Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. This activity reviews the mode of action of the BCG vaccine and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in educating patients about tuberculosis prevention. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis.

• #2 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine currently available to protect against TB. BCG has been in use for a century and provides critical protection to 100 million newborns globally each year. While the BCG vaccine provides good protection for young children, the vaccines efficacy wanes throughout the lifespan, providing negligible protection to those over 5 years old. TB mainly affects adults, leaving millions vulnerable to the devastating effects of this vaccine-preventable disease. To end the TB epidemic, it is critical to develop vaccines that are effective against TB in all age groups. […] Despite its inability to protect adults from TB, BCG is a life-saving vaccine for infants and children under five. […] The fight against AMR and MDR-TB will require a multi-pronged approach, and it will not be easy. TB vaccines can help by reducing the incidence and transmission of TB, which would in turn reduce the need for antimicrobial treatment and help to slow the emergence of AMR. Because vaccines prevent infections in the first place, they play an indispensable role in combatting the global crisis of drug resistance.

• #3 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #4 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

  The BCG vaccine contains live bacteria that have been weakened (attenuated), so they stimulate the immune system but do not cause disease in healthy people. […] The BCG vaccine was introduced into the UK schedule in 1953. […] The UK programme now targets babies and children who are most at risk of exposure to TB, with the aim of preventing the more serious childhood forms of TB. […] The BCG vaccine is given just under the skin (intradermally), usually in the left upper arm.

• #5 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #6 The Tuberculosis Vaccine: Effectiveness, Risks, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/tuberculosis-vaccine

  According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), vaccine trials report that the BCG vaccine ranges in effectiveness from 0–80%. More recent studies suggest the overall protective effect of BCG against TB infection is 50%, while it may be 70% effective at protecting against some TB complications. […] The BCG vaccine is made from a weakened strain of TB bacteria. […] Introducing this weakened bacteria into your body with a vaccination triggers your immune system to create corresponding antibodies. These antibodies can fight TB bacteria. […] Doctors do not recommend the TB vaccine to everyone. However, it may be recommended to adults who have high exposure to TB, such as healthcare workers and people who work with animals. […] The BCG vaccine is given in one dose. […] Severe or long-term complications of the BCG vaccine are rare.

• #7 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. Differences in effectiveness depend on region, due to factors such as genetic differences in the populations, changes in environment, exposure to other bacterial infections, and conditions in the laboratory where the vaccine is grown, including genetic differences between the strains being cultured and the choice of growth medium.

• #8 The Tuberculosis Vaccine: Effectiveness, Risks, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/infections-and-contagious-diseases/tuberculosis-vaccine

  According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), vaccine trials report that the BCG vaccine ranges in effectiveness from 0–80%. More recent studies suggest the overall protective effect of BCG against TB infection is 50%, while it may be 70% effective at protecting against some TB complications. […] The BCG vaccine is made from a weakened strain of TB bacteria. […] Introducing this weakened bacteria into your body with a vaccination triggers your immune system to create corresponding antibodies. These antibodies can fight TB bacteria. […] Doctors do not recommend the TB vaccine to everyone. However, it may be recommended to adults who have high exposure to TB, such as healthcare workers and people who work with animals. […] The BCG vaccine is given in one dose. […] Severe or long-term complications of the BCG vaccine are rare.

• #9 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is estimated to be about 51% in preventing any TB disease and up to 78% in protecting newborns from miliary (disseminated) or meningeal TB. […] BCG vaccine is not recommended for routine use in any Canadian population. […] Following consideration of local TB epidemiology and if a program of early detection and treatment of latent TB infection cannot be implemented, BCG vaccination may be considered in exceptional circumstances, such as for infants in high risk communities, for persons at high risk of repeated exposure, for certain long-term travellers to high prevalence countries, and in infants born to mothers with infectious TB disease. […] The goal of BCG vaccination in infants is to prevent miliary TB and TB meningitis. Infants in high risk communities should receive BCG vaccine as soon after birth as feasible and preferably before 6 weeks of post-natal age or discharge into the community.

• #10 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #11 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

  Protection against TB will only start 6-8 weeks after the vaccination has been given and lasts for about 10 years. […] Revaccination is not recommended. […] BCG vaccination is not recommended for adults. […] Children less than 6 years old who are; Going to live in another country with a high incidence of tuberculosis (defined as an annual incidence of 40 per 100 000 population) for more than 3 months or […] Will be making repeated visits to a country with a high incidence of tuberculosis that is likely to be for a cumulative period of more than 3 months. […] Newborn children of migrants who have arrived from countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis (see definition above) in the last 5 years, or newborn children who have household contact with people who have arrived from a high incidence country in the last 5 years.

• #12 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

  Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. […] Although the protection afforded by BCG vaccine may lessen with time, there is no evidence that repeat vaccination offers significant additional protection and repeat BCG vaccination is not recommended. […] BCG vaccine must be administered intradermally, normally into the lateral aspect of the left upper arm at the level of the insertion of the deltoid muscle. […] BCG immunisation should be offered to all infants (aged 0 to 12 months) living in areas of the UK where the annual incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater. […] Unvaccinated, tuberculin-negative individuals in these occupations are recommended to receive BCG. […] The vaccine should not be given to those who have already had a BCG vaccination, those with a past history of TB, and those who are immunocompromised by virtue of disease or treatment.

• #13 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  In the United States, BCG is only considered for people who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: Are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease, and the child cannot be given long-term primary preventive treatment for TB infection; or Have isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant strains of TB disease. […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of patients with TB disease are infected with TB strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin; or there is ongoing transmission of drug-resistant TB strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection control precautions have been implemented but have not been successful.

• #14 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine: MedlinePlus Drug InformationLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682809.html

  BCG vaccine provides immunity or protection against tuberculosis (TB). The vaccine may be given to persons at high risk of developing TB. […] When the vaccine is given to protect against TB, it usually is given only one time but may be repeated if there is not a good response in 2-3 months. Response is measured by a TB skin test.

• #15 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Gurin) vaccine helps protect you against an infection called tuberculosis (TB). It’s mainly given to babies and young children who are at higher risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine helps protect against an infection called tuberculosis (TB). […] The vaccine is particularly helpful in protecting babies and young children against more serious forms of TB, such as TB meningitis (TB that affects the brain). […] The BCG vaccine is not routinely given as part of the NHS vaccination schedule. […] It is only recommended for people at higher risk of getting tuberculosis (TB), such as some babies and children, some travellers and people at risk through their work. […] You only need to have the BCG vaccine once. […] The BCG vaccine is recommended for children aged 1 to 16 if any of the following apply: they have a parent or grandparent born in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB; they were born or lived for at least 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB; they have been living with, or in regular close contact with, someone who has or had TB.

• #16 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. Many foreign-born persons have been BCG-vaccinated. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccines potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. The BCG vaccine should be considered only for very select persons who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative tuberculin skin test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from, adults who are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease (if the child cannot be given long-term treatment for infection); or have TB caused by strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #17 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

  Protection against TB will only start 6-8 weeks after the vaccination has been given and lasts for about 10 years. […] Revaccination is not recommended. […] BCG vaccination is not recommended for adults. […] Children less than 6 years old who are; Going to live in another country with a high incidence of tuberculosis (defined as an annual incidence of 40 per 100 000 population) for more than 3 months or […] Will be making repeated visits to a country with a high incidence of tuberculosis that is likely to be for a cumulative period of more than 3 months. […] Newborn children of migrants who have arrived from countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis (see definition above) in the last 5 years, or newborn children who have household contact with people who have arrived from a high incidence country in the last 5 years.

• #18 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  In the United States, BCG is only considered for people who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: Are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease, and the child cannot be given long-term primary preventive treatment for TB infection; or Have isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant strains of TB disease. […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of patients with TB disease are infected with TB strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin; or there is ongoing transmission of drug-resistant TB strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection control precautions have been implemented but have not been successful.

• #19 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of TB patients are infected with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; there is ongoing transmission of such drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination should not be given to persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who are HIV infected) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant). […] BCG vaccination should not be given during pregnancy. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #20 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #21 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  You may need the BCG vaccine if you’re at risk of getting TB because of your work, for example: you’re a health worker who works with people with TB; you work in a laboratory where you may come into contact with TB bacteria; you work with animals that could be infected with TB; you work with people who may be more at risk of TB such as some homeless people, asylum seekers and refugees, people who misuse drugs and people in prison. […] The BCG vaccine is recommended if you’re staying for more than 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB. […] You may need the BCG vaccine if you’ve come to live in the UK from sub-Saharan Africa or a country where there is a very high risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine is not given to: anyone who is pregnant; anyone who has already had the BCG vaccine; anyone who has TB or has had it before; anyone who has had a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to any ingredients in the BCG vaccine; babies whose mother had biological medicines to suppress their immune system during pregnancy; babies who may have a weakened immune system; children and adults with a weakened immune system.

• #22 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  If BCG vaccination is offered to all infants in a community that does not meet one of the above criteria, the vaccination program should be discontinued as soon as a program of early detection and treatment of latent TB infection can be implemented. […] BCG vaccine has not been studied in pregnant or lactating women. BCG vaccine should not be given during pregnancy, although no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the foetus have been observed. […] BCG immunization is contraindicated in most immunocompromised persons, including HIV infection, altered immune status due to malignant disease or transplant, and impaired immune function secondary to treatment with corticosteroids, chemotherapeutic agents or radiation. […] BCG vaccine is contraindicated in persons with a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine and in persons with proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container.

• #23 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] Your midwife, health visitor, local health centre or hospital will usually let you know if the BCG vaccine is recommended for your baby. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild.

• #24 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] Your midwife, health visitor, local health centre or hospital will usually let you know if the BCG vaccine is recommended for your baby. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild.

• #25 BCG vaccine for TB

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

  The BCG vaccine is given by an injection just under the skin, usually on the upper left arm. […] Children, particularly those under five years of age, who are travelling to countries with a high rate of TB infections. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies in areas where there is a high incidence of TB. […] Babies whose parents and/or carers have TB. […] Some children should not get the BCG vaccine because the vaccine could cause complications. This includes those who: have had TB before, have a positive Mantoux (skin) test, have HIV infection, have a condition or take medicines that weaken their immune system. […] The usual reaction to BCG vaccination is redness and/or a small lump at the injection site, followed by a small ulcer (an open sore) a few weeks later. The ulcer is usually less than a centimetre in diameter, and may last from a few weeks to a few months before healing to a small, flat scar. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants. […] Seek medical assistance if your child has a severe reaction at the injection site, or swelling/tenderness in their armpit.

• #26 BCG / TB vaccine – Information for health professionals – Public Health Wales

  https://phw.nhs.wales/topics/immunisation-and-vaccines/vaccines-professionals/bcg-tb-vaccine-information-for-health-professionals/

  In all cases, BCG vaccine must be administered strictly intradermally, normally into the lateral aspect of the left upper arm at the level of the insertion of the deltoid muscle (just above the middle of the left upper arm as recommended by WHO). […] Bacillus Calmette-Gurin Vaccine (BCG) / TB vaccine

• #27 Special Circumstances on Tuberculosis and BCG in Japan – SEMI- Sapporo English Medical Interpreters

  https://semi-sapporo.com/afterbirth/tuberculosis-and-bcg-in-japan/

  As a result of the decline in the number of tuberculosis patients in North America and West Europe, BCG is no more provided in these areas. However, BCG is still one of the routine vaccines in Japan, because the number of tuberculosis patients ranks at the middle level among the world. […] The BCG vaccine is made from attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. The method used to administer the BCG vaccination in Japan is a percutaneous injection using an apparatus with multiple needles that is pressed into two locations on the upper arm. […] Red pockmarks appear on the vaccination site around 10 days after vaccination, and some may discharge a small amount of pus. This reaction peaks about 4 weeks after vaccination; subsequently, the pockmarks are covered with scabs and heal completely by three months after vaccination, leaving only tiny scars. […] There is no need to worry about these reactions, as they are all normal and will heal on their own. Simply wait and see while keeping the inoculation site clean.

• #28 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] Your midwife, health visitor, local health centre or hospital will usually let you know if the BCG vaccine is recommended for your baby. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild.

• #29 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents – English version – HE2226

  https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

  Information in English on how to look after the BCG vaccination site following immunisation against tuberculosis (TB). […] In 16 weeks, a small, red blister may appear where the injection was given. This should heal in a few weeks. […] After 6-12 weeks, the blister may turn into a small, weeping sore. If this happens, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. The gauze should be taped down on either side. Do not use sticking plasters. […] The sore may take up to 3 months to heal, and may leave a small scar. This is normal. […] If a sore develops, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. […] Do not use ointments, oils, or herbs on the site. […] If you have any concerns or need information about TB or the BCG vaccine, please contact your Public Health Nurse.

• #30 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

  Infection with a fever […] Generalised skin conditions […] Aggravation of a chronic disease […] Premature newborn children in an unstable clinical condition, until their general condition has improved. […] BCG vaccination is given into the skin on the upper arm. Immediately after the injection a white lump is seen for a few minutes […] A red spot / small swelling will appear in 2 4 weeks time […] This may develop into a pustule […] This pustule / lesion will heal spontaneously 2 3 months after vaccination. A scar usually remains at the site of the injection. […] Leave the sore alone and ensure it remains exposed to the air. This helps it to heal quickly. […] Keep the affected site clean. […] Do not scratch, squeeze or disturb the sore or scab Do not apply ointment […] Do not apply antiseptics […] Do not apply sticking plaster or a tight sealed dressing as these can delay healing […] The childs arm where the BCG vaccine has been administered should not be used for at least 3 months after the BCG vaccination for any other vaccines.

• #31 BCG vaccine for TB

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

  The BCG vaccine is given by an injection just under the skin, usually on the upper left arm. […] Children, particularly those under five years of age, who are travelling to countries with a high rate of TB infections. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies in areas where there is a high incidence of TB. […] Babies whose parents and/or carers have TB. […] Some children should not get the BCG vaccine because the vaccine could cause complications. This includes those who: have had TB before, have a positive Mantoux (skin) test, have HIV infection, have a condition or take medicines that weaken their immune system. […] The usual reaction to BCG vaccination is redness and/or a small lump at the injection site, followed by a small ulcer (an open sore) a few weeks later. The ulcer is usually less than a centimetre in diameter, and may last from a few weeks to a few months before healing to a small, flat scar. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants. […] Seek medical assistance if your child has a severe reaction at the injection site, or swelling/tenderness in their armpit.

• #32 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents – English version – HE2226

  https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

  Information in English on how to look after the BCG vaccination site following immunisation against tuberculosis (TB). […] In 16 weeks, a small, red blister may appear where the injection was given. This should heal in a few weeks. […] After 6-12 weeks, the blister may turn into a small, weeping sore. If this happens, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. The gauze should be taped down on either side. Do not use sticking plasters. […] The sore may take up to 3 months to heal, and may leave a small scar. This is normal. […] If a sore develops, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. […] Do not use ointments, oils, or herbs on the site. […] If you have any concerns or need information about TB or the BCG vaccine, please contact your Public Health Nurse.

• #33 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

  Infection with a fever […] Generalised skin conditions […] Aggravation of a chronic disease […] Premature newborn children in an unstable clinical condition, until their general condition has improved. […] BCG vaccination is given into the skin on the upper arm. Immediately after the injection a white lump is seen for a few minutes […] A red spot / small swelling will appear in 2 4 weeks time […] This may develop into a pustule […] This pustule / lesion will heal spontaneously 2 3 months after vaccination. A scar usually remains at the site of the injection. […] Leave the sore alone and ensure it remains exposed to the air. This helps it to heal quickly. […] Keep the affected site clean. […] Do not scratch, squeeze or disturb the sore or scab Do not apply ointment […] Do not apply antiseptics […] Do not apply sticking plaster or a tight sealed dressing as these can delay healing […] The childs arm where the BCG vaccine has been administered should not be used for at least 3 months after the BCG vaccination for any other vaccines.

• #34 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine | Health and Social Services

  https://www.hss.gov.nt.ca/en/services/tuberculosis/bacille-calmette-gu%C3%A9rin-bcg-vaccine

  BCG is a vaccine containing live, weakened tuberculosis germs that activate a persons immune system. Countries have used BCG for almost 100 years. Globally, about 100 million children receive BCG yearly. BCG protects infants and young children from severe presentations of tuberculosis such as TB Meningitis and Disseminated TB. […] BCG vaccine is safe for most infants. BCG is a live bacteria and infants with severe immune deficiencies cannot receive BCG. […] BCG protects from severe forms TB in infants and children. The rates of TB infection are much higher in some parts of the NWT compared to Canada as a whole. […] Babies that have SCID cannot receive any live vaccine because their immune system does not work normally. If BCG is given to a child with SCID, there is the potential for a severe infection. […] After your infant receives BCG vaccine: Wash your babys arm normally. Place a cool damp compress over any swelling. If the sore is draining, cover it with a dry, dressing that is not waterproof (e.g. gauze). If you are concerned about a reaction with the vaccine, talk to your healthcare provider.

• #35 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination

  https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

  Infection with a fever […] Generalised skin conditions […] Aggravation of a chronic disease […] Premature newborn children in an unstable clinical condition, until their general condition has improved. […] BCG vaccination is given into the skin on the upper arm. Immediately after the injection a white lump is seen for a few minutes […] A red spot / small swelling will appear in 2 4 weeks time […] This may develop into a pustule […] This pustule / lesion will heal spontaneously 2 3 months after vaccination. A scar usually remains at the site of the injection. […] Leave the sore alone and ensure it remains exposed to the air. This helps it to heal quickly. […] Keep the affected site clean. […] Do not scratch, squeeze or disturb the sore or scab Do not apply ointment […] Do not apply antiseptics […] Do not apply sticking plaster or a tight sealed dressing as these can delay healing […] The childs arm where the BCG vaccine has been administered should not be used for at least 3 months after the BCG vaccination for any other vaccines.

• #36 BCG tuberculosis vaccine :: Kingston and Richmond NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.kingstonandrichmond.nhs.uk/services/service-search-z/bcg-tuberculosis-vaccine

  The parent/carer who accompanies the baby to the BCG appointment will be asked the following questions: Is your child well? Have you or your child received any treatment for cancers, taken steroids, immunosuppressants or immunosuppressive biological therapies in the last 6 months? […] You may notice these reactions following the BCG vaccination: A slight swelling, redness and tenderness at the injection site followed by a local lesion. […] It is advised that other vaccines are not given in the left arm for 3 months after the BCG vaccination however injections in the other limbs are fine to have.

• #37 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. This activity reviews the mode of action of the BCG vaccine and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in educating patients about tuberculosis prevention. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis.

• #38 BCG vaccine for TB

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

  The BCG vaccine is given by an injection just under the skin, usually on the upper left arm. […] Children, particularly those under five years of age, who are travelling to countries with a high rate of TB infections. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies in areas where there is a high incidence of TB. […] Babies whose parents and/or carers have TB. […] Some children should not get the BCG vaccine because the vaccine could cause complications. This includes those who: have had TB before, have a positive Mantoux (skin) test, have HIV infection, have a condition or take medicines that weaken their immune system. […] The usual reaction to BCG vaccination is redness and/or a small lump at the injection site, followed by a small ulcer (an open sore) a few weeks later. The ulcer is usually less than a centimetre in diameter, and may last from a few weeks to a few months before healing to a small, flat scar. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants. […] Seek medical assistance if your child has a severe reaction at the injection site, or swelling/tenderness in their armpit.

• #39 BCG vaccine for TB

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

  The BCG vaccine is given by an injection just under the skin, usually on the upper left arm. […] Children, particularly those under five years of age, who are travelling to countries with a high rate of TB infections. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies in areas where there is a high incidence of TB. […] Babies whose parents and/or carers have TB. […] Some children should not get the BCG vaccine because the vaccine could cause complications. This includes those who: have had TB before, have a positive Mantoux (skin) test, have HIV infection, have a condition or take medicines that weaken their immune system. […] The usual reaction to BCG vaccination is redness and/or a small lump at the injection site, followed by a small ulcer (an open sore) a few weeks later. The ulcer is usually less than a centimetre in diameter, and may last from a few weeks to a few months before healing to a small, flat scar. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants. […] Seek medical assistance if your child has a severe reaction at the injection site, or swelling/tenderness in their armpit.

• #40 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] TB blood tests (interferon-gamma release assay or IGRA) are the preferred test for people who have received the BCG vaccine, including children. BCG vaccination does not induce positive results when TB blood tests are used. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn.

• #41 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States. […] Tell your health care provider if you have received the TB vaccine, especially if you are getting tested for TB infection. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG TB vaccination. […] Yes, a person can have or get TB even if they received the TB vaccine (BCG). The BCG TB vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG vaccination.

• #42 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] TB blood tests (interferon-gamma release assay or IGRA) are the preferred test for people who have received the BCG vaccine, including children. BCG vaccination does not induce positive results when TB blood tests are used. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn.

• #43 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] TB blood tests (interferon-gamma release assay or IGRA) are the preferred test for people who have received the BCG vaccine, including children. BCG vaccination does not induce positive results when TB blood tests are used. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn.

• #44 Frequently Asked Questions About TB | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-tb/frequently-asked-questions

  […] […] What if someone has received the BCG vaccine (which is given in many countries)? […] In many parts of the world where TB is common, Bacille Calmette-Gurin, (BCG) vaccine is used to protect infants and young children from serious, life-threatening diseases, specifically miliary TB and TB meningitis. However, it does not completely prevent people from getting TB. […] The effect of the BCG vaccine wanes over time and may have little to no effect on positive TST results among adults who received the vaccine as a child. […] A person with a history of BCG vaccination can be tested and treated for TB infection if they react to the TST. TST reactions should be interpreted based on risk stratification regardless of BCG vaccination history. IGRAs use M. tuberculosis-specific antigens that do not cross-react with BCG, and therefore, do not cause false positive reactions in BCG recipients this means a blood test, or IGRA, is preferred for BCG-vaccinated individuals.

• #45 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] TB blood tests (interferon-gamma release assay or IGRA) are the preferred test for people who have received the BCG vaccine, including children. BCG vaccination does not induce positive results when TB blood tests are used. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn.

• #46 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States. […] Tell your health care provider if you have received the TB vaccine, especially if you are getting tested for TB infection. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG TB vaccination. […] Yes, a person can have or get TB even if they received the TB vaccine (BCG). The BCG TB vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG vaccination.

• #47 Tuberculosis (TB) Blood Test (IGRA) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/basics/factsheets/igra.html

  The BCG vaccine (TB vaccine) may help protect young children from getting very sick with TB. This protection goes away as people get older. People who have had BCG vaccine still can get latent TB infection and active TB disease. […] If you had the BCG vaccine and you have a choice of having a TB blood test or a TB skin test, it is better for you to have the TB blood test. This is because the TB blood test is not affected by the BCG vaccine. This means that your TB blood test will be positive only if you have TB germs in your body.

• #48 Frequently Asked Questions About TB | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-tb/frequently-asked-questions

  […] […] What do I need to know if my employee has received a BCG vaccine? […] The IGRA and TST are not contraindicated for persons who have been vaccinated with Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG). The effectiveness of BCG wanes over time but it may cause a false-positive reaction to the TST, which may complicate decisions about diagnosing TB infection and prescribing treatment. IGRAs use M. tuberculosis-specific antigens that do not cross-react with BCG, and therefore, do not cause false positive reactions in BCG recipients. This means an IGRA test is preferred for BCG-vaccinated individuals. More information can be found on the CDC website.

• #49 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States. […] Tell your health care provider if you have received the TB vaccine, especially if you are getting tested for TB infection. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG TB vaccination. […] Yes, a person can have or get TB even if they received the TB vaccine (BCG). The BCG TB vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG vaccination.

• #50 FAQs • I am an adult, but I had the BCG vaccine as a child.

  https://www.snohd.org/FAQ.aspx?QID=486

  I am an adult, but I had the BCG vaccine as a child. I should be immune to TB, right? The BCG vaccine protects against childhood TB. It does not protect you as an adult because the effectiveness of the vaccine decreases over time. If you were vaccinated with BCG, you may have a positive reaction to a TB skin test and should ask your medical care provider for a TB blood test instead. If your blood test is positive, further testing may be required. To read more about BCG vaccine, click here. […] The BCG vaccine protects against childhood TB. It does not protect you as an adult because the effectiveness of the vaccine decreases over time. If you were vaccinated with BCG, you may have a positive reaction to a TB skin test and should ask your medical care provider for a TB blood test instead. If your blood test is positive, further testing may be required. To read more about BCG vaccine, click here.

• #51 BCG vaccine and TB tests – King County, Washington

  https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dph/health-safety/disease-illness/tuberculosis/community-education/bcg-vaccine-tests

  If you need a TB test it is important to know if you received the BCG vaccine as a child. You can still get TB even if you were vaccinated, especially if you’re now an adult. […] The BCG vaccine protects against the worst kinds of childhood TB. It does not protect you as an adult. […] Test for TB with a blood test. The TB vaccine, also called BCG, does not change the result of a blood test. If you had a BCG vaccine as a child tell your doctor NOT to use a TB skin test. […] A chest x-ray and doctors visit is the next step if your TB blood test is positive. Your doctor will determine if you have inactive TB or active TB disease. […] In the U.S., lots of people take medicine for inactive TB to help them not get sick later. Other countries may not give medicine for inactive TB. Medicine usually lasts 3 to 4 months.

• #52 FAQs • I am an adult, but I had the BCG vaccine as a child.

  https://www.snohd.org/FAQ.aspx?QID=486

  I am an adult, but I had the BCG vaccine as a child. I should be immune to TB, right? The BCG vaccine protects against childhood TB. It does not protect you as an adult because the effectiveness of the vaccine decreases over time. If you were vaccinated with BCG, you may have a positive reaction to a TB skin test and should ask your medical care provider for a TB blood test instead. If your blood test is positive, further testing may be required. To read more about BCG vaccine, click here. […] The BCG vaccine protects against childhood TB. It does not protect you as an adult because the effectiveness of the vaccine decreases over time. If you were vaccinated with BCG, you may have a positive reaction to a TB skin test and should ask your medical care provider for a TB blood test instead. If your blood test is positive, further testing may be required. To read more about BCG vaccine, click here.

• #53 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  BCG vaccine can be given either intracutaneously or intradermally. Research is currently being conducted on respiratory administration since natural infection, and sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans tend to occur in the respiratory system. […] Routine BCG vaccination is not generally recommended in the United States due to a low incidence of tuberculosis infection and also due to interference of immunization with the PPD test. BCG vaccination is not recommended for health care workers in low-risk areas. Vaccination is also contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients. […] Nurses practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians that administer BCG should work together in an interprofessional team to assure the safe and effective administration, follow-up, and education of the patient.

• #54 357 Tuberculosis Management (TST/BCG) – Australian College of Nursing

  https://www.acn.edu.au/education/non-award/tuberculosis-management

  This course is designed for registered nurses who are required to perform Tuberculin Skin Tests (TST) and Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccinations as part of their roles. The purpose of the course is to provide you with a theoretical framework that you can use in your clinical practice when you administer, read, interpret and document TST and BCG vaccinations. […] This course has been designed to provide nurses with the knowledge on how to assess clients for risks, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and to gain knowledge on how to safely administer BCG vaccinations (within their scope of practice). […] Describe the procedure of BCG administration in accord with current recommendations in the Australian Immunisation Handbook (AIH) and local Health policy directives. […] Understand and explain side effects and adverse events related to the BCG vaccine.

• #55 BCG tuberculosis vaccine :: Kingston and Richmond NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.kingstonandrichmond.nhs.uk/services/service-search-z/bcg-tuberculosis-vaccine

  We provide the BCG vaccination to babies from birth to 12 months old, living in Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and Wandsworth who have a parent or grandparent born in a country where the annual incidence of TB is 40 in 100,000 or greater (see TB rates by country). […] Babies only need to have one BCG vaccination. Some maternity hospitals offer the BCG vaccination before 28 days, so please check whether the baby has received a BCG before your baby is referred to the BCG community service. […] Before the nurse can administer the BCG vaccine, the nurse will ask you some questions to check that it is safe to proceed to vaccination. This will include some personal medical questions as the BCG is a live vaccine and therefore cannot be given to the baby in certain situations for safety reasons.

• #56 357 Tuberculosis Management (TST/BCG) – Australian College of Nursing

  https://www.acn.edu.au/education/non-award/tuberculosis-management

  This course is designed for registered nurses who are required to perform Tuberculin Skin Tests (TST) and Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccinations as part of their roles. The purpose of the course is to provide you with a theoretical framework that you can use in your clinical practice when you administer, read, interpret and document TST and BCG vaccinations. […] This course has been designed to provide nurses with the knowledge on how to assess clients for risks, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and to gain knowledge on how to safely administer BCG vaccinations (within their scope of practice). […] Describe the procedure of BCG administration in accord with current recommendations in the Australian Immunisation Handbook (AIH) and local Health policy directives. […] Understand and explain side effects and adverse events related to the BCG vaccine.

• #57 BCG / TB vaccine – Information for health professionals – Public Health Wales

  https://phw.nhs.wales/topics/immunisation-and-vaccines/vaccines-professionals/bcg-tb-vaccine-information-for-health-professionals/

  In all cases, BCG vaccine must be administered strictly intradermally, normally into the lateral aspect of the left upper arm at the level of the insertion of the deltoid muscle (just above the middle of the left upper arm as recommended by WHO). […] Bacillus Calmette-Gurin Vaccine (BCG) / TB vaccine

• #58 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

  Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. […] Although the protection afforded by BCG vaccine may lessen with time, there is no evidence that repeat vaccination offers significant additional protection and repeat BCG vaccination is not recommended. […] BCG vaccine must be administered intradermally, normally into the lateral aspect of the left upper arm at the level of the insertion of the deltoid muscle. […] BCG immunisation should be offered to all infants (aged 0 to 12 months) living in areas of the UK where the annual incidence of TB is 40/100,000 or greater. […] Unvaccinated, tuberculin-negative individuals in these occupations are recommended to receive BCG. […] The vaccine should not be given to those who have already had a BCG vaccination, those with a past history of TB, and those who are immunocompromised by virtue of disease or treatment.

• #59 357 Tuberculosis Management (TST/BCG) – Australian College of Nursing

  https://www.acn.edu.au/education/non-award/tuberculosis-management

  This course is designed for registered nurses who are required to perform Tuberculin Skin Tests (TST) and Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccinations as part of their roles. The purpose of the course is to provide you with a theoretical framework that you can use in your clinical practice when you administer, read, interpret and document TST and BCG vaccinations. […] This course has been designed to provide nurses with the knowledge on how to assess clients for risks, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and to gain knowledge on how to safely administer BCG vaccinations (within their scope of practice). […] Describe the procedure of BCG administration in accord with current recommendations in the Australian Immunisation Handbook (AIH) and local Health policy directives. […] Understand and explain side effects and adverse events related to the BCG vaccine.

• #60 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents – English version – HE2226

  https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

  Information in English on how to look after the BCG vaccination site following immunisation against tuberculosis (TB). […] In 16 weeks, a small, red blister may appear where the injection was given. This should heal in a few weeks. […] After 6-12 weeks, the blister may turn into a small, weeping sore. If this happens, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. The gauze should be taped down on either side. Do not use sticking plasters. […] The sore may take up to 3 months to heal, and may leave a small scar. This is normal. […] If a sore develops, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. […] Do not use ointments, oils, or herbs on the site. […] If you have any concerns or need information about TB or the BCG vaccine, please contact your Public Health Nurse.

• #61 BCG Vaccine: Information for Parents – English version – HE2205

  https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-information-for-parents-english-version

  The BCG vaccine is an injection given to children who have a higher risk of catching TB. […] The BCG vaccine helps your childs immune system fight the bacteria that cause TB and helps stop them from getting serious TB disease. […] The BCG vaccine is FREE for children under five years of age who have a higher risk of catching TB. […] The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is given to children under five years of age who have a higher risk of catching TB. […] You can get your child immunised with the BCG vaccine. The vaccine helps their immune system to fight the germs that cause TB and helps stop them from getting serious TB disease. […] It is best for your child to have the vaccine within a few days of being born and up to six months old, but they can be vaccinated any time up to five years of age. […] While BCG vaccine does not prevent infection with the bacteria that cause TB, it does help stop children from getting serious TB disease. […] The duration of protection is unknown, possibly 10 to 15 years, but it may be much longer for some people.

• #62 BCG vaccine for TB

  https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

  The BCG vaccine is given by an injection just under the skin, usually on the upper left arm. […] Children, particularly those under five years of age, who are travelling to countries with a high rate of TB infections. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies in areas where there is a high incidence of TB. […] Babies whose parents and/or carers have TB. […] Some children should not get the BCG vaccine because the vaccine could cause complications. This includes those who: have had TB before, have a positive Mantoux (skin) test, have HIV infection, have a condition or take medicines that weaken their immune system. […] The usual reaction to BCG vaccination is redness and/or a small lump at the injection site, followed by a small ulcer (an open sore) a few weeks later. The ulcer is usually less than a centimetre in diameter, and may last from a few weeks to a few months before healing to a small, flat scar. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants. […] Seek medical assistance if your child has a severe reaction at the injection site, or swelling/tenderness in their armpit.

• #63 357 Tuberculosis Management (TST/BCG) – Australian College of Nursing

  https://www.acn.edu.au/education/non-award/tuberculosis-management

  This course is designed for registered nurses who are required to perform Tuberculin Skin Tests (TST) and Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccinations as part of their roles. The purpose of the course is to provide you with a theoretical framework that you can use in your clinical practice when you administer, read, interpret and document TST and BCG vaccinations. […] This course has been designed to provide nurses with the knowledge on how to assess clients for risks, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis and to gain knowledge on how to safely administer BCG vaccinations (within their scope of practice). […] Describe the procedure of BCG administration in accord with current recommendations in the Australian Immunisation Handbook (AIH) and local Health policy directives. […] Understand and explain side effects and adverse events related to the BCG vaccine.

• #64 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine currently available to protect against TB. BCG has been in use for a century and provides critical protection to 100 million newborns globally each year. While the BCG vaccine provides good protection for young children, the vaccines efficacy wanes throughout the lifespan, providing negligible protection to those over 5 years old. TB mainly affects adults, leaving millions vulnerable to the devastating effects of this vaccine-preventable disease. To end the TB epidemic, it is critical to develop vaccines that are effective against TB in all age groups. […] Despite its inability to protect adults from TB, BCG is a life-saving vaccine for infants and children under five. […] The fight against AMR and MDR-TB will require a multi-pronged approach, and it will not be easy. TB vaccines can help by reducing the incidence and transmission of TB, which would in turn reduce the need for antimicrobial treatment and help to slow the emergence of AMR. Because vaccines prevent infections in the first place, they play an indispensable role in combatting the global crisis of drug resistance.

• #65 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #66 Prevention – TB AlertTB Alert

  https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/

  The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gurin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921. It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, yet we still see around 9 million new cases of TB annually a testament to the BCGs limited effectiveness. The BCG is: 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years […] more effective against complex forms of TB in children […] of limited effectiveness in people over the age of 35 […] less effective when given in equatorial regions (due to high levels of naturally occurring environmental mycobacteria).

• #67 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/research-innovation/vaccines

  Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants. […] Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. A therapeutic vaccine for TB patients, administered towards completion of a prescribed course of drug therapy or at certain time(s) during treatment, could improve outcomes through immune-mediated control and clearance of bacteria and prevention of re-infection, and provide on the long-term options to simplify and shorten drug treatment regimen.

• #68 Key advances in vaccine development for tuberculosis—success and challenges | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-023-00750-7

  The best example of a live whole cell vaccine is BCG, which is an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, a mycobacterial species that is closely related to M. tuberculosis. […] The safety record and clinical familiarity of BCG has prompted development of recombinant BCG strains to improve the immune responses elicited by vaccination. […] The VPM1002 vaccine is a promising example that is in Phase 3 clinical trial. […] Recent NHP studies have suggested that the efficacy of BCG itself may be improved when delivered through the intravascular (IV) route. […] BCG vaccination leads to protection against M. tuberculosis but also against non-targeted pathogens such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. […] BCG vaccination induces trained innate immunity, which may contribute to early clearance of M. tuberculosis. […] The results from the M72/AS01 and BCG revaccination trials show that the development of a highly effective TB vaccine is not an insurmountable challenge.

• #69 Self-Destructing Vaccine Boosts Protection Against TB in Monkeys

  https://www.upmc.com/media/news/011025-self-destructing-vaccine

  A self-destructing vaccine administered intravenously provides additional safety and protection against tuberculosis (TB) in macaque monkeys, suggests new University of Pittsburgh research published today in Nature Microbiology. […] Despite the ongoing global public health burden of TB, safe and effective protection strategies against the infection are lacking. Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine named for its developers contains inactivated mycobacteria that infect cattle and remains the only vaccination strategy against the infection in humans. Injected into the skin, it provides only partial protection against TB in young children and no protection in adults. […] To improve the safety of IV BCG delivery in the new study, researchers engineered two built-in mechanisms that instruct the BCG particles to dissolve either upon exposure to the antibiotic doxycycline or when chronic doxycycline treatment is stopped.

• #70 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  New, more effective vaccines are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB, fight the rising threat of AMR, and address inequities in disease burden and economic impact. The BCG vaccine does not adequately protect older children, adolescents, and adults against TB, and continuing to neglect these populations will only exacerbate this growing crisis. […] There are at least 16 new TB vaccines currently in development, but significant funding is needed to push these new vaccines through the research pipeline. It is estimated that it will take US$790 million per year to advance TB vaccines, though the average annual investment for the past several years has been just US$115 million. These vaccines must be prioritized to reduce the burden of this devastating disease and end the TB pandemic.

• #71 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/research-innovation/vaccines

  WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #72 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/research-innovation/vaccines

  WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #73 Tuberculosis Vaccines — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-vaccines

  Tuberculosis is a vaccine preventable disease with the BCG vaccine. […] Versions of the Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine have been used for about 100 years. Since 1921, over 4 billion BCG vaccinations have been completed worldwide. While BCG has demonstrated significant effectiveness (50%), protection against all TB forms in all age groups has not been consistent. […] According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), BCG vaccination is considered for people who meet specific criteria, such as children with a negative TB test who are continually exposed and cannot be separated from adults who are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB. […] The Serum Institute of India (SII) rBCG vaccine TUBERVAC-rBCG was approved in 2023 as a single-dose vaccine for the prevention of TB.

• #74 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine currently available to protect against TB. BCG has been in use for a century and provides critical protection to 100 million newborns globally each year. While the BCG vaccine provides good protection for young children, the vaccines efficacy wanes throughout the lifespan, providing negligible protection to those over 5 years old. TB mainly affects adults, leaving millions vulnerable to the devastating effects of this vaccine-preventable disease. To end the TB epidemic, it is critical to develop vaccines that are effective against TB in all age groups. […] Despite its inability to protect adults from TB, BCG is a life-saving vaccine for infants and children under five. […] The fight against AMR and MDR-TB will require a multi-pronged approach, and it will not be easy. TB vaccines can help by reducing the incidence and transmission of TB, which would in turn reduce the need for antimicrobial treatment and help to slow the emergence of AMR. Because vaccines prevent infections in the first place, they play an indispensable role in combatting the global crisis of drug resistance.

• #75 BCG Tuberculosis Vaccination Helps Boost Unrelated Infection Protection in Newborns | Inside Precision Medicine

  https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/bcg-tuberculosis-vaccination-helps-boost-unrelated-infection-protection-in-newborns/

  The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) can protect newborn babies against infections other than TB through changes to lipids and metabolites related to the immune system, shows research led by Harvard Medical School. […] The BCG vaccination has been available for 100 years and while its efficacy at preventing infection varies in adults, it is thought to have 60-80% efficacy at protecting against severe TB in children. […] In countries where TB is endemic the BCG vaccination is recommended for newborn babies to protect them against miliary TB and tuberculous meningitis. In these areas, research suggests that children given this early vaccination also appear to be resistant to other non-TB infections and have significantly reduced sickness and mortality over what might be expected from TB vaccination alone.

• #76 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. This activity reviews the mode of action of the BCG vaccine and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in educating patients about tuberculosis prevention. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis.

• #77 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

  Children aged <5 years who are a household contact of a person with leprosy are recommended to receive BCG vaccine. [...] A tuberculin skin test (TST; Mantoux) before BCG vaccination is only recommended in certain circumstances, based on risk factors for previous tuberculosis exposure. [...] BCG vaccine is contraindicated in people who have had anaphylaxis after any component of a tuberculosis vaccine. [...] BCG vaccination offers some protection against Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy.

• #78 BCG Tuberculosis Vaccination Helps Boost Unrelated Infection Protection in Newborns | Inside Precision Medicine

  https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/bcg-tuberculosis-vaccination-helps-boost-unrelated-infection-protection-in-newborns/

  The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) can protect newborn babies against infections other than TB through changes to lipids and metabolites related to the immune system, shows research led by Harvard Medical School. […] The BCG vaccination has been available for 100 years and while its efficacy at preventing infection varies in adults, it is thought to have 60-80% efficacy at protecting against severe TB in children. […] In countries where TB is endemic the BCG vaccination is recommended for newborn babies to protect them against miliary TB and tuberculous meningitis. In these areas, research suggests that children given this early vaccination also appear to be resistant to other non-TB infections and have significantly reduced sickness and mortality over what might be expected from TB vaccination alone.

• #79 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine currently available to protect against TB. BCG has been in use for a century and provides critical protection to 100 million newborns globally each year. While the BCG vaccine provides good protection for young children, the vaccines efficacy wanes throughout the lifespan, providing negligible protection to those over 5 years old. TB mainly affects adults, leaving millions vulnerable to the devastating effects of this vaccine-preventable disease. To end the TB epidemic, it is critical to develop vaccines that are effective against TB in all age groups. […] Despite its inability to protect adults from TB, BCG is a life-saving vaccine for infants and children under five. […] The fight against AMR and MDR-TB will require a multi-pronged approach, and it will not be easy. TB vaccines can help by reducing the incidence and transmission of TB, which would in turn reduce the need for antimicrobial treatment and help to slow the emergence of AMR. Because vaccines prevent infections in the first place, they play an indispensable role in combatting the global crisis of drug resistance.

• #80 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is the only vaccine currently available to protect against TB. BCG has been in use for a century and provides critical protection to 100 million newborns globally each year. While the BCG vaccine provides good protection for young children, the vaccines efficacy wanes throughout the lifespan, providing negligible protection to those over 5 years old. TB mainly affects adults, leaving millions vulnerable to the devastating effects of this vaccine-preventable disease. To end the TB epidemic, it is critical to develop vaccines that are effective against TB in all age groups. […] Despite its inability to protect adults from TB, BCG is a life-saving vaccine for infants and children under five. […] The fight against AMR and MDR-TB will require a multi-pronged approach, and it will not be easy. TB vaccines can help by reducing the incidence and transmission of TB, which would in turn reduce the need for antimicrobial treatment and help to slow the emergence of AMR. Because vaccines prevent infections in the first place, they play an indispensable role in combatting the global crisis of drug resistance.

• #81 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  New, more effective vaccines are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB, fight the rising threat of AMR, and address inequities in disease burden and economic impact. The BCG vaccine does not adequately protect older children, adolescents, and adults against TB, and continuing to neglect these populations will only exacerbate this growing crisis. […] There are at least 16 new TB vaccines currently in development, but significant funding is needed to push these new vaccines through the research pipeline. It is estimated that it will take US$790 million per year to advance TB vaccines, though the average annual investment for the past several years has been just US$115 million. These vaccines must be prioritized to reduce the burden of this devastating disease and end the TB pandemic.

• #82 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #83 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

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