Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) – Overview – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avnrt/cdc-20355254

  Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia. […] AVNRT tends to occur more often in young women. But anyone can have it at any age. AVNRT may not need treatment. When recommended, treatment may include specific actions or movements, medicines, or a heart procedure. […] Most people with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) don’t need treatment. But if the fast heartbeat occurs often or lasts a long time, treatment may be needed. Treatment for AVNRT may include: […] Vagal maneuvers. Simple but specific actions such as coughing, bearing down as if having a bowel movement, gently massaging the main artery in the neck or putting an ice pack on the face can help slow down the heart rate.

• #2 Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/avnrt/symptoms-causes/syc-20573830

  Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of irregular heartbeat, also called an arrhythmia. It is the most common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). […] AVNRT may not need treatment. When treatment is needed, it may include specific actions or movements, medicines, or a heart procedure. […] A very fast heartbeat is the most common symptom of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). […] AVNRT does not always cause symptoms. […] Symptoms of AVNRT may be mild in children. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is caused by faulty electrical signaling in the heart. […] Healthcare professionals aren’t sure why some people have the extra pathway that causes AVNRT. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is more common in young women. […] Some health conditions or treatments may increase the risk of AVNRT. […] Possible complications of AVNRT are: worsening of existing heart disease, sudden stopping of all heart activity, called sudden cardiac arrest.

• #3 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22923-avnrt

  Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of arrhythmia. A person with AVNRT experiences sudden episodes of an abnormally fast heartbeat. Many people with AVNRT dont require treatment, as simple strategies may help prevent and control episodes. But those with rare, severe cases have several treatment options. […] AVNRT can affect anyone, is more common in women than men and can even occur in young, otherwise healthy adults. […] AVNRT happens in episodes, meaning the rapid heartbeat comes and goes. A person with the condition can have symptoms for years before getting a diagnosis. […] Many people with AVNRT dont need treatment. But your healthcare team may recommend treatment if you: Are at risk for serious complications. Experience symptoms that interfere with your daily life, such as fainting. Have frequent or prolonged episodes of AVNRT.

• #4 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia: Background, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/160215-overview

  Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common type of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). The substrate for AVNRT is the presence of dual AV nodal pathways that are bounded by Kochs triangle generally a slow and a fast pathway but sometimes two slow pathways. […] AVNRT is usually well tolerated, often occurring in patients with no structural heart disease. […] Patients should be instructed on vagal maneuvers (Valsalva, diving reflex). These are used to try to terminate an episode of AVNRT. Patients with hemodynamic compromise or syncope should be instructed on avoiding activities that could be dangerous to them or to others (eg, driving, swimming) while the risk of an episode remains. Ablation obviates the need for long-term restriction. […] The prognosis for patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is usually good in the absence of structural heart disease. Most patients respond acutely to vagal maneuvers or adenosine and long term to medications to prevent recurrence or to radiofrequency ablation, which is approximately 95% curative and has a low risk of complications. It is the preferred method of treatment for most patients.

• #5 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT)

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/atrioventricular-nodal-reentry-tachycardia-avnrt

  Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, a form of supraventricular tachycardia, is the most common narrow-complex tachycardic arrhythmia in healthy individuals and only second to atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in the general population. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) occurs when there is „dual AV nodal physiology” or a „dual AV node.” This means there is one pathway that conducts slowly within the AV node and another that conducts quickly. A premature atrial contraction (PAC) or premature ventricular contraction (PVC) can alter the normal conduction cycle to produce a reentrant circuit within these two pathways, resulting in the tachycardia. […] Unlike atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, AVNRT does not have any thromboembolic risk and is considered a relatively benign arrhythmia.

• #6 AVNRT: AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/avnrt-av-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia/

  AV nodal reentrant tachycardia originates in the AV node.2,3 It is due to the presence of an electrical signal pathway called a reentry circuit in the AV node.3 Patients with AVNRT have 2 functional AV nodal pathways that conduct impulses at different rates and usually are referred to as fast and slow.3 […] A hemodynamically stable patient who is experiencing an acute episode of AVNRT should be treated with vagal maneuvers such as carotid sinus massage or Valsalva maneuver to achieve reconversion to sinus rhythm.5,7 However, carotid sinus massage should be avoided or used with extreme caution in older adults and patients at risk of stroke.5 […] Patients with AVNRT who experience infrequent episodes may not need ongoing treatment, especially if they respond to vagal maneuvers.6 For individuals with more frequent or serious symptoms, catheter ablation can be a safe and effective option.5,6 It has a long-term success rate greater than 95%.6

• #7 Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/atrioventricular-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia

  Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a regular supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) that results from the formation of a reentry circuit confined to the AV node and perinodal atrial tissue. Because of its abrupt onset and termination, AVNRT is categorized as a paroxysmal SVT (PSVT). […] This topic will review the mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of AVNRT. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common form of regular, sustained, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), accounting for nearly two-thirds of all PSVTs, and is more common in female patients. […] AVNRT usually occurs in patients with otherwise normal hearts; however, it can occur in patients with structural heart disease. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) generally requires the existence of dual electrical pathways in the AV node. […] The physiologic substrate for AVNRT usually involves dual (ie, fast and slow) electrical pathways that lead to the compact AV node.

• #8 AVNRT | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/avnrt/24391766

  AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, is a type of tachycardia (fast rhythm) of the heart. […] AVNRT is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. […] The main symptom is palpitations. […] Treatment may be with specific physical maneuvers, medication, or, rarely, synchronized cardioversion. […] Frequent attacks may require radiofrequency ablation, in which the abnormally conducting tissue in the heart is destroyed. […] AVNRT occurs when a reentry circuit forms within or just next to the atrioventricular node. […] The circuit usually involves two anatomical pathways: the fast pathway and the slow pathway, which are both in the right atrium. […] The slow pathway (which is usually targeted for ablation) is located inferior and slightly posterior to the AV node, often following the anterior margin of the coronary sinus.

• #9 AVNRT | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/avnrt/24391766

  The fast pathway is usually located just superior and posterior to the AV node. […] These pathways are formed from tissue that behaves very much like the AV node, and some authors regard them as part of the AV node. […] The fast and slow pathways should not be confused with the accessory pathways that give rise to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome) or atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). […] In AVNRT, the fast and slow pathways are located within the right atrium close to or within the AV node and exhibit electrophysiologic properties similar to AV nodal tissue. […] Management AVNRT […] Slow-pathway ablation may be considered at the discretion of the physician when sustained (more than 30 seconds) AVNRT is induced incidentally during an ablation procedure directed at a different clinical tachycardia.

• #10 AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)

  http://www.washingtonhra.com/arrhythmias/av-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia-avnrt.php

  AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, AVNRT, is the most common cause of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). […] The symptoms of AVNRT are similar to other SVT, with palpitation, lightheadedness, dizziness, shortness of breath, reduced exercise capacity, weakness, fatigue, chest discomfort, and sweating episodes. […] AV nodal reentry tachycardia can be diagnosed by your physician via an electrocardiogram or an Ambulatory monitoring device, i.e. Holter or Event monitor, specifically during an arrhythmia episode. […] AV nodal reentry tachycardia, as an isolated rhythm disturbance, is not considered a life-threatening condition. […] Therapy for patients suffering from AVNRT depends on the frequency and severity of symptoms. […] Medications used to terminate symptomatic AVNRT episodes and to reduce AVNRT occurrences include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and less commonly digoxin.

• #11 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/atrioventricular-nodal-reentry-tachycardia/

  Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a kind of intermittent rapid heart rate condition that occurs due to a loop circuit in or near the AV node. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, or AVNRT, is a type of rapid heart rhythm. […] AVNRT is a common, rapid heart rhythm and is found in similar numbers worldwide as it is in the US. […] Signs and symptoms of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT) include: – Dizziness – Fainting (in cases where the heart rate exceeds 170 beats per minute) – Shortness of breath – Irregular heartbeats – Neck and chest discomfort – Feelings of anxiety – Increased urination – Potential heart attack or heart failure symptoms in those with pre-existing conditions – Chest pain – Rapid breathing and wheezing – Swelling of the lower body parts – Pronounced neck veins – Low blood pressure.

• #12 Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia – Hope For Hearts

  https://hopeforhearts.com.au/arrhythmias/atrioventricular-nodal-re-entrant-tachycardia/

  AVNRT is a common type of supraventricular tachycardia that results in a reentrant circuit within or close to the AV node. […] Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). […] Most patients with AVNRT present with symptoms such as: Dizziness / presyncope, Palpitations, Shortness of breath, Anxiety related palpitations, Fluttering feeling in the throat and/or neck, Potential chest discomfort, Heart rates between 140 250 beats per minute, Hypotension (low blood pressure) due to rapid heart rates. […] Diagnosis of AVNRT is often made when physical symptoms present with the symptoms outlined above, although the condition is often confirmed on the examination of an Electrocardiograph (ECG). […] The treatment goal for AVNRT is to reduce the rapid heart rate to relieve symptoms and ultimately return to a more acceptable heart rate through a range of therapy options.

• #13 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT)

  https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/atrioventricular-nodal-reentry-tachycardia-avnrt

  Diagnosis is made on the 12-lead ECG. Findings include a narrow complex tachycardia, a P wave that occurs after the QRS complex (a short RP interval) and termination with adenosine or carotid massage. […] Treatment for atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia includes vagal maneuvers, which can frequently terminate the arrhythmia. Also, AV blocking agents such as beta-blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (diltiazem or verapamil) can help to decrease the frequency of episodes. The usual approach to the treatment of AVNRT is medical therapy with AV blocking agents and referral for ablation if this therapy fails or significant side-effects occur. […] Ablation is commonly utilized, as the success rate is high with a low complication rate; however, it is considered to be most appropriate when medical therapy fails to control symptoms.

• #14 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia – Core EM

  https://coreem.net/core/avnrt/

  Definition: A regular, narrow-complex rhythm with a ventricular rate that is typically 160 bpm. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) results from the presence of a reentry circuit in the AV node. This circuit conducts down the bundle of His (resulting in a narrow QRS) and generates retrograde conduction into the atria (inverted P waves buried within the QRS). […] Immediate Management: The primary goal is to convert the patient back to sinus rhythm. […] Unstable patients with AVNRT should be considered for immediate synchronized electrical cardioversion. […] Stable patients with AVNRT can have a trial of vagal maneuvers followed by chemical cardioversion with adenosine or verapamil and synchronized electrical cardioversion if that fails. […] Most adult patients with AVNRT can be discharged after termination of the tachydysrhythmia. […] Pediatric patients should be considered for admission and further cardiology evaluation. […] Patients with frequent recurrences should be sent to a electrophysiologist for follow up.

• #15 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK499936/

  Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia that results due to the presence of a re-entry circuit within or adjacent to the AV node. […] This activity describes the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of AV nodal reentry tachycardia and highlights the role of team-based interprofessional care for affected patients. […] Management of patients presenting with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia begins with an initial evaluation of their hemodynamic stability. […] Hemodynamically unstable patients present with tachycardia associated with hypotension, ischemic chest pain, altered mental status, respiratory failure, or shock. […] These patients need their AVNRT terminated electrically with an urgent electrical cardioversion.

• #16 Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) – Mayo Clinic Health Information – Monument Health

  https://monument.health/mayo-clinic-health-information-library/article/?mayo-id=CON-20239502

  Cardioversion. Paddles or patches on the chest are used to electrically shock the heart and help reset the heart rhythm. […] Catheter ablation. This treatment may be suggested if medicines don’t work or if their side effects are too bothersome. A doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through a blood vessel, usually in the groin, and guides it to the heart. Sensors on the tip of the catheter use heat or cold energy to create tiny scars in the heart. The scars block irregular electrical signals and restore a typical heartbeat.

• #17 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK499936/

  Hemodynamically stable patients should be treated first with vagal maneuvers to cease the rhythm acutely. […] Once such maneuvers are unsuccessful or are inappropriate, intravenous (IV), it warrants medical therapy. […] First-line medical therapy is IV adenosine, administered up to 18 mg given in increments of 6 mg in the absence of contraindications such as severe bronchospastic lung disease or severe coronary artery disease. […] IV adenosine terminates approximately 80% of AVNRT arrhythmias. […] Patients in whom medical treatment and Valsalva maneuvers fail or those who cannot tolerate medication due to its side effects might opt for catheter ablation as a one-time definitive cure. […] The selection of these antiarrhythmics usually is based on patients’ comorbidities and the drug side effect profiles.

• #18 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/160215-treatment

  Rest, reassurance, sedation, and/or vagal maneuvers may terminate an attack of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). The successful management of an acute attack, however, depends on the symptoms, the presence of underlying heart disease, and the natural history of previous episodes. […] The use of calcium channel blockers is contraindicated in patients with tachycardias of ventricular origin and may cause hemodynamic compromise and death. […] To terminate AVNRT, try vagal maneuvers (eg, carotid sinus massage, exposure of the face to ice water, Valsalva maneuver) before initiating drug treatment. […] Direct-current (DC) synchronized cardioversion is used to terminate an attack if the patient has hemodynamic compromise or if drug conversion fails and the patient continues to be symptomatic.

• #19 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/160215-treatment

  Drugs that can be used to terminate an attack include adenosine, calcium channel blockers (eg, diltiazem, verapamil), beta-blockers, and digitalis. […] Adenosine is the first-line drug used for termination of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). […] Intravenous verapamil 5-10 mg is effective to stop AVNRT and it may be better tolerated in some individuals than adenosine. […] Preventive therapy is needed for frequent, prolonged, or highly symptomatic episodes that do not terminate spontaneously or for those that cannot be easily terminated by the patient. […] Radiofrequency catheter ablation of the reentrant circuit should be considered in patients who have frequent or highly symptomatic episodes, who do not want drug therapy, who cannot tolerate the drugs, or in whom drug therapy fails. […] Radiofrequency catheter ablation is associated with cure rates of greater than 95%, with very low risk of atrioventricular (AV) block (1%) for patients with AV nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT). […] Cryoablation has been increasingly used for treating AVNRT, with reported safety and efficacy.

• #20 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22923-avnrt

  Several treatment strategies are available: Vagal maneuvers: You may be able to stop an episode of AVNRT with simple strategies at home. Examples include coughing, holding your breath or dipping your face in cold water. Electrical cardioversion: Cardioversion delivers an electrical shock to the heart via paddles or patches on your chest. The procedure can restore a normal heart rhythm. Medications: Several medications can regulate heart rate and rhythm. Examples include adenosine injection, antiarrhythmic drugs, calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers. Catheter ablation: Catheter ablation creates scar tissue in heart muscle, which can block faulty electrical signals and cure certain types of arrhythmia, such as AVNRT. […] Certain strategies may help you control AVNRT episodes, including: Dont use any over-the-counter medications or supplements without checking with your healthcare provider first. Have regular follow-up visits with your healthcare provider, such as a cardiologist (heart specialist). Take all of your medications as directed. Track and avoid triggers that tend to set off AVNRT episodes. Tell your healthcare provider if you notice any changes in your symptoms. For example, are episodes worse now than they used to be? Do they happen more often?

• #21 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/cardiology/av-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  The management of AVNRT proceeds along two lines of therapy. One is empiric drug therapy and the other is catheter ablation for cure of the arrhythmia once acute management has been addressed. […] Patients desiring drug therapy for suppressing of AVNRT should first receive oral beta-blockers or nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. […] For patients not desiring drug therapy or those who are drug intolerant, catheter ablation offers a cure rate in excess of 95% with low risk of complications and will be discussed below. […] The immediate management of AVNRT depends on the severity of symptoms and the patients hemodynamics. If there is hypotension and shock, sedation followed by urgent cardioversion according to ACLS guidelines must be performed. […] Patients desiring drug therapy for their arrhythmia should have an ECG periodically to determine the effects of the drugs on heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, and QT interval.

• #22 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia

  Those who wish to have further treatment can choose to take long term antiarrhythmic medication. The first line drugs are calcium channel antagonists and beta blockers, with second line agents including flecainide, amiodarone, and occasionally digoxin. These drugs are moderately effective at preventing further episodes but need to be taken long term. […] Alternatively, an invasive procedure called an electrophysiology (EP) study and catheter ablation can be used to confirm the diagnosis and potentially offer a cure. This procedure involves introducing wires or catheters into the heart through a vein in the leg. The tip of one of these catheters can be used to heat or freeze the slow pathway of the AV node, destroying its ability to conduct electrical impulses, and preventing AVNRT.

• #23 Catheter Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia: Facts and Fiction | AER Journal

  https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/catheter-ablation-atrioventricular-nodal-re-entrant-tachycardia-facts-and-fiction?language_content_entity=en

  Although the exact circuit of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) still eludes us, AVNRT is the most common regular arrhythmia in humans, and therefore the most commonly encountered during ablation attempts for regular tachycardias. Catheter ablation for AVNRT is the current treatment of choice in symptomatic patients. It reduces arrhythmia-related hospitalisations and costs, and substantially improves quality of life. Catheter ablation approaches aimed at the fast pathway have been abandoned; slow pathway ablation, using a combined anatomical and mapping approach, is now the method of choice. This approach offers a success rate of 95 %, has a recurrence rate of approximately 1.3-4.0 %, and has been associated with a low risk of atrioventricular (AV) block that in most, but not all, studies is 1 %.

• #24 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK499936/

  An interprofessional team that provides an integrated approach in identifying that the patient is in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and whether the patient is hemodynamically stable or not is integral towards managing patients with this arrhythmia. […] Nursing will have a significant role as they will administer the drug chosen, and need to be aware of potential adverse event signs as well as assessing for therapeutic effectiveness.

• #25 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/atrioventricular-nodal-reentry-tachycardia/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=17974

  Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a kind of intermittent rapid heart rate condition that occurs due to a loop circuit in or near the AV node. […] When someone comes in with an abnormally fast heart rhythm a condition known as atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, or AVNRT the first thing doctors need to do is assess how stable the patient is. If the fast heart rate is causing other dangerous symptoms like low blood pressure, chest pain, confusion, trouble breathing, or shock, then the doctor may need to restore a normal heart rhythm quickly using a technique called electrical cardioversion. […] If symptoms like fainting, tiredness, or dizziness are not quickly recognized and treated, they can lead to complications. […] Teaching patients who are prone to this heart rhythm about their condition can greatly improve how its managed. Ensuring regular and open communication between these patients and their healthcare providers also plays a crucial role in the effective management of these heart rhythms.

• #26 The patient who experiences frequent episodes of atrioventricular… – Nursing Education

  https://nursingeducation.org/lms/questions/view/1884

  Although the carotid sinus massage is one way to convert the patient out of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT), the nurse intervenes if the student nurse attempts to teach the patient to perform carotid sinus massage at home as this can have complications if not performed correctly. […] The student nurse appropriately provides education to the patient with AVNRT about vagal maneuvers. These include Valsalva maneuvers: bearing down as if trying to defecate and blowing out with a closed mouth while pinching the nose. Vagal maneuvers also include instigating the mammalian diving reflex by plunging the face into a bowl full of ice water.

• #27 AVNRT: AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/ddi/avnrt-av-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia/

  After initial treatment for AVNRT, patient education is necessary to promote adherence to follow-up appointments, vagal maneuvers, and ongoing pharmacotherapy as appropriate. Regular follow-up appointments with a cardiovascular specialist may help prevent recurrence of symptoms and enable patients to be monitored for possible long-term complications. This is especially important for patients who do not receive any form of ongoing treatment or those who require pharmacologic treatment.

• #28 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

  https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/mas/structured-content/Condition_AV_Nodal_Reentrant_Tachycardia_-_Cardio_EP.xml?co=/regions/mas

  Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a disorder of the heart’s electrical system that causes sudden, very rapid heart rate. AVNRT can occur in people with generally healthy hearts. […] Usually, AVNRT isn’t life-threatening because the fast heart rhythm is steady, not chaotic. AVNRT can be prevented, managed, and sometimes cured with treatment. […] AVNRT is treatable. We’ll talk with you about treatment options and develop a plan that’s best for you. Our goal is to manage symptoms and prevent episodes of rapid heartbeat. […] Here are the main treatment options. […] Specific drugs that slow the heart rate can help prevent AVNRT. These include long-acting beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digitalis. […] Catheter ablation has a high cure rate and low risk of complications. Possible complications include bleeding where the catheter is inserted and blood vessel damage. […] We’ll talk with you about managing dizziness and other AVNRT symptoms. Here are general lifestyle recommendations: Sit or lie down if you’re dizzy. Ask for help if others are nearby.

• #29 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22923-avnrt

  If you have AVNRT, seek medical attention if you experience: Chest pain. Episodes that last a long time or become more frequent. Lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting. Shortness of breath. […] Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a kind of arrhythmia. People with AVNRT have episodes when their heart suddenly beats much faster than normal. If you have any symptoms of AVNRT, talk to a healthcare provider about ways to prevent episodes and treatment options.

• #30 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) – Paces

  https://www.pacesep.org/patient-resources/avnrt/

  AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of SVT that begins in the upper chambers of the heart (Atria) and travels through an abnormal electrical circuit within the AV node. […] Although AVNRT is not usually dangerous, if left untreated it can affect the hearts ability to pump normally. […] Your EP team may prescribe medication for treatment. Medication is not a cure but can decrease the number of episodes and help to control symptoms. In most cases, these medications are taken daily. […] An EP Study and ablation is a curative procedure for SVT. […] If the episode is lasts a long time, your child is ill or has fainted or you don’t feel comfortable doing these maneuvers at home, you can call your doctor or go to an emergency room. If your child appears very ill, you should call 911. In the emergency room, your child may receive an intravenous (IV) medication to stop the SVT. If the medication is not successful and your child remains ill, a brief electrical shock (cardioversion), may be required. This is usually done while your child is sedated. […] Typically, children and adolescents with AVNRT do not have activity restrictions but understanding what triggers an individual’s SVT like exercise or strenuous activity can help avoid further episodes.

• #31 Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia in children and adolescents: a single center experience

  https://www.e-cep.org/journal/view.php?number=20125550691

  Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) is less common in pediatric patients than in adult patients. Thus, data for pediatric AVNRT patients are insufficient. Hence, we aimed to analyze the patient characteristics, treatment, and any recurrences in pediatric AVNRT patients. […] RFCA is safe and effective in pediatric AVNRT patients. However, further research is needed for establishing the endpoints of ablation in pediatric AVNRT patients and for identifying risk factors by evaluating data on AVNRT recurrence after RFCA. […] This study highlights the need for the establishment of ablation endpoint for pediatric AVNRT patients as well as research on risk factors for AVNRT recurrence. However, this was difficult to achieve via a single-center analysis with a limited number of patients. Therefore, an additional multicenter study with large pediatric patient cohorts is necessary.

• #32

  https://step2.medbullets.com/evidence/29239759

  AVNRT is the most common tachydysrhythmia in pregnancy, and vagal maneuvers and adenosine are first line. Electrical cardioversion should be utilized for hemodynamically unstable patients. Most patients with AVNRT may be discharged with appropriate follow-up. […] Several studies demonstrate that nondihydropyridine calcium channels (verapamil and diltiazem) are equally as efficacious as adenosine in converting AVNRT to sinus rhythm, without the negative (albeit short-lived) side effects.

• #33 Successful Management of an Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia in a Neonate: A Case Report

  https://brieflands.com/articles/jcp-112484

  The most common tachyarrhythmias in fetal cases is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT); atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) type. […] Premature delivery, neonatal complications, and mortality following fetal SVT are high, and therefore, require proper management. […] Hereby, we introduce an AVNRT that was diagnosed in the fetus, and it continued after delivery, and eventually was controlled. […] The diagnosis of SVT; AVNRT rhythm in the fetus was confirmed, and therefore an electrocardiogram (ECG) was taken from the mother, and the electrolytes were checked and then intravenous digoxin begun at a dose of 500 g every eight hours for 24 hours for the mother, and then tablet digoxin 250 g was started every eight hours as a maintenance dose. […] Tachycardia was controlled and no recurrence of fetal tachycardia was seen after seven days of starting treatment.

• #34 Successful Management of an Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia in a Neonate: A Case Report

  https://brieflands.com/articles/jcp-112484

  The patient was referred to the hospital with a recurrence of fetal tachycardia from the gynecological clinic after three days of discharge from the hospital. […] Adenosine infusion as 0.1 mg/kg was administered, and sinus rhythm was observed. […] Due to non-control of tachycardia after three doses of adenosine, propranolol tablets were started at a 1 mg/kg every eight hours. […] Finally, we found no cause for the patients arrhythmia. […] The patient was discharged in good general condition and normal examinations with an HR of 144 after the prescription of propranolol and flecainide tablets. […] Although adenosine was not effective in our patient after delivery, many studies have reported adenosine as the most effective and safest drug for AVNRT in neonates and infants. […] Yet, propranolol and flecainide are also effective treatments in pediatric arrhythmias, as were beneficial in our patient. […] This study showed that AVNRT is sometimes not easily controlled, contrary to previous perception, and that flecainide can be used as a suitable drug for these patients.

• #35 AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentHealthline

  https://www.healthline.com/health/arrhythmia/av-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia

  Ongoing treatment is key to regulating AVNRT and preventing complications. […] Although experts don’t consider AVNRT life threatening, the condition can become more severe over time without diagnosis and treatment. Consider speaking with a doctor if you have unexplained episodes of an extremely high heart rate without any known underlying medical conditions.

• #36 Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/heart-health/atrioventricular-nodal-reentry-tachycardia/

  Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT) can be treated in several ways depending on the stability of the patient. If the patient is unstable, doctors may need to restore a normal heart rhythm quickly using electrical cardioversion. However, if the patient is stable, doctors will first try techniques to slow down the heart rate, such as vagal maneuvers. If these techniques are not effective or not suitable, medical treatment options are considered. The first drug usually used is adenosine, followed by other medications like calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, or digoxin. […] The prognosis for Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia (AVNRT) is typically positive if a healthcare provider quickly identifies the heart rhythm.

• #37 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia

  Medications that slow or briefly halt electrical conduction through the AV node can terminate AVNRT, including adenosine, beta blockers, or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (such as verapamil or diltiazem). […] If the fast heart rate is poorly tolerated (e.g. the development of heart failure symptoms, low blood pressure or coma) then AVNRT can be terminated electrically using a cardioversion. In this procedure, after administering a strong sedative or general anaesthetic, an electric shock is applied to the heart to restore a normal rhythm. […] While preventative treatment may be very helpful at stopping the unpleasant symptoms associated with AVNRT, as this arrhythmia is a benign condition, preventative treatment is not essential. Some of those who choose not to have further treatment will eventually become asymptomatic.

• #38 AV nodal reentrant tachycardia: Diagnosis and Treatment – Dermatology Advisor

  https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/cardiology/av-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  The long-term management of AVNRT proceeds along two lines of therapy. One is empiric drug therapy, and the other is catheter ablation for cure of the arrhythmia once acute management has been addressed. […] If medications are not effective or not desired, then catheter ablation can be undertaken. Generally this can be done with radiofrequency energy (RF) or with the cryoablation technique but as a rule RF catheter ablation is more efficacious with less chance of recurrence and is generally the procedure of choice for ablation of AVNRT.

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