Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #2 Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, What It Is, Prognosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6178-multiple-myeloma

  Multiple myeloma happens when healthy plasma cells become abnormal cells that multiply and produce abnormal antibodies. This change starts a cascade of medical issues and conditions that can affect your bones, your kidneys and your bodys ability to make healthy red and white blood cells and platelets. […] Some people have multiple myeloma without symptoms but blood tests show signs of conditions that may become multiple myeloma. In this case, healthcare providers may recommend watchful waiting or monitoring your overall health rather than starting treatment. Healthcare providers cant cure multiple myeloma, but they can treat related conditions and symptoms and slow its progress. […] Multiple myeloma symptoms develop over time and may resemble other medical conditions or diseases. Here are some of the conditions linked to multiple myeloma and their causes:

• #3 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  https://themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  As myeloma cells multiply in the bone marrow, they crowd out normal cells, meaning that there is less room forand decreased numbers ofred blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Reduction of blood cells can cause anemia, excessive bleeding, and decreased ability to fight infection. The buildup of M protein in the blood and urine can damage the kidneys and other organs. […] Myeloma cells may activate other cells in the marrow that can damage your bones, which can cause bone pain and weakened spots on bones (called osteolytic lesions). This bone destruction increases the risk of fractures and can also lead to increased levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). […] Multiple myeloma symptoms vary from person to person. Often, in the early stages of disease, there are no obvious symptoms. When they are present, symptoms may be vague or similar to those of other conditions.

• #4

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Multiple myeloma may not cause any symptoms in the early stages, but eventually leads to a wide range of problems. It’s often diagnosed after a routine blood test or, sometimes, a urine test. […] Multiple myeloma can cause pain in affected bones usually the back, ribs or hips. […] The pain is frequently a persistent dull ache, which may be made worse by movement. […] Multiple myeloma can weaken the bones and make them more likely to break (fracture). The spine and long bones (arms and legs) are most often affected. […] Compression of the spinal cord can cause: pins and needles, numbness and weakness in the legs and feet, problems controlling your bladder and bowels. […] Multiple myeloma can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to a lack of red blood cells (anaemia). This can also occur as a side effect of myeloma treatment.

• #5 Multiple myeloma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/multiple-myeloma/

  In the early stages, myeloma may not cause any symptoms. Its often only suspected or diagnosed after a routine blood or urine test. […] However, myeloma will eventually cause a wide range of problems, including: a persistent dull ache or specific areas of tenderness in your bones, weak bones that break (fracture) easily, tiredness, weakness and shortness of breath (caused by anaemia), repeated infections, less commonly, bruising and unusual bleeding such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods. […] In the early stages, multiple myeloma may not cause any symptoms or complications, and may only be diagnosed after a routine blood or urine test. However, it will eventually cause a wide range of problems. […] Multiple myeloma can cause pain in affected bones, most often the back, ribs or hips. The pain is frequently a persistent dull ache, which may be made worse by movement.

• #6 Multiple myeloma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353383

  Sometimes a health care professional finds multiple myeloma during a blood test for another condition. Other times your symptoms may lead your health care professional to test for multiple myeloma. […] Multiple myeloma treatment isn’t always needed right away. If there are no symptoms, you might have tests to watch the myeloma to see if it gets worse. When multiple myeloma causes symptoms, treatment often starts with medicine. Treatment can help relieve pain, control complications, and slow the growth of the myeloma cells. […] Sometimes multiple myeloma doesn’t cause symptoms. Doctors call this smoldering multiple myeloma. This kind of multiple myeloma might not need treatment right away. […] You and your health care team might decide to start treatment if you develop multiple myeloma symptoms.

• #7 Smoldering Myeloma | Condition | UAMS Health

  https://uamshealth.com/condition/smoldering-myeloma/

  SMM is sometimes called asymptomatic myeloma, because patients do not usually experience any symptoms. […] Patients with SMM should watch for any symptoms, such as bone pain and fatigue, as they might indicate progression to myeloma. […] While not all SMM patients develop active MM, many do. Data shows that approximately 10% of SMM patients progress to active myeloma every year in the first five years, 3% per year in years 6-10, and 1% per year thereafter. Newly developed symptoms such as pain, fatigue, or weight loss can be signs that the disease has progressed.

• #8 What Is the Main Cause of Death from Multiple Myeloma? | Sage Family of Companies

  https://sagefoc.com/blog/what-is-the-main-cause-of-death-from-multiple-myeloma/

  The speed of multiple myeloma’s progression depends on the severity of the disease. If you don’t have symptoms a condition known as smoldering myeloma it can take years before your illness progresses to multiple myeloma. Smoldering multiple myeloma transitions to multiple myeloma at a rate of about: 10 percent per year within the first five years of diagnosis; 3 percent per year over the next five years; 1.5 percent per year after that. […] While there’s no cure for multiple myeloma, it’s possible to enter remission with current treatments, and this can sometimes last for years. However, other cases may progress quickly and lead to death from the disease or complications from the cancer.

• #9 Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Causes, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma-2

  Multiple myeloma progresses through distinct stages, each with varying levels of disease activity: […] A precancerous condition with abnormal plasma cells producing monoclonal protein, but no symptoms or organ damage. […] An intermediate stage with higher levels of monoclonal protein and plasma cells but no active symptoms or tissue damage. […] The advanced stage where plasma cells proliferate uncontrollably, leading to bone lesions, kidney dysfunction, anemia, and other complications. […] Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic, precancerous condition characterized by elevated levels of monoclonal protein (M protein) and an increased percentage of plasma cells in the bone marrow. […] The risk of SMM progressing to active multiple myeloma varies. Generally, the progression rate is approximately 10% per year for the first five years, then decreases to 3% per year for the next five years, and about 1% per year thereafter. […] The American Cancer Society notes that people with high-risk SMM may consider treatment with medications, such as lenalidomide, with or without dexamethasone, to lower the risk of progression to active myeloma.

• #10 Smoldering Myeloma | Condition | UAMS Health

  https://uamshealth.com/condition/smoldering-myeloma/

  SMM is sometimes called asymptomatic myeloma, because patients do not usually experience any symptoms. […] Patients with SMM should watch for any symptoms, such as bone pain and fatigue, as they might indicate progression to myeloma. […] While not all SMM patients develop active MM, many do. Data shows that approximately 10% of SMM patients progress to active myeloma every year in the first five years, 3% per year in years 6-10, and 1% per year thereafter. Newly developed symptoms such as pain, fatigue, or weight loss can be signs that the disease has progressed.

• #11

• #12 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #13 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  http://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  As myeloma cells multiply in the bone marrow, they crowd out normal cells, meaning that there is less room forand decreased numbers ofred blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Reduction of blood cells can cause anemia, excessive bleeding, and decreased ability to fight infection. The buildup of M protein in the blood and urine can damage the kidneys and other organs. […] Myeloma cells may activate other cells in the marrow that can damage your bones, which can cause bone pain and weakened spots on bones (called osteolytic lesions). This bone destruction increases the risk of fractures and can also lead to increased levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). […] Multiple myeloma symptoms vary from person to person. Often, in the early stages of disease, there are no obvious symptoms. When they are present, symptoms may be vague or similar to those of other conditions.

• #14 Multiple Myeloma – Symptoms & Causes | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma often does not have early symptoms. This can make it difficult to diagnose in the beginning stages. Symptoms of multiple myeloma may include: […] Myeloma cells trigger the destruction of the surrounding bone. The weakened area of bone is more likely to break. This is called a pathological fracture. […] Bone pain, especially in the middle and/or lower back, rib cage or hips. The pain can be mild or severe depending on the extent of the multiple myeloma, the speed with which it has developed, and whether fracture or nerve compression has occurred. […] Myeloma can cause anemia, which can lead to feeling short of breath with exertion or tiredness more than usual. […] Multiple myeloma can lead to high calcium levels in the blood and/or kidney failure. This can lead to confusion. Confusion can also be related to hyperviscocity (overly thick) blood.

• #15 Patient education: Multiple myeloma symptoms, diagnosis, and staging (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/multiple-myeloma-symptoms-diagnosis-and-staging-beyond-the-basics/print

  Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Normally, plasma cells produce antibodies and play a key role in immune function. However, uncontrolled growth of these cells leads to bone pain and fractures, anemia, infections, and other complications. […] Most people develop bone pain in the back or chest, or less commonly, the arms and legs, at the time of diagnosis. The pain is usually triggered by movement and is absent at night, except when changing positions. […] MM causes both generalized bone loss throughout the body as well as areas of bone destruction (called „lytic lesions” on X-ray) in specific areas. […] The excess proteins and high blood calcium levels associated with MM can damage the kidneys. Kidney function is abnormal at diagnosis in about half of people with multiple myeloma. Occasionally, severe kidney impairment, or kidney failure, is the first sign of MM.

• #16 Symptoms of myeloma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/myeloma/symptoms

  Myeloma does not always cause symptoms in its early stages. It might be picked up on a routine blood test. […] The main signs and symptoms of myeloma are: bone pain – often in your back, hips, shoulders or ribs […] broken bones (fractures) […] tiredness (fatigue), shortness of breath and weakness – these are symptoms of low red blood cells (anaemia) […] pain, changes in sensation or weakness – these are symptoms of spinal cord compression […] lots of infections or infections that don’t go away […] feeling thirsty, passing urine more frequently, confusion and drowsiness – these are all symptoms of high calcium levels in the blood. […] Most of the symptoms and problems of myeloma are caused by abnormal plasma cells building up in the bone marrow. These cells make abnormal types of antibodies called paraproteins, which also causes problems.

• #17 Multiple Myeloma | Condition | UAMS Health

  https://uamshealth.com/condition/multiple-myeloma/

  Symptoms of myeloma may include: […] Bone pain, usually in the back and chest […] Broken bones, usually in the spine […] Weakness or numbness in the legs […] Fatigue […] Frequent Infections […] Weight loss […] Nausea […] Excessive thirst […] Fogginess or confusion. Early stage of myeloma may not exhibit any symptoms. […] Myeloma cells prevent bone cells from forming new bone and increase the absorption of bone already laid down, resulting in weak, thin bones characterized by holes (resembling holes in Swiss cheese) or lytic lesions. These lytic lesions can cause significant bone pain and increase the risk of fractures. Myeloma can also cause calcium to leave the bones and enter the bloodstream, resulting in what is known as hypercalcemia, which can cause nausea, fatigue and confusion.

• #18

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Multiple myeloma may not cause any symptoms in the early stages, but eventually leads to a wide range of problems. It’s often diagnosed after a routine blood test or, sometimes, a urine test. […] Multiple myeloma can cause pain in affected bones usually the back, ribs or hips. […] The pain is frequently a persistent dull ache, which may be made worse by movement. […] Multiple myeloma can weaken the bones and make them more likely to break (fracture). The spine and long bones (arms and legs) are most often affected. […] Compression of the spinal cord can cause: pins and needles, numbness and weakness in the legs and feet, problems controlling your bladder and bowels. […] Multiple myeloma can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to a lack of red blood cells (anaemia). This can also occur as a side effect of myeloma treatment.

• #19 Symptoms of myeloma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/myeloma/symptoms

  It is common to have pain when you are diagnosed. People mostly describe the pain as dull or aching. It is often felt in the lower back or ribs. It might feel like there is pain in your muscles too. Pain in the bones is caused by a lot of plasma cells collecting there. The large numbers of plasma cells damage the bones. Occasionally, a bone breaks (fractures). […] Breathlessness and tiredness can happen because you do not have enough red blood cells (anaemia). This happens because there are abnormal plasma cells in your bone marrow. The abnormal plasma cells damage the bones and crowd out the normal blood cells. […] You might be more prone to infection, such as chest infections. Once you have an infection, it might take longer to get better. This is because you do not have enough healthy white blood cells to fight the bacteria or viruses.

• #20 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  http://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Over 60% of multiple myeloma patients have anemia at the time they are diagnosed. Most patients who do not have anemia at the time of myeloma diagnosis become anemic at some point of their disease. […] The low white blood cell count caused by multiple myeloma also damages the immune system, as white blood cells are important in fighting off infection. […] More than half of people with multiple myeloma experience a decrease in their kidney (renal) function at some point in the course of their disease. […] Multiple myeloma leads to bone loss in two ways. First, multiple myeloma cells form masses in the bone marrow that disrupt the normal structure of the surrounding bone. Second, myeloma cells boost the activity of other cells that are responsible for breaking down bone. […] About 85% of people with multiple myeloma have some type of bone damage (osteolytic lesions) or loss (osteoporosis).

• #21 Multiple Myeloma – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/multiple-myeloma

  Persistent bone pain (especially in the back or thorax), renal failure, and recurrent bacterial infections are the most common problems on presentation, but many patients are identified when routine laboratory tests show an elevated total protein level in the blood, proteinuria, or unexplained anemia or renal failure. […] Symptoms of anemia predominate or may be the sole reason for evaluation in some patients, and a few patients have manifestations of the hyperviscosity syndrome. […] Pathologic (fragility) fractures (ie, fractures that occur with minimal or no trauma) are common, and vertebral collapse may lead to spinal cord compression and paraplegia. […] Peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome (especially in patients with amyloidosis), abnormal bleeding, and symptoms of hypercalcemia (eg, polydipsia, dehydration) are common.

• #22 Multiple myeloma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/multiple-myeloma/

  Multiple myeloma can weaken the bones and make them more likely to break (fracture). The spine and ribs are most often affected. […] Multiple myeloma can affect the production of blood cells in our bone marrow, which can lead to a lack of red blood cells (anaemia). This can also occur as a side effect of myeloma treatment. […] People with multiple myeloma are particularly vulnerable to infection because the condition interferes with the immune system (the bodys natural defence against infection and illness). […] A high level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia) can develop in people with multiple myeloma because too much calcium is released from affected bones into the bloodstream. […] Bruising and unusual bleeding (haemorrhage) such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods sometimes occurs in multiple myeloma because the cancer cells in your bone marrow can stop blood clotting cells called platelets being made.

• #23

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Multiple myeloma may not cause any symptoms in the early stages, but eventually leads to a wide range of problems. It’s often diagnosed after a routine blood test or, sometimes, a urine test. […] Multiple myeloma can cause pain in affected bones usually the back, ribs or hips. […] The pain is frequently a persistent dull ache, which may be made worse by movement. […] Multiple myeloma can weaken the bones and make them more likely to break (fracture). The spine and long bones (arms and legs) are most often affected. […] Compression of the spinal cord can cause: pins and needles, numbness and weakness in the legs and feet, problems controlling your bladder and bowels. […] Multiple myeloma can affect the production of blood cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to a lack of red blood cells (anaemia). This can also occur as a side effect of myeloma treatment.

• #24 Myeloma symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myeloma/symptoms-diagnosis/myeloma-symptoms/

  Symptoms of anaemia include feeling tired, feeling breathless, and paleness (pallor) best seen in the lips, gums, tongue, nail beds or the inside of the eye lids. […] You may have bone pain, especially in your back, ribs or hips, that gets worse if you sneeze, cough or strain, gets worse over time, doesn’t go away and stops you sleeping, and is worse when you lie on your back. […] The bone damage caused by myeloma can also cause pressure on your spine, known as spinal cord compression. […] The main symptoms of spinal cord compression are weakness, pins and needles or numbness in your legs or arms, difficulty walking, and not being aware of when you need to wee or poo, not being able to control weeing or pooing, or not being able to go to the loo at all. […] Other symptoms of myeloma include blurred vision, dizziness or headaches, unexplained bruising, and unusual bleeding such as frequent nosebleeds or heavy periods.

• #25

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/

  In the early stages, myeloma may not cause any symptoms. It’s often only suspected or diagnosed after a routine blood or urine test. […] Eventually, myeloma causes a wide range of problems, including: a persistent bone pain, usually in the back, ribs or hips; tiredness, weakness and shortness of breath caused by anaemia; high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia) which may cause symptoms including extreme thirst, stomach pain, needing to pee frequently, constipation or confusion; weight loss; blurred vision, dizziness or headaches caused by thickened blood (hyperviscosity); repeated infections; bruising and unusual bleeding such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods; weak bones that break (fracture) easily if this affects the spine, it might cause symptoms such as pins and needles, numbness and weakness in the legs and feet, and problems controlling your bladder and bowels, which requires emergency investigation; kidney problems. […] Myeloma doesn’t usually cause a lump or tumour. Instead, it damages the bones and affects the production of healthy blood cells. […] See a GP if you have any of the symptoms of multiple myeloma. While they’re unlikely to be caused by cancer, it’s best to get a proper diagnosis.

• #26 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  http://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Over 60% of multiple myeloma patients have anemia at the time they are diagnosed. Most patients who do not have anemia at the time of myeloma diagnosis become anemic at some point of their disease. […] The low white blood cell count caused by multiple myeloma also damages the immune system, as white blood cells are important in fighting off infection. […] More than half of people with multiple myeloma experience a decrease in their kidney (renal) function at some point in the course of their disease. […] Multiple myeloma leads to bone loss in two ways. First, multiple myeloma cells form masses in the bone marrow that disrupt the normal structure of the surrounding bone. Second, myeloma cells boost the activity of other cells that are responsible for breaking down bone. […] About 85% of people with multiple myeloma have some type of bone damage (osteolytic lesions) or loss (osteoporosis).

• #27 Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0315/p373.html

  Multiple myeloma accounts for 1.6% of all cancer cases and approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies in the United States. Patients may present with bone pain or with symptoms that are often nonspecific, such as nausea, vomiting, malaise, weakness, recurrent infections, and weight loss. Many patients present with only laboratory abnormalities, such as anemia, renal disease, and elevated protein levels. The disease process is insidious, with end-organ damage occurring over years. […] In asymptomatic patients, multiple myeloma is most likely to be identified through laboratory abnormalities such as hypercalcemia, anemia, or proteinuria. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, malaise, weakness, recurrent infections, or weight loss. Symptoms of bone disease (e.g., pain from fracture or plasmacytoma, spinal cord compression), peripheral neuropathy, or hyperviscosity (e.g., dyspnea, transient ischemic attack, retinal hemorrhage, deep venous thrombosis) can occur. Anemia is present in nearly all patients with multiple myeloma at some point in the disease.

• #28 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #29 Multiple Myeloma – Symptoms & Causes | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma often does not have early symptoms. This can make it difficult to diagnose in the beginning stages. Symptoms of multiple myeloma may include: […] Myeloma cells trigger the destruction of the surrounding bone. The weakened area of bone is more likely to break. This is called a pathological fracture. […] Bone pain, especially in the middle and/or lower back, rib cage or hips. The pain can be mild or severe depending on the extent of the multiple myeloma, the speed with which it has developed, and whether fracture or nerve compression has occurred. […] Myeloma can cause anemia, which can lead to feeling short of breath with exertion or tiredness more than usual. […] Multiple myeloma can lead to high calcium levels in the blood and/or kidney failure. This can lead to confusion. Confusion can also be related to hyperviscocity (overly thick) blood.

• #30 Myeloma symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myeloma/symptoms-diagnosis/myeloma-symptoms/

  Symptoms of anaemia include feeling tired, feeling breathless, and paleness (pallor) best seen in the lips, gums, tongue, nail beds or the inside of the eye lids. […] You may have bone pain, especially in your back, ribs or hips, that gets worse if you sneeze, cough or strain, gets worse over time, doesn’t go away and stops you sleeping, and is worse when you lie on your back. […] The bone damage caused by myeloma can also cause pressure on your spine, known as spinal cord compression. […] The main symptoms of spinal cord compression are weakness, pins and needles or numbness in your legs or arms, difficulty walking, and not being aware of when you need to wee or poo, not being able to control weeing or pooing, or not being able to go to the loo at all. […] Other symptoms of myeloma include blurred vision, dizziness or headaches, unexplained bruising, and unusual bleeding such as frequent nosebleeds or heavy periods.

• #31 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center – Buffalo, NY

  https://www.roswellpark.org/cancer/multiple-myeloma/about/signs-symptoms

  The four most common signs of multiple myeloma are often referred to with the word, CRAB, an acronym for high calcium, renal failure, anemia, and bone pain. Having these four signs also may indicate that treatment should begin right away. […] Calcium levels in the blood are high. Myeloma breaks down bone, causing it to release calcium into the bloodstream. This condition is called hypercalcemia. If you have hypercalcemia, you may feel very thirsty, lose your appetite, experience nausea or constipation or become confused. […] Renal (kidney) failure. Myeloma cells produce very high levels of abnormal proteins, which can damage the kidneys. Kidney damage can be made worse by hypercalcemia. […] Anemia. Myeloma cells invade normal bone marrow, where blood cells are made, disrupting the manufacture of red blood cells and causing anemia (too few red cells, which carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body). If you are anemic, you may feel weak and fatigued, become short of breath and develop a rapid heartbeat. You may also become forgetful.

• #32 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  https://themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Anemia is typically defined as an abnormally low hemoglobin (Hb) level. Hemoglobin, a substance found in red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues in the body. […] Anemia can cause weakness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Over 60% of multiple myeloma patients have anemia at the time they are diagnosed. Most patients who do not have anemia at the time of myeloma diagnosis become anemic at some point of their disease. […] The low white blood cell count caused by multiple myeloma also damages the immune system, as white blood cells are important in fighting off infection. Frequent infections can also contribute to fatigue. […] Decreased platelet production can result in impaired blood clotting. Bleeding from a cut may continue for a longer time than normal.

• #33 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  http://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Over 60% of multiple myeloma patients have anemia at the time they are diagnosed. Most patients who do not have anemia at the time of myeloma diagnosis become anemic at some point of their disease. […] The low white blood cell count caused by multiple myeloma also damages the immune system, as white blood cells are important in fighting off infection. […] More than half of people with multiple myeloma experience a decrease in their kidney (renal) function at some point in the course of their disease. […] Multiple myeloma leads to bone loss in two ways. First, multiple myeloma cells form masses in the bone marrow that disrupt the normal structure of the surrounding bone. Second, myeloma cells boost the activity of other cells that are responsible for breaking down bone. […] About 85% of people with multiple myeloma have some type of bone damage (osteolytic lesions) or loss (osteoporosis).

• #34 Multiple Myeloma | Cancer

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/multiple-myeloma

  Multiple myeloma often produces no symptoms in its early stages. As the disease progresses, people may experience issues related to their bones, blood counts, kidney function and/or nerve function. […] Common Symptoms include bone pain (typically in the back or ribs), bone weakness or fractures, bruising, fatigue, fever, trouble breathing, and weakness in arms or legs.

• #35 Multiple Myeloma – Symptoms & Causes | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma is sometimes associated with nerve compressions, which can lead to numbness in the limbs. Hyperviscocity can also lead to weakness or numbness of the face, arms, or legs. […] Multiple myeloma damages the kidneys, preventing them from working effectively. This means your body can’t get rid of extra salts and fluids, which can produce swelling. […] High calcium levels in the blood and/or kidney failure can also cause a decrease in appetite, weight loss and nausea. […] Because myeloma cells crowd out normal white blood cells, which fight infection, there is a risk of infection. Common myeloma infections include pneumonia, bladder or kidney infections, sinusitis and skin infections. […] Excessive thirst due to high blood calcium levels and kidney damage.

• #36 Multiple Myeloma – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/multiple-myeloma

  Persistent bone pain (especially in the back or thorax), renal failure, and recurrent bacterial infections are the most common problems on presentation, but many patients are identified when routine laboratory tests show an elevated total protein level in the blood, proteinuria, or unexplained anemia or renal failure. […] Symptoms of anemia predominate or may be the sole reason for evaluation in some patients, and a few patients have manifestations of the hyperviscosity syndrome. […] Pathologic (fragility) fractures (ie, fractures that occur with minimal or no trauma) are common, and vertebral collapse may lead to spinal cord compression and paraplegia. […] Peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome (especially in patients with amyloidosis), abnormal bleeding, and symptoms of hypercalcemia (eg, polydipsia, dehydration) are common.

• #37 Multiple Myeloma – Symptoms & Causes | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma is sometimes associated with nerve compressions, which can lead to numbness in the limbs. Hyperviscocity can also lead to weakness or numbness of the face, arms, or legs. […] Multiple myeloma damages the kidneys, preventing them from working effectively. This means your body can’t get rid of extra salts and fluids, which can produce swelling. […] High calcium levels in the blood and/or kidney failure can also cause a decrease in appetite, weight loss and nausea. […] Because myeloma cells crowd out normal white blood cells, which fight infection, there is a risk of infection. Common myeloma infections include pneumonia, bladder or kidney infections, sinusitis and skin infections. […] Excessive thirst due to high blood calcium levels and kidney damage.

• #38 Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma | Multiple Myeloma Symptoms  | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/multiplemyeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma is a cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of your immune system, which helps protect the body from germs and other harmful substances. In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and in the solid parts of bones. […] Common symptoms may include: Bone pain, often in the back or ribs, Fractures (broken bones), Weakness or fatigue, Weight loss, Frequent infections and fevers, Feeling very thirsty, Frequent urination. […] If you have symptoms, you may have chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.

• #39 Symptoms of multiple myeloma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/signs-and-symptoms

  frequent infections, including pneumonia (an infection of the lung) related to low white blood cell counts (called neutropenia) […] fever (related to an infection) […] nosebleeds, bleeding gums, a lot of bleeding from minor cuts or scrapes or a lot of bruising caused by low platelet counts (called thrombocytopenia) […] higher than normal levels of protein in the blood or urine […] extreme thirst, a need to urinate often, dehydration, kidney problems including kidney failure, constipation, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weakness, drowsiness, confusion, nausea and vomiting or lethargy caused by high levels of calcium in the blood (called hypercalcemia) […] nervous system problems, including sudden and severe pain, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion and dizziness some of these symptoms may be related to spinal cord compression, which is a cancer-related emergency

• #40 Myeloma symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myeloma/symptoms-diagnosis/myeloma-symptoms/

  Symptoms of anaemia include feeling tired, feeling breathless, and paleness (pallor) best seen in the lips, gums, tongue, nail beds or the inside of the eye lids. […] You may have bone pain, especially in your back, ribs or hips, that gets worse if you sneeze, cough or strain, gets worse over time, doesn’t go away and stops you sleeping, and is worse when you lie on your back. […] The bone damage caused by myeloma can also cause pressure on your spine, known as spinal cord compression. […] The main symptoms of spinal cord compression are weakness, pins and needles or numbness in your legs or arms, difficulty walking, and not being aware of when you need to wee or poo, not being able to control weeing or pooing, or not being able to go to the loo at all. […] Other symptoms of myeloma include blurred vision, dizziness or headaches, unexplained bruising, and unusual bleeding such as frequent nosebleeds or heavy periods.

• #41

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  If you have anaemia, you may feel very tired, weak and breathless. […] People with multiple myeloma are particularly vulnerable to infection because the condition interferes with the immune system, the body’s natural defence against infection and illness. […] A high level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia) can develop in people with multiple myeloma because too much calcium is released from affected bones into the bloodstream. […] Symptoms of hypercalcaemia can include: extreme thirst, feeling sick, stomach pain, needing to urinate frequently, constipation, confusion and drowsiness. […] Some people with multiple myeloma have bruising and unusual bleeding (haemorrhage), such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods. […] In some people, multiple myeloma can cause the blood to become thicker than normal. This is due to the excess proteins that myeloma cells often produce.

• #42 Symptoms of multiple myeloma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/signs-and-symptoms

  frequent infections, including pneumonia (an infection of the lung) related to low white blood cell counts (called neutropenia) […] fever (related to an infection) […] nosebleeds, bleeding gums, a lot of bleeding from minor cuts or scrapes or a lot of bruising caused by low platelet counts (called thrombocytopenia) […] higher than normal levels of protein in the blood or urine […] extreme thirst, a need to urinate often, dehydration, kidney problems including kidney failure, constipation, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weakness, drowsiness, confusion, nausea and vomiting or lethargy caused by high levels of calcium in the blood (called hypercalcemia) […] nervous system problems, including sudden and severe pain, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion and dizziness some of these symptoms may be related to spinal cord compression, which is a cancer-related emergency

• #43 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  http://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Over 60% of multiple myeloma patients have anemia at the time they are diagnosed. Most patients who do not have anemia at the time of myeloma diagnosis become anemic at some point of their disease. […] The low white blood cell count caused by multiple myeloma also damages the immune system, as white blood cells are important in fighting off infection. […] More than half of people with multiple myeloma experience a decrease in their kidney (renal) function at some point in the course of their disease. […] Multiple myeloma leads to bone loss in two ways. First, multiple myeloma cells form masses in the bone marrow that disrupt the normal structure of the surrounding bone. Second, myeloma cells boost the activity of other cells that are responsible for breaking down bone. […] About 85% of people with multiple myeloma have some type of bone damage (osteolytic lesions) or loss (osteoporosis).

• #44 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  https://themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  In people with multiple myeloma, excess M protein and calcium in the blood overwork the kidneys as they filter blood. As a result, the kidneys may fail to function normally. […] Multiple myeloma leads to bone loss in two ways. First, multiple myeloma cells form masses in the bone marrow that disrupt the normal structure of the surrounding bone. Second, myeloma cells boost the activity of other cells that are responsible for breaking down bone. […] Bone destruction can increase the level of calcium in the blooda condition called hypercalcemiawhich can be a serious problem if not treated immediately. […] Knowing what kind of myeloma you have is important in helping your doctor decide when it is appropriate to begin treatment. Having that knowledge plays an important role in determining the stage of multiple myeloma.

• #45

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #46

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #47

• #48

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #49

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #50

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #51 Myeloma symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myeloma/symptoms-diagnosis/myeloma-symptoms/

  Myeloma, also called multiple myeloma, causes changes in your blood and bone marrow. This in turn causes a wide range of symptoms. […] Often people with myeloma look back and realise they were experiencing symptoms for some time before they got their diagnosis. These might be long-lasting infections, back pain or fatigue. Understandably, many assumed they were run down or had pulled a muscle. So myeloma symptoms can be hard to spot. […] Myeloma symptoms are often called CRAB symptoms because they are caused by: […] Symptoms of too much calcium in the blood include feeling sick (nausea), low appetite, difficulty pooing (constipation), needing to wee more often, feeling thirsty, low energy levels, and feeling confused or dazed. […] Symptoms of renal damage include extreme tiredness (fatigue), itchy skin, feeling sick (nausea), and fluid retention, which can make you short of breath and make your ankles swell.

• #52

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #53

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma. Eventually, the kidneys may stop working properly. […] Signs of kidney failure can include: weight loss and poor appetite, swollen ankles, feet or hands, tiredness and a lack of energy, shortness of breath, itchy skin, feeling sick, hiccups that won’t go away.

• #54 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  http://www.themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Bone destruction can increase the level of calcium in the blooda condition called hypercalcemiawhich can be a serious problem if not treated immediately. […] Knowing what kind of myeloma you have is important in helping your doctor decide when it is appropriate to begin treatment. Having that knowledge plays an important role in determining the stage of multiple myeloma. […] Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is a precancerous condition that is diagnosed when low levels of M protein are found in the blood and a slightly increased number of plasma cells are found in the bone marrow. […] Active multiple myeloma is differentiated from the precursor conditions based on the presence of myeloma-defining events or one or more CRAB criteria. […] An individual with multiple myeloma typically has several clinical features that affect their bones, blood, and kidneys. These features are often referred to by doctors as the CRAB criteria, which stands for high levels of calcium in their blood, kidney (renal) problems, low levels of red blood cells (anemia); and bone damage, such as weakening of the bones or fractures.

• #55 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #56 Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma | Multiple Myeloma Symptoms  | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/multiplemyeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma is a cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of your immune system, which helps protect the body from germs and other harmful substances. In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and in the solid parts of bones. […] Common symptoms may include: Bone pain, often in the back or ribs, Fractures (broken bones), Weakness or fatigue, Weight loss, Frequent infections and fevers, Feeling very thirsty, Frequent urination. […] If you have symptoms, you may have chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.

• #57

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  If you have anaemia, you may feel very tired, weak and breathless. […] People with multiple myeloma are particularly vulnerable to infection because the condition interferes with the immune system, the body’s natural defence against infection and illness. […] A high level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia) can develop in people with multiple myeloma because too much calcium is released from affected bones into the bloodstream. […] Symptoms of hypercalcaemia can include: extreme thirst, feeling sick, stomach pain, needing to urinate frequently, constipation, confusion and drowsiness. […] Some people with multiple myeloma have bruising and unusual bleeding (haemorrhage), such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods. […] In some people, multiple myeloma can cause the blood to become thicker than normal. This is due to the excess proteins that myeloma cells often produce.

• #58 Symptoms of multiple myeloma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/signs-and-symptoms

  frequent infections, including pneumonia (an infection of the lung) related to low white blood cell counts (called neutropenia) […] fever (related to an infection) […] nosebleeds, bleeding gums, a lot of bleeding from minor cuts or scrapes or a lot of bruising caused by low platelet counts (called thrombocytopenia) […] higher than normal levels of protein in the blood or urine […] extreme thirst, a need to urinate often, dehydration, kidney problems including kidney failure, constipation, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weakness, drowsiness, confusion, nausea and vomiting or lethargy caused by high levels of calcium in the blood (called hypercalcemia) […] nervous system problems, including sudden and severe pain, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion and dizziness some of these symptoms may be related to spinal cord compression, which is a cancer-related emergency

• #59 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #60

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  If you have anaemia, you may feel very tired, weak and breathless. […] People with multiple myeloma are particularly vulnerable to infection because the condition interferes with the immune system, the body’s natural defence against infection and illness. […] A high level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia) can develop in people with multiple myeloma because too much calcium is released from affected bones into the bloodstream. […] Symptoms of hypercalcaemia can include: extreme thirst, feeling sick, stomach pain, needing to urinate frequently, constipation, confusion and drowsiness. […] Some people with multiple myeloma have bruising and unusual bleeding (haemorrhage), such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods. […] In some people, multiple myeloma can cause the blood to become thicker than normal. This is due to the excess proteins that myeloma cells often produce.

• #61 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms: CRAB Signs and Related Conditions

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/symptoms

  Because myeloma may damage the bones, pain may result, particularly in the spine and ribs. […] As multiple myeloma progresses, other conditions develop. Three significant conditions are associated with multiple myeloma: amyloidosis, hypercalcemia and anemia. […] Damage to the bones from multiple myeloma may allow too much calcium to be released into the blood. This causes hypercalcemia, a condition that may cause symptoms including: Nausea, vomiting or loss of appetite, Constipation and other digestive issues, Twitching of muscles or restless feeling. […] Multiple myeloma may lead to kidney failure and damaged peripheral nerves in the limbs. Symptoms of kidney failure include: High blood pressure, Fluid retention, Swelling of the legs, feet or ankles, Headaches, Itching, Muscle cramps, Stiffness or fluid in joints.

• #62 Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Early Detection & Diagnosis

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/multiple-myeloma

  Plasmacytomas can also cause bone damage. This leads to having too much calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia). Too much calcium can cause: Feeling very thirsty. Urinating often. Constipation. Belly pain. Drowsiness. Confusion. Loss of appetite. Weakness. Nausea and vomiting. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. Its important to see your healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer.

• #63 Late-Stage Multiple Myeloma: What to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/late-stage-multiple-myeloma

  Many doctors refer to late-stage multiple myeloma as stage III. This is the stage youre most likely to be in when doctors diagnose you. Its hard to find it early since it may start with no symptoms. By the time you do get them, the cancer may have spread to different parts of your body and be causing damage to organs, putting you in the late stages of the condition. […] But when you have late-stage multiple myeloma, your symptoms may show up as: Being sick to your stomach, Bone pain in your back or ribs, Bruising or bleeding easily, Feeling very tired, Fevers, Frequent infections that are hard to treat, Losing a lot of weight, Not feeling like eating, Weakness in your arms and legs. […] As multiple myeloma speeds up the process of bone breakdown, large amounts of calcium may drain into your bloodstream. This is called hypercalcemia. Symptoms can include: Confusion, Dehydration, Kidney problems and even kidney failure, Peeing a lot, Severe thirst, Severe constipation.

• #64

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms/

  If you have anaemia, you may feel very tired, weak and breathless. […] People with multiple myeloma are particularly vulnerable to infection because the condition interferes with the immune system, the body’s natural defence against infection and illness. […] A high level of calcium in the blood (hypercalcaemia) can develop in people with multiple myeloma because too much calcium is released from affected bones into the bloodstream. […] Symptoms of hypercalcaemia can include: extreme thirst, feeling sick, stomach pain, needing to urinate frequently, constipation, confusion and drowsiness. […] Some people with multiple myeloma have bruising and unusual bleeding (haemorrhage), such as frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums and heavy periods. […] In some people, multiple myeloma can cause the blood to become thicker than normal. This is due to the excess proteins that myeloma cells often produce.

• #65 Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Early Detection & Diagnosis

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/multiple-myeloma

  Plasmacytomas can also cause bone damage. This leads to having too much calcium in your blood (hypercalcemia). Too much calcium can cause: Feeling very thirsty. Urinating often. Constipation. Belly pain. Drowsiness. Confusion. Loss of appetite. Weakness. Nausea and vomiting. […] Many of these may be caused by other health problems. Its important to see your healthcare provider if you have these symptoms. Only a healthcare provider can tell if you have cancer.

• #66 Late-Stage Multiple Myeloma: What to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/late-stage-multiple-myeloma

  If the calcium levels get too high in your blood, you may even slip into a coma. If this happens, youll need immediate medical attention. […] Myeloma can also damage your nerves and cause a pins and needles sensation. This is known as peripheral neuropathy. […] The effects of multiple myeloma on your bone health, kidney function, and blood count can take a toll on your overall quality of life. The stress and anxiety that stem from getting a terminal stage III cancer diagnosis can also play a huge role in your emotional and mental health.

• #67

• #68 Late-Stage Multiple Myeloma: What to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/late-stage-multiple-myeloma

  If the calcium levels get too high in your blood, you may even slip into a coma. If this happens, youll need immediate medical attention. […] Myeloma can also damage your nerves and cause a pins and needles sensation. This is known as peripheral neuropathy. […] The effects of multiple myeloma on your bone health, kidney function, and blood count can take a toll on your overall quality of life. The stress and anxiety that stem from getting a terminal stage III cancer diagnosis can also play a huge role in your emotional and mental health.

• #69 Signs & Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

  https://newyorkoncology.com/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-of-myeloma

  Spinal cord compression: Weakened bones from myeloma can sometimes collapse and press on spinal nerves. Symptoms may include sudden severe back pain and numbness and/or muscle weakness (typically in the legs). […] Hyperviscosity: Sometimes, large amounts of myeloma protein can cause the blood to thicken. This thickening, which is called hyperviscosity, can slow blood flow to the brain, resulting in symptoms like confusion, dizziness, and stroke-like symptoms such as slurred speech and weakness on one side of the body.

• #70

• #71 Multiple myeloma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/multiple-myeloma/

  In some people, multiple myeloma can cause the blood to become thicker than normal. This is known as hyperviscosity, which can cause problems such as blurred vision, headaches, dizziness, bleeding from the gums or nose, and shortness of breath. […] Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma for several reasons. Abnormal proteins produced by the cancer cells can damage the kidneys, as can other complications, such as hypercalcaemia. […] You should seek immediate medical help if you have symptoms of spinal cord compression, hypercalcaemia or kidney failure, as these are medical emergencies that need to be investigated and treated as soon as possible.

• #72 Multiple myeloma | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/multiple-myeloma/

  In some people, multiple myeloma can cause the blood to become thicker than normal. This is known as hyperviscosity, which can cause problems such as blurred vision, headaches, dizziness, bleeding from the gums or nose, and shortness of breath. […] Kidney damage can occur in people with multiple myeloma for several reasons. Abnormal proteins produced by the cancer cells can damage the kidneys, as can other complications, such as hypercalcaemia. […] You should seek immediate medical help if you have symptoms of spinal cord compression, hypercalcaemia or kidney failure, as these are medical emergencies that need to be investigated and treated as soon as possible.

• #73 Myeloma symptoms | Blood Cancer UK

  https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/myeloma/symptoms-diagnosis/myeloma-symptoms/

  Symptoms of anaemia include feeling tired, feeling breathless, and paleness (pallor) best seen in the lips, gums, tongue, nail beds or the inside of the eye lids. […] You may have bone pain, especially in your back, ribs or hips, that gets worse if you sneeze, cough or strain, gets worse over time, doesn’t go away and stops you sleeping, and is worse when you lie on your back. […] The bone damage caused by myeloma can also cause pressure on your spine, known as spinal cord compression. […] The main symptoms of spinal cord compression are weakness, pins and needles or numbness in your legs or arms, difficulty walking, and not being aware of when you need to wee or poo, not being able to control weeing or pooing, or not being able to go to the loo at all. […] Other symptoms of myeloma include blurred vision, dizziness or headaches, unexplained bruising, and unusual bleeding such as frequent nosebleeds or heavy periods.

• #74 Symptoms of multiple myeloma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/signs-and-symptoms

  weight loss […] headaches, dizziness, weakness, drowsiness, fatigue, oozing from cuts, blurred vision, bruising, symptoms of a stroke (weakness on one side of the body and slurred speech) caused by a thickening or stickiness of the blood (called hyperviscosity) […] weakness, shortness of breath, itching and swelling caused by kidney problems. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma are referred to as CRAB: high blood calcium level (hypercalcemia) […] kidney problems (renal insufficiency) […] anemia […] bone disease.

• #75 Multiple Myeloma: Symptoms, Early Detection & Diagnosis

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/multiple-myeloma

  Multiple myeloma often does not cause symptoms at first. When it does cause symptoms, the symptoms depend on where the tumor is or the problems it causes. […] Myeloma cells can build up in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy cells. This can cause: Weakness, tiredness, or shortness of breath from having too few red blood cells. Frequent infections from having too few white blood cells. Easy bleeding or bruising from having too few platelets. […] Myeloma cells make a lot of antibodies (M proteins) that make your blood very thick (hyperviscosity). This can cause: Dizziness. Confusion. Stroke-like symptoms, such as weakness on one side and slurred speech. Kidney damage. […] Plasmacytomas in the bone can cause: Bone pain. Breaks or fractures in the affected bone. Numbness or weakness in your feet or legs, if the tumor affects the bones in your spine.

• #76 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #77 Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma | Multiple Myeloma Symptoms  | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/multiplemyeloma.html

  Multiple myeloma is a cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of your immune system, which helps protect the body from germs and other harmful substances. In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and in the solid parts of bones. […] Common symptoms may include: Bone pain, often in the back or ribs, Fractures (broken bones), Weakness or fatigue, Weight loss, Frequent infections and fevers, Feeling very thirsty, Frequent urination. […] If you have symptoms, you may have chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells.

• #78 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #79 Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/0315/p373.html

  Multiple myeloma accounts for 1.6% of all cancer cases and approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies in the United States. Patients may present with bone pain or with symptoms that are often nonspecific, such as nausea, vomiting, malaise, weakness, recurrent infections, and weight loss. Many patients present with only laboratory abnormalities, such as anemia, renal disease, and elevated protein levels. The disease process is insidious, with end-organ damage occurring over years. […] In asymptomatic patients, multiple myeloma is most likely to be identified through laboratory abnormalities such as hypercalcemia, anemia, or proteinuria. Patients may present with nonspecific symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, malaise, weakness, recurrent infections, or weight loss. Symptoms of bone disease (e.g., pain from fracture or plasmacytoma, spinal cord compression), peripheral neuropathy, or hyperviscosity (e.g., dyspnea, transient ischemic attack, retinal hemorrhage, deep venous thrombosis) can occur. Anemia is present in nearly all patients with multiple myeloma at some point in the disease.

• #80 Multiple myeloma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-myeloma/symptoms-causes/syc-20353378

  Early in multiple myeloma, there might be no symptoms. When signs and symptoms happen, they can include: […] Bone pain, especially in the spine, chest or hips. […] Nausea. […] Constipation. […] Loss of appetite. […] Mental fogginess or confusion. […] Tiredness. […] Infections. […] Weight loss. […] Weakness. […] Thirst. […] Needing to urinate often. […] The cancer cells crowd out healthy blood cells. This leads to tiredness and not being able to fight infections. […] Multiple myeloma can cause bone pain, thinning bones and broken bones. […] Multiple myeloma may cause problems with the kidneys. It can lead to kidney failure. […] As myeloma cells crowd out healthy blood cells, multiple myeloma can also cause anemia and other blood problems.

• #81 Symptoms of multiple myeloma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/signs-and-symptoms

  frequent infections, including pneumonia (an infection of the lung) related to low white blood cell counts (called neutropenia) […] fever (related to an infection) […] nosebleeds, bleeding gums, a lot of bleeding from minor cuts or scrapes or a lot of bruising caused by low platelet counts (called thrombocytopenia) […] higher than normal levels of protein in the blood or urine […] extreme thirst, a need to urinate often, dehydration, kidney problems including kidney failure, constipation, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weakness, drowsiness, confusion, nausea and vomiting or lethargy caused by high levels of calcium in the blood (called hypercalcemia) […] nervous system problems, including sudden and severe pain, numbness and tingling, muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion and dizziness some of these symptoms may be related to spinal cord compression, which is a cancer-related emergency

• #82 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  https://themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Active multiple myeloma is differentiated from the precursor conditions based on the presence of myeloma-defining events or one or more CRAB criteria. Clinical characteristics of multiple myeloma: C.R.A.B. […] The presence of CRAB criteria defines active multiple myeloma. Individuals who are found to have slightly elevated M protein levels in their blood but do not have any symptoms and do not meet CRAB criteria may have one of two conditions that can lead to multiple myelomathat is, a multiple myeloma precursor condition. […] Multiple myeloma, a cancer of the plasma cells, is part of a disease spectrum; it is the last stage of a process that generally begins with MGUS and progresses to SMM before advancing to myeloma.

• #83

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/multiple-myeloma/diagnosis.php

  People with multiple myeloma typically feel signs and symptoms only when the cancer has progressed to a late stage. They can be very vague and difficult to detect early. Some of these signs and symptoms can include: […] The myeloma cells build up in the bone marrow, forming tumors in many bones of the body and preventing the bone marrow from creating healthy blood cells that your body needs to function properly.

• #84 Precursor Conditions to Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma Center

  https://www.myelomacenter.org/patients/other-plasma-cell-disorders/precursor-conditions-multiple-myeloma

  Prior to a multiple myeloma diagnosis, many patients will have a precursor condition that causes changes in their bone marrow, but doesnt cause the traditional symptoms or organ damage associated with myeloma. […] Both MGUS and SMM cause plasma cells in the bone marrow to grow more rapidly than normal, which can produce abnormal antibodies, called M proteins, and can eventually develop into myeloma. […] The risk of a patient’s progression from MGUS to active myeloma is only 1% per year and approximately 20% of people with MGUS will progress to active myeloma in their lifetime. People who have smoldering myeloma have a higher risk of developing myeloma than those with MGUS and the risk of progressing to myeloma is 10% per year. […] Developing additional symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, headache, dizziness, nerve pain, bleeding, anemia, or swollen lymph nodes may indicate disease progression.

• #85 Precursor Conditions to Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma Center

  https://www.myelomacenter.org/patients/other-plasma-cell-disorders/precursor-conditions-multiple-myeloma

  Prior to a multiple myeloma diagnosis, many patients will have a precursor condition that causes changes in their bone marrow, but doesnt cause the traditional symptoms or organ damage associated with myeloma. […] Both MGUS and SMM cause plasma cells in the bone marrow to grow more rapidly than normal, which can produce abnormal antibodies, called M proteins, and can eventually develop into myeloma. […] The risk of a patient’s progression from MGUS to active myeloma is only 1% per year and approximately 20% of people with MGUS will progress to active myeloma in their lifetime. People who have smoldering myeloma have a higher risk of developing myeloma than those with MGUS and the risk of progressing to myeloma is 10% per year. […] Developing additional symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, headache, dizziness, nerve pain, bleeding, anemia, or swollen lymph nodes may indicate disease progression.

• #86 Precursor Conditions to Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma Center

  https://www.myelomacenter.org/patients/other-plasma-cell-disorders/precursor-conditions-multiple-myeloma

  Although MGUS is usually silent and does not cause overt symptoms, rarely, monoclonal proteins can damage vital organs. […] People with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) have higher levels of M proteins and abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow than those with MGUS. […] However, in smoldering myeloma, these plasma cells have not yet accumulated or caused damage to the bones or organs. […] Some people with smoldering myeloma never develop active disease. However the risk of smoldering myeloma progression to active disease is greater than with MGUS. […] If someone is diagnosed with SMM, it is very important to receive routine follow-up care to monitor for progression to multiple myeloma and if necessary, begin a treatment plan early.

• #87 Stages of myeloma | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/myeloma/stages

  You have tests to look for symptoms of myeloma. […] Doctors then describe your myeloma as either: […] Asymptomatic myeloma is also called smouldering or indolent myeloma. This means you don’t have symptoms or any tissue or organ damage. […] But smouldering myeloma can progress to symptomatic myeloma. You start treatment if your smouldering myeloma is developing into active symptomatic myeloma. […] If you have symptomatic myeloma, you need to have treatment. […] Signs of relapse include: […] myeloma symptoms coming back.

• #88 Precursor Conditions to Multiple Myeloma | Myeloma Center

  https://www.myelomacenter.org/patients/other-plasma-cell-disorders/precursor-conditions-multiple-myeloma

  Prior to a multiple myeloma diagnosis, many patients will have a precursor condition that causes changes in their bone marrow, but doesnt cause the traditional symptoms or organ damage associated with myeloma. […] Both MGUS and SMM cause plasma cells in the bone marrow to grow more rapidly than normal, which can produce abnormal antibodies, called M proteins, and can eventually develop into myeloma. […] The risk of a patient’s progression from MGUS to active myeloma is only 1% per year and approximately 20% of people with MGUS will progress to active myeloma in their lifetime. People who have smoldering myeloma have a higher risk of developing myeloma than those with MGUS and the risk of progressing to myeloma is 10% per year. […] Developing additional symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats, headache, dizziness, nerve pain, bleeding, anemia, or swollen lymph nodes may indicate disease progression.

• #89 What is Multiple Myeloma? Symptoms, Causes, & Prognosis

  https://themmrf.org/multiple-myeloma/

  Active multiple myeloma is differentiated from the precursor conditions based on the presence of myeloma-defining events or one or more CRAB criteria. Clinical characteristics of multiple myeloma: C.R.A.B. […] The presence of CRAB criteria defines active multiple myeloma. Individuals who are found to have slightly elevated M protein levels in their blood but do not have any symptoms and do not meet CRAB criteria may have one of two conditions that can lead to multiple myelomathat is, a multiple myeloma precursor condition. […] Multiple myeloma, a cancer of the plasma cells, is part of a disease spectrum; it is the last stage of a process that generally begins with MGUS and progresses to SMM before advancing to myeloma.

• #90 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms: CRAB Signs and Related Conditions

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/symptoms

  The bone damage associated with multiple myeloma occurs mostly in the rib cage, spine and pelvis, increasing the risk of spinal cord compression, which causes pain, numbness or weakness in the limbs and requires immediate treatment. It may come on gradually or suddenly. […] Patients may hear the term CRAB to describe the most common signs of multiple myeloma. This acronym stands for calcium levels (C), renal failure (R), anemia (A) and bone pain (B). […] Renal failure describes lack of function in the kidneys. Because myeloma cells release high levels of proteins, kidney damage may result. […] If myeloma cells come into contact with healthy bone marrow (where blood cells develop), the body may not make enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. Anemia may cause fatigue, weakness, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath and other symptoms.

• #91 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms: CRAB Signs and Related Conditions

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/symptoms

  The bone damage associated with multiple myeloma occurs mostly in the rib cage, spine and pelvis, increasing the risk of spinal cord compression, which causes pain, numbness or weakness in the limbs and requires immediate treatment. It may come on gradually or suddenly. […] Patients may hear the term CRAB to describe the most common signs of multiple myeloma. This acronym stands for calcium levels (C), renal failure (R), anemia (A) and bone pain (B). […] Renal failure describes lack of function in the kidneys. Because myeloma cells release high levels of proteins, kidney damage may result. […] If myeloma cells come into contact with healthy bone marrow (where blood cells develop), the body may not make enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. Anemia may cause fatigue, weakness, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath and other symptoms.

• #92 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms: CRAB Signs and Related Conditions

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/symptoms

  The bone damage associated with multiple myeloma occurs mostly in the rib cage, spine and pelvis, increasing the risk of spinal cord compression, which causes pain, numbness or weakness in the limbs and requires immediate treatment. It may come on gradually or suddenly. […] Patients may hear the term CRAB to describe the most common signs of multiple myeloma. This acronym stands for calcium levels (C), renal failure (R), anemia (A) and bone pain (B). […] Renal failure describes lack of function in the kidneys. Because myeloma cells release high levels of proteins, kidney damage may result. […] If myeloma cells come into contact with healthy bone marrow (where blood cells develop), the body may not make enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. Anemia may cause fatigue, weakness, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath and other symptoms.

• #93 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms: CRAB Signs and Related Conditions

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/multiple-myeloma/symptoms

  The bone damage associated with multiple myeloma occurs mostly in the rib cage, spine and pelvis, increasing the risk of spinal cord compression, which causes pain, numbness or weakness in the limbs and requires immediate treatment. It may come on gradually or suddenly. […] Patients may hear the term CRAB to describe the most common signs of multiple myeloma. This acronym stands for calcium levels (C), renal failure (R), anemia (A) and bone pain (B). […] Renal failure describes lack of function in the kidneys. Because myeloma cells release high levels of proteins, kidney damage may result. […] If myeloma cells come into contact with healthy bone marrow (where blood cells develop), the body may not make enough red blood cells, leading to anemia. Anemia may cause fatigue, weakness, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath and other symptoms.

• #94 Outcomes after biochemical or clinical progression in patients with multiple myeloma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10025108/

  Patients with MM tend to present symptoms at relapse similar to those at diagnosis. […] The most prevalent symptoms at relapse were new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%). […] Patients with CP have inferior postprogression outcomes compared with patients who have BP. […] The presence of a specific CRAB (C, hypercalcemia; R, renal failure; A, anemia; B, bone disease) symptom at diagnosis predicts for the development of similar CRAB symptoms at relapse. […] Overall, 813 patients (60.4%) experienced BP, and 534 (39.6%) had CP, including 94 patients (6.9%) with an aggressive form of relapse. […] Among patients with CP, different CRAB symptoms occurred at the time of relapse, with the most prevalent being new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), followed by anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%).

• #95 Outcomes after biochemical or clinical progression in patients with multiple myeloma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10025108/

  Patients with MM tend to present symptoms at relapse similar to those at diagnosis. […] The most prevalent symptoms at relapse were new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%). […] Patients with CP have inferior postprogression outcomes compared with patients who have BP. […] The presence of a specific CRAB (C, hypercalcemia; R, renal failure; A, anemia; B, bone disease) symptom at diagnosis predicts for the development of similar CRAB symptoms at relapse. […] Overall, 813 patients (60.4%) experienced BP, and 534 (39.6%) had CP, including 94 patients (6.9%) with an aggressive form of relapse. […] Among patients with CP, different CRAB symptoms occurred at the time of relapse, with the most prevalent being new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), followed by anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%).

• #96 Outcomes after biochemical or clinical progression in patients with multiple myeloma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10025108/

  Patients with MM tend to present symptoms at relapse similar to those at diagnosis. […] The most prevalent symptoms at relapse were new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%). […] Patients with CP have inferior postprogression outcomes compared with patients who have BP. […] The presence of a specific CRAB (C, hypercalcemia; R, renal failure; A, anemia; B, bone disease) symptom at diagnosis predicts for the development of similar CRAB symptoms at relapse. […] Overall, 813 patients (60.4%) experienced BP, and 534 (39.6%) had CP, including 94 patients (6.9%) with an aggressive form of relapse. […] Among patients with CP, different CRAB symptoms occurred at the time of relapse, with the most prevalent being new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), followed by anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%).

• #97 Outcomes after biochemical or clinical progression in patients with multiple myeloma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10025108/

  Patients with MM tend to present symptoms at relapse similar to those at diagnosis. […] The most prevalent symptoms at relapse were new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%). […] Patients with CP have inferior postprogression outcomes compared with patients who have BP. […] The presence of a specific CRAB (C, hypercalcemia; R, renal failure; A, anemia; B, bone disease) symptom at diagnosis predicts for the development of similar CRAB symptoms at relapse. […] Overall, 813 patients (60.4%) experienced BP, and 534 (39.6%) had CP, including 94 patients (6.9%) with an aggressive form of relapse. […] Among patients with CP, different CRAB symptoms occurred at the time of relapse, with the most prevalent being new or evolving bone disease (80.9%), followed by anemia (38.0%), and renal failure (12.7%).

• #98 Outcomes after biochemical or clinical progression in patients with multiple myeloma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10025108/

  Patients with CP had shorter median TTNT from second-line therapy compared with patients who had BP (9.6 vs 17.0 months; P .001) as well as shorter median OS from first relapse (26.2 vs 59.4 months; P .001). […] Factors that help predict the occurrence of CP include male sex, PCL index 2%, and EMD at diagnosis. […] Patients relapsed mostly with new bone disease, followed by anemia and renal insufficiency; hypercalcemia was the least frequent symptom.

• #99 What Happens During a Multiple Myeloma Relapse?

  https://www.ninlaro.com/multiple-myeloma-relapse

  This type of relapse is known as a symptomatic relapse or clinical relapse […] Multiple myeloma symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or bone pain. Symptoms may range from mild to severe and may change over time. Organ problems may occur (such as kidney problems). […] An increase of M protein in your blood is a sign that your multiple myeloma may have relapsed. The amount of M protein is measured using a multiple myeloma test, the M spike lab test. It is called an M spike when M protein is detected in your blood or urine. […] Early treatment resulted in better outcomes for patients whose M protein levels were increasing and who weren’t experiencing any symptoms.

• #100 What Happens During a Multiple Myeloma Relapse?

  https://www.ninlaro.com/multiple-myeloma-relapse

  Although treatment can reduce the number of myeloma cells in the body, there may be cells that remain or become resistant to treatment. Over time, these cells may start to multiply. After a period of improvement following treatment, multiple myeloma will return for most people, which is known as a relapse. A relapse may mean that you and your healthcare provider should consider a new treatment. […] Almost all people with multiple myeloma will experience a relapse and some may experience several relapses over time. If you have multiple myeloma, it is likely it will come back, even after successful treatment. When multiple myeloma relapses, lab tests will show increasing levels of an abnormal antibody called M protein. […] When multiple myeloma returns, the experience can be different for every person. Some people have symptoms when multiple myeloma relapses, while others may not. Some people only learn that a treatment change may be needed because of certain changes in lab results, such as increasing levels of M protein.

• #101 Multiple myeloma stages: Explanation, outlook, coping, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/multiple-myeloma-stages

  Doctors use a three-step staging system to classify the severity of multiple myeloma and whether it has spread. […] A person may experience different types of symptoms in each stage, and survival rates will change depending on the stage of myeloma. […] A person may not show symptoms if they have stage 1 multiple myeloma. […] A person may start to experience symptoms, such as bone pain, loss of appetite, and fatigue. […] A person with stage 3 multiple myeloma will continue to experience any symptoms they had in stage 2. They may also experience new symptoms, such as: frequent infections, confusion, weight loss. […] Multiple myeloma may progress over time. As the condition progresses, a person may experience an increase in symptoms. […] As multiple myeloma progresses, a person’s symptoms can go through a variety of changes.

• #102 Multiple myeloma stages: Explanation, outlook, coping, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/multiple-myeloma-stages

  For example, multiple myeloma interferes with proper red blood cell production. A decrease in blood cells may cause anemia, which may lead to shortness of breath and weakness. […] Multiple myeloma can also weaken the bones. […] The NCI also lists kidney problems and a variety of other symptoms as signs of the disease, such as swollen ankles, weight loss, and nausea. […] In some cases, a person with multiple myeloma may also develop a weakened immune system, which may increase their risk of infections. […] Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells in the blood. It can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, bone pain, and frequent infections. […] Stage 1 indicates early multiple myeloma that does not cause symptoms, stage 2 shows intermediate disease and may cause symptoms, and stage 3 is the most advanced stage of multiple myeloma, which means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. […] A person’s outlook and survival rate will be determined by the stage of the disease as well as their age, kidney function, and overall health.

• #103 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms of End Stage | ITC

  https://www.immunitytherapycenter.com/blog/what-are-the-final-stages-of-multiple-myeloma/

  Multiple myeloma can be difficult to identify for a lot of reasons. In some multiple myeloma patients, the initial symptoms may be mild or easy to mistake for other common conditions. In its earliest stages, multiple myeloma may manifest as smoldering multiple myeloma. […] When multiple myeloma does manifest symptoms, some common symptoms include: Nausea, Constipation, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss and loss of appetite, Confusion and mental fog, Weakness or numbness in your legs and extremities, Excessive thirst. […] In the final stages of multiple myeloma, patients may experience a range of worsening symptoms that can significantly impact their quality of life. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. End-stage multiple myeloma symptoms include: Increased Bone Pain, Severe Fatigue, Frequent Infections, Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite, Kidney Dysfunction, High Levels of Calcium in the Blood.

• #104 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms of End Stage | ITC

  https://www.immunitytherapycenter.com/blog/what-are-the-final-stages-of-multiple-myeloma/

  Multiple myeloma can be difficult to identify for a lot of reasons. In some multiple myeloma patients, the initial symptoms may be mild or easy to mistake for other common conditions. In its earliest stages, multiple myeloma may manifest as smoldering multiple myeloma. […] When multiple myeloma does manifest symptoms, some common symptoms include: Nausea, Constipation, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss and loss of appetite, Confusion and mental fog, Weakness or numbness in your legs and extremities, Excessive thirst. […] In the final stages of multiple myeloma, patients may experience a range of worsening symptoms that can significantly impact their quality of life. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. End-stage multiple myeloma symptoms include: Increased Bone Pain, Severe Fatigue, Frequent Infections, Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite, Kidney Dysfunction, High Levels of Calcium in the Blood.

• #105 Late-Stage Multiple Myeloma: What to Know

  https://www.webmd.com/cancer/multiple-myeloma/late-stage-multiple-myeloma

  Many doctors refer to late-stage multiple myeloma as stage III. This is the stage youre most likely to be in when doctors diagnose you. Its hard to find it early since it may start with no symptoms. By the time you do get them, the cancer may have spread to different parts of your body and be causing damage to organs, putting you in the late stages of the condition. […] But when you have late-stage multiple myeloma, your symptoms may show up as: Being sick to your stomach, Bone pain in your back or ribs, Bruising or bleeding easily, Feeling very tired, Fevers, Frequent infections that are hard to treat, Losing a lot of weight, Not feeling like eating, Weakness in your arms and legs. […] As multiple myeloma speeds up the process of bone breakdown, large amounts of calcium may drain into your bloodstream. This is called hypercalcemia. Symptoms can include: Confusion, Dehydration, Kidney problems and even kidney failure, Peeing a lot, Severe thirst, Severe constipation.

• #106 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms of End Stage | ITC

  https://www.immunitytherapycenter.com/blog/what-are-the-final-stages-of-multiple-myeloma/

  Multiple myeloma can be difficult to identify for a lot of reasons. In some multiple myeloma patients, the initial symptoms may be mild or easy to mistake for other common conditions. In its earliest stages, multiple myeloma may manifest as smoldering multiple myeloma. […] When multiple myeloma does manifest symptoms, some common symptoms include: Nausea, Constipation, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss and loss of appetite, Confusion and mental fog, Weakness or numbness in your legs and extremities, Excessive thirst. […] In the final stages of multiple myeloma, patients may experience a range of worsening symptoms that can significantly impact their quality of life. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. End-stage multiple myeloma symptoms include: Increased Bone Pain, Severe Fatigue, Frequent Infections, Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite, Kidney Dysfunction, High Levels of Calcium in the Blood.

• #107 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms of End Stage | ITC

  https://www.immunitytherapycenter.com/blog/what-are-the-final-stages-of-multiple-myeloma/

  By the final or end stages of multiple myeloma, cancer has progressed to other parts of the body beyond just the plasma cells in your bone marrow. By this point, cancer has not responded to treatment, and the disease will eventually lead to death. […] With the final stages of multiple myeloma, you can typically expect all of the signs and symptoms to ramp up. Unlike the early stages of smoldering myeloma, everything is noticeable. For example, symptoms may: Spread to your kidneys as proteins created by the malignant plasma cells lead to kidney damage, Worsen your kidney function altogether, which prevents them from properly filtering out body waste, excess salt, and unnecessary fluids, Include experiencing neurological symptoms, Wear down and weaken bones, Cause severe back pain, which can lead to numbness and weakness in the legs.

• #108 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms of End Stage | ITC

  https://www.immunitytherapycenter.com/blog/what-are-the-final-stages-of-multiple-myeloma/

  By the final or end stages of multiple myeloma, cancer has progressed to other parts of the body beyond just the plasma cells in your bone marrow. By this point, cancer has not responded to treatment, and the disease will eventually lead to death. […] With the final stages of multiple myeloma, you can typically expect all of the signs and symptoms to ramp up. Unlike the early stages of smoldering myeloma, everything is noticeable. For example, symptoms may: Spread to your kidneys as proteins created by the malignant plasma cells lead to kidney damage, Worsen your kidney function altogether, which prevents them from properly filtering out body waste, excess salt, and unnecessary fluids, Include experiencing neurological symptoms, Wear down and weaken bones, Cause severe back pain, which can lead to numbness and weakness in the legs.

• #109 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms of End Stage | ITC

  https://www.immunitytherapycenter.com/blog/what-are-the-final-stages-of-multiple-myeloma/

  Multiple myeloma can be difficult to identify for a lot of reasons. In some multiple myeloma patients, the initial symptoms may be mild or easy to mistake for other common conditions. In its earliest stages, multiple myeloma may manifest as smoldering multiple myeloma. […] When multiple myeloma does manifest symptoms, some common symptoms include: Nausea, Constipation, Fatigue, Unintended weight loss and loss of appetite, Confusion and mental fog, Weakness or numbness in your legs and extremities, Excessive thirst. […] In the final stages of multiple myeloma, patients may experience a range of worsening symptoms that can significantly impact their quality of life. Understanding these symptoms is crucial for providing appropriate care and support. End-stage multiple myeloma symptoms include: Increased Bone Pain, Severe Fatigue, Frequent Infections, Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite, Kidney Dysfunction, High Levels of Calcium in the Blood.

• #110 Late-Stage Multiple Myeloma – Massive Bio

  https://massivebio.com/late-stage-multiple-myeloma/

  Late-stage multiple myeloma indicates that the disease has progressed and symptoms may be more severe. Common symptoms at this stage can include bone pain, fractures, anemia, fatigue, frequent infections, kidney problems, and weight loss. […] In the end stages of multiple myeloma, the immune system of the affected individuals is significantly compromised. This weakened state makes people with multiple myeloma more susceptible to infections and other complications. The proliferation of cancerous cells also leads to symptoms like severe bone pain, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and neurological symptoms, drastically impacting the quality of life. […] While advancements in treatment have improved survival rates, the prognosis in the end stages is generally poor, with a focus on palliative care to manage symptoms and improve comfort.

• #111 Late-Stage Multiple Myeloma – Massive Bio

  https://massivebio.com/late-stage-multiple-myeloma/

  Late-stage multiple myeloma indicates that the disease has progressed and symptoms may be more severe. Common symptoms at this stage can include bone pain, fractures, anemia, fatigue, frequent infections, kidney problems, and weight loss. […] In the end stages of multiple myeloma, the immune system of the affected individuals is significantly compromised. This weakened state makes people with multiple myeloma more susceptible to infections and other complications. The proliferation of cancerous cells also leads to symptoms like severe bone pain, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and neurological symptoms, drastically impacting the quality of life. […] While advancements in treatment have improved survival rates, the prognosis in the end stages is generally poor, with a focus on palliative care to manage symptoms and improve comfort.

• #112 Multiple Myeloma Recognizing the Symptoms | Binding Site

  https://www.thermofisher.com/bindingsite/wo/en/expert-insights/multiple-myeloma-recognizing-the-symptoms.html

  Multiple Myeloma symptoms are non-specific and may mimic the aging process or more common conditions encountered at primary care, such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiac disease. Patients often present at primary care with bone pain, back pain, aches and generally feeling unwell. When symptoms are unexplained or persist despite intervention, look out for one or more early warning signs of Multiple Myeloma. […] As Multiple Myeloma progresses, advanced presentations are associated with end-organ damage. These are referred to as CRAB events of Multiple Myeloma and include hypercalcemia, renal impairment, anaemia, and bone lesions. […] When the patient symptoms and basic laboratory findings are suggestive of Multiple Myeloma, assessment of serum protein studies will help to rule out Multiple Myeloma. The survival rate for Multiple Myeloma patients is increased by over one and a half times when the diagnosis is achieved through the primary care referral pathway- rather that the emergency route. As the gatekeepers to earlier diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma, primary care practitioners should be alert to the early warning signs. Requesting the best test combination to rule out Multiple Myeloma earlier, allows for a timelier referral pathway to haematology.

• #113 When Does Smoldering Myeloma Turn Active Myeloma? – HealthTree for Multiple Myeloma

  https://healthtree.org/myeloma/community/articles/myeloma-101-when-does-smoldering-myeloma-become-active-myeloma

  In the revised 2014 criteria, three more markers were considered myeloma-defining events (MDEs). […] The goal is to prevent progression and organ damage while ensuring the patient is not being overtreated when progression may not occur. […] Smoldering myeloma patients should be observed and tested by their physician approximately every three months. Testing using blood tests, urine tests, bone marrow biopsy tests, and imaging (PET-CT and MRIs) are all useful in diagnosing smoldering myeloma. […] Staying on top of your testing is critical to catching progression early.

• #114 Patient education: Multiple myeloma symptoms, diagnosis, and staging (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/multiple-myeloma-symptoms-diagnosis-and-staging-beyond-the-basics

  The generalized symptoms of MM include an increased susceptibility to infections due to immune suppression and weight loss. Immune suppression occurs because of both the underlying disease and the effects of chemotherapy. […] Although MM is seldom cured, treatment can relieve symptoms, induce a sustained period of remission, and prolong life. […] The disease course of MM can vary considerably from one person to another. Doctors use different information to help them predict how quickly the disease is likely to get worse in a person.

• #115 Multiple Myeloma: Improved Prognosis With the Latest Treatments | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/news/multiple-myeloma-improved-prognosis-latest-treatments

  Multiple myeloma symptoms include bone pain or fractures, backache, frequent infections, weight loss, fatigue, and other conditions. […] Multiple myeloma is currently not curable, but we can manage the disease effectively for years. […] The overall five-year survival rate for people with active multiple myeloma in the United States has increased steadily over time, to more than 62% today. […] In 2025, we reported promising results in Nature Medicine from a clinical trial in which daratumumab was added to a standard triplet therapy of three other drugs. People in the trial were newly diagnosed and not receiving a stem cell transplant as their initial treatment. Those receiving the treatment with daratumumab added had a significant, 43% lower risk of disease progression or death. […] We also are looking at whether we can intervene with smoldering myeloma and change some of the risk factors by modifying nutrition and altering the microbiome. There is a subset of smoldering myeloma patients who are at high risk for progressing to active myeloma. Do we have to wait until they show symptoms like broken bones or kidney failure, or can we do something to delay that happening?

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