Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. […] BCG vaccine can be given either intracutaneously or intradermally. Research is currently being conducted on respiratory administration since natural infection, and sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans tend to occur in the respiratory system.

• #2 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #3 World Tuberculosis (TB) Day and development of BCG vaccine

  https://www.bcgvaccine.com.au/post/world-tuberculosis-tb-day-bcg-vaccine

  World Tuberculosis (TB) Day, observed annually on March 24th, serves as a global call to action to raise awareness about the devastating impact of TB and renew our commitment to ending this ancient disease. […] The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine has long been recognised as a cornerstone of TB control efforts, offering a powerful tool for preventing TB infection and disease. […] The BCG vaccine has played a crucial role in TB prevention, particularly in high-burden settings where TB transmission rates are high. […] While BCG vaccination does not provide complete immunity against TB, it has been shown to protect against severe forms of TB in children, such as TB meningitis and disseminated TB. […] Vaccines, including the BCG vaccine, have been instrumental in reducing the burden of TB, but there is still much work to be done.

• #4 Tuberculosis Vaccines — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-vaccines

  Tuberculosis is a vaccine preventable disease with the BCG vaccine. […] Versions of the Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine have been used for about 100 years. Since 1921, over 4 billion BCG vaccinations have been completed worldwide. […] According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), BCG vaccination is considered for people who meet specific criteria, such as children with a negative TB test who are continually exposed and cannot be separated from adults who are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB. […] The Serum Institute of India (SII) rBCG vaccine TUBERVAC-rBCG was approved in 2023 as a single-dose vaccine for the prevention of TB. […] BCG vaccine AJV (A.J. Vaccines) is the only licensed BCG vaccine in the UK in 2023. […] In France, BCG vaccination is recommended from 1 month of age for children at high risk of TB and may also be offered up to 15 years, in unvaccinated children at risk. […] The global average cost for BCG vaccination is about $5.00. […] Tuberculosis is prevented with the BCG vaccine. […] Tuberculosis vaccines available in most countries in 2025.

• #5 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. […] BCG vaccine can be given either intracutaneously or intradermally. Research is currently being conducted on respiratory administration since natural infection, and sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans tend to occur in the respiratory system.

• #6 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #7 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The WHO recommends childhood BCG for all countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or high leprosy burden.

• #8 The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. A joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602127/

  This report updates and replaces previous recommendations regarding the use of Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) vaccine for controlling tuberculosis (TB) in the United States. […] For example, two meta-analyses of the published results of BCG vaccine clinical trials and case-control studies confirmed that the protective efficacy of BCG for preventing serious forms of TB in children is high (i.e., 80%). […] The concern of the public health community about the resurgence and changing nature of TB in the United States prompted a re-evaluation of the role of BCG vaccination in the prevention and control of TB. […] The use of BCG vaccine has been limited because a) its effectiveness in preventing infectious forms of TB is uncertain and b) the reactivity to tuberculin that occurs after vaccination interferes with the management of persons who are possibly infected with M. tuberculosis.

• #9 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is estimated to be about 51% in preventing any TB disease and up to 78% in protecting newborns from miliary (disseminated) or meningeal TB. […] BCG vaccine is not recommended for routine use in any Canadian population. […] Following consideration of local TB epidemiology and if a program of early detection and treatment of latent TB infection cannot be implemented, BCG vaccination may be considered in exceptional circumstances, such as for infants in high risk communities, for persons at high risk of repeated exposure, for certain long-term travellers to high prevalence countries, and in infants born to mothers with infectious TB disease. […] The goal of BCG vaccination in infants is to prevent miliary TB and TB meningitis. Infants in high risk communities should receive BCG vaccine as soon after birth as feasible and preferably before 6 weeks of post-natal age or discharge into the community.

• #10 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #11 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The WHO recommends childhood BCG for all countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or high leprosy burden.

• #12 BCG Vaccine Prevents Tuberculosis in Young Children, but Not Adults | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  BCG vaccination at birth does provide significant protection against TB disease but only among children under 5 years old. […] The vaccine provided no protection among adolescents or adults in this study. […] These results suggest that protectiveness from the BCG vaccine may begin to wane as children get older and, thus, children over 10 years old and adults should receive a booster BCG vaccine and eventually a new, supplemental vaccine, as the researchers note that the BCG booster may also have limited efficacy for immunity against TB beyond childhood. […] Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination is effective at preventing tuberculosis in young children. […] However, since the results show that the vaccine was ineffective in adolescents and adults, boosting immunoprotection is needed for older populations. […] We urgently need vaccines that are effective against tuberculosis in adults.

• #13 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants. […] Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. A therapeutic vaccine for TB patients, administered towards completion of a prescribed course of drug therapy or at certain time(s) during treatment, could improve outcomes through immune-mediated control and clearance of bacteria and prevention of re-infection, and provide on the long-term options to simplify and shorten drug treatment regimen. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #14 TB prevention has relied on the same vaccine for 100 years. It’s time for innovation

  https://theconversation.com/tb-prevention-has-relied-on-the-same-vaccine-for-100-years-its-time-for-innovation-164735

  TB has been used all over the world to protect against the development of TB. […] Currently, BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] Vaccine innovation is needed for TB because the protection provided by the existing vaccine wears off over time, and its not completely effective in adults. […] BCG is usually administered only in infants, immediately after birth, in countries that have a high incidence of TB. […] The BCG vaccine is very effective at protecting against TB meningitis and is a great example of how vaccines can be of huge benefit. […] However, this immunity usually wanes in adolescence and thereafter. Protection by BCG in adults is highly variable ranging from 0% to 80% depending on the country and environment. […] The first is a study that demonstrates that re-vaccination with BCG does indeed provide protection against TB disease.

• #15 MTBVAC: A Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate Advancing Towards Clinical Efficacy Trials in TB Prevention | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/es-mtbvac-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-candidate-articulo-S0300289623003058

  Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health burden, causing more than 10 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths each year. Currently, the only approved TB vaccine in use in humans, is the one hundred years old vaccine, BCG, an attenuated vaccine derived from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis that causes TB in cattle. BCG shows a variable efficacy in preventing pulmonary forms of the disease in humans, so new vaccines are needed to help stop TB transmission. […] Currently, vaccination is considered the most cost-effective measure in preventing a disease and the development of resistance to its treatment. The only licensed vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine, which is based on the attenuation of Mycobacterium bovis originally isolated from cattle. […] BCG provides protection with an efficacy rate of 60-80% against meningeal and miliary TB, which are disseminated and aggressive forms of the disease that occur during childhood. However, clinical trials have shown variable efficacy preventing pulmonary forms, the transmissible form of the disease, especially in adolescents and adults.

• #16 BCG vaccination: An update on current Australian practices

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/bcg-vaccination-an-update-on-current-australian-pr

  The Bacille CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is primarily used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease in settings with high TB incidence. […] BCG vaccination in Australia is primarily used to prevent TB in neonates and children with a high risk of TB exposure. The BCG vaccine is most effective at preventing severe disseminated TB disease in young children and has variable efficacy in preventing adult disease. […] Current indications for BCG vaccination in Australia are listed in Table 2. Current recommendations focus on providing the BCG vaccine to neonates and young children at highest risk. […] The greatest benefit of BCG vaccination is in the prevention of severe disseminated disease in young children. […] Estimates of the efficacy of BCG vaccination in preventing adult pulmonary disease vary widely in different settings (0-80%), with an average protection rate of 50%. […] The BCG vaccine is a safe, effective and cost-effective method of preventing many TB-related deaths, especially in young children.

• #17 Tuberculosis: The Disease & Vaccines | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-details/tuberculosis-vaccine

  The tuberculosis vaccine is recommended only for those children living with someone with TB who either cannot take the antibiotics required to treat the infection or who is infected with a strain that is highly resistant to all antibiotics. Ultimately, only a small number of people in the United States fall into these categories. […] The TB vaccine is good at protecting against the severe form of disease found in young children (called „miliary” TB), but it is not as good at protecting against the lung infection commonly found in adolescents and adults. […] The tuberculosis vaccine is not highly effective at preventing lung infections caused by the tuberculosis bacteria. For this reason, the vaccine is only recommended for a small subset of those in contact with someone infected with tuberculosis specifically someone in constant contact with a person infected with TB who either refuses to take antibiotics or is infected with a strain that is resistant to all antibiotics. On the other hand, the tuberculosis vaccine has no serious side effects. Therefore, in the small subset of people who should use the vaccine, the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.

• #18 TB prevention has relied on the same vaccine for 100 years. It’s time for innovationverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tb-prevention-has-relied-same-vaccine-100-years-its-time-innovation

  BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] BCG has been used all over the world to protect against the development of TB. […] Currently, BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] Vaccine innovation is needed for TB because the protection provided by the existing vaccine wears off over time, and it’s not completely effective in adults. […] BCG is usually administered only in infants, immediately after birth, in countries that have a high incidence of TB. The vaccine then produces an early immune response that has been demonstrated to protect children against severe forms of TB. […] The BCG vaccine is very effective at protecting against TB meningitis and is a great example of how vaccines can be of huge benefit. […] However, this immunity usually wanes in adolescence and thereafter. Protection by BCG in adults is highly variable – ranging from 0% to 80% depending on the country and environment.

• #19 BCG Vaccine Prevents Tuberculosis in Young Children, but Not Adults | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  BCG vaccination at birth does provide significant protection against TB disease but only among children under 5 years old. […] The vaccine provided no protection among adolescents or adults in this study. […] These results suggest that protectiveness from the BCG vaccine may begin to wane as children get older and, thus, children over 10 years old and adults should receive a booster BCG vaccine and eventually a new, supplemental vaccine, as the researchers note that the BCG booster may also have limited efficacy for immunity against TB beyond childhood. […] Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination is effective at preventing tuberculosis in young children. […] However, since the results show that the vaccine was ineffective in adolescents and adults, boosting immunoprotection is needed for older populations. […] We urgently need vaccines that are effective against tuberculosis in adults.

• #20 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The BCG vaccine is the only vaccine currently licensed for the prevention of TB in humans and is also the oldest vaccine still in use in the world. With more than 100 years of use, the BCG vaccine (in vitro attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis), in its different lineages, has shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of TB (tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB) when applied intradermally in neonates.4,1 Single-dose BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended by the WHO in high-burden TB countries, while in countries with a low burden of the disease, the vaccination recommendation is indicated in risk groups.1 […] […] The protective effect of the BCG vaccine is higher when inoculated in individuals not infected by Mtb or not previously sensitized by environmental mycobacteria. The protection provided by BCG to prevent pulmonary TB can be very variable (from 0% to 80%). Age at BCG vaccination, sex, risk of TB in the study population, in addition to the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the region (which may vary with latitude, being lower the further away from the Equator line) are among the possible factors involved in the variation of the protection conferred by BCG.4,5,6 In the meta-analysis carried out by Colditz et al.,5 evaluating 1264 studies, vaccination with BCG reduced the risk of TB by 50% and death by 71%. However, in another systematic review, this protection reached 90% against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in infants.6 In a more recent meta-analysis of primary data, involving 26 cohorts from 17 different countries, the findings confirmed the protection of the BCG vaccine in children, particularly those under five years of age, but it was ineffective in preventing TB among adolescents and adults.7 […]

• #21 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The BCG vaccine is the only vaccine currently licensed for the prevention of TB in humans and is also the oldest vaccine still in use in the world. With more than 100 years of use, the BCG vaccine (in vitro attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis), in its different lineages, has shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of TB (tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB) when applied intradermally in neonates.4,1 Single-dose BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended by the WHO in high-burden TB countries, while in countries with a low burden of the disease, the vaccination recommendation is indicated in risk groups.1 […] […] The protective effect of the BCG vaccine is higher when inoculated in individuals not infected by Mtb or not previously sensitized by environmental mycobacteria. The protection provided by BCG to prevent pulmonary TB can be very variable (from 0% to 80%). Age at BCG vaccination, sex, risk of TB in the study population, in addition to the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the region (which may vary with latitude, being lower the further away from the Equator line) are among the possible factors involved in the variation of the protection conferred by BCG.4,5,6 In the meta-analysis carried out by Colditz et al.,5 evaluating 1264 studies, vaccination with BCG reduced the risk of TB by 50% and death by 71%. However, in another systematic review, this protection reached 90% against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in infants.6 In a more recent meta-analysis of primary data, involving 26 cohorts from 17 different countries, the findings confirmed the protection of the BCG vaccine in children, particularly those under five years of age, but it was ineffective in preventing TB among adolescents and adults.7 […]

• #22 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The BCG vaccine is the only vaccine currently licensed for the prevention of TB in humans and is also the oldest vaccine still in use in the world. With more than 100 years of use, the BCG vaccine (in vitro attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis), in its different lineages, has shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of TB (tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB) when applied intradermally in neonates.4,1 Single-dose BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended by the WHO in high-burden TB countries, while in countries with a low burden of the disease, the vaccination recommendation is indicated in risk groups.1 […] […] The protective effect of the BCG vaccine is higher when inoculated in individuals not infected by Mtb or not previously sensitized by environmental mycobacteria. The protection provided by BCG to prevent pulmonary TB can be very variable (from 0% to 80%). Age at BCG vaccination, sex, risk of TB in the study population, in addition to the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the region (which may vary with latitude, being lower the further away from the Equator line) are among the possible factors involved in the variation of the protection conferred by BCG.4,5,6 In the meta-analysis carried out by Colditz et al.,5 evaluating 1264 studies, vaccination with BCG reduced the risk of TB by 50% and death by 71%. However, in another systematic review, this protection reached 90% against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in infants.6 In a more recent meta-analysis of primary data, involving 26 cohorts from 17 different countries, the findings confirmed the protection of the BCG vaccine in children, particularly those under five years of age, but it was ineffective in preventing TB among adolescents and adults.7 […]

• #23 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The BCG vaccine is the only vaccine currently licensed for the prevention of TB in humans and is also the oldest vaccine still in use in the world. With more than 100 years of use, the BCG vaccine (in vitro attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis), in its different lineages, has shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of TB (tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB) when applied intradermally in neonates.4,1 Single-dose BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended by the WHO in high-burden TB countries, while in countries with a low burden of the disease, the vaccination recommendation is indicated in risk groups.1 […] […] The protective effect of the BCG vaccine is higher when inoculated in individuals not infected by Mtb or not previously sensitized by environmental mycobacteria. The protection provided by BCG to prevent pulmonary TB can be very variable (from 0% to 80%). Age at BCG vaccination, sex, risk of TB in the study population, in addition to the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the region (which may vary with latitude, being lower the further away from the Equator line) are among the possible factors involved in the variation of the protection conferred by BCG.4,5,6 In the meta-analysis carried out by Colditz et al.,5 evaluating 1264 studies, vaccination with BCG reduced the risk of TB by 50% and death by 71%. However, in another systematic review, this protection reached 90% against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in infants.6 In a more recent meta-analysis of primary data, involving 26 cohorts from 17 different countries, the findings confirmed the protection of the BCG vaccine in children, particularly those under five years of age, but it was ineffective in preventing TB among adolescents and adults.7 […]

• #24 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The BCG vaccine is the only vaccine currently licensed for the prevention of TB in humans and is also the oldest vaccine still in use in the world. With more than 100 years of use, the BCG vaccine (in vitro attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis), in its different lineages, has shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of TB (tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB) when applied intradermally in neonates.4,1 Single-dose BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended by the WHO in high-burden TB countries, while in countries with a low burden of the disease, the vaccination recommendation is indicated in risk groups.1 […] […] The protective effect of the BCG vaccine is higher when inoculated in individuals not infected by Mtb or not previously sensitized by environmental mycobacteria. The protection provided by BCG to prevent pulmonary TB can be very variable (from 0% to 80%). Age at BCG vaccination, sex, risk of TB in the study population, in addition to the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the region (which may vary with latitude, being lower the further away from the Equator line) are among the possible factors involved in the variation of the protection conferred by BCG.4,5,6 In the meta-analysis carried out by Colditz et al.,5 evaluating 1264 studies, vaccination with BCG reduced the risk of TB by 50% and death by 71%. However, in another systematic review, this protection reached 90% against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in infants.6 In a more recent meta-analysis of primary data, involving 26 cohorts from 17 different countries, the findings confirmed the protection of the BCG vaccine in children, particularly those under five years of age, but it was ineffective in preventing TB among adolescents and adults.7 […]

• #25 Prevention – TB AlertTB Alert

  https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/

  The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gurin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921. It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, yet we still see around 9 million new cases of TB annually a testament to the BCGs limited effectiveness. The BCG is: 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years […] more effective against complex forms of TB in children […] of limited effectiveness in people over the age of 35 […] less effective when given in equatorial regions (due to high levels of naturally occurring environmental mycobacteria).

• #26 100 years after the advent of TB vaccines, formulations vary widely – Boston Children’s Answers

  https://answers.childrenshospital.org/bcg-tuberculosis-vaccine/

  Previous research has shown that BCG vaccination not only protects against TB, but boosts the overall immune system, in what is called an ‘off-target’ effect. […] One recent study from the Precision Vaccines Program found that injecting BCG along with the hepatitis B vaccine strengthened the immune response to hepatitis B. […] The new study looked at several formulations of the most commonly used licensed BCG vaccines: BCG-Denmark, BCG-India, BCG-Bulgaria, BCG-Japan, and BCG-USA (sourced from the Boston Children’s Hospital pharmacy). […] The data consistently shows that the Indian and Bulgarian formulations, both derived from the same mother BCG strain (BCG Russia), have more than 1,000-fold lower growth and fewer live bacteria compared to the others. […] The team measured numerous cytokine proteins released from immune cells to fight infection after vaccination, including IL1 beta and interferon gamma (the latter is especially important for TB protection).

• #27 Comparative Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention Effectiveness in Children of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccines from Different Sources, Kazakhstan | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0032567

  Except during a 1-year period when BCG vaccine was not routinely administered, annual coverage of infants with Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) in Kazakhstan since 2002 has exceeded 95%. […] Our objective was to assess relative effectiveness of BCG immunization. […] Although there were differences in prevention effectiveness observed among the three BCG vaccines, all were protective. The Japanese vaccine (currently used in Kazakhstan), the Serbian vaccine, and the Russian vaccine respectively were 69%, 43%, and 22% effective with respect to clinical TB notifications, and 92%, 82%, and 51% effective with respect to culture confirmed TB. All three vaccines were 70% effective with respect to TB meningitis. […] All three BCG vaccines evaluated were protective against TB, and prevention effectiveness varied by manufacturer. When setting national immunization policy, consideration should be given to prevention effectiveness of BCG preparations.

• #28 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  BCG vaccination policy is determined by the regional prevalence of tuberculosis infection. Routine neonatal vaccination is recommended by the WHO in countries with moderate to severe incidence of tuberculosis. […] Routine BCG vaccination is not generally recommended in the United States due to a low incidence of tuberculosis infection and also due to interference of immunization with the PPD test. BCG vaccination is not recommended for health care workers in low-risk areas. Vaccination is also contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients. […] BCG vaccination may be considered in situations where a high percentage of patients are infected with TB strains that are resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #29 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The WHO recommends childhood BCG for all countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or high leprosy burden.

• #30 TB prevention has relied on the same vaccine for 100 years. It’s time for innovationverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tb-prevention-has-relied-same-vaccine-100-years-its-time-innovation

  BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] BCG has been used all over the world to protect against the development of TB. […] Currently, BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] Vaccine innovation is needed for TB because the protection provided by the existing vaccine wears off over time, and it’s not completely effective in adults. […] BCG is usually administered only in infants, immediately after birth, in countries that have a high incidence of TB. The vaccine then produces an early immune response that has been demonstrated to protect children against severe forms of TB. […] The BCG vaccine is very effective at protecting against TB meningitis and is a great example of how vaccines can be of huge benefit. […] However, this immunity usually wanes in adolescence and thereafter. Protection by BCG in adults is highly variable – ranging from 0% to 80% depending on the country and environment.

• #31 TB vaccine: Safety, efficacy, and who should get it

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tb-vaccine

  The Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine can help protect people from developing TB. […] Health experts do not generally recommend administering the BCG vaccine in the U.S. due to the low risk of infection, variable vaccine effectiveness, and the potential interference with the TB skin test. […] According to the CDC, children and healthcare workers may be candidates for the BCG vaccine. […] The BCG vaccine is a preventative measure to help limit the spread of TB. It uses a weakened strain of the M.Tuberculosis bacterium to stimulate the immune system and help prevent future infections. […] However, the vaccine may be suitable for people in high-risk groups, such as children and healthcare workers.

• #32 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. Many foreign-born persons have been BCG-vaccinated. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccines potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. The BCG vaccine should be considered only for very select persons who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative tuberculin skin test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from, adults who are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease (if the child cannot be given long-term treatment for infection); or have TB caused by strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #33 The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. A joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602127/

  In the United States, the use of BCG vaccination as a TB prevention strategy is reserved for selected persons who meet specific criteria. […] BCG vaccination should be considered for infants and children who reside in settings in which the likelihood of M. tuberculosis transmission and subsequent infection is high, provided no other measures can be implemented (e.g., removing the child from the source of infection). […] In addition, BCG vaccination may be considered for health-care workers (HCWs) who are employed in settings in which the likelihood of transmission and subsequent infection with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin is high, provided comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented in the workplace and have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination is not recommended for children and adults who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus because of the potential adverse reactions associated with the use of the vaccine in these persons.

• #34 The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. A joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602127/

  In the United States, the use of BCG vaccination as a TB prevention strategy is reserved for selected persons who meet specific criteria. […] BCG vaccination should be considered for infants and children who reside in settings in which the likelihood of M. tuberculosis transmission and subsequent infection is high, provided no other measures can be implemented (e.g., removing the child from the source of infection). […] In addition, BCG vaccination may be considered for health-care workers (HCWs) who are employed in settings in which the likelihood of transmission and subsequent infection with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin is high, provided comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented in the workplace and have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination is not recommended for children and adults who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus because of the potential adverse reactions associated with the use of the vaccine in these persons.

• #35 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. Many foreign-born persons have been BCG-vaccinated. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccines potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. The BCG vaccine should be considered only for very select persons who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative tuberculin skin test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from, adults who are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease (if the child cannot be given long-term treatment for infection); or have TB caused by strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #36 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. Many foreign-born persons have been BCG-vaccinated. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccines potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. The BCG vaccine should be considered only for very select persons who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative tuberculin skin test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from, adults who are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease (if the child cannot be given long-term treatment for infection); or have TB caused by strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #37 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of TB patients are infected with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; there is ongoing transmission of such drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination should not be given to persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who are HIV infected) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant). […] BCG vaccination should not be given during pregnancy. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #38 The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. A joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602127/

  In the United States, the use of BCG vaccination as a TB prevention strategy is reserved for selected persons who meet specific criteria. […] BCG vaccination should be considered for infants and children who reside in settings in which the likelihood of M. tuberculosis transmission and subsequent infection is high, provided no other measures can be implemented (e.g., removing the child from the source of infection). […] In addition, BCG vaccination may be considered for health-care workers (HCWs) who are employed in settings in which the likelihood of transmission and subsequent infection with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin is high, provided comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented in the workplace and have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination is not recommended for children and adults who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus because of the potential adverse reactions associated with the use of the vaccine in these persons.

• #39 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is estimated to be about 51% in preventing any TB disease and up to 78% in protecting newborns from miliary (disseminated) or meningeal TB. […] BCG vaccine is not recommended for routine use in any Canadian population. […] Following consideration of local TB epidemiology and if a program of early detection and treatment of latent TB infection cannot be implemented, BCG vaccination may be considered in exceptional circumstances, such as for infants in high risk communities, for persons at high risk of repeated exposure, for certain long-term travellers to high prevalence countries, and in infants born to mothers with infectious TB disease. […] The goal of BCG vaccination in infants is to prevent miliary TB and TB meningitis. Infants in high risk communities should receive BCG vaccine as soon after birth as feasible and preferably before 6 weeks of post-natal age or discharge into the community.

• #40 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of TB patients are infected with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; there is ongoing transmission of such drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination should not be given to persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who are HIV infected) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant). […] BCG vaccination should not be given during pregnancy. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #41 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which […] Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #42 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which […] Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #43 The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. A joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602127/

  In the United States, the use of BCG vaccination as a TB prevention strategy is reserved for selected persons who meet specific criteria. […] BCG vaccination should be considered for infants and children who reside in settings in which the likelihood of M. tuberculosis transmission and subsequent infection is high, provided no other measures can be implemented (e.g., removing the child from the source of infection). […] In addition, BCG vaccination may be considered for health-care workers (HCWs) who are employed in settings in which the likelihood of transmission and subsequent infection with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin is high, provided comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented in the workplace and have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination is not recommended for children and adults who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus because of the potential adverse reactions associated with the use of the vaccine in these persons.

• #44 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which […] Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #45 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  If BCG vaccination is considered appropriate, based on the criteria listed above, HIV testing in the mother of the child should be undertaken and shown to be negative, and there should be no evidence or known risk factors for immunodeficiency in the child being vaccinated, including no family history of immunodeficiency. […] BCG vaccine has not been studied in pregnant or lactating women. BCG vaccine should not be given during pregnancy, although no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the foetus have been observed. […] BCG immunization is contraindicated in most immunocompromised persons, including HIV infection, altered immune status due to malignant disease or transplant, and impaired immune function secondary to treatment with corticosteroids, chemotherapeutic agents or radiation.

• #46 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  BCG vaccine may be considered for long-term travellers to countries with a high prevalence of TB in the following circumstances: Young children (under 5 years of age) who are anticipated to have no access to regular tuberculin skin testing. […] In general, workers do not need BCG vaccine. Appropriate personal protection, environmental controls, treatment of the source, and TB screening and chemoprophylaxis of the exposed person as indicated are the typical approaches to TB control in workers. […] BCG vaccine should be stored in a refrigerator at +2 C to +8 C, and protected from light. […] BCG vaccine may be administered concurrently with non-live vaccines and live vaccines at different injection sites using separate syringes and needles. […] Intradermal administration of BCG vaccine usually results in the development of erythema and either a papule or ulceration (in about 50%), followed by a scar at the immunization site. […] BCG vaccine is contraindicated in persons with a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine and in persons with proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container.

• #47 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

  BCG vaccine is contraindicated in people who have had anaphylaxis after any component of a tuberculosis vaccine. […] BCG vaccination is generally not recommended for people who have previously had tuberculosis or a positive (≥5 mm) TST. […] The normal reaction to BCG vaccination is described in Vaccines, dosage and administration.

• #48 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

  The BCG vaccination is now given when the SCID screening outcome is available, which is approximately 14 to 17 days after birth, so that those with this rare condition can be identified and treated early. […] The BCG vaccine is given just under the skin (intradermally), usually in the left upper arm. This is the recommended site, so that small scar left after vaccination can be easily found in the future as evidence of previous vaccination. […] This is to ensure that babies with SCID are not given the live attenuated BCG vaccine, which could result in severe side-effects as all live vaccines are not advised (contraindicated) in babies with a SCID diagnosis.

• #49 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. […] BCG vaccine can be given either intracutaneously or intradermally. Research is currently being conducted on respiratory administration since natural infection, and sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans tend to occur in the respiratory system.

• #50 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccine is a fairly safe vaccine and it is not associated with severe complications. Prior to the mycobacterial infection, vaccine-induced or acquired naturally can protect against subsequent infection due to mycobacteria including tuberculosis. […] BCG vaccine can be given either intracutaneously or intradermally. Research is currently being conducted on respiratory administration since natural infection, and sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans tend to occur in the respiratory system.

• #51 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  BCG vaccine may be considered for long-term travellers to countries with a high prevalence of TB in the following circumstances: Young children (under 5 years of age) who are anticipated to have no access to regular tuberculin skin testing. […] In general, workers do not need BCG vaccine. Appropriate personal protection, environmental controls, treatment of the source, and TB screening and chemoprophylaxis of the exposed person as indicated are the typical approaches to TB control in workers. […] BCG vaccine should be stored in a refrigerator at +2 C to +8 C, and protected from light. […] BCG vaccine may be administered concurrently with non-live vaccines and live vaccines at different injection sites using separate syringes and needles. […] Intradermal administration of BCG vaccine usually results in the development of erythema and either a papule or ulceration (in about 50%), followed by a scar at the immunization site. […] BCG vaccine is contraindicated in persons with a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine and in persons with proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container.

• #52 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  You may need the BCG vaccine if you’re at risk of getting TB because of your work, for example: […] The BCG vaccine is recommended if you’re staying for more than 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB and either: […] You may need the BCG vaccine if you’ve come to live in the UK from sub-Saharan Africa or a country where there is a very high risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine is not given to: […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] If the test shows you’re likely to have TB or have had it before, you should not have the BCG vaccine. […] You can have the BCG vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: […] More serious side effects are rare and include:

• #53 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

  BCG (bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine is recommended for: […] BCG vaccine is given as a single dose by intradermal injection. […] The World Health Organization considers tuberculosis a global emergency. BCG vaccine is recommended for those at highest risk of severe outcomes of tuberculosis. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged <5 years in certain parts of Australia are recommended to receive BCG vaccine. [...] Healthcare workers with a high-risk of exposure to tuberculosis, particularly drug-resistant tuberculosis, may benefit from BCG vaccination. [...] Children aged <5 years who are travelling to countries with high tuberculosis incidence are recommended to receive BCG vaccine before travel, based on an individual risk assessment. [...] BCG vaccination offers some protection against Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy.

• #54 BCG Vaccine (TB vaccine) | Vaccine Knowledge Project

  https://vaccineknowledge.ox.ac.uk/bcg-vaccine

  The BCG vaccination is now given when the SCID screening outcome is available, which is approximately 14 to 17 days after birth, so that those with this rare condition can be identified and treated early. […] The BCG vaccine is given just under the skin (intradermally), usually in the left upper arm. This is the recommended site, so that small scar left after vaccination can be easily found in the future as evidence of previous vaccination. […] This is to ensure that babies with SCID are not given the live attenuated BCG vaccine, which could result in severe side-effects as all live vaccines are not advised (contraindicated) in babies with a SCID diagnosis.

• #55 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  You may need the BCG vaccine if you’re at risk of getting TB because of your work, for example: […] The BCG vaccine is recommended if you’re staying for more than 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB and either: […] You may need the BCG vaccine if you’ve come to live in the UK from sub-Saharan Africa or a country where there is a very high risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine is not given to: […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] If the test shows you’re likely to have TB or have had it before, you should not have the BCG vaccine. […] You can have the BCG vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: […] More serious side effects are rare and include:

• #56 BCG vaccine may protect against TB for nearly twice as long as previously

  https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2018/bcg-vaccine-may-protect-against-tb-nearly-twice-long-previously-thought

  The worlds only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine could offer protection against the disease for nearly twice as long as previously thought, according to new research published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. […] Previously thought to be effective for 10-15 years, a new case-control study found that if given in early teenage years (12-13), the Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine protected over 50% of UK children against TB for at least 20 years, then waned. […] With no new vaccine for TB imminently available, the researchers say their findings highlight the important role BCG is playing in preventing the spread of the disease, and provide an argument for uptake to be higher in areas where TB risk is high but vaccination coverage is low, such as parts of Central and Western Africa, East Asia and the Pacific – important new evidence for agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) advising on vaccines.

• #57 BCG vaccine may protect against TB for nearly twice as long as previously

  https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2018/bcg-vaccine-may-protect-against-tb-nearly-twice-long-previously-thought

  Dr Mangtani said: BCG given at school age may help in the control of TB, including reducing the risk of multidrug resistant disease, as those vaccinated around 13 years of age have been protected into adulthood when transmission of the infection was more likely. […] BCG is not perfect but until a new, more effective vaccine is approved and rolled-out, we should be maximising its potential.

• #58 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  BCG vaccination policy is determined by the regional prevalence of tuberculosis infection. Routine neonatal vaccination is recommended by the WHO in countries with moderate to severe incidence of tuberculosis. […] Routine BCG vaccination is not generally recommended in the United States due to a low incidence of tuberculosis infection and also due to interference of immunization with the PPD test. BCG vaccination is not recommended for health care workers in low-risk areas. Vaccination is also contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients. […] BCG vaccination may be considered in situations where a high percentage of patients are infected with TB strains that are resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #59 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of TB patients are infected with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; there is ongoing transmission of such drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination should not be given to persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who are HIV infected) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant). […] BCG vaccination should not be given during pregnancy. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #60 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  You may need the BCG vaccine if you’re at risk of getting TB because of your work, for example: […] The BCG vaccine is recommended if you’re staying for more than 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB and either: […] You may need the BCG vaccine if you’ve come to live in the UK from sub-Saharan Africa or a country where there is a very high risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine is not given to: […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] If the test shows you’re likely to have TB or have had it before, you should not have the BCG vaccine. […] You can have the BCG vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: […] More serious side effects are rare and include:

• #61 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  You may need the BCG vaccine if you’re at risk of getting TB because of your work, for example: […] The BCG vaccine is recommended if you’re staying for more than 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB and either: […] You may need the BCG vaccine if you’ve come to live in the UK from sub-Saharan Africa or a country where there is a very high risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine is not given to: […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] If the test shows you’re likely to have TB or have had it before, you should not have the BCG vaccine. […] You can have the BCG vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: […] More serious side effects are rare and include:

• #62 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  BCG vaccine may be considered for long-term travellers to countries with a high prevalence of TB in the following circumstances: Young children (under 5 years of age) who are anticipated to have no access to regular tuberculin skin testing. […] In general, workers do not need BCG vaccine. Appropriate personal protection, environmental controls, treatment of the source, and TB screening and chemoprophylaxis of the exposed person as indicated are the typical approaches to TB control in workers. […] BCG vaccine should be stored in a refrigerator at +2 C to +8 C, and protected from light. […] BCG vaccine may be administered concurrently with non-live vaccines and live vaccines at different injection sites using separate syringes and needles. […] Intradermal administration of BCG vaccine usually results in the development of erythema and either a papule or ulceration (in about 50%), followed by a scar at the immunization site. […] BCG vaccine is contraindicated in persons with a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine and in persons with proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container.

• #63 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is estimated to be about 51% in preventing any TB disease and up to 78% in protecting newborns from miliary (disseminated) or meningeal TB. […] BCG vaccine is not recommended for routine use in any Canadian population. […] Following consideration of local TB epidemiology and if a program of early detection and treatment of latent TB infection cannot be implemented, BCG vaccination may be considered in exceptional circumstances, such as for infants in high risk communities, for persons at high risk of repeated exposure, for certain long-term travellers to high prevalence countries, and in infants born to mothers with infectious TB disease. […] The goal of BCG vaccination in infants is to prevent miliary TB and TB meningitis. Infants in high risk communities should receive BCG vaccine as soon after birth as feasible and preferably before 6 weeks of post-natal age or discharge into the community.

• #64 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  BCG vaccine may be considered for long-term travellers to countries with a high prevalence of TB in the following circumstances: Young children (under 5 years of age) who are anticipated to have no access to regular tuberculin skin testing. […] In general, workers do not need BCG vaccine. Appropriate personal protection, environmental controls, treatment of the source, and TB screening and chemoprophylaxis of the exposed person as indicated are the typical approaches to TB control in workers. […] BCG vaccine should be stored in a refrigerator at +2 C to +8 C, and protected from light. […] BCG vaccine may be administered concurrently with non-live vaccines and live vaccines at different injection sites using separate syringes and needles. […] Intradermal administration of BCG vaccine usually results in the development of erythema and either a papule or ulceration (in about 50%), followed by a scar at the immunization site. […] BCG vaccine is contraindicated in persons with a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine and in persons with proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container.

• #65 BCG vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/bcg-vaccine-for-tuberculosis-tb/

  You may need the BCG vaccine if you’re at risk of getting TB because of your work, for example: […] The BCG vaccine is recommended if you’re staying for more than 3 months in a country where there is a higher risk of getting TB and either: […] You may need the BCG vaccine if you’ve come to live in the UK from sub-Saharan Africa or a country where there is a very high risk of getting TB. […] The BCG vaccine is not given to: […] The BCG vaccine is given as an injection into the upper part of your left arm. You only need 1 dose. […] Some children and adults need to have a skin test (called the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test) a few days before having the BCG vaccine. […] If the test shows you’re likely to have TB or have had it before, you should not have the BCG vaccine. […] You can have the BCG vaccine at the same time as other vaccines. […] The main side effect of the BCG vaccine is a blister where the injection was given. […] Other side effects of the BCG vaccine are uncommon and usually mild. They can include: […] More serious side effects are rare and include:

• #66 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

  BCG (bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine is recommended for: […] BCG vaccine is given as a single dose by intradermal injection. […] The World Health Organization considers tuberculosis a global emergency. BCG vaccine is recommended for those at highest risk of severe outcomes of tuberculosis. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged <5 years in certain parts of Australia are recommended to receive BCG vaccine. [...] Healthcare workers with a high-risk of exposure to tuberculosis, particularly drug-resistant tuberculosis, may benefit from BCG vaccination. [...] Children aged <5 years who are travelling to countries with high tuberculosis incidence are recommended to receive BCG vaccine before travel, based on an individual risk assessment. [...] BCG vaccination offers some protection against Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy.

• #67 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which […] Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #68 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which […] Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #69 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/bcg.html

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Gurin, is a vaccine for TB. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. […] However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccine’s potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. […] TSTs and TB blood tests to detect TB infection are not contraindicated for persons who have been vaccinated with BCG. Evaluation of TST reactions in persons vaccinated with BCG should be interpreted using the same criteria for those not BCG-vaccinated. […] Unlike the TST, TB blood tests do not detect the presence of BCG and are less likely to give a false-positive result.

• #70 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States. […] Tell your health care provider if you have received the TB vaccine, especially if you are getting tested for TB infection. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG TB vaccination. […] Yes, a person can have or get TB even if they received the TB vaccine (BCG). The BCG TB vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG vaccination.

• #71 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/bcg.html

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Gurin, is a vaccine for TB. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. […] However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccine’s potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. […] TSTs and TB blood tests to detect TB infection are not contraindicated for persons who have been vaccinated with BCG. Evaluation of TST reactions in persons vaccinated with BCG should be interpreted using the same criteria for those not BCG-vaccinated. […] Unlike the TST, TB blood tests do not detect the presence of BCG and are less likely to give a false-positive result.

• #72 Tuberculosis Vaccine | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States. […] Tell your health care provider if you have received the TB vaccine, especially if you are getting tested for TB infection. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG TB vaccination. […] Yes, a person can have or get TB even if they received the TB vaccine (BCG). The BCG TB vaccine does not always protect people from getting TB. […] TB blood tests are the preferred tests for people who have received the BCG TB vaccine. The vaccine can cause a false positive TB skin test reaction. Unlike the TB skin test, TB blood tests are not affected by BCG vaccination.

• #73 Key advances in vaccine development for tuberculosis—success and challenges | npj Vaccines

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-023-00750-7

  Breakthrough findings in the clinical and preclinical development of tuberculosis (TB) vaccines have galvanized the field and suggest, for the first time since the development of bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG), that a novel and protective TB vaccine is on the horizon. […] The sole licensed TB vaccine to date is bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG), which was first developed in 1921 and is still widely used throughout the world. As the only vaccine approved by the World Health Organization, BCG is generally safe across all age groups and communities, with the exception HIV-infected and other immunocompromised individuals. BCG provides significant protection against disseminated and meningeal TB when administered soon after birth, and protection lasts for up to 10 years. […] The ineffectiveness of BCG against pulmonary TB has prompted many groups to design alternative vaccines to enhance or replace BCG.

• #74 MTBVAC: A Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate Advancing Towards Clinical Efficacy Trials in TB Prevention | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/es-mtbvac-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-candidate-articulo-S0300289623003058

  Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health burden, causing more than 10 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths each year. Currently, the only approved TB vaccine in use in humans, is the one hundred years old vaccine, BCG, an attenuated vaccine derived from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis that causes TB in cattle. BCG shows a variable efficacy in preventing pulmonary forms of the disease in humans, so new vaccines are needed to help stop TB transmission. […] Currently, vaccination is considered the most cost-effective measure in preventing a disease and the development of resistance to its treatment. The only licensed vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine, which is based on the attenuation of Mycobacterium bovis originally isolated from cattle. […] BCG provides protection with an efficacy rate of 60-80% against meningeal and miliary TB, which are disseminated and aggressive forms of the disease that occur during childhood. However, clinical trials have shown variable efficacy preventing pulmonary forms, the transmissible form of the disease, especially in adolescents and adults.

• #75 TB prevention has relied on the same vaccine for 100 years. It’s time for innovationverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tb-prevention-has-relied-same-vaccine-100-years-its-time-innovation

  BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] BCG has been used all over the world to protect against the development of TB. […] Currently, BCG remains the only widely available vaccine for TB. […] Vaccine innovation is needed for TB because the protection provided by the existing vaccine wears off over time, and it’s not completely effective in adults. […] BCG is usually administered only in infants, immediately after birth, in countries that have a high incidence of TB. The vaccine then produces an early immune response that has been demonstrated to protect children against severe forms of TB. […] The BCG vaccine is very effective at protecting against TB meningitis and is a great example of how vaccines can be of huge benefit. […] However, this immunity usually wanes in adolescence and thereafter. Protection by BCG in adults is highly variable – ranging from 0% to 80% depending on the country and environment.

• #76 Prevention – TB AlertTB Alert

  https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/

  The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gurin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921. It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, yet we still see around 9 million new cases of TB annually a testament to the BCGs limited effectiveness. The BCG is: 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years […] more effective against complex forms of TB in children […] of limited effectiveness in people over the age of 35 […] less effective when given in equatorial regions (due to high levels of naturally occurring environmental mycobacteria).

• #77 Tuberculosis Prevention: Testing, Treatment, and Tips

  https://www.healthline.com/health/tuberculosis-prevention

  Theres only one vaccine used for the prevention of TB. Its called the bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine. It contains a live, weakened form of the bacteria that cases TB. […] The BCG vaccine offers partial protection against severe forms of TB in infants and young children. But it doesnt protect adolescents and adults from TB or prevent latent TB infections from progressing to active disease. It also doesnt provide long-term protection, so booster doses are sometimes recommended for people at high risk of TB exposure. […] People with compromised immune systems cant take the BCG vaccine. […] Recently, there have been several advances in TB vaccine development and research. For example, new experimental vaccines such as M72/AS01E have shown promise in clinical trials and may offer better protection than BCG. But more research is needed.

• #78 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of TB patients are infected with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; there is ongoing transmission of such drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination should not be given to persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who are HIV infected) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant). […] BCG vaccination should not be given during pregnancy. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #79 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants. […] Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. A therapeutic vaccine for TB patients, administered towards completion of a prescribed course of drug therapy or at certain time(s) during treatment, could improve outcomes through immune-mediated control and clearance of bacteria and prevention of re-infection, and provide on the long-term options to simplify and shorten drug treatment regimen. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #80 MTBVAC: A Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate Advancing Towards Clinical Efficacy Trials in TB Prevention | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/es-mtbvac-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-candidate-articulo-S0300289623003058

  Currently, there are 15 different candidates in clinical trials in the global TB vaccine pipeline, which are included in Fig. 1 of this article. […] Therefore, the need for new vaccines to improve BCG protection led to the development of several candidates, including (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Vaccine (MTBVAC), based on the rational attenuation of M. tuberculosis. […] MTBVAC aims to be a universally accessible and affordable vaccine for countries with the highest TB burden that protects better than BCG against pulmonary TB. […] MTBVAC was constructed by rationally attenuating a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis Mt103, belonging to Lineage 4 (Euro-American), one of the most globally widespread modern lineages of M. tuberculosis. […] Today MTBVAC is the only vaccine based on the attenuation of M. tuberculosis itself.

• #81 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  New TB vaccines in the pipeline – Evolutionarily, Mtb acquired several evasion mechanisms against the host immune responses, thus developing new vaccines against TB that avoid Mtb infection (it is estimated that one quarter of the world population is infected) and prevent the disease is challenging.1 Nowadays, there are 22 vaccines cataloged at the vaccines pipelines (TBVI, Pipeline of vaccines – TBVI Pipeline; TBVI, Stop TB Partnership). Five vaccines are in phase 3, four in phase 2b and most of the other vaccines are being tested for safety and immunogenicity or in pre-clinical stages. […] […] One of the strategies adopted was to use live attenuated vectors to carry Mtb antigens and induce protective, and long-lasting immune responses against TB. VPM1002 is a genetically modified BCG vaccine that induces improved Mtb specific immune responses compared to BCG. This vaccine does not have urease C, an important molecule used by mycobacteria to avoid lysosome and phagosome fusion by neutralizing the pH of the phagosome and consequently the bacterial clearance. Additionally, this BCG vaccine expresses listeriolysin, an enzyme that induces pore formation in the endosomal membrane facilitating mycobacterial presentation to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.18,19 Infant and neonatal clinical trials to evaluate VPM1002 safety and immunogenicity were performed in non-endemic and endemic countries, and VPM1002 vaccine was shown to induce a specific immune response against TB. However, in one of the studies, the immune response induced by VPM1002 was not superior to that induced by BCG. […]

• #82 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity conferred by VPM1002 are being evaluated in a multi-country phase III clinical trial that will be completed in 2025 (Phase III clinical trial: NCT04351685). […] […] MTBVAC is a live attenuated Mtb vaccine that complies with the GENEVA and WHO safety requirements, presenting two deletions at known Mtb virulence genes. This vaccine presents deletions in PhoP, which is part of the two-component system PhoP/PhoR, and fadD26, that are essential for Mtb virulence. […] […] The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of MTBVAC are being evaluated at a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in newborns exposed or non-exposed to HIV in TB-endemic regions (Phase III clinical trial NCT04975178). […] […] The ID93+GLA-SE/QTP101 vaccine, currently in Phase 2a development, represents a significant advancement in the prevention of TB disease. This vaccine is a combination of the recombinant protein ID93 and the adjuvant GLA-SE (glycopiranosyl lipid adjuvant – stable emulsion). […]

• #83 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  New TB vaccines in the pipeline – Evolutionarily, Mtb acquired several evasion mechanisms against the host immune responses, thus developing new vaccines against TB that avoid Mtb infection (it is estimated that one quarter of the world population is infected) and prevent the disease is challenging.1 Nowadays, there are 22 vaccines cataloged at the vaccines pipelines (TBVI, Pipeline of vaccines – TBVI Pipeline; TBVI, Stop TB Partnership). Five vaccines are in phase 3, four in phase 2b and most of the other vaccines are being tested for safety and immunogenicity or in pre-clinical stages. […] […] One of the strategies adopted was to use live attenuated vectors to carry Mtb antigens and induce protective, and long-lasting immune responses against TB. VPM1002 is a genetically modified BCG vaccine that induces improved Mtb specific immune responses compared to BCG. This vaccine does not have urease C, an important molecule used by mycobacteria to avoid lysosome and phagosome fusion by neutralizing the pH of the phagosome and consequently the bacterial clearance. Additionally, this BCG vaccine expresses listeriolysin, an enzyme that induces pore formation in the endosomal membrane facilitating mycobacterial presentation to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.18,19 Infant and neonatal clinical trials to evaluate VPM1002 safety and immunogenicity were performed in non-endemic and endemic countries, and VPM1002 vaccine was shown to induce a specific immune response against TB. However, in one of the studies, the immune response induced by VPM1002 was not superior to that induced by BCG. […]

• #84 MTBVAC: A Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate Advancing Towards Clinical Efficacy Trials in TB Prevention | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/es-mtbvac-a-tuberculosis-vaccine-candidate-articulo-S0300289623003058

  Currently, there are 15 different candidates in clinical trials in the global TB vaccine pipeline, which are included in Fig. 1 of this article. […] Therefore, the need for new vaccines to improve BCG protection led to the development of several candidates, including (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Vaccine (MTBVAC), based on the rational attenuation of M. tuberculosis. […] MTBVAC aims to be a universally accessible and affordable vaccine for countries with the highest TB burden that protects better than BCG against pulmonary TB. […] MTBVAC was constructed by rationally attenuating a clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis Mt103, belonging to Lineage 4 (Euro-American), one of the most globally widespread modern lineages of M. tuberculosis. […] Today MTBVAC is the only vaccine based on the attenuation of M. tuberculosis itself.

• #85 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity conferred by VPM1002 are being evaluated in a multi-country phase III clinical trial that will be completed in 2025 (Phase III clinical trial: NCT04351685). […] […] MTBVAC is a live attenuated Mtb vaccine that complies with the GENEVA and WHO safety requirements, presenting two deletions at known Mtb virulence genes. This vaccine presents deletions in PhoP, which is part of the two-component system PhoP/PhoR, and fadD26, that are essential for Mtb virulence. […] […] The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of MTBVAC are being evaluated at a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in newborns exposed or non-exposed to HIV in TB-endemic regions (Phase III clinical trial NCT04975178). […] […] The ID93+GLA-SE/QTP101 vaccine, currently in Phase 2a development, represents a significant advancement in the prevention of TB disease. This vaccine is a combination of the recombinant protein ID93 and the adjuvant GLA-SE (glycopiranosyl lipid adjuvant – stable emulsion). […]

• #86 Is There a Vaccine for Tuberculosis (TB)?

  https://www.healthline.com/health/is-there-a-vaccine-for-tb

  In countries where TB is common, BCG is mainly used to protect against two types of severe TB in infants and young children: TB meningitis and disseminated TB. […] Against these types of TB, BCG provides up to 80% protection. […] A 2022 study found that BCG vaccination at birth only provided significant protection against any type of TB to children under 5 years old. It was not effective for older children and adults. […] BCG is currently the only vaccine for TB. Because TB isnt common in the United States, its not typically recommended for use in the country. However, its still a widely used vaccine in many other parts of the world. […] BCG is mainly given to infants and young children to help protect them from very severe forms of TB. When used in this context, its very effective. However, BCG isnt very protective in older children, adolescents, and adults. […] This variation in effectiveness is driving a search for a newer, more effective TB vaccine. Researchers are exploring many technologies to achieve this, including mRNA vaccine technology.

• #87 A century after the first TB vaccine, a new vaccine is reigniting hopeverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/century-after-first-tb-vaccine-new-vaccine-reigniting-hope

  Towards the end of March 2024, the first doses of potentially the first new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine in a century were administered at a clinical trial site in Johannesburg, South Africa, marking a crucial step in the fight against this deadly disease. „If this vaccine works, it will be a game-changer for TB prevention,” says the Phase 3 study’s co-national principal investigator, Professor Lee Fairlie, from Wits RHI (she shares this role with Professor Willem Hanekom from Africa Health Research Institute). The study will evaluate whether the M72/AS01E vaccine candidate can protect older adolescents and adults aged up to 44 years against pulmonary tuberculosis. […] Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which is given to babies soon after birth in some countries. The vaccine was first administered to human beings in 1921, and provides good protection against TB for younger children and against severe forms of TB, but it has its limitations, says Fairlie.

• #88 A century after the first TB vaccine, a new vaccine is reigniting hopeverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/century-after-first-tb-vaccine-new-vaccine-reigniting-hope

  „BCG will protect younger children – and we know that younger children, especially those under five years, are at higher risk of TB disease,” she explains. „However, BCG doesn’t protect very much beyond early childhood – certainly not to the extent that we would like.” […] Therefore, preventing TB disease with a vaccine is a more desirable – and practical – option. […] „The prospect of having a really good option for TB prevention that doesn’t rely on people having to take treatments or go to regular clinic visits is huge,” she says. […] „If we have a successful vaccine, it really will change the landscape of TB prevention.”

• #89 Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1817-8

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide. The only available vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission. Here we show that intravenous administration of BCG profoundly alters the protective outcome of Mtb challenge in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta). Compared with intradermal or aerosol delivery, intravenous immunization induced substantially more antigen-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in blood, spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung lymph nodes. Moreover, intravenous immunization induced a high frequency of antigen-responsive T cells across all lung parenchymal tissues. Six months after BCG vaccination, macaques were challenged with virulent Mtb. Notably, nine out of ten macaques that received intravenous BCG vaccination were highly protected, with six macaques showing no detectable levels of infection, as determined by positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging, mycobacterial growth, pathology and granuloma formation. The finding that intravenous BCG prevents or substantially limits Mtb infection in highly susceptible rhesus macaques has important implications for vaccine delivery and clinical development, and provides a model for defining immune correlates and mechanisms of vaccine-elicited protection against tuberculosis.

• #90 Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1817-8

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide. The only available vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission. Here we show that intravenous administration of BCG profoundly alters the protective outcome of Mtb challenge in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta). Compared with intradermal or aerosol delivery, intravenous immunization induced substantially more antigen-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in blood, spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung lymph nodes. Moreover, intravenous immunization induced a high frequency of antigen-responsive T cells across all lung parenchymal tissues. Six months after BCG vaccination, macaques were challenged with virulent Mtb. Notably, nine out of ten macaques that received intravenous BCG vaccination were highly protected, with six macaques showing no detectable levels of infection, as determined by positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging, mycobacterial growth, pathology and granuloma formation. The finding that intravenous BCG prevents or substantially limits Mtb infection in highly susceptible rhesus macaques has important implications for vaccine delivery and clinical development, and provides a model for defining immune correlates and mechanisms of vaccine-elicited protection against tuberculosis.

• #91 Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1817-8

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide. The only available vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission. Here we show that intravenous administration of BCG profoundly alters the protective outcome of Mtb challenge in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta). Compared with intradermal or aerosol delivery, intravenous immunization induced substantially more antigen-responsive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in blood, spleen, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung lymph nodes. Moreover, intravenous immunization induced a high frequency of antigen-responsive T cells across all lung parenchymal tissues. Six months after BCG vaccination, macaques were challenged with virulent Mtb. Notably, nine out of ten macaques that received intravenous BCG vaccination were highly protected, with six macaques showing no detectable levels of infection, as determined by positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging, mycobacterial growth, pathology and granuloma formation. The finding that intravenous BCG prevents or substantially limits Mtb infection in highly susceptible rhesus macaques has important implications for vaccine delivery and clinical development, and provides a model for defining immune correlates and mechanisms of vaccine-elicited protection against tuberculosis.

• #92 Prevention of tuberculosis in macaques after intravenous BCG immunization | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1817-8

  This study provides a paradigm shift towards developing vaccines focused on preventing TB infection to prevent latency, active disease and transmission. The data support clinical development of IV delivery of BCG for use in adolescents or adults in whom modelling predicts the greatest effect on TB transmission, and suggest that the IV route may improve the protective capacity of other vaccine platforms.

• #93 Systematic review protocol on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) revaccination and protection against tuberculosis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e027033

  BCG revaccination is still used in some TB endemic countries around the world. In February 2018, WHO recommended that for persons who have received BCG vaccination, repeat vaccination is not recommended as scientific evidence does not support this practice. […] Evidence from a systematic review published in 2013 suggested that BCG revaccination conferred no additional protection from TB. However, at least one new study published since then suggests a benefit of BCG revaccination. […] The aim is to assess the effects of BCG revaccination against M.TB infection and active TB disease. […] The findings of this review will provide donors, health workers, policy makers, patients and the scientific community in the field of vaccinology with the evidence for decision making with regards to the benefits of BCG revaccination in adolescents and adults populations.

• #94 Systematic review protocol on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) revaccination and protection against tuberculosis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e027033

  BCG revaccination is still used in some TB endemic countries around the world. In February 2018, WHO recommended that for persons who have received BCG vaccination, repeat vaccination is not recommended as scientific evidence does not support this practice. […] Evidence from a systematic review published in 2013 suggested that BCG revaccination conferred no additional protection from TB. However, at least one new study published since then suggests a benefit of BCG revaccination. […] The aim is to assess the effects of BCG revaccination against M.TB infection and active TB disease. […] The findings of this review will provide donors, health workers, policy makers, patients and the scientific community in the field of vaccinology with the evidence for decision making with regards to the benefits of BCG revaccination in adolescents and adults populations.

• #95 Systematic review protocol on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) revaccination and protection against tuberculosis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/10/e027033

  Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) and other species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been used globally since 1921 for the prevention of TB in humans, and was derived from an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. […] Evidence from previous randomised trials show that the efficacy of primary BCG vaccination against pulmonary TB ranged from no protection to very high protection. In addition, some studies suggest a benefit of BCG revaccination. For example, a recent trial conducted in South Africa showed that BCG revaccination of adolescents could reduce the risk of TB infection by half. […] The bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been used globally since 1921 for the prevention of TB in humans, and was derived from an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis.

• #96 TB prevention has relied on the same vaccine for 100 years. It’s time for innovationverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tb-prevention-has-relied-same-vaccine-100-years-its-time-innovation

  The first is a study that demonstrates that re-vaccination with BCG does indeed provide protection against TB disease. […] This is exciting as BCG is an approved vaccine and if this approach demonstrates sustained durable protection, rolling out mass vaccination campaigns will be easier than starting with a novel vaccine.

• #97 TB prevention has relied on the same vaccine for 100 years. It’s time for innovationverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/tb-prevention-has-relied-same-vaccine-100-years-its-time-innovation

  The first is a study that demonstrates that re-vaccination with BCG does indeed provide protection against TB disease. […] This is exciting as BCG is an approved vaccine and if this approach demonstrates sustained durable protection, rolling out mass vaccination campaigns will be easier than starting with a novel vaccine.

• #98 Prevention – TB AlertTB Alert

  https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/

  The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gurin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921. It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, yet we still see around 9 million new cases of TB annually a testament to the BCGs limited effectiveness. The BCG is: 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years […] more effective against complex forms of TB in children […] of limited effectiveness in people over the age of 35 […] less effective when given in equatorial regions (due to high levels of naturally occurring environmental mycobacteria).

• #99 BCG vaccination: An update on current Australian practices

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/bcg-vaccination-an-update-on-current-australian-pr

  The Bacille CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is primarily used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease in settings with high TB incidence. […] BCG vaccination in Australia is primarily used to prevent TB in neonates and children with a high risk of TB exposure. The BCG vaccine is most effective at preventing severe disseminated TB disease in young children and has variable efficacy in preventing adult disease. […] Current indications for BCG vaccination in Australia are listed in Table 2. Current recommendations focus on providing the BCG vaccine to neonates and young children at highest risk. […] The greatest benefit of BCG vaccination is in the prevention of severe disseminated disease in young children. […] Estimates of the efficacy of BCG vaccination in preventing adult pulmonary disease vary widely in different settings (0-80%), with an average protection rate of 50%. […] The BCG vaccine is a safe, effective and cost-effective method of preventing many TB-related deaths, especially in young children.

• #100 The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. A joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8602127/

  This report updates and replaces previous recommendations regarding the use of Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) vaccine for controlling tuberculosis (TB) in the United States. […] For example, two meta-analyses of the published results of BCG vaccine clinical trials and case-control studies confirmed that the protective efficacy of BCG for preventing serious forms of TB in children is high (i.e., 80%). […] The concern of the public health community about the resurgence and changing nature of TB in the United States prompted a re-evaluation of the role of BCG vaccination in the prevention and control of TB. […] The use of BCG vaccine has been limited because a) its effectiveness in preventing infectious forms of TB is uncertain and b) the reactivity to tuberculin that occurs after vaccination interferes with the management of persons who are possibly infected with M. tuberculosis.

• #101 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The WHO recommends childhood BCG for all countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and/or high leprosy burden.

• #102 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  The BCG vaccine is the only vaccine currently licensed for the prevention of TB in humans and is also the oldest vaccine still in use in the world. With more than 100 years of use, the BCG vaccine (in vitro attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis), in its different lineages, has shown to be effective in preventing severe forms of TB (tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB) when applied intradermally in neonates.4,1 Single-dose BCG vaccination for newborns is recommended by the WHO in high-burden TB countries, while in countries with a low burden of the disease, the vaccination recommendation is indicated in risk groups.1 […] […] The protective effect of the BCG vaccine is higher when inoculated in individuals not infected by Mtb or not previously sensitized by environmental mycobacteria. The protection provided by BCG to prevent pulmonary TB can be very variable (from 0% to 80%). Age at BCG vaccination, sex, risk of TB in the study population, in addition to the prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in the region (which may vary with latitude, being lower the further away from the Equator line) are among the possible factors involved in the variation of the protection conferred by BCG.4,5,6 In the meta-analysis carried out by Colditz et al.,5 evaluating 1264 studies, vaccination with BCG reduced the risk of TB by 50% and death by 71%. However, in another systematic review, this protection reached 90% against tuberculous meningitis and miliary TB in infants.6 In a more recent meta-analysis of primary data, involving 26 cohorts from 17 different countries, the findings confirmed the protection of the BCG vaccine in children, particularly those under five years of age, but it was ineffective in preventing TB among adolescents and adults.7 […]

• #103 Prevention – TB AlertTB Alert

  https://www.tbalert.org/about-tb/what-is-tb/prevention/

  The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Gurin) is a live vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against TB, and has been in use since 1921. It is one of the most widely used vaccines worldwide, yet we still see around 9 million new cases of TB annually a testament to the BCGs limited effectiveness. The BCG is: 80% effective in preventing TB for 15 years […] more effective against complex forms of TB in children […] of limited effectiveness in people over the age of 35 […] less effective when given in equatorial regions (due to high levels of naturally occurring environmental mycobacteria).

• #104 BCG vaccine may protect against TB for nearly twice as long as previously

  https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2018/bcg-vaccine-may-protect-against-tb-nearly-twice-long-previously-thought

  The worlds only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine could offer protection against the disease for nearly twice as long as previously thought, according to new research published in the International Journal of Epidemiology. […] Previously thought to be effective for 10-15 years, a new case-control study found that if given in early teenage years (12-13), the Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine protected over 50% of UK children against TB for at least 20 years, then waned. […] With no new vaccine for TB imminently available, the researchers say their findings highlight the important role BCG is playing in preventing the spread of the disease, and provide an argument for uptake to be higher in areas where TB risk is high but vaccination coverage is low, such as parts of Central and Western Africa, East Asia and the Pacific – important new evidence for agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) advising on vaccines.

• #105 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

  BCG (bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine is recommended for: […] BCG vaccine is given as a single dose by intradermal injection. […] The World Health Organization considers tuberculosis a global emergency. BCG vaccine is recommended for those at highest risk of severe outcomes of tuberculosis. […] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged <5 years in certain parts of Australia are recommended to receive BCG vaccine. [...] Healthcare workers with a high-risk of exposure to tuberculosis, particularly drug-resistant tuberculosis, may benefit from BCG vaccination. [...] Children aged <5 years who are travelling to countries with high tuberculosis incidence are recommended to receive BCG vaccine before travel, based on an individual risk assessment. [...] BCG vaccination offers some protection against Mycobacterium leprae, which causes leprosy.

• #106 BCG vaccination: An update on current Australian practices

  https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2020/october/bcg-vaccination-an-update-on-current-australian-pr

  The Bacille CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is primarily used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease in settings with high TB incidence. […] BCG vaccination in Australia is primarily used to prevent TB in neonates and children with a high risk of TB exposure. The BCG vaccine is most effective at preventing severe disseminated TB disease in young children and has variable efficacy in preventing adult disease. […] Current indications for BCG vaccination in Australia are listed in Table 2. Current recommendations focus on providing the BCG vaccine to neonates and young children at highest risk. […] The greatest benefit of BCG vaccination is in the prevention of severe disseminated disease in young children. […] Estimates of the efficacy of BCG vaccination in preventing adult pulmonary disease vary widely in different settings (0-80%), with an average protection rate of 50%. […] The BCG vaccine is a safe, effective and cost-effective method of preventing many TB-related deaths, especially in young children.

• #107 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants. […] Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. A therapeutic vaccine for TB patients, administered towards completion of a prescribed course of drug therapy or at certain time(s) during treatment, could improve outcomes through immune-mediated control and clearance of bacteria and prevention of re-infection, and provide on the long-term options to simplify and shorten drug treatment regimen. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #108 SciELO Brazil – Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strategy Advances in the development of new vaccines for tuberculosis and Brazil’s role in the effort forward the end TB strat

  https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/nbM6pmxZvP8rhdJb3z8WNRx/

  Tuberculosis (TB) remains a persistent global health threat that kills more than one million people every year (1.3 million in 2022), whereas a potential vaccine against the disease could save 8.5 million lives in the next decades.1 Although the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been available for almost 100 years, it fails to provide long-term protective immunity which contributes to the dramatic situation of TB across the world.2 After almost three decades of new TB vaccines development, several vaccines are currently in clinical trials. Additionally, the research data accumulated thru those decades culminated with a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative producing a guide for the development of vaccines against TB, prioritizing vaccines for prevention of pulmonary TB in adolescents and adults, and new vaccines with improved safety and efficacy with respect to BCG when administered in neonates and infants. […]

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