Szczepionka bcg przeciwko gruźlicy

Szczepionka bcg przeciwko gruźlicy
Objawy

Szczepionka BCG, zawierająca żywe, atenuowane Mycobacterium bovis, jest stosowana w profilaktyce gruźlicy, szczególnie skuteczna w zapobieganiu ciężkim postaciom choroby u niemowląt i małych dzieci, zapewniając 70-80% ochrony przed gruźliczym zapaleniem opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych i gruźlicą prosówkową oraz około 70% ochrony przed aktywną gruźlicą u dzieci. Skuteczność w zapobieganiu gruźlicy płucnej u dorosłych jest zmienna (0-80%), a ochrona utrzymuje się do około 10-15 lat. Typowe reakcje poszczepienne obejmują lokalny pęcherzyk i indurację, które rozwijają się w ciągu 2-12 tygodni i pozostawiają bliznę, a także łagodne objawy ogólne, takie jak gorączka do 39°C, bóle mięśniowe i powiększenie węzłów chłonnych. Poważne działania niepożądane, w tym anafilaksja czy ropień, są rzadkie i częstsze u osób z niedoborami odporności, u których szczepienie jest przeciwwskazane.

Szczepionka BCG przeciwko gruźlicy – Objawy i przebieg

Szczepionka BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) jest stosowana w profilaktyce gruźlicy (TB), choroby zakaźnej wywoływanej przez bakterie Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Szczepionka zawiera żywe, atenuowane (osłabione) bakterie pochodzące od Mycobacterium bovis, które stymulują układ odpornościowy do wytworzenia ochrony przeciwko gruźlicy, nie wywołując przy tym choroby u zdrowych osób¹².

Miejscowe reakcje poszczepienne

Głównym efektem ubocznym szczepionki BCG jest pojawienie się pęcherzyka w miejscu podania³. Reakcja poszczepiona rozwija się stopniowo i wykazuje charakterystyczny przebieg:

Po 2-4 tygodniach od podania szczepionki, w miejscu wstrzyknięcia może pojawić się mały, czerwony pęcherzyk⁴
Po 6-12 tygodniach pęcherzyk może przekształcić się w małą, sączącą się rankę⁵
Ranka może goić się nawet do 3 miesięcy, pozostawiając małą bliznę⁶
Induracja (stwardnienie) w miejscu wstrzyknięcia może pojawić się po 10-14 dniach od zaszczepienia, a następnie przekształca się w lokalną zmianę, która zaczyna się jako grudka dwa lub więcej tygodni po szczepieniu⁷

Ta reakcja jest normalnym objawem skutecznego szczepienia BCG i świadczy o prawidłowej odpowiedzi immunologicznej organizmu⁸.

Inne objawy poszczepienne

Oprócz reakcji miejscowych, szczepionka BCG może wywołać również inne objawy, które są zazwyczaj łagodne i ustępują samoistnie:

Podwyższona temperatura ciała (gorączka)⁹
Ból głowy¹⁰
Powiększone węzły chłonne pod pachą po stronie podania szczepionki¹¹¹²
Bóle mięśniowe¹³
Ogólne zmęczenie¹⁴
Objawy grypopodobne utrzymujące się do 2 dni¹⁵

W przypadku wystąpienia gorączki przekraczającej 39°C lub utrzymywania się objawów ponad 2 dni, należy skonsultować się z lekarzem¹⁶.

Poważne działania niepożądane

Poważne działania niepożądane po szczepieniu BCG są rzadkie, ale mogą obejmować:

Ciężką reakcję alergiczną (anafilaksję)¹⁷
Ropień (nagromadzenie ropy) w miejscu wstrzyknięcia¹⁸
Rozległe owrzodzenie w miejscu szczepienia¹⁹
Powiększenie węzłów chłonnych powyżej 1 cm, czasem z owrzodzeniem²⁰

U osób z obniżoną odpornością ryzyko wystąpienia poważnych działań niepożądanych jest znacznie wyższe, dlatego szczepionka BCG jest przeciwwskazana u pacjentów z niedoborami odporności²¹.

Wpływ na testy diagnostyczne

Szczepionka BCG może wpływać na wyniki testów diagnostycznych w kierunku gruźlicy, co jest istotną kwestią z punktu widzenia klinicznego:

Może powodować fałszywie dodatni wynik skórnego testu tuberkulinowego (próba tuberkulinowa, test Mantoux)²²
Reaktywność tuberkulinowa spowodowana szczepionką BCG zwykle słabnie z upływem czasu, ale okresowe badania skórne mogą przedłużyć (wzmocnić) reaktywność u osób zaszczepionych²³
Dla osób szczepionych BCG preferowane są testy krwi w kierunku gruźlicy (IGRA – Interferon Gamma Release Assay), które nie są zakłócane przez szczepienie BCG²⁴²⁵

Nie ma wiarygodnego sposobu, aby odróżnić dodatnią reakcję na skórny test tuberkulinowy spowodowaną szczepieniem BCG od reakcji wywołanej prawdziwym zakażeniem gruźlicą²⁶.

Skuteczność w zapobieganiu gruźlicy

Szczepionka BCG wykazuje zróżnicowaną skuteczność w zależności od formy klinicznej gruźlicy, wieku osoby szczepionej oraz regionu geograficznego:

Skuteczność u dzieci

Szczepionka BCG jest najbardziej efektywna w zapobieganiu ciężkim formom gruźlicy u niemowląt i małych dzieci:

Zapewnia 70-80% ochronę przed najcięższymi formami gruźlicy, takimi jak gruźlicze zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych i gruźlica prosówkowa²⁷²⁸
Zapewnia około 25% ochrony przed zakażeniem gruźlicą²⁹
Zapewnia około 70% ochrony przed aktywną gruźlicą u dzieci³⁰
Zapewnia ponad 70% ochrony przed ciężkimi formami gruźlicy u małych dzieci, w tym gruźlicą prosówkową i gruźliczym zapaleniem opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych³¹

Szczepionka BCG jest szczególnie pomocna w ochronie niemowląt i małych dzieci przed poważniejszymi formami gruźlicy, takimi jak gruźlicze zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych³².

Skuteczność u dorosłych

Skuteczność szczepionki BCG jest bardziej ograniczona u dorosłych w porównaniu z dziećmi:

Skuteczność przeciwko gruźlicy płucnej u dorosłych i nastolatków jest bardzo zmienna³³
W badaniach kontrolowanych skuteczność przeciwko gruźlicy płucnej u dorosłych wahała się od braku ochrony do 80%³⁴
Szczepionka BCG nie działa dobrze u dorosłych, chociaż dorośli w wieku 35 lat lub mniej mogą również otrzymać szczepionkę, jeśli ich praca wiąże się z wysokim ryzykiem kontaktu z osobami lub zwierzętami zakażonymi gruźlicą³⁵

Szczepionka BCG otrzymana w dzieciństwie nie chroni osoby w wieku dorosłym³⁶.

Zmienność geograficzna skuteczności

Najbardziej kontrowersyjnym aspektem szczepionki BCG jest zmienna skuteczność stwierdzona w różnych badaniach klinicznych, która wydaje się zależeć od położenia geograficznego:

Badania w Wielkiej Brytanii konsekwentnie wykazują 60-80% efekt ochronny³⁷
Badania przeprowadzone w innych miejscach nie wykazały efektu ochronnego, a skuteczność wydaje się spadać im bliżej równika³⁸
Systematyczny przegląd z 1994 roku wykazał, że BCG zmniejsza ryzyko zachorowania na gruźlicę o około 50%³⁹

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w północno-zachodnim i zachodnim Iranie wykazano, że szczepionka BCG miała ogólną skuteczność 95,5% w zapobieganiu ostrej gruźlicy, po uwzględnieniu wieku, płci i statusu palenia⁴⁰.

Czas trwania ochrony

Ochrona zapewniana przez szczepionkę BCG ma ograniczony czas trwania:

Ochrona przed gruźlicą zaczyna się dopiero 6-8 tygodni po podaniu szczepionki⁴¹
Ochrona trwa do około 10 lat⁴²⁴³
Uważa się, że szczepionka BCG zapewnia 80% ochronę przed gruźlicą przez 15 lat, jednak nawet w Nunavut, gdzie szczepienie jest rutynowo stosowane, wskaźniki gruźlicy pozostają około 30 razy wyższe niż gdzie indziej w Kanadzie⁴⁴
Dane dotyczące czasu trwania ochrony po 15 latach są ograniczone, ale ochrona może słabnąć z czasem⁴⁵

Nie ma dowodów na to, że dodatkowe dawki przynoszą korzyści⁴⁶.

Zapobieganie objawom gruźlicy

Szczepionka BCG pomaga zapobiegać rozwojowi objawów choroby gruźliczej, szczególnie jej ciężkich form. Warto jednak pamiętać, że szczepionka nie zawsze zapobiega zakażeniu bakteriami Mycobacterium tuberculosis, ale zapobiega rozwojowi choroby⁴⁷.

Objawy gruźlicy, którym zapobiega szczepienie

Szczepionka BCG jest najbardziej efektywna w zapobieganiu następującym ciężkim formom gruźlicy i ich objawom:

Gruźlicze zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych – ciężka forma gruźlicy atakująca opony mózgowe, której objawy mogą obejmować silne bóle głowy, sztywność karku, drgawki, zaburzenia świadomości⁴⁸⁴⁹
Gruźlica prosówkowa (rozsiana) – ciężka forma gruźlicy, w której bakterie rozprzestrzeniają się przez krwiobieg do różnych narządów⁵⁰
Ciężkie formy gruźlicy u niemowląt i małych dzieci, które mogą prowadzić do powikłań w zajętych narządach (np. niewydolność oddechowa lub nerkowa, deformacje kości, śmierć)⁵¹

Szczepionka BCG jest mniej skuteczna w zapobieganiu gruźlicy płuc, która jest najpowszechniejszą formą u dorosłych⁵².

Wpływ na przebieg kliniczny gruźlicy

Nawet jeśli szczepionka BCG nie zapobiega zakażeniu, może znacząco wpłynąć na przebieg kliniczny choroby:

Zmniejsza nasilenie objawów klinicznych u pacjentów z gruźlicą płuc⁵³
Pomaga zlokalizować zakażenie w płucach i jest skuteczna w ochronie przed poważnymi powikłaniami choroby⁵⁴
Wykazano, że u osób z historią szczepienia BCG występuje mniejsze nasilenie objawów klinicznych w porównaniu do osób, które nie były szczepione⁵⁵

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Iranie porównanie nasilenia objawów klinicznych gruźlicy płuc u pacjentów z historią szczepienia BCG z osobami bez historii szczepień wykazało mniejsze nasilenie objawów u osób, które były szczepione (skuteczność szczepionki = 95,5%; p 0,00001)⁵⁶.

Potencjalne korzyści poza gruźlicą

Szczepionka BCG może oferować dodatkowe korzyści zdrowotne wykraczające poza ochronę przed gruźlicą:

Zapewnia ochronę przed mykobakteryjnymi zakażeniami innymi niż gruźlicze, takimi jak trąd i owrzodzenie Buruli⁵⁷
Istnieją badania sugerujące, że szczepionka BCG może zmniejszać nasilenie objawów COVID-19, szczególnie u osób młodszych i bez chorób współistniejących⁵⁸
Szczepionka BCG jest znana z trenowania układu odpornościowego do poprawy obrony przed wirusowymi infekcjami układu oddechowego⁵⁹

W badaniu dotyczącym COVID-19 wykazano, że wcześniejsze szczepienie BCG było związane z wysoką ochroną przed progresją kliniczną COVID-19, ponad 87% u osób w wieku 60 lat lub mniej i 35% u starszych osób⁶⁰.

Gruźlica – objawy choroby

Aby lepiej zrozumieć, przed jakimi objawami chroni szczepionka BCG, warto przedstawić objawy gruźlicy, której szczepionka ma zapobiegać lub łagodzić jej przebieg.

Objawy gruźlicy płuc

Gruźlica płuc (pulmonalna) jest najczęstszą formą gruźlicy, a jej typowe objawy obejmują:

Przewlekły kaszel trwający dłużej niż 3 tygodnie⁶¹⁶²
Kaszel z odkrztuszaniem plwociny, czasem z domieszką krwi⁶³
Ból w klatce piersiowej⁶⁴
Ból podczas oddychania lub kaszlu⁶⁵
Gorączka⁶⁶
Dreszcze⁶⁷
Nocne poty⁶⁸
Utrata wagi⁶⁹
Brak apetytu⁷⁰
Zmęczenie⁷¹
Ogólne złe samopoczucie⁷²

Objawy gruźlicy pozapłucnej

Gruźlica może rozprzestrzeniać się z płuc do innych części ciała, co nazywa się gruźlicą pozapłucną. Objawy zależą od tego, która część ciała jest zakażona, ale często obejmują:

Gorączkę⁷³
Dreszcze⁷⁴
Nocne poty⁷⁵
Utratę wagi⁷⁶
Brak apetytu⁷⁷
Zmęczenie⁷⁸
Ogólne złe samopoczucie⁷⁹
Ból w okolicy miejsca zakażenia⁸⁰

W zależności od lokalizacji zakażenia mogą wystąpić również specyficzne objawy:

Gruźlica nerek może powodować krew w moczu⁸¹
Gruźlicze zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych może powodować ból głowy lub dezorientację⁸²
Gruźlica kręgosłupa może powodować ból pleców⁸³
Gruźlica krtani może powodować chrypkę⁸⁴
Gruźlica węzłów chłonnych może powodować powiększenie i bolesność węzłów⁸⁵

Utajona gruźlica

Utajona gruźlica (LTBI) nie powoduje objawów i osoba zakażona nie może zarazić innych. Jednak bez leczenia, około 5-10% osób z utajoną gruźlicą ostatecznie rozwinie aktywną postać choroby⁸⁶.

U osób z obniżoną odpornością (np. zakażonych HIV) ryzyko reaktywacji utajonej gruźlicy jest znacznie wyższe – około 10% rocznie⁸⁷.

Grupy ryzyka i progresja choroby

Szczepionka BCG jest szczególnie istotna dla określonych grup ryzyka, które są bardziej narażone na rozwój aktywnej gruźlicy i jej powikłań:

Grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Niektóre osoby są bardziej narażone na rozwój aktywnej gruźlicy niż inne. Należą do nich:

Niemowlęta i małe dzieci⁸⁸
Osoby starsze⁸⁹
Osoby mające bliski kontakt z osobą chorą na zakaźną gruźlicę⁹⁰
Osoby chore na inne choroby osłabiające układ odpornościowy⁹¹
Osoby, które zakaziły się bakteriami gruźlicy w ciągu ostatnich 2 lat⁹²
Osoby przyjmujące narkotyki dożylnie⁹³
Osoby zakażone HIV⁹⁴

Progresja choroby

Ryzyko rozwoju aktywnej gruźlicy zależy od czasu od zakażenia, wieku, stanu odżywienia i chorób współistniejących:

Skumulowane ryzyko rozwoju aktywnej gruźlicy u osoby zakażonej w ciągu całego życia szacuje się na 5-10%⁹⁵
Około 50% przypadków aktywnej gruźlicy występuje w ciągu pierwszych 2 lat po zakażeniu⁹⁶
U niemowląt istnieje bardzo wysokie ryzyko (do 40%) rozwoju aktywnej gruźlicy, z szybką progresją choroby i większym prawdopodobieństwem wystąpienia gruźlicy prosówkowej lub oponowej⁹⁷
Szybka progresja od zakażenia do aktywnej gruźlicy jest również częstsza u osób z obniżoną odpornością (np. zakażonych HIV)⁹⁸

Pomimo odpowiedniego leczenia, śmiertelność z powodu gruźlicy prosówkowej pozostaje na poziomie 20%. Gruźlicze zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych często wiąże się z druzgocącymi konsekwencjami: 25% zachorowalności (tj. trwałym deficytem neurologicznym) i 15-40% śmiertelnością, pomimo dostępnego leczenia⁹⁹.

Wpływ na zakażenie COVID-19

Istnieją interesujące badania na temat potencjalnego wpływu szczepionki BCG na przebieg zakażenia COVID-19:

Szczepionka BCG, pierwotnie stosowana w zapobieganiu gruźlicy, jest znana z tego, że trenuje układ odpornościowy do poprawy obrony przed wirusowymi infekcjami dróg oddechowych¹⁰⁰
Wcześniejsze domięśniowe szczepienie BCG, wskazane przez obecność blizny, zapewniało ochronę przed progresją do ciężkiej postaci COVID-19 u osób (nieszczepionych przeciwko COVID-19) we wszystkich grupach wiekowych¹⁰¹
Efekt ochronny był wyższy u osób bez chorób współistniejących (85%) niż u osób z chorobami współistniejącymi (76%)¹⁰²

Trwają próby kliniczne na całym świecie, aby sprawdzić, czy szczepionka BCG może również pomóc zmniejszyć objawy COVID-19 wśród pracowników służby zdrowia¹⁰³.

Szczepionka BCG – kluczowe informacje

Szczepionka BCG pozostaje jedyną dostępną szczepionką przeciwko gruźlicy i jest szeroko stosowana na całym świecie, szczególnie w regionach o wysokiej zachorowalności na gruźlicę¹⁰⁴. Chociaż jej skuteczność jest zmienna, szczególnie w zapobieganiu gruźlicy płucnej u dorosłych, szczepionka nadal odgrywa kluczową rolę w zapobieganiu najcięższym formom gruźlicy u dzieci¹⁰⁵.

Szczepionka BCG nie zapobiega zawsze zakażeniu bakteriami gruźlicy, ale znacząco zmniejsza ryzyko rozwoju aktywnej choroby i jej najcięższych postaci. Jest to szczególnie istotne w przypadku niemowląt i małych dzieci, u których gruźlica może mieć gwałtowny i poważny przebieg¹⁰⁶.

Szczepionka BCG powoduje typowe, miejscowe reakcje poszczepienne, które są normalnym objawem indukowania odpowiedzi immunologicznej. Poważne działania niepożądane są rzadkie, a szczepionka jest generalnie bezpieczna dla zdrowych osób¹⁰⁷.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. Prior infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer natural protection against tuberculosis infection. Protection against tuberculosis infection is usually due to the immune response to mycobacterial antigens. Prior contained latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can provide up to 80 percent protection against disease with subsequent exposure. In patients with previous active disease, there is an increased risk of recurrence of active tuberculosis due to distinct strains in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected patients.
#2 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.
#3 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. This is to see if they already have TB or have had it before. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: a high temperature (fever); a headache; swollen glands under the armpit on the side of your body where the injection was given. […] More serious side effects are rare and include: a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis); an abscess (build-up of pus) where the injection was given.
#4 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226
https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version
In 16 weeks, a small, red blister may appear where the injection was given. This should heal in a few weeks. […] After 6-12 weeks, the blister may turn into a small, weeping sore. If this happens, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. The gauze should be taped down on either side. Do not use sticking plasters. […] The sore may take up to 3 months to heal, and may leave a small scar. This is normal. […] If you have any concerns or need information about TB or the BCG vaccine, please contact your Public Health Nurse.
#5 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226
https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version
In 16 weeks, a small, red blister may appear where the injection was given. This should heal in a few weeks. […] After 6-12 weeks, the blister may turn into a small, weeping sore. If this happens, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. The gauze should be taped down on either side. Do not use sticking plasters. […] The sore may take up to 3 months to heal, and may leave a small scar. This is normal. […] If you have any concerns or need information about TB or the BCG vaccine, please contact your Public Health Nurse.
#6 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226
https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version
In 16 weeks, a small, red blister may appear where the injection was given. This should heal in a few weeks. […] After 6-12 weeks, the blister may turn into a small, weeping sore. If this happens, cover the site with gauze to allow air to get in. The gauze should be taped down on either side. Do not use sticking plasters. […] The sore may take up to 3 months to heal, and may leave a small scar. This is normal. […] If you have any concerns or need information about TB or the BCG vaccine, please contact your Public Health Nurse.
#7 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination
Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. Data on duration of protection after this time are limited, but protection may wane with time. […] There are few data on the protection provided by BCG vaccine when it is given to adults (aged 16 years or over), and no data for persons aged 35 years or over. BCG is not usually recommended for people aged over 16 years, unless the risk of exposure is great (eg, healthcare or laboratory workers at occupational risk). […] The vaccine should not be given to those with a past history of TB. […] BCG is contra-indicated in all HIV-positive individuals, regardless of CD4 count, use of antiretrovirals, viral load and clinical status. […] The usual reaction to successful BCG vaccination is induration at the injection site, followed by a local lesion which starts as a papule two or more weeks after vaccination. It may ulcerate and then slowly subside over several weeks or months to heal, leaving a small, flat scar. […] Other adverse reactions to the vaccine include headache, fever and enlargement of a regional lymph node to greater than 1 cm and which may ulcerate.
#8 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html
BCG vaccine is used to help prevent tuberculosis (TB) in adults and children who have never had this disease and test negative for tuberculosis. […] This vaccine helps your body develop immunity to the TB, but will not treat an active infection you already have. […] You may have flu-like symptoms for up to 2 days after you receive BCG vaccine. Call your doctor at once if you have a fever of 103 degrees F or higher. […] Within 10 to 14 days after receiving this vaccine, you should see small red bumps on your skin where the vaccine and needle device were placed. This red area will gradually grow larger after 4 to 6 weeks, and then scale and fade. […] BCG vaccine contains a live form of tuberculosis bacteria, which can „shed” from your injection site. This means that for a short time after you receive the vaccine, your vaccination sore will be contagious and could spread the bacteria to anything or anyone who touches it.
#9 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. This is to see if they already have TB or have had it before. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: a high temperature (fever); a headache; swollen glands under the armpit on the side of your body where the injection was given. […] More serious side effects are rare and include: a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis); an abscess (build-up of pus) where the injection was given.
#10 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. This is to see if they already have TB or have had it before. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: a high temperature (fever); a headache; swollen glands under the armpit on the side of your body where the injection was given. […] More serious side effects are rare and include: a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis); an abscess (build-up of pus) where the injection was given.
#11 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. This is to see if they already have TB or have had it before. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: a high temperature (fever); a headache; swollen glands under the armpit on the side of your body where the injection was given. […] More serious side effects are rare and include: a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis); an abscess (build-up of pus) where the injection was given.
#12 Family Health Service – Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine
https://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/child/481.html
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteria. It spreads through the air and usually affects the lungs (pulmonary TB). Other parts of the body, such as bones, liver, brain and kidneys, can also be affected (extrapulmonary TB). […] Although BCG does not offer 100% protection against TB, it helps to localize infection to the lungs and is effective in protecting against serious complications of the disease. […] Some children may develop a small red papule or ulcer at the site of injection 2 to 4 weeks after vaccination. This will gradually subside and heal in a few weeks, leaving a small scar or no scar at all. Occasionally a few children may develop lumps under the armpit due to enlarged glands. Other adverse reactions are very rare.
#13 BCG Vaccine, Live (PF) Percutaneous: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMD
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-154546/bcg-vaccine-live-pf-percutaneous/details
This vaccine is used to help prevent tuberculosis (TB). It is recommended for people who have not been infected with the disease but are at an increased risk of getting it. […] Pain at the injection site, muscle aches, fever, or swollen lymph nodes may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your health care professional promptly. […] This vaccine is not recommended for use during pregnancy. […] This vaccine may interfere with certain lab tests (such as TB skin test), possibly causing false test results. Make sure lab personnel and all your doctors know you recently received this vaccine.
#14 BCG Challenge Study of a Novel TB Vaccine (TB045) â The Jenner Institute
https://www.jenner.ac.uk/volunteer/recruiting-trials/tb045
Tuberculosis (also known as TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). TB disease remains one of the top fifteen causes of death worldwide. BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gurin) is the only vaccine currently licenced for use against TB, but it is not always protective. […] The BCG vaccine contains bacteria which are still alive but, because they are weakened, they do not cause disease in healthy individuals. […] BCG is a live vaccine, meaning the bacteria in the vaccine are still alive but are weakened so that they do not cause TB disease. […] The main risks and side effects of the proposed trial procedures are listed here. […] In the seven studies which have been completed to date on humans, the most common symptoms which people have experienced are; pain at the site of the vaccination, flu-like symptoms, headache and tiredness. These generally got better within 48 hours. […] Potential local side effects could include sore throat, tickly throat, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, chest tightness, dry cough or cough with phlegm. Side effects could occur within the first few days of BCG infection and/or a week or two later.
#15 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html
BCG vaccine is used to help prevent tuberculosis (TB) in adults and children who have never had this disease and test negative for tuberculosis. […] This vaccine helps your body develop immunity to the TB, but will not treat an active infection you already have. […] You may have flu-like symptoms for up to 2 days after you receive BCG vaccine. Call your doctor at once if you have a fever of 103 degrees F or higher. […] Within 10 to 14 days after receiving this vaccine, you should see small red bumps on your skin where the vaccine and needle device were placed. This red area will gradually grow larger after 4 to 6 weeks, and then scale and fade. […] BCG vaccine contains a live form of tuberculosis bacteria, which can „shed” from your injection site. This means that for a short time after you receive the vaccine, your vaccination sore will be contagious and could spread the bacteria to anything or anyone who touches it.
#16 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html
BCG vaccine is used to help prevent tuberculosis (TB) in adults and children who have never had this disease and test negative for tuberculosis. […] This vaccine helps your body develop immunity to the TB, but will not treat an active infection you already have. […] You may have flu-like symptoms for up to 2 days after you receive BCG vaccine. Call your doctor at once if you have a fever of 103 degrees F or higher. […] Within 10 to 14 days after receiving this vaccine, you should see small red bumps on your skin where the vaccine and needle device were placed. This red area will gradually grow larger after 4 to 6 weeks, and then scale and fade. […] BCG vaccine contains a live form of tuberculosis bacteria, which can „shed” from your injection site. This means that for a short time after you receive the vaccine, your vaccination sore will be contagious and could spread the bacteria to anything or anyone who touches it.
#17 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. This is to see if they already have TB or have had it before. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: a high temperature (fever); a headache; swollen glands under the armpit on the side of your body where the injection was given. […] More serious side effects are rare and include: a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis); an abscess (build-up of pus) where the injection was given.
#18 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
If you have a high temperature or a skin infection, you’ll need to wait until you’ve recovered before you can have the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. This is to see if they already have TB or have had it before. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: a high temperature (fever); a headache; swollen glands under the armpit on the side of your body where the injection was given. […] More serious side effects are rare and include: a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis); an abscess (build-up of pus) where the injection was given.
#19 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination
Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. Data on duration of protection after this time are limited, but protection may wane with time. […] There are few data on the protection provided by BCG vaccine when it is given to adults (aged 16 years or over), and no data for persons aged 35 years or over. BCG is not usually recommended for people aged over 16 years, unless the risk of exposure is great (eg, healthcare or laboratory workers at occupational risk). […] The vaccine should not be given to those with a past history of TB. […] BCG is contra-indicated in all HIV-positive individuals, regardless of CD4 count, use of antiretrovirals, viral load and clinical status. […] The usual reaction to successful BCG vaccination is induration at the injection site, followed by a local lesion which starts as a papule two or more weeks after vaccination. It may ulcerate and then slowly subside over several weeks or months to heal, leaving a small, flat scar. […] Other adverse reactions to the vaccine include headache, fever and enlargement of a regional lymph node to greater than 1 cm and which may ulcerate.
#20 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination
Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. Data on duration of protection after this time are limited, but protection may wane with time. […] There are few data on the protection provided by BCG vaccine when it is given to adults (aged 16 years or over), and no data for persons aged 35 years or over. BCG is not usually recommended for people aged over 16 years, unless the risk of exposure is great (eg, healthcare or laboratory workers at occupational risk). […] The vaccine should not be given to those with a past history of TB. […] BCG is contra-indicated in all HIV-positive individuals, regardless of CD4 count, use of antiretrovirals, viral load and clinical status. […] The usual reaction to successful BCG vaccination is induration at the injection site, followed by a local lesion which starts as a papule two or more weeks after vaccination. It may ulcerate and then slowly subside over several weeks or months to heal, leaving a small, flat scar. […] Other adverse reactions to the vaccine include headache, fever and enlargement of a regional lymph node to greater than 1 cm and which may ulcerate.
#21 Tuberculosis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U
https://cura4u.com/conditions/tuberculosis
Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). It is named after its inventors, Albert Calmette and Camille Gurin. In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is expected, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only high-risk children are typically immunized, while suspected tuberculosis cases are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously vaccinated but are frequently exposed may be immunized as well. […] Serious side effects are rare. Often there is redness, swelling, and mild pain at the injection site. A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after healing. Side effects are more common and potentially more severe in those with poor immune function. It is not safe for use during pregnancy.
#22 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html
Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] When using the TB skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG should always be further evaluated for latent TB infection or TB disease as if they were not vaccinated with BCG. […] TB skin test reactivity caused by BCG vaccine generally wanes with the passage of time, but periodic skin testing may prolong (boost) reactivity in vaccinated people. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn. […] Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can attack any part of the body.
#23 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html
Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] When using the TB skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG should always be further evaluated for latent TB infection or TB disease as if they were not vaccinated with BCG. […] TB skin test reactivity caused by BCG vaccine generally wanes with the passage of time, but periodic skin testing may prolong (boost) reactivity in vaccinated people. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn. […] Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can attack any part of the body.
#24 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html
Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. […] The BCG TB vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG vaccination.
#25 Tuberculosis (TB) Blood Test (IGRA) – MN Dept. of Health
https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/basics/factsheets/igra.html
The BCG vaccine (TB vaccine) may help protect young children from getting very sick with TB. This protection goes away as people get older. People who have had BCG vaccine still can get latent TB infection and active TB disease. […] If you had the BCG vaccine and you have a choice of having a TB blood test or a TB skin test, it is better for you to have the TB blood test. This is because the TB blood test is not affected by the BCG vaccine. This means that your TB blood test will be positive only if you have TB germs in your body.
#26 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html
Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] When using the TB skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG should always be further evaluated for latent TB infection or TB disease as if they were not vaccinated with BCG. […] TB skin test reactivity caused by BCG vaccine generally wanes with the passage of time, but periodic skin testing may prolong (boost) reactivity in vaccinated people. […] Health care providers treating children who have been vaccinated with BCG should also know that tuberculin reactivity is likely during the first two years after BCG administration to the newborn. […] Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can attack any part of the body.
#27
https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/vaccine-information/bcg-vaccine
The vaccine saves lives. BCG vaccination has been estimated to prevent one case of TB meningitis for every 3,435 vaccinations given. […] People should have the BCG vaccine to protect themselves from severe forms of TB, including TB meningitis if they are identified to be at increased risk. TB meningitis is a serious, potentially life threatening disease. […] The BCG vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis. […] The BCG vaccine doesnt cause meningitis. The BCG vaccine contains a weakened strain of TB bacteria that stimulates the immune system to produce protective antibodies. It doesnt cause TB meningitis, but helps the body develop immunity against it.
#28 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project
https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine
This vaccine gives protection against tuberculosis (TB) infection, a disease spread person to person through the air. […] Although often thought of as a lung disease, TB can infect other parts of the body, including the brain. The vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis. However, it is less effective in preventing the form of TB that affects the lungs. […] The BCG vaccine does not work well in adults, although adults aged 35 or under may also be offered the vaccine if their job has a high risk of contact with people or animals infected with TB. […] The BCG vaccination is now given when the SCID screening outcome is available, which is approximately 14 to 17 days after birth, so that those with this rare condition can be identified and treated early. […] The BCG vaccine is given just under the skin (intradermally), usually in the left upper arm. This is the recommended site, so that small scar left after vaccination can be easily found in the future as evidence of previous vaccination.
#29 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis
Common symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis are: cough, fever, fatigue, weight loss, coughing up blood (mainly in adults with late-stage pulmonary disease). […] Most people infected with M. tuberculosis remain asymptomatic. There is a 10% lifetime risk of developing clinical illness. Clinical disease can develop many years after the original infection. The risk varies depending on age and immune status. […] Tuberculosis most commonly presents as lung disease, which accounts for 60% of notified tuberculosis cases in Australia. […] Disseminated disease (miliary tuberculosis) and meningeal tuberculosis are more common in very young children. These are among the most serious manifestations of tuberculosis disease. […] The efficacy of BCG vaccination in adults is more limited compared with in children. […] BCG vaccination in young children provides: ~25% protection against tuberculosis infection, ~70% protection against active tuberculosis, >70% protection against severe forms of tuberculosis disease in young children, including miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis.
#30 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis
Common symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis are: cough, fever, fatigue, weight loss, coughing up blood (mainly in adults with late-stage pulmonary disease). […] Most people infected with M. tuberculosis remain asymptomatic. There is a 10% lifetime risk of developing clinical illness. Clinical disease can develop many years after the original infection. The risk varies depending on age and immune status. […] Tuberculosis most commonly presents as lung disease, which accounts for 60% of notified tuberculosis cases in Australia. […] Disseminated disease (miliary tuberculosis) and meningeal tuberculosis are more common in very young children. These are among the most serious manifestations of tuberculosis disease. […] The efficacy of BCG vaccination in adults is more limited compared with in children. […] BCG vaccination in young children provides: ~25% protection against tuberculosis infection, ~70% protection against active tuberculosis, >70% protection against severe forms of tuberculosis disease in young children, including miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis.
#31 Tuberculosis – Vaccine & Vaccination | Travelvax
http://www.travelvax.com.au/holiday-traveller/vaccinations/tuberculosis
BCG vaccination in infants provides greater than 70% protection against severe forms of tuberculosis disease in young children. This includes miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis. […] The efficacy of BCG vaccine against pulmonary disease in adults is less consistent, and has ranged from no protection to 80% in controlled trials.
#32 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/
The BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Gurin) vaccine helps protect you against an infection called tuberculosis (TB). It’s mainly given to babies and young children who are at higher risk of getting TB. […] TB mainly affects the lungs, but can affect other parts of the body. It can become very serious if not treated. […] The vaccine is particularly helpful in protecting babies and young children against more serious forms of TB, such as TB meningitis (TB that affects the brain). […] The BCG vaccine is not routinely given as part of the NHS vaccination schedule. […] It is only recommended for people at higher risk of getting tuberculosis (TB), such as some babies and children, some travellers and people at risk through their work. […] The BCG vaccine is recommended for children aged 1 to 16 if any of the following apply: they have a parent or grandparent born in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB; they were born or lived for at least 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB; they have been living with, or in regular close contact with, someone who has or had TB.
#33 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The BCG vaccine is very efficacious against tuberculous meningitis in the pediatric age group, but its efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis appears variable. Some countries have removed the BCG vaccine from routine vaccination. The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO).
#34 Tuberculosis – Vaccine & Vaccination | Travelvax
http://www.travelvax.com.au/holiday-traveller/vaccinations/tuberculosis
BCG vaccination in infants provides greater than 70% protection against severe forms of tuberculosis disease in young children. This includes miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis. […] The efficacy of BCG vaccine against pulmonary disease in adults is less consistent, and has ranged from no protection to 80% in controlled trials.
#35 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project
https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine
This vaccine gives protection against tuberculosis (TB) infection, a disease spread person to person through the air. […] Although often thought of as a lung disease, TB can infect other parts of the body, including the brain. The vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis. However, it is less effective in preventing the form of TB that affects the lungs. […] The BCG vaccine does not work well in adults, although adults aged 35 or under may also be offered the vaccine if their job has a high risk of contact with people or animals infected with TB. […] The BCG vaccination is now given when the SCID screening outcome is available, which is approximately 14 to 17 days after birth, so that those with this rare condition can be identified and treated early. […] The BCG vaccine is given just under the skin (intradermally), usually in the left upper arm. This is the recommended site, so that small scar left after vaccination can be easily found in the future as evidence of previous vaccination.
#36 TB Vaccination – tuberculosis
https://tuberkuloosi.fi/en/tuberculosis/tb_vaccination/
The TB vaccine protects infants and young children from serious forms of TB disease. […] The BCG-vaccine is intended to protect infants and young children against severe forms of TB disease such as tuberculous meningitis and generalized TB. […] The protective efficacy of the vaccine against TB disease of the lungs has varied in different studies. […] The BCG vaccination is also recommended if the child has regular and close contact with a person: who has TB disease. […] The BCG vaccination received in childhood does not protect the person in adulthood.
#37 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible.
#38 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible.
#39 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible.
#40 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/
The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of BCG vaccination on the severity of clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms (PTb) in patients from the northwest and west of Iran. […] Comparison of the severity of clinical symptoms of PTb in patients with BCG vaccine history to those lacking vaccination history revealed lower symptom severity in patients who had been vaccinated (vaccine effectiveness = 95.5%; p 0.00001) […] The results of this study may imply that Adjusting for age sex and smoking status, BCG vaccination decreases the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with PTb. […] The BCG vaccine showed a strong preventive effect against acute TB (VE = 95.5%; 95% CI, 80.7%98.9%), after controlling for age, gender, and smoking status. […] The main finding of this study was the reduction of clinical symptoms of TB in patients who had a history of BCG vaccination. […] The results indicated that the BCG vaccine had an overall effectiveness of 95.5% for the prevention of acute TB.
#41 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination
https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination
BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). It uses a live TB germ that has been modified in the laboratory so that it will not cause disease in a healthy person. […] BCG vaccination reduces the risk of tuberculosis in people who are not already infected with TB. The vaccine does not always prevent disease. […] It is more effective in children 6yrs old, providing 50 to 80 % protection against meningeal and miliary TB. […] Protection against TB will only start 6-8 weeks after the vaccination has been given and lasts for about 10 years. […] The BCG vaccination is not part of the WA routine vaccination program it is only given in restricted circumstances.
#42 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination
https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination
BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB). It uses a live TB germ that has been modified in the laboratory so that it will not cause disease in a healthy person. […] BCG vaccination reduces the risk of tuberculosis in people who are not already infected with TB. The vaccine does not always prevent disease. […] It is more effective in children 6yrs old, providing 50 to 80 % protection against meningeal and miliary TB. […] Protection against TB will only start 6-8 weeks after the vaccination has been given and lasts for about 10 years. […] The BCG vaccination is not part of the WA routine vaccination program it is only given in restricted circumstances.
#43 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination
Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. Data on duration of protection after this time are limited, but protection may wane with time. […] There are few data on the protection provided by BCG vaccine when it is given to adults (aged 16 years or over), and no data for persons aged 35 years or over. BCG is not usually recommended for people aged over 16 years, unless the risk of exposure is great (eg, healthcare or laboratory workers at occupational risk). […] The vaccine should not be given to those with a past history of TB. […] BCG is contra-indicated in all HIV-positive individuals, regardless of CD4 count, use of antiretrovirals, viral load and clinical status. […] The usual reaction to successful BCG vaccination is induration at the injection site, followed by a local lesion which starts as a papule two or more weeks after vaccination. It may ulcerate and then slowly subside over several weeks or months to heal, leaving a small, flat scar. […] Other adverse reactions to the vaccine include headache, fever and enlargement of a regional lymph node to greater than 1 cm and which may ulcerate.
#44 Studies underway to see if TB vaccine lessens COVID-19 symptoms
https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/studies-underway-to-see-if-tb-vaccine-lessens-covid-19-symptoms/
Trials have started around to world to see whether the BCG vaccine, which is routinely offered to babies in Nunavut to protect them from tuberculosis, could also help lessen the symptoms of COVID-19 among health workers. […] Itâs believed to offer 80 per cent protection against TB for 15 years. Yet in Nunavut, rates of TB remain roughly 30 times higher than elsewhere in Canada. […] While the BCG vaccine doesnât prevent TB in all cases, itâs believed to help prevent the more serious related diseases that children might get, such as TB-related meningitis, according to the Public Health Agency of Canada.
#45 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination
Protection has been shown to last for 10 to 15 years. Data on duration of protection after this time are limited, but protection may wane with time. […] There are few data on the protection provided by BCG vaccine when it is given to adults (aged 16 years or over), and no data for persons aged 35 years or over. BCG is not usually recommended for people aged over 16 years, unless the risk of exposure is great (eg, healthcare or laboratory workers at occupational risk). […] The vaccine should not be given to those with a past history of TB. […] BCG is contra-indicated in all HIV-positive individuals, regardless of CD4 count, use of antiretrovirals, viral load and clinical status. […] The usual reaction to successful BCG vaccination is induration at the injection site, followed by a local lesion which starts as a papule two or more weeks after vaccination. It may ulcerate and then slowly subside over several weeks or months to heal, leaving a small, flat scar. […] Other adverse reactions to the vaccine include headache, fever and enlargement of a regional lymph node to greater than 1 cm and which may ulcerate.
#46 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.
#47 BCG vaccine for TB
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/
The Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). The BCG vaccine does not prevent someone being infected with the bacteria that causes TB, but it prevents the development of the disease. It is specifically designed to prevent TB in children. It is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants, and can be given from birth onwards. […] TB is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that affects the lungs, and sometimes other parts of the body. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants.
#48
https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/vaccine-information/bcg-vaccine
Tuberculosis (TB) is a very serious infectious disease that can cause TB meningitis. […] The Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine provides protection against TB meningitis in children. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent TB meningitis in children. With growing antibiotic resistance, its now more important than ever. […] The BCG vaccine gives good protection against the TB meningitis in babies and young children. […] TB meningitis is a severe and life-threatening disease that can be fatal. So its important to get your children vaccinated if they are considered to be at risk. […] TB is the leading cause of infectious death worldwide. Its a serious infection that can cause TB meningitis. TB meningitis is a life-threatening condition that is fatal without treatment. Up to half of survivors will have long-term after effects.
#49 TB meningitis | Meningitis Now
https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/types-of-meningitis/tb-meningitis/
TB meningitis usually develops slowly with vague symptoms such as tiredness and headaches. […] The slow progression of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose and it is often advanced before treatment begins. […] TB meningitis can initially display vague symptoms such as aches and pains, loss of appetite and tiredness, usually with a persistent headache. […] These vague symptoms can last for several weeks before more specific symptoms of meningitis, such as severe headache, dislike of bright lights and neck stiffness occur. […] There is a vaccine known as BCG. This vaccine is effective in babies and young children. It gives good protection against the more severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis.
#50 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis
Common symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis are: cough, fever, fatigue, weight loss, coughing up blood (mainly in adults with late-stage pulmonary disease). […] Most people infected with M. tuberculosis remain asymptomatic. There is a 10% lifetime risk of developing clinical illness. Clinical disease can develop many years after the original infection. The risk varies depending on age and immune status. […] Tuberculosis most commonly presents as lung disease, which accounts for 60% of notified tuberculosis cases in Australia. […] Disseminated disease (miliary tuberculosis) and meningeal tuberculosis are more common in very young children. These are among the most serious manifestations of tuberculosis disease. […] The efficacy of BCG vaccination in adults is more limited compared with in children. […] BCG vaccination in young children provides: ~25% protection against tuberculosis infection, ~70% protection against active tuberculosis, >70% protection against severe forms of tuberculosis disease in young children, including miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis.
#51 Tuberculosis Vaccination (BCG) | Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services
https://nrbhss.ca/en/tuberculosis-vaccination-bcg
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Kochs bacillus. It most often affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the bones, kidneys or brain. The disease can lead to complications in the affected organs (e.g., respiratory or kidney failure, bone deformities, death). […] Common symptoms of TB include cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats. […] The BCG vaccine protects young children against complications and severe forms of tuberculosis. […] The BCG vaccine is effective and adequately protects young children against severe forms of the disease (infection of the brain lining, generalized infections, etc.). Its effectiveness has been established at around 75-80%. […] The BCG vaccine has been used for more than a century and is received by approximately 100 million children around the world every year. […] Public Health authorities assessed the situation, concluding that the risk of contracting the disease was high enough to justify offering the BCG vaccine in all of the regions communities.
#52 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project
https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine
This vaccine gives protection against tuberculosis (TB) infection, a disease spread person to person through the air. […] Although often thought of as a lung disease, TB can infect other parts of the body, including the brain. The vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis. However, it is less effective in preventing the form of TB that affects the lungs. […] The BCG vaccine does not work well in adults, although adults aged 35 or under may also be offered the vaccine if their job has a high risk of contact with people or animals infected with TB. […] The BCG vaccination is now given when the SCID screening outcome is available, which is approximately 14 to 17 days after birth, so that those with this rare condition can be identified and treated early. […] The BCG vaccine is given just under the skin (intradermally), usually in the left upper arm. This is the recommended site, so that small scar left after vaccination can be easily found in the future as evidence of previous vaccination.
#53 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/
The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of BCG vaccination on the severity of clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms (PTb) in patients from the northwest and west of Iran. […] Comparison of the severity of clinical symptoms of PTb in patients with BCG vaccine history to those lacking vaccination history revealed lower symptom severity in patients who had been vaccinated (vaccine effectiveness = 95.5%; p 0.00001) […] The results of this study may imply that Adjusting for age sex and smoking status, BCG vaccination decreases the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with PTb. […] The BCG vaccine showed a strong preventive effect against acute TB (VE = 95.5%; 95% CI, 80.7%98.9%), after controlling for age, gender, and smoking status. […] The main finding of this study was the reduction of clinical symptoms of TB in patients who had a history of BCG vaccination. […] The results indicated that the BCG vaccine had an overall effectiveness of 95.5% for the prevention of acute TB.
#54 Family Health Service – Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine
https://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/child/481.html
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteria. It spreads through the air and usually affects the lungs (pulmonary TB). Other parts of the body, such as bones, liver, brain and kidneys, can also be affected (extrapulmonary TB). […] Although BCG does not offer 100% protection against TB, it helps to localize infection to the lungs and is effective in protecting against serious complications of the disease. […] Some children may develop a small red papule or ulcer at the site of injection 2 to 4 weeks after vaccination. This will gradually subside and heal in a few weeks, leaving a small scar or no scar at all. Occasionally a few children may develop lumps under the armpit due to enlarged glands. Other adverse reactions are very rare.
#55 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/
The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of BCG vaccination on the severity of clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms (PTb) in patients from the northwest and west of Iran. […] Comparison of the severity of clinical symptoms of PTb in patients with BCG vaccine history to those lacking vaccination history revealed lower symptom severity in patients who had been vaccinated (vaccine effectiveness = 95.5%; p 0.00001) […] The results of this study may imply that Adjusting for age sex and smoking status, BCG vaccination decreases the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with PTb. […] The BCG vaccine showed a strong preventive effect against acute TB (VE = 95.5%; 95% CI, 80.7%98.9%), after controlling for age, gender, and smoking status. […] The main finding of this study was the reduction of clinical symptoms of TB in patients who had a history of BCG vaccination. […] The results indicated that the BCG vaccine had an overall effectiveness of 95.5% for the prevention of acute TB.
#56 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/
The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of BCG vaccination on the severity of clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms (PTb) in patients from the northwest and west of Iran. […] Comparison of the severity of clinical symptoms of PTb in patients with BCG vaccine history to those lacking vaccination history revealed lower symptom severity in patients who had been vaccinated (vaccine effectiveness = 95.5%; p 0.00001) […] The results of this study may imply that Adjusting for age sex and smoking status, BCG vaccination decreases the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with PTb. […] The BCG vaccine showed a strong preventive effect against acute TB (VE = 95.5%; 95% CI, 80.7%98.9%), after controlling for age, gender, and smoking status. […] The main finding of this study was the reduction of clinical symptoms of TB in patients who had a history of BCG vaccination. […] The results indicated that the BCG vaccine had an overall effectiveness of 95.5% for the prevention of acute TB.
#57 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. Prior infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer natural protection against tuberculosis infection. Protection against tuberculosis infection is usually due to the immune response to mycobacterial antigens. Prior contained latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can provide up to 80 percent protection against disease with subsequent exposure. In patients with previous active disease, there is an increased risk of recurrence of active tuberculosis due to distinct strains in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected patients.
#58 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x
BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to train the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. […] BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 7493%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI 4471%) in older subjects. […] The protective effect of BCG vaccination was higher in those without comorbidities 85% (95% CI: 71.0 91.6%) than in those with comorbidities 76% (95% CI: 62.085.0%). […] In our study, a previous intradermal BCG vaccination indicated by the presence of scar conferred protection against progression to severe COVID-19 in (COVID-19 unvaccinated) subjects in all age groups, 87% in individuals aged 60 or less, and 35% in older subjects. […] Our results suggest a protective effect of the BCG vaccine against progression to severe COVID-19 in people who did not receive COVID-19 vaccines.
#59 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x
BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to train the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. […] BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 7493%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI 4471%) in older subjects. […] The protective effect of BCG vaccination was higher in those without comorbidities 85% (95% CI: 71.0 91.6%) than in those with comorbidities 76% (95% CI: 62.085.0%). […] In our study, a previous intradermal BCG vaccination indicated by the presence of scar conferred protection against progression to severe COVID-19 in (COVID-19 unvaccinated) subjects in all age groups, 87% in individuals aged 60 or less, and 35% in older subjects. […] Our results suggest a protective effect of the BCG vaccine against progression to severe COVID-19 in people who did not receive COVID-19 vaccines.
#60 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x
BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to train the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. […] BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 7493%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI 4471%) in older subjects. […] The protective effect of BCG vaccination was higher in those without comorbidities 85% (95% CI: 71.0 91.6%) than in those with comorbidities 76% (95% CI: 62.085.0%). […] In our study, a previous intradermal BCG vaccination indicated by the presence of scar conferred protection against progression to severe COVID-19 in (COVID-19 unvaccinated) subjects in all age groups, 87% in individuals aged 60 or less, and 35% in older subjects. […] Our results suggest a protective effect of the BCG vaccine against progression to severe COVID-19 in people who did not receive COVID-19 vaccines.
#61 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#62 Tuberculosis (TB)
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that usually affects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics but can be serious if not treated. There’s a vaccine that helps protect some people who are at risk from TB. […] Symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) usually come on gradually. Common symptoms include: a cough that lasts more than 3 weeks you may cough up mucus (phlegm) or mucus with blood in it, feeling tired or exhausted, a high temperature or night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, feeling generally unwell. […] If TB has spread to another part of your body such as your glands (lymph nodes), bones or brain, you may also have other symptoms, including: swollen glands, body aches and pains, swollen joints or ankles, tummy or pelvic pain, constipation, dark or cloudy pee, a headache, being sick, feeling confused, a stiff neck, a rash on the legs, face or other part of the body.
#63 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#64 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#65 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#66 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#67 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#68 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#69 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#70 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#71 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#72 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#73 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#74 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#75 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#76 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#77 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#78 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#79 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#80 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250
When TB germs survive and multiply in the lungs, it is called a TB infection. A TB infection may be in one of three stages. Symptoms are different in each stage. […] Symptoms of active TB disease in the lungs usually begin gradually and worsen over a few weeks. They may include: Cough. Coughing up blood or mucus. Chest pain. Pain with breathing or coughing. Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. […] Active TB disease can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body. This is called extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is infected. Common symptoms may include: Fever. Chills. Night sweats. Weight loss. Not wanting to eat. Tiredness. Not feeling well in general. Pain near the site of infection.
#81 Tuberculosis Basics | doh
https://dchealth.dc.gov/page/tuberculosis-basics
Remember, you may be at risk for TB even if you have received the TB vaccine (also called the BCG vaccine) because its protection weakens over time. […] Without treatment, 1 in 10 people with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease. Completing treatment for latent TB infection is the best way to protect you from developing active TB disease. […] Two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. […] Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body may include the following: TB of the kidney may cause blood in the urine, TB meningitis may cause headache or confusion, TB of the spine may cause back pain, TB of the larnyx may cause hoarseness. […] People with LTBI cannot spread TB bacteria to others. People who have LTBI can be treated to prevent TB disease.
#82 Tuberculosis Basics | doh
https://dchealth.dc.gov/page/tuberculosis-basics
Remember, you may be at risk for TB even if you have received the TB vaccine (also called the BCG vaccine) because its protection weakens over time. […] Without treatment, 1 in 10 people with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease. Completing treatment for latent TB infection is the best way to protect you from developing active TB disease. […] Two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. […] Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body may include the following: TB of the kidney may cause blood in the urine, TB meningitis may cause headache or confusion, TB of the spine may cause back pain, TB of the larnyx may cause hoarseness. […] People with LTBI cannot spread TB bacteria to others. People who have LTBI can be treated to prevent TB disease.
#83 Tuberculosis Basics | doh
https://dchealth.dc.gov/page/tuberculosis-basics
Remember, you may be at risk for TB even if you have received the TB vaccine (also called the BCG vaccine) because its protection weakens over time. […] Without treatment, 1 in 10 people with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease. Completing treatment for latent TB infection is the best way to protect you from developing active TB disease. […] Two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. […] Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body may include the following: TB of the kidney may cause blood in the urine, TB meningitis may cause headache or confusion, TB of the spine may cause back pain, TB of the larnyx may cause hoarseness. […] People with LTBI cannot spread TB bacteria to others. People who have LTBI can be treated to prevent TB disease.
#84 Tuberculosis Basics | doh
https://dchealth.dc.gov/page/tuberculosis-basics
Remember, you may be at risk for TB even if you have received the TB vaccine (also called the BCG vaccine) because its protection weakens over time. […] Without treatment, 1 in 10 people with latent TB infection will develop active TB disease. Completing treatment for latent TB infection is the best way to protect you from developing active TB disease. […] Two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection (LTBI) and TB disease. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. […] Symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body may include the following: TB of the kidney may cause blood in the urine, TB meningitis may cause headache or confusion, TB of the spine may cause back pain, TB of the larnyx may cause hoarseness. […] People with LTBI cannot spread TB bacteria to others. People who have LTBI can be treated to prevent TB disease.
#85 Tuberculosis (TB)
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that usually affects the lungs. It can be treated with antibiotics but can be serious if not treated. There’s a vaccine that helps protect some people who are at risk from TB. […] Symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) usually come on gradually. Common symptoms include: a cough that lasts more than 3 weeks you may cough up mucus (phlegm) or mucus with blood in it, feeling tired or exhausted, a high temperature or night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, feeling generally unwell. […] If TB has spread to another part of your body such as your glands (lymph nodes), bones or brain, you may also have other symptoms, including: swollen glands, body aches and pains, swollen joints or ankles, tummy or pelvic pain, constipation, dark or cloudy pee, a headache, being sick, feeling confused, a stiff neck, a rash on the legs, face or other part of the body.
#86 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html
Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted by the airborne route and usually requires prolonged exposure for infection to occur. […] Risk factors for progression to active TB include co-morbidities (such as HIV/AIDS, other immunodeficiencies, diabetes, silicosis), malnutrition, and smoking. […] Classic symptoms of active disease include cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats. The clinical diagnosis of miliary TB is difficult because of variable presentation. […] The risk of developing active TB varies according to time since infection, age, nutrition and medical co-morbidities and other factors listed above. The lifetime cumulative risk for the development of active TB disease in an infected person is estimated to be 5% to 10%. […] Approximately 50% of cases of active TB disease occur in the first 2 years following infection.
#87 Tuberculosis – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis
In 15-20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. […] Symptoms of extrapulmonary TB usually include the general signs and symptoms as above, with additional symptoms related to the part of the body which is affected. […] The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year.
#88 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
The skin test reaction is large […] Someone in the persons your family has had TB. […] Symptoms of TB depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs. TB in the lungs may cause: […] A bad cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks […] Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) […] Pain in the chest. […] Other symptoms of TB disease are: […] Chills […] Fever […] No appetite […] Sweating at night […] Weakness or fatigue […] Weight loss. […] Many people who have TB infection never develop TB disease. But some people who have TB infection are more likely to develop TB disease than others. These people are at high risk for TB disease. They include: […] Babies and young children […] Elderly people […] People in close contact with a person who has infectious TB
#89 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
The skin test reaction is large […] Someone in the persons your family has had TB. […] Symptoms of TB depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs. TB in the lungs may cause: […] A bad cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks […] Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) […] Pain in the chest. […] Other symptoms of TB disease are: […] Chills […] Fever […] No appetite […] Sweating at night […] Weakness or fatigue […] Weight loss. […] Many people who have TB infection never develop TB disease. But some people who have TB infection are more likely to develop TB disease than others. These people are at high risk for TB disease. They include: […] Babies and young children […] Elderly people […] People in close contact with a person who has infectious TB
#90 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
The skin test reaction is large […] Someone in the persons your family has had TB. […] Symptoms of TB depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. TB bacteria usually grow in the lungs. TB in the lungs may cause: […] A bad cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks […] Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) […] Pain in the chest. […] Other symptoms of TB disease are: […] Chills […] Fever […] No appetite […] Sweating at night […] Weakness or fatigue […] Weight loss. […] Many people who have TB infection never develop TB disease. But some people who have TB infection are more likely to develop TB disease than others. These people are at high risk for TB disease. They include: […] Babies and young children […] Elderly people […] People in close contact with a person who has infectious TB
#91 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
People who are sick with other diseases that weaken the immune system […] People who became infected with TB bacteria in the last 2 years […] People who inject drugs […] People with HIV infection. […] If a person has a TB infection (a positive skin test reaction, without the presence of TB disease) and they are in one of these high-risk groups, they need to take medicine to keep from developing TB disease. This kind of treatment is called preventive therapy. […] Most people must take preventive therapy between four and nine months, depending on the medication prescribed. Children and people with HIV infection need to take preventive therapy for a longer time. […] A person can have a tuberculosis (TB) infection for years without any signs of disease. But if that persons immune system gets weak, the infection can quickly turn into TB disease.
#92 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
People who are sick with other diseases that weaken the immune system […] People who became infected with TB bacteria in the last 2 years […] People who inject drugs […] People with HIV infection. […] If a person has a TB infection (a positive skin test reaction, without the presence of TB disease) and they are in one of these high-risk groups, they need to take medicine to keep from developing TB disease. This kind of treatment is called preventive therapy. […] Most people must take preventive therapy between four and nine months, depending on the medication prescribed. Children and people with HIV infection need to take preventive therapy for a longer time. […] A person can have a tuberculosis (TB) infection for years without any signs of disease. But if that persons immune system gets weak, the infection can quickly turn into TB disease.
#93 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
People who are sick with other diseases that weaken the immune system […] People who became infected with TB bacteria in the last 2 years […] People who inject drugs […] People with HIV infection. […] If a person has a TB infection (a positive skin test reaction, without the presence of TB disease) and they are in one of these high-risk groups, they need to take medicine to keep from developing TB disease. This kind of treatment is called preventive therapy. […] Most people must take preventive therapy between four and nine months, depending on the medication prescribed. Children and people with HIV infection need to take preventive therapy for a longer time. […] A person can have a tuberculosis (TB) infection for years without any signs of disease. But if that persons immune system gets weak, the infection can quickly turn into TB disease.
#94 FAQs â¢ What if a person has been vaccinated with BCG?
https://gloucestercountynj.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=191
People who are sick with other diseases that weaken the immune system […] People who became infected with TB bacteria in the last 2 years […] People who inject drugs […] People with HIV infection. […] If a person has a TB infection (a positive skin test reaction, without the presence of TB disease) and they are in one of these high-risk groups, they need to take medicine to keep from developing TB disease. This kind of treatment is called preventive therapy. […] Most people must take preventive therapy between four and nine months, depending on the medication prescribed. Children and people with HIV infection need to take preventive therapy for a longer time. […] A person can have a tuberculosis (TB) infection for years without any signs of disease. But if that persons immune system gets weak, the infection can quickly turn into TB disease.
#95 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html
Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted by the airborne route and usually requires prolonged exposure for infection to occur. […] Risk factors for progression to active TB include co-morbidities (such as HIV/AIDS, other immunodeficiencies, diabetes, silicosis), malnutrition, and smoking. […] Classic symptoms of active disease include cough, fever, weight loss and night sweats. The clinical diagnosis of miliary TB is difficult because of variable presentation. […] The risk of developing active TB varies according to time since infection, age, nutrition and medical co-morbidities and other factors listed above. The lifetime cumulative risk for the development of active TB disease in an infected person is estimated to be 5% to 10%. […] Approximately 50% of cases of active TB disease occur in the first 2 years following infection.
#96 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html
There is a very high risk (up to 40%) in infants, who can have rapid progression and have a higher probability of miliary (disseminated) or meningeal disease. […] Rapid progression from infection to active TB disease is also more common in persons who are immunocompromised (e.g., HIV-infected, solid organ transplantation, receiving immunosuppressive therapy). […] Despite appropriate treatment, mortality from miliary TB remains as high as 20%. TB meningitis is associated frequently with devastating consequences: 25% morbidity (i.e., permanent neurologic deficit) and 15% to 40% mortality, despite available treatment.
#97 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html
There is a very high risk (up to 40%) in infants, who can have rapid progression and have a higher probability of miliary (disseminated) or meningeal disease. […] Rapid progression from infection to active TB disease is also more common in persons who are immunocompromised (e.g., HIV-infected, solid organ transplantation, receiving immunosuppressive therapy). […] Despite appropriate treatment, mortality from miliary TB remains as high as 20%. TB meningitis is associated frequently with devastating consequences: 25% morbidity (i.e., permanent neurologic deficit) and 15% to 40% mortality, despite available treatment.
#98 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html
There is a very high risk (up to 40%) in infants, who can have rapid progression and have a higher probability of miliary (disseminated) or meningeal disease. […] Rapid progression from infection to active TB disease is also more common in persons who are immunocompromised (e.g., HIV-infected, solid organ transplantation, receiving immunosuppressive therapy). […] Despite appropriate treatment, mortality from miliary TB remains as high as 20%. TB meningitis is associated frequently with devastating consequences: 25% morbidity (i.e., permanent neurologic deficit) and 15% to 40% mortality, despite available treatment.
#99 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html
There is a very high risk (up to 40%) in infants, who can have rapid progression and have a higher probability of miliary (disseminated) or meningeal disease. […] Rapid progression from infection to active TB disease is also more common in persons who are immunocompromised (e.g., HIV-infected, solid organ transplantation, receiving immunosuppressive therapy). […] Despite appropriate treatment, mortality from miliary TB remains as high as 20%. TB meningitis is associated frequently with devastating consequences: 25% morbidity (i.e., permanent neurologic deficit) and 15% to 40% mortality, despite available treatment.
#100 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x
BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to train the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. […] BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 7493%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI 4471%) in older subjects. […] The protective effect of BCG vaccination was higher in those without comorbidities 85% (95% CI: 71.0 91.6%) than in those with comorbidities 76% (95% CI: 62.085.0%). […] In our study, a previous intradermal BCG vaccination indicated by the presence of scar conferred protection against progression to severe COVID-19 in (COVID-19 unvaccinated) subjects in all age groups, 87% in individuals aged 60 or less, and 35% in older subjects. […] Our results suggest a protective effect of the BCG vaccine against progression to severe COVID-19 in people who did not receive COVID-19 vaccines.
#101 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x
BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to train the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. […] BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 7493%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI 4471%) in older subjects. […] The protective effect of BCG vaccination was higher in those without comorbidities 85% (95% CI: 71.0 91.6%) than in those with comorbidities 76% (95% CI: 62.085.0%). […] In our study, a previous intradermal BCG vaccination indicated by the presence of scar conferred protection against progression to severe COVID-19 in (COVID-19 unvaccinated) subjects in all age groups, 87% in individuals aged 60 or less, and 35% in older subjects. […] Our results suggest a protective effect of the BCG vaccine against progression to severe COVID-19 in people who did not receive COVID-19 vaccines.
#102 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x
BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to train the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. […] BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 7493%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI 4471%) in older subjects. […] The protective effect of BCG vaccination was higher in those without comorbidities 85% (95% CI: 71.0 91.6%) than in those with comorbidities 76% (95% CI: 62.085.0%). […] In our study, a previous intradermal BCG vaccination indicated by the presence of scar conferred protection against progression to severe COVID-19 in (COVID-19 unvaccinated) subjects in all age groups, 87% in individuals aged 60 or less, and 35% in older subjects. […] Our results suggest a protective effect of the BCG vaccine against progression to severe COVID-19 in people who did not receive COVID-19 vaccines.
#103 Studies underway to see if TB vaccine lessens COVID-19 symptoms
https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/studies-underway-to-see-if-tb-vaccine-lessens-covid-19-symptoms/
Trials have started around to world to see whether the BCG vaccine, which is routinely offered to babies in Nunavut to protect them from tuberculosis, could also help lessen the symptoms of COVID-19 among health workers. […] Itâs believed to offer 80 per cent protection against TB for 15 years. Yet in Nunavut, rates of TB remain roughly 30 times higher than elsewhere in Canada. […] While the BCG vaccine doesnât prevent TB in all cases, itâs believed to help prevent the more serious related diseases that children might get, such as TB-related meningitis, according to the Public Health Agency of Canada.
#104 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The BCG vaccine is very efficacious against tuberculous meningitis in the pediatric age group, but its efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis appears variable. Some countries have removed the BCG vaccine from routine vaccination. The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO).
#105 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine
The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible.
#106 BCG vaccine for TB
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/
The Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). The BCG vaccine does not prevent someone being infected with the bacteria that causes TB, but it prevents the development of the disease. It is specifically designed to prevent TB in children. It is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants, and can be given from birth onwards. […] TB is an infectious disease caused by bacteria that affects the lungs, and sometimes other parts of the body. […] The BCG vaccine prevents the development of TB, and is very effective in preventing severe TB in young infants.
#107 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. Prior infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis can confer natural protection against tuberculosis infection. Protection against tuberculosis infection is usually due to the immune response to mycobacterial antigens. Prior contained latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can provide up to 80 percent protection against disease with subsequent exposure. In patients with previous active disease, there is an increased risk of recurrence of active tuberculosis due to distinct strains in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected patients.

Szczepionka bcg przeciwko gruźlicy Objawy

Szczepionka BCG przeciwko gruźlicy – Objawy i przebieg

Miejscowe reakcje poszczepienne

Inne objawy poszczepienne

Poważne działania niepożądane

Wpływ na testy diagnostyczne

Skuteczność w zapobieganiu gruźlicy

Skuteczność u dzieci

Skuteczność u dorosłych

Zmienność geograficzna skuteczności

Czas trwania ochrony

Zapobieganie objawom gruźlicy

Objawy gruźlicy, którym zapobiega szczepienie

Wpływ na przebieg kliniczny gruźlicy

Potencjalne korzyści poza gruźlicą

Gruźlica – objawy choroby

Objawy gruźlicy płuc

Objawy gruźlicy pozapłucnej

Utajona gruźlica

Grupy ryzyka i progresja choroby

Grupy wysokiego ryzyka

Progresja choroby

Wpływ na zakażenie COVID-19

Szczepionka BCG – kluczowe informacje

Kolejne rozdziały

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelfhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

#2 BCG vaccine – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#3 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#4 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

#5 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

#6 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

#7 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctorhttps://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#8 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warningshttps://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html

#9 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#10 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#11 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#12 Family Health Service – Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccinehttps://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/child/481.html

#13 BCG Vaccine, Live (PF) Percutaneous: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMDhttps://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-154546/bcg-vaccine-live-pf-percutaneous/details

#14 BCG Challenge Study of a Novel TB Vaccine (TB045) â The Jenner Institutehttps://www.jenner.ac.uk/volunteer/recruiting-trials/tb045

#15 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warningshttps://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html

#16 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warningshttps://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html

#17 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#18 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#19 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctorhttps://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#20 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctorhttps://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#21 Tuberculosis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4Uhttps://cura4u.com/conditions/tuberculosis

#22 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDChttps://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

#23 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDChttps://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

#24 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDChttps://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

#25 Tuberculosis (TB) Blood Test (IGRA) – MN Dept. of Healthhttps://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/basics/factsheets/igra.html

#26 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDChttps://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

#27https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/vaccine-information/bcg-vaccine

#28 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Projecthttps://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

#29 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbookhttps://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

#30 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbookhttps://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

#31 Tuberculosis – Vaccine & Vaccination | Travelvaxhttp://www.travelvax.com.au/holiday-traveller/vaccinations/tuberculosis

#32 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHShttps://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#33 BCG vaccine – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#34 Tuberculosis – Vaccine & Vaccination | Travelvaxhttp://www.travelvax.com.au/holiday-traveller/vaccinations/tuberculosis

#35 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Projecthttps://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

#36 TB Vaccination – tuberculosishttps://tuberkuloosi.fi/en/tuberculosis/tb_vaccination/

#37 BCG vaccine – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#38 BCG vaccine – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#39 BCG vaccine – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#40 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptomshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/

#41 Tuberculosis BCG vaccinationhttps://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

#42 Tuberculosis BCG vaccinationhttps://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

#43 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctorhttps://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#44 Studies underway to see if TB vaccine lessens COVID-19 symptomshttps://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/studies-underway-to-see-if-tb-vaccine-lessens-covid-19-symptoms/

#45 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctorhttps://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#46 BCG vaccine – Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#47 BCG vaccine for TBhttps://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

#48https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/vaccine-information/bcg-vaccine

#49 TB meningitis | Meningitis Nowhttps://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/types-of-meningitis/tb-meningitis/

#50 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbookhttps://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

#51 Tuberculosis Vaccination (BCG) | Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Serviceshttps://nrbhss.ca/en/tuberculosis-vaccination-bcg

#52 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Projecthttps://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

#53 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptomshttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/

#54 Family Health Service – Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccinehttps://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/child/481.html

Szczepionka bcg przeciwko gruźlicy
Objawy

#1 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

#2 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#3 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#4 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226
https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

#5 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226
https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

#6 BCG Vaccine: After Care for Parents â English version – HE2226
https://healthed.govt.nz/products/bcg-vaccine-after-care-for-parents-english-version

#7 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#8 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html

#9 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#10 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#11 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#12 Family Health Service – Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine
https://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/child/481.html

#13 BCG Vaccine, Live (PF) Percutaneous: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing – WebMD
https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-154546/bcg-vaccine-live-pf-percutaneous/details

#14 BCG Challenge Study of a Novel TB Vaccine (TB045) â The Jenner Institute
https://www.jenner.ac.uk/volunteer/recruiting-trials/tb045

#15 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html

#16 BCG vaccine Uses, Side Effects & Warnings
https://www.drugs.com/mtm/bcg-vaccine.html

#17 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#18 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#19 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#20 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#21 Tuberculosis Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment – Cura4U
https://cura4u.com/conditions/tuberculosis

#22 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

#23 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

#24 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

#25 Tuberculosis (TB) Blood Test (IGRA) – MN Dept. of Health
https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/basics/factsheets/igra.html

#26 Bacille Calmette-GuÃ©rin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

#27
https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/vaccine-information/bcg-vaccine

#28 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project
https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

#29 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

#30 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

#31 Tuberculosis – Vaccine & Vaccination | Travelvax
http://www.travelvax.com.au/holiday-traveller/vaccinations/tuberculosis

#32 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS
https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

#33 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#34 Tuberculosis – Vaccine & Vaccination | Travelvax
http://www.travelvax.com.au/holiday-traveller/vaccinations/tuberculosis

#35 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project
https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

#36 TB Vaccination – tuberculosis
https://tuberkuloosi.fi/en/tuberculosis/tb_vaccination/

#37 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#38 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#39 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#40 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/

#41 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination
https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

#42 Tuberculosis BCG vaccination
https://www.healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/S_T/Tuberculosis-BCG-Vaccination

#43 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#44 Studies underway to see if TB vaccine lessens COVID-19 symptoms
https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/studies-underway-to-see-if-tb-vaccine-lessens-covid-19-symptoms/

#45 BCG Vaccination (Tuberculosis Vaccine) | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/bcg-vaccination

#46 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

#47 BCG vaccine for TB
https://www.rch.org.au/kidsinfo/fact_sheets/BCG_vaccine_for_TB/

#48
https://www.meningitis.org/meningitis/vaccine-information/bcg-vaccine

#49 TB meningitis | Meningitis Now
https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/types-of-meningitis/tb-meningitis/

#50 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook
https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

#51 Tuberculosis Vaccination (BCG) | Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services
https://nrbhss.ca/en/tuberculosis-vaccination-bcg

#52 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project
https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

#53 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/

#54 Family Health Service – Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Vaccine
https://www.fhs.gov.hk/english/health_info/child/481.html

#55 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/

#56 Effectiveness of bacillus CalmetteâGuerin vaccination history on pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6879972/

#57 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

#58 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x

#59 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x

#60 Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 | BMC Medicine | Full Text
https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-02859-x

#61 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#62 Tuberculosis (TB)
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/

#63 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#64 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#65 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#66 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#67 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#68 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#69 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#70 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#71 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#72 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#73 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#74 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#75 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#76 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#77 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#78 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250

#79 Tuberculosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250