Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  Unicameral Bone Cysts, also known as simple bone cysts, are non-neoplastic, serous fluid-filled bone lesions most commonly found in the proximal humerus. The condition typically presents in patients 20 years of age with a pathological fracture through the lesion. […] Epidemiology […] Incidence […] 3% of all biopsied bone tumors […] Demographics […] usually found in patients 20 years of age (85%) […] peak age of diagnosis between ages 3 and 14 years […] average age of diagnosis is approximately 9 years […] male:female ratio – 2 to 1 […] Location […] primarily found in long bones (95%) […] typically intramedullary and initially found in the metaphysics of long bones adjacent to the physis […] most commonly found in the proximal humerus of young patients (50-60%) and the proximal femur (30%)

• #1 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  UBC is a common lesion. Most commonly, these lesions occur during the second decade of life (approximately 85%), with a male-to-female ratio of 2 to 1. […] ABC is rarer, at 1.4 per 10000 population annually, and accounts for 9.1% of all bone tumors. There is a female preponderance, and 80% of these lesions occur in the second decade. Most occur in patients younger than 20 years. It is rare after 30 years of age.

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are a rare osseous tumor, comprising 1% to 6% of primary osseous tumors. According to a retrospective study, the incidence of primary aneurysmal bone cysts was 0.14 per 10 people. The majority of patients diagnosed with an aneurysmal bone cyst (8 out of 10) are children and adolescents less than 20 years old. There is a slightly increased incidence rate seen in females (1 to 1.3). […] Because aneurysmal bone cysts primarily manifest in pediatric patients, growth plate involvement and permanent limb length deformities are of great concern. […] By far, the majority of aneurysmal bone cysts present in the metaphysis of long bones (67%). They also occur in the spine (15%), particularly the posterior elements, pelvis (9%), and less frequently, they can appear in the craniofacial bones and epiphyses.

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  50% of proximal femur lesions occur in patients older than age 17 […] can be found in other locations including the distal tibia, ilium, calcaneus, spine (posterior elements), and occasionally metacarpals, phalanges, or metaphysis of distal radius […] lesions in the iliac wing, ribs, talus, and radius primarily affect adults […] Risk factors […] no known risk factors […] Etiology […] Pathophysiology […] reactive bone lesion that arises in the metaphysis adjacent to physis and progresses toward the diaphysis with bone growth […] forms due to venous stasis in cancellous bone leading to bone resorption […] increased pressure and inflammatory proteins within cyst fluid […] increased levels of lysosomal enzymes versus serum levels […] resolution of the cyst typically occurs after losing connection with the physis

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/aneurysmal-bone-cyst-(abc)

  Primary ABCs occurs in 0.14 to 0.32 per 100,000 individuals. 75% of patients with this condition are older than 20 years. It occurs in males more often than females. Common sites of presentation include the calcaneus, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, skull, and posterior elements of spine. […] Younger age and open physes are known risk factors for ABC recurrence. Histologically, an ABC with a higher proportion of cellular tissue relative to the amount of osteoid and fibrillary content is a prognostic indicator of recurrence (Docquier, 2010). In addition, the presence of higher mitotic indices is a risk factor for an increased recurrence rate (Reuiter et al, 1977).

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare skeletal tumors, affecting fewer than 1 in 100,000 people per year and accounting for 1 to 2% of all primary bone tumors. […] ABCs affect children more frequently than adults, with a slightly higher incidence in females. […] The goal of treatment is to eliminate the bone cyst, improve pain, and allow the bone to grow more normally. Recovery time after surgery can vary based on the size and location of the ABC. It can take several months (usually 3 to 6 months) for the bone to heal. […] Unfortunately, the bone tumor can come back. ABCs recur approximately 25% of the time. (This means the tumor grows back in 1 out of 4 patients). It is, therefore, important for you or your child to follow up with the surgeon as scheduled to check for appropriate healing and recovery.

• #1 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Unicameral bone cysts are one of the more common noncancerous bone tumors that affect children. The true number of these tumors is not known because many are never discovered. Unicameral bone cysts are found more frequently in boys than in girls. […] Regardless of the treatment method chosen, unicameral bone cysts come back in the same location 25 to 50% of the time. Generally, the younger the child is when the cyst is treated, the higher the chance of the cyst returning. Your doctor will schedule regular X-rays and follow-up appointments to check for recurrence. […] The cause of unicameral bone cysts remains unknown, but continues to be investigated with ongoing research. In addition to identifying the cause of these cysts, research is also being done to better understand what might be done to prevent them. Research is also looking at better agents to inject into the cysts to prevent them from coming back.

• #1 A Rare Location of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in Children: The Patella | Arroud | International Journal of Clinical Pediatrics

  https://www.theijcp.org/index.php/ijcp/article/view/12/34

  Aneurysmal bone cysts comprise less than 1% of all primary bone tumors. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts account for less than 1% of primary bone tumours and have a predilection for the metaphysis of the long bones of the leg. Only 1% of all aneurysmal bone cysts occur in the patella. […] The average time between surgery and initial recurrence was 7.6 months. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts is benign tumor that may mimic other tubular bones benign tumors. Its occurrence in the patella in children is highly exceptional. The classic radiographic appearances are not specific. Consequently, the diagnosis is most often made by histopathological assessment. The preferred treatment is intralesional curettage and bone grafting.

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  After the bone heals, surgeons frequently start surveillance, a process of watching the bone with the tumor over time. The surgeon might monitor your or your child’s ABC with X-rays every 3 to 6 months to make sure the tumor does not grow back. […] While there is no set guideline, surveillance may continue for 2 years or until the patient reaches skeletal maturity (the bone is finished growing).

• #1

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  Genetics […] no known genetic associations […] Classification […] Classification is important as it impacts treatment […] active […] if the cyst is adjacent (~1cm) to the physis […] latent […] if normal bone separates cyst from physis […] Presentation […] History […] often diagnosed incidentally on x-ray or after a pathologic fracture occurs […] Symptoms […] most asymptomatic (~80%) unless fracture occurs (usually with minor trauma) […] presents with localized pain from a pathologic fracture in ~50-75% of cases […] most common cause of pathologic fracture in children […] swelling […] Physical exam […] localized tenderness and swelling in the setting of pathologic fracture […] Imaging […] Radiographs […] recommended views […] orthogonal views of the involved bone

• #1 Aneurysmal bone cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) occur slightly more frequently in females than males and there is a 10-15 percent recurrence rate with treatment. […] Research has revealed a high incidence of accompanying tumors (specifically chondroblastoma and giant cell tumors) in 23 to 32 percent of patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts can recur in 10-15 percent of patients, so it is important for your child to continue to see your child’s surgeon after treatment. […] In most cases, an ABC tumor will not recur more than two years after surgery.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ijsoncology/fulltext/2019/08000/aneurysmal_bone_cyst_of_the_pelvis_and.1.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, rapidly growing cystic tumors in the bone that were first described by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1942. These cysts usually appear as expansile lytic bone lesions that have a tendency to be locally aggressive. These cysts appear as primary lesions in ~70% cases with remaining 30% being secondary with preexisting osseous lesions. ABCs represent about 1%2% of all primary bone tumors. Primary ABCs are seen at 0.14 per 100,000 of the population per year with a slightly female preponderance. ABCs are seen at all ages, but most patients have been reported to be in their second decade of life with 75%90% cases occurring before the age of 20 years. […] […] […] Management choice depends on whether the lesion is latent, active or aggressive, and aims at preventing complications from the activity of the lesion.

• #1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cysts-abcs/

  ABCs are predominantly seen in children and adolescents, with 80% occurring in patients under 20 years old. […] If an aneurysmal bone cyst is not treated, it can cause the bone to become fragile and thin, which may result in pain, fractures, disrupted growth and the on-set of neurological symptoms. […] Treatment for ABCs has evolved in recent years.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/ijsoncology/fulltext/2019/08000/aneurysmal_bone_cyst_of_the_pelvis_and.1.aspx

  […] […] With contemporary management, a cure rate of 70%90% is expected. […] […] […] Thus, ABCs may result in fracture and joint involvement, lead to deformity and restricted range of motion, compromise neurological function, affect epiphyseal growth in children and rarely transform into a malignant lesion. […] […] […] The chances of local recurrence are increased in young children and those with stage 3 aggressive tumors. Surgical resection with intralesional curettage and adjuvants is the mainstay of treatment with successful outcome in the range of 70%90%.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. […] Seventy-five to 90% of ABCs are diagnosed in the first two decades of life, with the mean age at 13 years. […] Accurately diagnosing primary ABC is crucial for treatment decisions. […] Preferred treatment of ABC has always been up for debate, as no single treatment modality has universal preference. […] The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs. […] However, a growing number of articles were published warning for severe adverse events after discontinuation in children. […] Denosumab is the primary systemic treatment for ABCs and recent studies describe its effectiveness. […] Selective arterial embolization shows promising results in hard to operate ABCs, but further research is needed. […] Treatment choice is dependent on localization, size, impending or actual pathological fractures and symptoms, as well as surrounding tissues.

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are a rare osseous tumor, comprising 1% to 6% of primary osseous tumors. According to a retrospective study, the incidence of primary aneurysmal bone cysts was 0.14 per 10 people. The majority of patients diagnosed with an aneurysmal bone cyst (8 out of 10) are children and adolescents less than 20 years old. There is a slightly increased incidence rate seen in females (1 to 1.3). […] Because aneurysmal bone cysts primarily manifest in pediatric patients, growth plate involvement and permanent limb length deformities are of great concern. […] By far, the majority of aneurysmal bone cysts present in the metaphysis of long bones (67%). They also occur in the spine (15%), particularly the posterior elements, pelvis (9%), and less frequently, they can appear in the craniofacial bones and epiphyses.

• #2 Unicameral Bone Cysts – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/unicameral-bone-cysts/

  Unicameral bone cysts are one of the more common noncancerous bone tumors that affect children. The true number of these tumors is not known because many are never discovered. Unicameral bone cysts are found more frequently in boys than in girls. […] Regardless of the treatment method chosen, unicameral bone cysts come back in the same location 25 to 50% of the time. Generally, the younger the child is when the cyst is treated, the higher the chance of the cyst returning. Your doctor will schedule regular X-rays and follow-up appointments to check for recurrence. […] The cause of unicameral bone cysts remains unknown, but continues to be investigated with ongoing research. In addition to identifying the cause of these cysts, research is also being done to better understand what might be done to prevent them. Research is also looking at better agents to inject into the cysts to prevent them from coming back.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/ijsoncology/fulltext/2019/08000/aneurysmal_bone_cyst_of_the_pelvis_and.1.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, rapidly growing cystic tumors in the bone that were first described by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1942. These cysts usually appear as expansile lytic bone lesions that have a tendency to be locally aggressive. These cysts appear as primary lesions in ~70% cases with remaining 30% being secondary with preexisting osseous lesions. ABCs represent about 1%2% of all primary bone tumors. Primary ABCs are seen at 0.14 per 100,000 of the population per year with a slightly female preponderance. ABCs are seen at all ages, but most patients have been reported to be in their second decade of life with 75%90% cases occurring before the age of 20 years. […] […] […] Management choice depends on whether the lesion is latent, active or aggressive, and aims at preventing complications from the activity of the lesion.

• #2 Bone Cyst | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/29031

  UBC is a common lesion. Most commonly, these lesions occur during the second decade of life (approximately 85%), with a male-to-female ratio of 2 to 1. […] ABC is rarer, at 1.4 per 10000 population annually, and accounts for 9.1% of all bone tumors. There is a female preponderance, and 80% of these lesions occur in the second decade. Most occur in patients younger than 20 years. It is rare after 30 years of age.

• #2 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/unicameral-bone-cyst

  UBCs account for 3% of all bone tumors. They commonly occur in patients age 4-10 years old (Herring, 2014). Males are twice as likely to have a UBC as females. […] UBCs are usually asymptomatic and are often recognized on radiographs obtained for other reasons. Therefore, many go unrecognized until a traumatic event causes a pathologic fracture at the site of the lesion. Once this occurs, presenting symptoms are pain, swelling, erythema and deformity of the affected bone (Pretell-Mazzini, 2014).

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: Practice Essentials, Anatomy, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview

  ABCs are generally considered rare, accounting for only 1-6% of all primary bony tumors. A group from Austria reported an annual incidence of 0.14 ABCs per 100,000 people; however, the true incidence is difficult to calculate because of the existence of spontaneous regression and clinically silent cases. […] A biopsy-proven incidence study from the Netherlands showed that ABCs were the second most common tumor or tumorlike lesion found in children. […] Most studies have also found a slightly increased incidence in women. Although the ABC can appear in persons of any age, it is generally a disease of the young (albeit a rare one in the very young). About 50-70% of ABCs occur in the second decade of life, with 70-86% occurring in patients younger than 20 years. The mean patient age at onset is 13-17.7 years.

• #2 Simple Bone Cyst | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-28315-5_50

  A simple bone cyst (SBC) is an intramedullary, usually unilocular cystic cavity filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid and lined by a membrane of variable thickness, with greater incidence in males than in females (2 or 3:1). The first two decades of life account for 80% of cases. […] SBC has a predilection for the proximal humerus (50%), proximal femur (25%), and proximal tibia. […] The lesion is not wider than the epiphyseal plate.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8036/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal Bone Cysts are benign, non-neoplastic, reactive bone lesions that most commonly occur in the femur and tibia. The condition typically presents in patients less than 20 years of age with focal pain and swelling. […] Epidemiology […] 75% of patients are 20 yrs. […] 15% in spine […] 60% in long bones (Femur and tibia being most common) […] 51% occured in the lower extremities, 22.5% in upper extremities […] usually in metaphysis […] metatarsal and calcaneus are the most common locations in the foot […] posterior elements of pelvis […] may be found in similar location as telangiectatic osteosarcomas.

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  After the bone heals, surgeons frequently start surveillance, a process of watching the bone with the tumor over time. The surgeon might monitor your or your child’s ABC with X-rays every 3 to 6 months to make sure the tumor does not grow back. […] While there is no set guideline, surveillance may continue for 2 years or until the patient reaches skeletal maturity (the bone is finished growing).

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst – OrthoInfo – AAOS

  https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare skeletal tumors, affecting fewer than 1 in 100,000 people per year and accounting for 1 to 2% of all primary bone tumors. […] ABCs affect children more frequently than adults, with a slightly higher incidence in females. […] The goal of treatment is to eliminate the bone cyst, improve pain, and allow the bone to grow more normally. Recovery time after surgery can vary based on the size and location of the ABC. It can take several months (usually 3 to 6 months) for the bone to heal. […] Unfortunately, the bone tumor can come back. ABCs recur approximately 25% of the time. (This means the tumor grows back in 1 out of 4 patients). It is, therefore, important for you or your child to follow up with the surgeon as scheduled to check for appropriate healing and recovery.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  complete healing […] 95% opacification, presence of cortical thickening, and no pain […] partial healing […] 80-95% opacification, with or without cortical thickening […] incomplete healing […] 80% opacification of the cyst and no cortical thickening […] Complications […] Recurrence […] incidence […] 10 to 30% post-treatment recurrence rate […] all UBC should be followed with serial radiographs to evaluate for resolution, persistence, or recurrence of the cyst regardless of treatment […] treatment […] complete surgical resection of the lesion […] treatment with intralesional corticosteroid, demineralized bone matrix, and autologous bone marrow injection may decrease recurrence […] Femoral Neck Varus Malunion / Osteonecrosis / Growth Arrest […] incidence […] 10% of patients with UBC

• #2 Aneurysmal bone cyst: a review

  https://www.jpatholtm.org/journal/view.php?number=17061

  Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a rare neoplasm with an annual prevalence of 0.32 per 100,000 young population, 0.14 per 100,000 general population, and comprising about 2.5% of all bone tumors. […] It has an equal distribution among male and female patients, and most commonly is seen in skeletally immature patients especially in the first two decades of life. […] The diagnosis of ABC requires the correlation of clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings and to distinguish the primary from a secondary form of the disease. […] Although the overall prognosis of ABC is good, the goal of any treatment modality is to slow down the disease progression, symptom relief, and fixation or prevention of pathologic fracture. […] Local recurrence is seen in up to 1/3 of the cases, especially within the few months after the initial treatment, however, it is very rare after 2 years. […] Proper characterization of primary ABC of bone from ABC-like changes in other benign and malignant diseases requires the correlation of radiographic and pathologic findings.

• #2 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/bones/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  – epidemiology: peak incidence in 2nd decade – 80% by age 20 – male : female is 1:1.3 – incidence is 0.14 / 100,000 – 1% of bone tumors […] – overall recurrence rate was 27.5%; – 5 lesions recurred once, and three recurred twice. – average time before recurrence was 18.7 months. – recurrence rate dropped after the use of a high-speed bur.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  risk factor […] pathologic fracture through unicameral bone cyst within the femoral neck […] treatment […] curettage and bone grafting with hip screw and proximal femoral plate […] Limb Length Discrepancy and Axial Deviation […] risk factors […] active cyst crossing physis or involving the epiphysis […] operative intervention during the active phase due to disruption of the physis […] Prognosis […] Overall, favorable prognosis with the majority of lesions being clinically insignificant […] As a patient approaches skeletal maturity, a UBC will often decrease in size and may heal after growth is complete […] Fracture healing usually does not lead to cyst resolution […] Requires close follow-up while in active phase due to recurrence and risk of fracture or growth arrest.

• #2

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  findings […] a central, lytic, well-demarcated metaphyseal lesion with a sclerotic rim (2-3% cross physis) […] smooth endosteal scalloping without periosteal reaction […] unilocular, cystic expansion with symmetric thinning of cortices […] can become multiloculated after repeat fractures […] „fallen leaf” sign (pathologic fracture with fallen cortical fragment in the base of empty cyst is pathognomonic for UBC) […] „rising bubble” sign (gas bubble seen in most non-dependent part of the cyst cavity is pathognomonic for UBC) […] trabeculated appearance after multiple fractures […] CT […] indications […] typically used when cyst is present in complex areas that are difficult to evaluate with plain radiographs […] used to evaluate cyst wall thickness, presence of occult fracture and risk of pathologic fracture

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/ijsoncology/fulltext/2019/08000/aneurysmal_bone_cyst_of_the_pelvis_and.1.aspx

  […] […] With contemporary management, a cure rate of 70%90% is expected. […] […] […] Thus, ABCs may result in fracture and joint involvement, lead to deformity and restricted range of motion, compromise neurological function, affect epiphyseal growth in children and rarely transform into a malignant lesion. […] […] […] The chances of local recurrence are increased in young children and those with stage 3 aggressive tumors. Surgical resection with intralesional curettage and adjuvants is the mainstay of treatment with successful outcome in the range of 70%90%.

• #3 Unicameral Bone Cyst | Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA)

  https://posna.org/physician-education/study-guide/unicameral-bone-cyst

  UBCs account for 3% of all bone tumors. They commonly occur in patients age 4-10 years old (Herring, 2014). Males are twice as likely to have a UBC as females. […] UBCs are usually asymptomatic and are often recognized on radiographs obtained for other reasons. Therefore, many go unrecognized until a traumatic event causes a pathologic fracture at the site of the lesion. Once this occurs, presenting symptoms are pain, swelling, erythema and deformity of the affected bone (Pretell-Mazzini, 2014).

• #3 Aneurysmal Bone Cysts | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/17552

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are a rare osseous tumor, comprising 1% to 6% of primary osseous tumors. According to a retrospective study, the incidence of primary aneurysmal bone cysts was 0.14 per 10 people. The majority of patients diagnosed with an aneurysmal bone cyst (8 out of 10) are children and adolescents less than 20 years old. There is a slightly increased incidence rate seen in females (1 to 1.3). […] Because aneurysmal bone cysts primarily manifest in pediatric patients, growth plate involvement and permanent limb length deformities are of great concern. […] By far, the majority of aneurysmal bone cysts present in the metaphysis of long bones (67%). They also occur in the spine (15%), particularly the posterior elements, pelvis (9%), and less frequently, they can appear in the craniofacial bones and epiphyses.

• #3

  https://journals.lww.com/co-pediatrics/fulltext/2023/02000/the_treatment_of_aneurysmal_bone_cysts.22.aspx

  Aneurysmal bone cysts are rare, locally aggressive bone tumors. […] Seventy-five to 90% of ABCs are diagnosed in the first two decades of life, with the mean age at 13 years. […] Accurately diagnosing primary ABC is crucial for treatment decisions. […] Preferred treatment of ABC has always been up for debate, as no single treatment modality has universal preference. […] The use of denosumab in particular has been shown effective as rescue therapy for controlling ABCs. […] However, a growing number of articles were published warning for severe adverse events after discontinuation in children. […] Denosumab is the primary systemic treatment for ABCs and recent studies describe its effectiveness. […] Selective arterial embolization shows promising results in hard to operate ABCs, but further research is needed. […] Treatment choice is dependent on localization, size, impending or actual pathological fractures and symptoms, as well as surrounding tissues.

• #3 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst : Wheeless’ Textbook of Orthopaedics

  https://www.wheelessonline.com/bones/aneurysmal-bone-cyst/

  – epidemiology: peak incidence in 2nd decade – 80% by age 20 – male : female is 1:1.3 – incidence is 0.14 / 100,000 – 1% of bone tumors […] – overall recurrence rate was 27.5%; – 5 lesions recurred once, and three recurred twice. – average time before recurrence was 18.7 months. – recurrence rate dropped after the use of a high-speed bur.

• #3

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-022-05396-6

  Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) accounts for approximately 1% of all bone tumors with a reported incidence of 0.14 per 100,000 individuals and a prevalence of 0.32 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] In the general population, ABC has a predilection for children and young individuals, is diagnosed more commonly in the second decade of life and has a male to female ratio of 1:1.16. […] In a review of the pediatric literature by Cottalorda et al., 62.7% of ABC occurred in the long bones with the femur (22.3%) and tibia (17.4%) being the most common sites followed by the spine (14.7%). […] ABC can involve every skeletal site, but the most common locations are the metaphysis of the long bones, followed by the spine. […] The imaging work-up of a suspected ABC starts with orthogonal radiographs. Cross-sectional imaging, especially MRI, should be considered complementary in order to confirm the diagnosis and to exclude other bone neoplasms.

• #3 Aneurysmal bone cyst | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/aneurysmal-bone-cyst

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) occur slightly more frequently in females than males and there is a 10-15 percent recurrence rate with treatment. […] Research has revealed a high incidence of accompanying tumors (specifically chondroblastoma and giant cell tumors) in 23 to 32 percent of patients with an aneurysmal bone cyst. […] Aneurysmal bone cysts can recur in 10-15 percent of patients, so it is important for your child to continue to see your child’s surgeon after treatment. […] In most cases, an ABC tumor will not recur more than two years after surgery.

• #3

  https://www.orthobullets.com/pathology/8035/unicameral-bone-cyst

  findings […] similar to radiographs showing a central lytic metaphyseal lesion with a well-demarcated sclerotic rim […] MRI […] indications […] may be used when malignancy is unable to be excluded as a diagnosis […] findings […] T1: dark […] more predictive of fracture risk than xrays […] T2: bright […] T1 with contrast: classic rim enhancement of a cystic lesion […] fluid-fluid levels can be seen if fibrous septations are present or after fractures […] periosteal reaction, signal heterogeneity, and soft tissue edema present in the setting of fracture […] Bone scan […] indications […] no significant diagnostic role […] findings […] focal cold spot with surrounding uptake in the periphery […] „doughnut” sign […] diffuse increase in uptake in the setting of fracture

• #4 A large mixed pattern aneurysmal bone cysts: An extremely rare case with unusual radiological findings and management sequela – Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research

  https://journalmsr.com/a-large-mixed-pattern-aneurysmal-bone-cysts-an-extremely-rare-case-with-unusual-radiological-findings-and-management-sequela/

  Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are rare, benign, yet locally destructive, expansile bone tumors with an incidence rate of 0.140.32 cases per 100,000 individuals. They constitute around 1% of all primary bone tumors. They usually occur in the metaphysis of long bones, especially around the knee, although they can be found almost anywhere in the appendicular or axial skeleton. Almost 80% of these lesions occur in patients who are younger than 20 years old. Clinically, ABCs commonly present with pain, swelling, or an expansile mass. […] Mixed pattern ABCs, on the other hand, are rare and have features of both medullary and surface ABCs. They can be challenging to diagnose, as they can mimic other bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma, especially the telangiectatic type. ABCs can cause diagnostic uncertainty because they can exhibit a destructive radiographic appearance, usually observed as lytic, expansive, and multi-loculated lesions with disturbed cortices.

• #4

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-022-05396-6

  Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) accounts for approximately 1% of all bone tumors with a reported incidence of 0.14 per 100,000 individuals and a prevalence of 0.32 cases per 100,000 individuals. […] In the general population, ABC has a predilection for children and young individuals, is diagnosed more commonly in the second decade of life and has a male to female ratio of 1:1.16. […] In a review of the pediatric literature by Cottalorda et al., 62.7% of ABC occurred in the long bones with the femur (22.3%) and tibia (17.4%) being the most common sites followed by the spine (14.7%). […] ABC can involve every skeletal site, but the most common locations are the metaphysis of the long bones, followed by the spine. […] The imaging work-up of a suspected ABC starts with orthogonal radiographs. Cross-sectional imaging, especially MRI, should be considered complementary in order to confirm the diagnosis and to exclude other bone neoplasms.

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