as a result of a separate primary bone tumor; this may be due to the relatively high rate (1 in 3) of an accompanying bone lesion. These lesions are frequently chondromyxoid, fibromas, chondrosarcomas, fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumors of the bone, osteoblastomas, osteosarcomas, among others. […] They form as the primary tumor. […] They form at a site of previous trauma. […] A portion of aneurysmal bone cysts now appears to be neoplastic. Genetic studies of the tumor have revealed that up to 69% of primary aneurysmal bone cysts contain a clonal t(16,17) translocation. The t(16,17) fusion causes an upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene, which activates NF-kB and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The MMPs break down the extracellular matrix, allowing for the swift growth of the lesions. […] Researchers believe aneurysmal bone cysts to be due to a vascular malformation, with the definitive cause being unknown. The current thinking is that the vascular malformations lead to increased pressure and expansion in the bone itself, causing erosion and resorption of the involved bone.

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign (not cancerous) lesions in bone, also called benign bone tumors. […] Doctors do not know what causes aneurysmal bone cysts. They are thought to occur as the bone is growing, as they are frequently found near the growth plates. […] Sometimes, an ABC can develop in reaction to another benign bone tumor, such as a chondroblastoma, nonossifying fibroma, or giant cell tumor. This is called a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst, and it can be more challenging to diagnose.

• #1 Subchondral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/osteoarthritis/subchondral-bone-cyst

  Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common. It breaks down the cartilage. OA can happen from simple wear and tear over time, or because of a sudden injury to a joint. […] In cases of late rheumatoid arthritis, where your immune system attacks and inflames your joints, subchondral bone cysts can also form. […] In other cases, a joint injury might lead to a cyst without OA.

• #1 Subchondral bone cyst: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318976

  Subchondral bone cysts are sacs of fluid that form inside the joints. […] The exact cause of SBCs is not known. […] Though the cause is unknown, it is thought SBCs are the result of repeated stress to the bone. […] Other conditions besides OA, such as rheumatoid arthritis, also cause cysts to form on the bone joints. […] Certain characteristics and behaviors can increase the risk of developing an SBC. […] Carrying excess weight puts additional pressure on the joints of the body, increasing the risk of joint problems. […] Tobacco contains chemicals that contribute to cartilage damage. […] Joint injuries increase the risk of joint problems later, including the development of SBCs. […] SBCs are considered a symptom of OA or other joint conditions. […] They may resolve on their own or persist long-term. […] SBCs may cause pain and contribute to disease progression.

• #1 Bone Cysts | Maguire & Early Orthopedics, Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeons, Santa Barbara, Pismo Beach, CA

  https://www.maguireearlyorthopedics.com/bone-cysts-pediatric-orthopaedic-trauma-surgeon-santa-barbara-pismo-beach-ca/

  Bone cysts can affect people of all ages, but they are most commonly found in children and adolescents during periods of rapid bone growth. […] The exact cause of bone cysts is not clear, but they may be related to problems with fluid drainage, blood vessels or bone growth. […] They are more common in children and teenagers, especially in the long bones of the arms and legs.

• #1 Bone cyst – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_cyst

  A bone cyst or geode is a cyst that forms in bone. […] The cause is unknown. […] The traumatic bone cyst treatment consists of surgical exploration, curettage of the osseous socket and bony walls, subsequent filling with blood, and intralesional steroid injections. […] There is no definitive cause, though it relates to trauma in the oral region.

• #1 Traumatic bone cyst of the mandible: a review of 26 cases | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-traumatic-bone-cyst-mandible-review-S1808869415300045

  The traumatic bone cyst is characterized by the presence of an asymptomatic sinus devoid of epithelial lining, which is rarely found in the jaws. […] A higher prevalence in young patients, absence of a history of trauma, and a small number of lesions containing serous fluid with blood reflects the need to discuss the true pathogenesis of traumatic bone cysts. […] Although traumatic bone cysts were described at the beginning of the 20th century, the pathogenesis remains unclear and speculative. The most accepted version at present is the traumatic-hemorrhagic theory, which suggests that lesions develop if intramedullary clots due to trauma do not undergo lysis or resolution. […] This opens the possibility that microtrauma of teeth and the alveolar ridge are involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic bone cysts.

• #1 Bone Cysts – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/bone-and-joint-tumors/bone-cysts

  Aneurysmal bone cysts usually develop before people reach age 25, and the cause is not known. […] The cysts often cause nearby bones to thin, which can lead to a break (fracture). […] Cysts that are more than 2 inches long or wide, particularly in children, may require treatment. […] Regardless of treatment, the cyst remains or returns in about 10 to 15% of people.

• #1 An unusual case of proximal humeral simple bone cyst in an adult from secondary cystic change | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12957-017-1166-8

  Simple bone cysts (SBC) have been documented to occur in adults with closed physeal plates, most commonly affecting the calcaneus in this patient subset. Although most authors theorize an association to trauma, etiology of simple bone cysts remains an enigma up to now. […] The etiology of simple bone cyst (SBC) remains inconclusive, although the lesion seems to be dysplastic or reactive rather than a true tumor. Theories being proposed include local disturbances in bone growth, pressure effects due to blocked fluid drainage, local venous obstruction, nitric oxide, increased lysosomal enzyme activity, prostaglandins, oxygen free radicals, disorders of synovial origin, and genetic causes. […] Cases of SBC following trauma have been observed, theorized to be forming consequently from intraosseous hemorrhage when mechanisms of bone organization and repair fail.

• #2 Bone cyst

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bone-cyst/

  The exact cause of bone cysts is unknown. They’re not cancer and do not spread to other parts of the body. […] The main types of cyst are thought to have different causes: […] unicameral bone cysts fluid-filled holes that may form if fluid does not drain properly from a bone as it’s growing […] aneurysmal bone cysts blood-filled holes that may be caused by a problem with the blood vessels in a bone (possibly due to an injury or a non-cancerous growth)

• #2 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  UBC seems to be a reactive bone lesion rather than a true bone tumor. It forms secondary to venous stasis in cancellous bone. Bone resorption occurs secondary to venous stasis, pressure buildup, and increased inflammatory mediators in cyst fluid. […] ABC is a locally aggressive indeterminate tumor. It was thought to be caused by intraosseous hemorrhage because of venous stasis and bone resorption due to the activation of osteoclasts. However, this is no longer the accepted theory for primary ABC. Approximately 70% of primary ABC lesions are associated with recurrent chromosomal translocations causing gene fusions between ubiquitin-specific peptidase 6 (USP6) and multiple genes. […] Secondary ABC has correlations with many benign and malignant primary bone lesions like chondroblastoma, osteosarcoma, simple bone cysts, giant cell tumors, and telangiectatic osteosarcoma. These secondary ABC lesions lack chromosomal translocations.

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23413-aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare. They make up just a small percentage of all bone tumors, which are rare themselves. The condition usually affects children and young adults under 20. […] There are two types of aneurysmal bone cysts: primary and secondary. A primary cyst develops on its own. A secondary cyst is when you have a different type of bone tumor that leads to an aneurysmal bone cyst. […] Bone conditions and bone cancer that can cause secondary aneurysmal bone cysts include: Fibrous dysplasia, Giant cell tumor, Osteoblastoma, Chondrosarcoma, Osteosarcoma. […] Experts dont know the exact cause. Possible causes could be: Issues with blood vessels in your bones, Variations in the genes that control how your cells grow and divide.

• #2 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/unicameral-bone-cyst

  What causes a unicameral bone cyst? The cause of a unicameral bone cyst remains unknown. Theories have been proposed but none has been definitively proven. One of these theories is that the cysts result from a disorder of the growth plate. Another is that the cysts result from problems with circulation that are caused by a developmental anomaly in the veins of the affected bone. The role trauma plays in the development of these cysts is unknown. Some speculate that repeated trauma puts the bone at risk for developing a bone cyst. This, however, has not been proven.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  Unicameral Bone Cysts, also known as simple bone cysts, are non-neoplastic, serous fluid-filled bone lesions most commonly found in the proximal humerus. The condition typically presents in patients 20 years of age with a pathological fracture through the lesion. […] Etiology […] Pathophysiology […] reactive bone lesion that arises in the metaphysis adjacent to physis and progresses toward the diaphysis with bone growth. […] forms due to venous stasis in cancellous bone leading to bone resorption […] increased pressure and inflammatory proteins within cyst fluid. […] increased levels of lysosomal enzymes versus serum levels. […] resolution of the cyst typically occurs after losing connection with the physis. […] Genetics […] no known genetic associations.

• #2 An unusual case of proximal humeral simple bone cyst in an adult from secondary cystic change | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12957-017-1166-8

  Simple bone cysts (SBC) have been documented to occur in adults with closed physeal plates, most commonly affecting the calcaneus in this patient subset. Although most authors theorize an association to trauma, etiology of simple bone cysts remains an enigma up to now. […] The etiology of simple bone cyst (SBC) remains inconclusive, although the lesion seems to be dysplastic or reactive rather than a true tumor. Theories being proposed include local disturbances in bone growth, pressure effects due to blocked fluid drainage, local venous obstruction, nitric oxide, increased lysosomal enzyme activity, prostaglandins, oxygen free radicals, disorders of synovial origin, and genetic causes. […] Cases of SBC following trauma have been observed, theorized to be forming consequently from intraosseous hemorrhage when mechanisms of bone organization and repair fail.

• #2 Bone cyst – Causes of bone cysts | Clear Chemist

  https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/bone-cyst/causes-of-bone-cysts

  The cause or causes of both unicameral and aneurysmal bone cysts are unclear, although several theories have been suggested. […] A leading theory is that unicameral bone cysts are caused by a build-up of fluid, resulting in high pressure and obstruction. This is thought to happen when rapid bone growth during childhood occasionally disrupts the workings of the cells. […] There is some limited evidence to suggest there may be certain genetic mutations that can make a person more likely to develop a unicameral bone cyst. […] Blood is the fluid that forms inside an aneurysmal bone cyst. This suggests that an underlying abnormality with the blood vessels inside an affected bone causes the problem. However, it is unclear exactly what type of abnormality is involved or what causes it. […] One theory is that a previous injury to the bone may damage the blood vessels, leading to a build-up of blood inside the bone. Another theory is that other non-cancerous growths (benign tumours) inside the bone may disrupt the blood supply, resulting in the formation of an aneurysmal bone cyst.

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546654/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are non-malignant, tumor-like, vascular lesions that can grow aggressively, be locally destructive, and weaken bones to the point of pathologic fracture. […] The etiology of aneurysmal bone cysts is currently unknown, although they appear to be due to vascular malformations in the bone. […] There are three main theories for their etiology: Aneurysmal bone cysts occur as a result of a separate primary bone tumor; this may be due to the relatively high rate (1 in 3) of an accompanying bone lesion. These lesions are frequently chondromyxoid, fibromas, chondrosarcomas, fibrous dysplasia, giant cell tumors of the bone, osteoblastomas, osteosarcomas, among others. […] They form as the primary tumor. […] They form at a site of previous trauma. […] A portion of aneurysmal bone cysts now appears to be neoplastic. Genetic studies of the tumor have revealed that up to 69% of primary aneurysmal bone cysts contain a clonal t(16,17) translocation. The t(16,17) fusion causes an upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene, which activates NF-kB and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The MMPs break down the extracellular matrix, allowing for the swift growth of the lesions. […] Researchers believe aneurysmal bone cysts to be due to a vascular malformation, with the definitive cause being unknown. The current thinking is that the vascular malformations lead to increased pressure and expansion in the bone itself, causing erosion and resorption of the involved bone.

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – Exodontia

  https://exodontia.info/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  The aetiology of ABCs are unclear and controversial. […] Trauma causes an inciting injury to peri-osteal vessels initiating the development of the ABC. However, a history of trauma can be difficult to prove in a large number of cases. […] Alteration in Local Hmodynamics. This causes increased venous pressures and engorgement of the vascular bed in the transformed bone, leading to resorption, connective tissue replacement, and osteoid formation. […] Genetic predisposition. Some researchers have demonstrated that chromosomal translocation t(16;17) (q22; p13) is a cytogenic abnormality which could result in the development of ABCs. […] They can arise de novo, when they are known as primary ABC, or in co-existence with other lesions such as ossifying fibroma (OF), chondroblastoma, solitary bone cyst, giant-cell tumour of the bone, osteosarcoma, osteoblastoma, giant cell reparative granuloma, fibrous dysplasia and fibro-myxoma when they are secondary in nature. […] The secondary type is postulated to be associated with degeneration of pre-existing lesions such as a cyst, tumour or fibro-osseous lesion. The two lesions could exist independently. […] Familial incidence of ABC has also been reported in literature.

• #2 Bone Cysts – Bone, Joint, and Muscle Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone-joint-and-muscle-disorders/bone-and-joint-tumors/bone-cysts

  Aneurysmal bone cysts usually develop before people reach age 25, and the cause is not known. […] The cysts often cause nearby bones to thin, which can lead to a break (fracture). […] Cysts that are more than 2 inches long or wide, particularly in children, may require treatment. […] Regardless of treatment, the cyst remains or returns in about 10 to 15% of people.

• #2 Subchondral bone cyst: Causes, treatment, and symptoms

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318976

  Subchondral bone cysts are sacs of fluid that form inside the joints. […] The exact cause of SBCs is not known. […] Though the cause is unknown, it is thought SBCs are the result of repeated stress to the bone. […] Other conditions besides OA, such as rheumatoid arthritis, also cause cysts to form on the bone joints. […] Certain characteristics and behaviors can increase the risk of developing an SBC. […] Carrying excess weight puts additional pressure on the joints of the body, increasing the risk of joint problems. […] Tobacco contains chemicals that contribute to cartilage damage. […] Joint injuries increase the risk of joint problems later, including the development of SBCs. […] SBCs are considered a symptom of OA or other joint conditions. […] They may resolve on their own or persist long-term. […] SBCs may cause pain and contribute to disease progression.

• #2 Subchondral Bone Cyst: Causes, Treatment, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/osteoarthritis/subchondral-bone-cyst

  SBCs were first discovered in 1940s, but doctors are still uncertain about the reasons they form. […] SBCs occur in the subchondral bone, which is the layer of bone right under cartilage. OA causes blood to flow more quickly to the subchondral layer of the bone. This increased pressure and blood flow may lead to the formation of SBCs and subchondral sclerosis. Subchondral sclerosis refers to higher bone density. […] Subchondral bone cysts can happen with any type of arthritis, so rheumatoid arthritis can also cause it. The thought is that it is caused by bleeding into the bone, so a hemarthrosis, that is bleeding into the joint, can cause it as well.

• #2 Hip Bone Cysts Long Island, NY | Hip Trauma Nassau County, Suffolk County, NY

  https://www.justenelbayarsportsmedicine.com/hip-bone-cysts-orthopedic-sports-medicine-specialist-nassau-suffolk-county-ny.html

  Hip bone cysts are commonly caused by osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative joint condition and the most common form of arthritis, in which the cartilage between the joint wears away due to wear and tear over time or because of an injury to the joint. This affects the normal, smooth, sliding of one bone against another in your joints, causing more friction. […] In some instances, a joint injury might also result in a cyst without OA. […] Hip bone cysts can also form in cases of rheumatoid arthritis, another common form of arthritis, in which your immune system attacks and inflames your joints.

• #2

  https://www.westvets.com.au/bone-cysts/

  Bone cysts are a condition that frustrate horse owners, and although they are a relatively common occurrence, how and why they develop is still not fully understood or agreed upon. […] Bone cysts are cyst-like structures that develop below the articular cartilage surface of joints. They can result from direct trauma to the articular surface, or they can be one outcome of a developmental condition called osteochondrosis. […] A cartilage template precedes bone formation in young growing bone. Failure of this cartilage to mature to bone (endochondral ossification) can lead to the degeneration of the malformed cartilage and the formation of a bone cyst. […] Bone cysts are a complicated disease with many factors interacting to cause lesions. Although the full extent of factors involved is still being determined, the major contributing factors identified thus far are nutrition, trauma, and genetics.

• #2 Traumatic bone cyst of the mandible: a review of 26 cases | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-traumatic-bone-cyst-mandible-review-S1808869415300045

  The traumatic bone cyst is characterized by the presence of an asymptomatic sinus devoid of epithelial lining, which is rarely found in the jaws. […] A higher prevalence in young patients, absence of a history of trauma, and a small number of lesions containing serous fluid with blood reflects the need to discuss the true pathogenesis of traumatic bone cysts. […] Although traumatic bone cysts were described at the beginning of the 20th century, the pathogenesis remains unclear and speculative. The most accepted version at present is the traumatic-hemorrhagic theory, which suggests that lesions develop if intramedullary clots due to trauma do not undergo lysis or resolution. […] This opens the possibility that microtrauma of teeth and the alveolar ridge are involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic bone cysts.

• #2 Traumatic bone cyst of the mandible: a review of 26 cases | Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-brazilian-journal-otorhinolaryngology-english-edition–497-articulo-traumatic-bone-cyst-mandible-review-S1808869415300045

  MacDonald-Jankowski has stated that a reduced prevalence of traumatic bone cysts in older patients suggests that this lesion may be self-repairing we believe this explanation is merely speculative. […] The trauma-hemorrhage theory may be an explanation because the mandible, which has more cortical bone, repairs itself more slowly compared to the maxilla. […] A few authors have reported the occurrence of multiple traumatic bone cysts and their association with fibrous/bony lesions such as the florid cemento-osseous dysplasia especially in older patients. […] The histology of traumatic bone cysts reveals only a connective tissue membrane lining the pathologic cavity, characteristic of pseudocysts. […] A final diagnosis of a traumatic bone cyst is almost invariably made at the time of surgery; the material available for histology is usually sparse because of the difficulty in removing the thin connective tissue membrane. […] Recurrences are rare, and usually occur within three months of surgery.

• #2 Bone Cyst

  https://shannonhealthsystemib.staywellsolutionsonline.com/Library/Encyclopedia/82,115797en

  Experts dont know what causes bone cysts. […] It’s possible for a cyst to be large enough to make the bone weak and cause it to break, or fracture.

• #2 Benign Bone Tumors and Cysts – Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/tumors-of-bones-and-joints/benign-bone-tumors-and-cysts

  An aneurysmal bone cyst is an expansile lesion that usually develops before age 25 years. […] In addition to being a de novo benign bone tumor, aneurysmal bone cysts can also occur secondary to other benign bone tumors, typically a giant cell tumor of bone. Primary aneurysmal bone cysts are associated with a rearrangement of the USP6 gene, a finding not present in a secondary aneurysmal bone cyst. […] Benign giant cell tumors of bone, which most commonly affect people in their 20s and 30s, occur in the epiphyseal and distal metaphyseal-epiphyseal areas. […] Rarely, a giant cell tumor of bone may metastasize to the lung, even though it remains histologically benign. […] These tumors are notorious for their tendency to recur. […] Most benign giant cell tumors of bone are treated by radical curettage, local chemical or thermal adjuvants, and packing with methyl methacrylate or by bone graft.

• #2 Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management

  https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/bone-cyst/

  Understanding the etiology of bone cysts is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. While the precise cause remains unknown, several factors have been identified as potential contributors. […] One of the prevailing theories suggests that bone cysts result from an accumulation of synovial fluid. This fluid may seep into the bone, leading to the formation of a cystic cavity. […] Research indicates that genetics may play a role in the development of bone cysts. Certain hereditary conditions can predispose individuals to these lesions. […] In some cases, trauma or injury to the bone can trigger the formation of a cyst. The healing process may involve fluid accumulation, resulting in a cystic structure. […] Bone cysts can occur due to various factors, including trauma, developmental abnormalities, or as a result of certain benign or malignant conditions.

• #2 An unusual case of proximal humeral simple bone cyst in an adult from secondary cystic change | World Journal of Surgical Oncology | Full Text

  https://wjso.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12957-017-1166-8

  The recognition that SBC can occur in the adult, which is atypical, may possibly indicate a different pathogenesis. More so, the observation that most adult patients have calcaneally located SBC lends the suggestion that in this subset of patients, association to trauma could be the likely etiology. […] The authors hypothesize that a different etiopathogenesis could be serving as the basis for SBC formation in the adult bone, particularly a trauma-associated one. […] The initial radiographic features could actually be the picture of a posttraumatic medullary hematoma that subsequently liquefied later on to appear as a cyst 3 years later. […] The authors hereby conclude that their case provides support to a possible association to trauma of solitary bone cysts occurring in the adult population and suggest this subset of patients may require a different treatment approach from that for juvenile simple bone cysts.

• #3 Unicameral Bone Cyst: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22412-unicameral-bone-cyst

  Unicameral bone cysts are noncancerous bone tumors usually in children under age 20. […] Healthcare providers aren’t sure what causes unicameral bone cysts. A defect in the bone or a blockage in a vein may cause fluid to build up and cysts to form. […] There is no way to prevent unicameral bone cysts because providers aren’t sure why they occur.

• #3

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8036/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal Bone Cysts are benign, non-neoplastic, reactive bone lesions that most commonly occur in the femur and tibia. […] primary ABC driven by upregulation of the ubiquitin-specific protease USP6 (TRE17-USP6 when combined by a translocation with a promoter pairing […] most commonly described translocation TRE17-USP6 […] secondary ABC not considered a neoplasm because no known translocation has been identified.

• #3 Bone Cyst: The Case of the Missing Bone

  https://practicalhorsemanmag.com/health/bone_cyst_051810/

  Bone cysts can cause persistent lameness in horses, but researchers are on the trail of better treatments. […] A subchondral bone cyst, or SBC, is a pocket of missing bone: a fluid- and scar-tissue-filled cavity just under the cartilage that covers the bone surface at a joint. […] Twenty years ago, most veterinarians considered SBCs to be a form of developmental bone disease, or osteochondrosis—a problem of young, growing horses. Now, however, there’s evidence that development is just one of several possible causes. […] Why the cysts form is not always clear, but it seems that several factors can be involved. […] There’s strong evidence that direct injury to joints can cause SBCs to form. […] The location of the cysts points to a connection with use; they appear at weight-bearing joint surfaces.

• #3 Unicameral Bone Cyst

  https://www.diagnosticimaging.com/view/unicameral-bone-cyst

  Simple or unicameral bone cysts (UBC) are expansile, serous-fluid-containing defects that are not true neoplasms. […] Many theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of unicameral bone cysts. An early theory was that injury to the growth plate leads to abnormal endochondral bone formation. Another theory suggests that vascular obstruction causes cyst fluid to accumulate under pressure and expand at the expense of the normal bone. Other theories include blocked fluid drainage, increased lysosomal enzyme activity, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, oxygen free radicals, disorders of synovial origin and genetic causes. […] Although unicameral bone cysts are believed to resolve with skeletal maturity, without treatment these children are at risk for pain, or recurrent fracture leading to activity restriction for many years.

• #4 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview

  The true etiology of ABCs is also unknown. Most investigators believe that ABCs are the result of a vascular malformation within the bone; however, the ultimate cause of the malformation is a topic of controversy. Three commonly proposed theories are as follows: […] ABCs may be caused by a reaction secondary to another bony lesion – This theory has been proposed because of the high incidence of accompanying tumors in 23-32% of ABCs; although giant cell tumors of bone are most commonly present, many other benign and malignant tumors are found, including fibrous dysplasia, osteoblastoma, chondromyxoid fibroma, nonossifying fibroma, chondroblastoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, unicameral or solitary bone cyst, hemangioendothelioma, and metastatic carcinoma; ABCs in the presence of another lesion are called secondary ABCs, and treatment of these ABCs is based on what is appropriate for the underlying tumor

• #5 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview

  ABCs may arise de novo; those that arise without evidence of another lesion are classified as primary ABCs […] ABCs may arise in an area of previous trauma. A certain percentage of primary ABCs may be truly neoplastic as opposed to vascular, developmental, or reactive phenomena. It has been shown that as many as 69% of primary ABCs demonstrate a characteristic clonal t(16;17) genetic translocation leading to upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene, whereas no secondary ABCs demonstrate this cytogenetic aberration.

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