Materiały źródłowe

• #1 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the worlds leading cause of death from a single infectious agent next to coronavirus (COVID-19), and one of the leading causes of death from antimicrobial resistance. […] Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] Reaching the WHO End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence, worldwide, by 2035, will require a new vaccine that is effective across all age groups, particularly adults and adolescents. […] Vaccines also offer the best chance to contain the accelerating spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants.

• #2 BCG vaccine

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the ethiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of human disease and death, particularly in developing countries. […] The bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine has existed for 80 years and is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines, reading 80% of neonates and infants in countries where it is part of the national childhood immunization programme. BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children. […] The impact of BCG vaccination on transmission of Mtb is therefore limited. […] Human TB has existed for thousands of years. No country is TB-free, and the disease is endemic in most poor countries of the world. […] According to WHO estimates for 2001, there are 16-20 million cases of TB worldwide, with more than 8 million new cases and over 1.8 million deaths each year.

• #3 BCG vaccine

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg

  Co-infection with Mtb and HIV has been shown to be a lethal combination. […] In industrialized settings, new cases of TB usually occur in the elderly. In recent years, however, TB has also been found increasingly in immigrants from endemic countries, in HIV-positive individuals and in socially deprived groups including drug-dependent individuals and prisoners. […] The BCG vaccine is derived from M. bovis.

• #4 BCG vaccine

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg

  Co-infection with Mtb and HIV has been shown to be a lethal combination. […] In industrialized settings, new cases of TB usually occur in the elderly. In recent years, however, TB has also been found increasingly in immigrants from endemic countries, in HIV-positive individuals and in socially deprived groups including drug-dependent individuals and prisoners. […] The BCG vaccine is derived from M. bovis.

• #5 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #6 BCG vaccine

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the ethiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of human disease and death, particularly in developing countries. […] The bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine has existed for 80 years and is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines, reading 80% of neonates and infants in countries where it is part of the national childhood immunization programme. BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children. […] The impact of BCG vaccination on transmission of Mtb is therefore limited. […] Human TB has existed for thousands of years. No country is TB-free, and the disease is endemic in most poor countries of the world. […] According to WHO estimates for 2001, there are 16-20 million cases of TB worldwide, with more than 8 million new cases and over 1.8 million deaths each year.

• #7 BCG vaccine

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the ethiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of human disease and death, particularly in developing countries. […] The bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine has existed for 80 years and is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines, reading 80% of neonates and infants in countries where it is part of the national childhood immunization programme. BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children. […] The impact of BCG vaccination on transmission of Mtb is therefore limited. […] Human TB has existed for thousands of years. No country is TB-free, and the disease is endemic in most poor countries of the world. […] According to WHO estimates for 2001, there are 16-20 million cases of TB worldwide, with more than 8 million new cases and over 1.8 million deaths each year.

• #8 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The Bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB). In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible. In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated. Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized, but are frequently exposed, may be immunized, as well. BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer. […] Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to 20 years. Among children, it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected, it protects half from developing disease. The vaccine is injected into the skin. No evidence shows that additional doses are beneficial.

• #9 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: Canadian Immunization Guide – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-4-active-vaccines/page-2-bacille-calmette-guerin-vaccine.html

  Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted by the airborne route and usually requires prolonged exposure for infection to occur. […] In Canada, TB occurs more commonly among Aboriginal people and foreign-born populations. […] Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine efficacy is estimated to be about 51% in preventing any TB disease and up to 78% in protecting newborns from miliary (disseminated) or meningeal TB. […] BCG vaccine is not recommended for routine use in any Canadian population. […] Following consideration of local TB epidemiology and if a program of early detection and treatment of latent TB infection cannot be implemented, BCG vaccination may be considered in exceptional circumstances, such as for infants in high risk communities, for persons at high risk of repeated exposure, for certain long-term travellers to high prevalence countries, and in infants born to mothers with infectious TB disease.

• #10 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. Differences in effectiveness depend on region, due to factors such as genetic differences in the populations, changes in environment, exposure to other bacterial infections, and conditions in the laboratory where the vaccine is grown, including genetic differences between the strains being cultured and the choice of growth medium.

• #11 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test. The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials in the UK consistently show a 60 to 80% protective effect. Still, those trials conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator. […] A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting tuberculosis by about 50%. Differences in effectiveness depend on region, due to factors such as genetic differences in the populations, changes in environment, exposure to other bacterial infections, and conditions in the laboratory where the vaccine is grown, including genetic differences between the strains being cultured and the choice of growth medium.

• #12 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #13 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the live attenuated vaccine form of Mycobacterium bovis used to prevent tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections. The vaccine was developed by Calmette and Guerin and was first administered to human beings in 1921. BCG is the only vaccine against tuberculosis. It is the most widely administered vaccine and usually a part of the routine newborn immunization schedule. BCG vaccine also offers protection against non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections like leprosy and Buruli ulcer. […] BCG vaccination policy is determined by the regional prevalence of tuberculosis infection. Routine neonatal vaccination is recommended by the WHO in countries with moderate to severe incidence of tuberculosis. Conversion of tuberculin skin test should not be used to determine the efficacy of the BCG vaccine among recipients.

• #14 Bacillus Calmette Guerin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538185/

  Routine BCG vaccination is not generally recommended in the United States due to a low incidence of tuberculosis infection and also due to interference of immunization with the PPD test. BCG vaccination is not recommended for health care workers in low-risk areas. Vaccination is also contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients.

• #15 Tracking changes in national BCG vaccination policies and practices using the BCG World Atlas | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/1/e007462

  The BCG vaccine is a widely given vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), yet studies on effectiveness have shown considerable heterogeneity; as a result, BCG vaccine policies vary greatly across the globe and change across geography, and with time and disease burden. […] A large number of countries in the BCG Atlas (156/194 countries) maintain universal neonatal BCG vaccination, of which 51 are considered low TB burden countries. […] The majority of countries who modified their national BCG vaccine policy (either from a universal programme to targeting high-risk groups or modifying their definition of high-risk groups) were in Europe and had significant decreases in TB incidence before and after the policy change. […] Countries may change national BCG practices for a variety of reasons but more countries are moving away from mass vaccination to target high-risk groups when TB incidence and burden have decreased significantly; this leads to lower risk of TB exposure and different risk/benefit trade-offs for vaccination.

• #16 Does BCG have a role in tuberculosis control and prevention in the United Kingdom?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2082765/

  The United Kingdom has recently changed its BCG vaccination policy in response to the changing epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) in children. One of the changes has been the abandonment of the long standing school’s BCG programme because of the low risk of TB in that population. The other change has been the targeting of those infants and children at increased risk of TB, particularly in populations with increased rates of TB. However, there remain questions as to what role BCG plays in TB control and prevention in the UK. […] The efficacy of BCG vaccine administered to newborns in Manchester between 1965 and 1980 was estimated at more than 75%. […] The TB Action Plan for stopping TB in England, published in October 2004, highlighted the need to review the BCG vaccination programme. […] Furthermore, the schools’ BCG programme has recently been discontinued as economic analysis has shown that due to a low and falling incidence of active TB in school age children this policy was no longer cost effective.

• #17 Does BCG have a role in tuberculosis control and prevention in the United Kingdom?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2082765/

  While the new policy aims to identify and vaccinate those at highest risk of TB, it does not address all difficulties in implementation. […] In addition to BCG vaccination, other components of TB control need to be in place, particularly the early diagnosis and treatment of infectious individuals, as well as improved services for surveillance, contact tracing, and new entrant screening. […] BCG remains the only vaccine available for TB prevention. Continued TB surveillance and contemporary data on BCG efficacy in Britain is required to inform further decisions on BCG policy. Monitoring of the implementation of the new BCG policy will be necessary to identify and resolve logistic difficulties at the local level.

• #18 Does BCG have a role in tuberculosis control and prevention in the United Kingdom?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2082765/

  While the new policy aims to identify and vaccinate those at highest risk of TB, it does not address all difficulties in implementation. […] In addition to BCG vaccination, other components of TB control need to be in place, particularly the early diagnosis and treatment of infectious individuals, as well as improved services for surveillance, contact tracing, and new entrant screening. […] BCG remains the only vaccine available for TB prevention. Continued TB surveillance and contemporary data on BCG efficacy in Britain is required to inform further decisions on BCG policy. Monitoring of the implementation of the new BCG policy will be necessary to identify and resolve logistic difficulties at the local level.

• #19 Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95294-y

  Universal Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccination is recommended in countries with high tuberculosis (TB) burden. […] We analysed data on childhood TB in countries that ceased universal BCG vaccination. […] Childhood TB notification rate increased in one of seven countries with available data. […] Maintaining high vaccine coverage for the target group was a common challenge after shifting selective vaccination. […] Heterogeneity in childhood TB epidemiology was observed after ceasing universal BCG vaccination; several factors might obscure the influence of vaccination policy change. […] The Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) vaccine is currently the only effective vaccine against TB, and universal BCG vaccination, i.e. vaccination of all individuals up to a certain age, is widely conducted in TB high burden countries (HBCs).

• #20 Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95294-y

  An increase in the number of childhood TB cases after ceasing universal BCG vaccination is assumed to be a negative impact of the policy change. […] Among countries where data were available, Slovakia was the only country with an increase in childhood TB notification after cessation of universal BCG vaccination; pulmonary TB and TB lymphadenitis were the major cause of increased childhood TB rates, while changes in the rates of meningeal and miliary TB were small. […] The low BCG vaccine coverage in the target group after shifting to selective vaccination was a common challenge in the Czech Republic, France, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, and the UK. […] These findings suggest that efforts to maintain a high BCG uptake among high-risk groups are essential and special attention is required at the time of vaccination policy change.

• #21 Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95294-y

  Childhood TB notification rates in six countries (the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Norway, Slovenia, and the UK) that changed their BCG vaccination policy in the 2000s did not increase after cessation of universal BCG vaccination. […] For countries where the majority of childhood TB notifications were from foreign-born patients and/or those with parents from abroad, simultaneous sociodemographic changes in the immigrant populations occurred as a result of new immigration measures to restrict the number and types of immigrants; this might have affected childhood TB epidemiology, blurring the effect of BCG vaccination policy change.

• #22 Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis after ceasing universal Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-95294-y

  Childhood TB notification rates in six countries (the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Norway, Slovenia, and the UK) that changed their BCG vaccination policy in the 2000s did not increase after cessation of universal BCG vaccination. […] For countries where the majority of childhood TB notifications were from foreign-born patients and/or those with parents from abroad, simultaneous sociodemographic changes in the immigrant populations occurred as a result of new immigration measures to restrict the number and types of immigrants; this might have affected childhood TB epidemiology, blurring the effect of BCG vaccination policy change.

• #23 BCG Vaccine Prevents Tuberculosis in Young Children, but Not Adults | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  BCG vaccination at birth does provide significant protection against TB disease but only among children under 5 years old. The vaccine provided no protection among adolescents or adults in this study. […] These results suggest that protectiveness from the BCG vaccine may begin to wane as children get older and, thus, children over 10 years old and adults should receive a booster BCG vaccine and eventually a new, supplemental vaccine, as the researchers note that the BCG booster may also have limited efficacy for immunity against TB beyond childhood. […] Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination is effective at preventing tuberculosis in young children. […] However, since the results show that the vaccine was ineffective in adolescents and adults, boosting immunoprotection is needed for older populations.

• #24 BU study: BCG vaccine prevents tuberculosis in young children, but not adults |

  https://redetb.org.br/bu-study-bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  Amid debate on the effectiveness of the tuberculosis vaccine, a new study suggests that the vaccine is protective against TB in children under 5, but adolescents and adults in high-burden countries may need additional protection to maintain immunity. […] The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG), is one of the most widely administered vaccines across the globe. […] Published in The Lancet Global Health, the study found that BCG vaccination at birth does provide significant protection against TB disease but only among children under 5 years old. The vaccine provided no protection among adolescents or adults in this study. […] These results suggest that protectiveness from the BCG vaccine may begin to wane as children get older and, thus, children over 10 years old and adults should receive a booster BCG vaccine and eventually a new, supplemental vaccine, as the researchers note that the BCG booster may also have limited efficacy for immunity against TB beyond childhood.

• #25 BCG Vaccine Prevents Tuberculosis in Young Children, but Not Adults | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  BCG vaccination at birth does provide significant protection against TB disease but only among children under 5 years old. The vaccine provided no protection among adolescents or adults in this study. […] These results suggest that protectiveness from the BCG vaccine may begin to wane as children get older and, thus, children over 10 years old and adults should receive a booster BCG vaccine and eventually a new, supplemental vaccine, as the researchers note that the BCG booster may also have limited efficacy for immunity against TB beyond childhood. […] Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination is effective at preventing tuberculosis in young children. […] However, since the results show that the vaccine was ineffective in adolescents and adults, boosting immunoprotection is needed for older populations.

• #26 BU study: BCG vaccine prevents tuberculosis in young children, but not adults |

  https://redetb.org.br/bu-study-bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  Amid debate on the effectiveness of the tuberculosis vaccine, a new study suggests that the vaccine is protective against TB in children under 5, but adolescents and adults in high-burden countries may need additional protection to maintain immunity. […] The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG), is one of the most widely administered vaccines across the globe. […] Published in The Lancet Global Health, the study found that BCG vaccination at birth does provide significant protection against TB disease but only among children under 5 years old. The vaccine provided no protection among adolescents or adults in this study. […] These results suggest that protectiveness from the BCG vaccine may begin to wane as children get older and, thus, children over 10 years old and adults should receive a booster BCG vaccine and eventually a new, supplemental vaccine, as the researchers note that the BCG booster may also have limited efficacy for immunity against TB beyond childhood.

• #27 BCG Vaccine Prevents Tuberculosis in Young Children, but Not Adults | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  Novel vaccines are urgently needed to supplement BCG vaccination in high-burden settings. […] Among all children under 5 years old, BCG vaccination was 37 percent effective. The researchers did not find conclusive evidence that the vaccine was protective among children over 10 or among adults. […] Although the BCG vaccine is not widely administered in the United States, this new information lends important implications for the US and other wealthy countries. […] The researchers stress that substantial investment in TB vaccine development is critical to controlling global TB. […] We urgently need vaccines that are effective against tuberculosis in adults.

• #28 BCG Vaccine Prevents Tuberculosis in Young Children, but Not Adults | SPH

  https://www.bu.edu/sph/news/articles/2022/bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  Novel vaccines are urgently needed to supplement BCG vaccination in high-burden settings. […] Among all children under 5 years old, BCG vaccination was 37 percent effective. The researchers did not find conclusive evidence that the vaccine was protective among children over 10 or among adults. […] Although the BCG vaccine is not widely administered in the United States, this new information lends important implications for the US and other wealthy countries. […] The researchers stress that substantial investment in TB vaccine development is critical to controlling global TB. […] We urgently need vaccines that are effective against tuberculosis in adults.

• #29 BU study: BCG vaccine prevents tuberculosis in young children, but not adults |

  https://redetb.org.br/bu-study-bcg-vaccine-prevents-tuberculosis-in-young-children-but-not-adults/

  Our findings indicate that BCG vaccination is effective at preventing tuberculosis in young children. […] However, since the results show that the vaccine was ineffective in adolescents and adults, boosting immunoprotection is needed for older populations, Martinez says. […] The researchers stress that substantial investment in TB vaccine development is critical to controlling global TB. […] We urgently need vaccines that are effective against TB in adults, says study coauthor Dr. C. Robert Horsburgh, professor of epidemiology.

• #30

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20160216/bcg-vaccine-demonstrates-effectiveness-after-40-years

  Recent data showed the bacille Calmette-Gurin vaccine reduced the risk for tuberculosis after 40 years of vaccination, suggesting the vaccine may be more cost-effective than previously estimated. […] This finding could be relevant if countries revise their BCG vaccination policies in response to changing tuberculosis [(TB)] epidemiology, especially in low-incidence countries, Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo, MD, from the department of infectious disease epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, and colleagues wrote. […] The vaccine was 49% (95% CI, 26-65) effective after 40 years of vaccine receipt (adjusted HR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35-0.74); however, the findings were not significant after 20 years, the researchers wrote. […] The vaccine seemed to reduce the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis, the infectious form of the disease, more than it did of all tuberculosis, Nguipdop-Djomo and colleagues wrote. Our results are consistent with long-lived BCG-derived immunity, adding to the evidence that BCG vaccination of individuals not yet infected by [Mycobacterium tuberculosis] infection itself nor sensitized by environmental mycobacteria might confer some protection against tuberculosis for at least 20 years.

• #31

  https://www.healio.com/news/infectious-disease/20160216/bcg-vaccine-demonstrates-effectiveness-after-40-years

  Recent data showed the bacille Calmette-Gurin vaccine reduced the risk for tuberculosis after 40 years of vaccination, suggesting the vaccine may be more cost-effective than previously estimated. […] This finding could be relevant if countries revise their BCG vaccination policies in response to changing tuberculosis [(TB)] epidemiology, especially in low-incidence countries, Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo, MD, from the department of infectious disease epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, and colleagues wrote. […] The vaccine was 49% (95% CI, 26-65) effective after 40 years of vaccine receipt (adjusted HR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.35-0.74); however, the findings were not significant after 20 years, the researchers wrote. […] The vaccine seemed to reduce the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis, the infectious form of the disease, more than it did of all tuberculosis, Nguipdop-Djomo and colleagues wrote. Our results are consistent with long-lived BCG-derived immunity, adding to the evidence that BCG vaccination of individuals not yet infected by [Mycobacterium tuberculosis] infection itself nor sensitized by environmental mycobacteria might confer some protection against tuberculosis for at least 20 years.

• #32 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #33 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #34 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the worlds leading cause of death from a single infectious agent next to coronavirus (COVID-19), and one of the leading causes of death from antimicrobial resistance. […] Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] Reaching the WHO End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence, worldwide, by 2035, will require a new vaccine that is effective across all age groups, particularly adults and adolescents. […] Vaccines also offer the best chance to contain the accelerating spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants.

• #35 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the worlds leading cause of death from a single infectious agent next to coronavirus (COVID-19), and one of the leading causes of death from antimicrobial resistance. […] Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] Reaching the WHO End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence, worldwide, by 2035, will require a new vaccine that is effective across all age groups, particularly adults and adolescents. […] Vaccines also offer the best chance to contain the accelerating spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants.

• #36 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the worlds leading cause of death from a single infectious agent next to coronavirus (COVID-19), and one of the leading causes of death from antimicrobial resistance. […] Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] Reaching the WHO End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence, worldwide, by 2035, will require a new vaccine that is effective across all age groups, particularly adults and adolescents. […] Vaccines also offer the best chance to contain the accelerating spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants.

• #37 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the worlds leading cause of death from a single infectious agent next to coronavirus (COVID-19), and one of the leading causes of death from antimicrobial resistance. […] Neonatal BCG vaccination offers partial protection for infants and young children against severe forms of TB, but it does not protect adolescents and adults, who account for the majority of TB transmission. […] Reaching the WHO End TB Strategy targets of a 95% reduction in TB mortality and a 90% reduction in TB incidence, worldwide, by 2035, will require a new vaccine that is effective across all age groups, particularly adults and adolescents. […] Vaccines also offer the best chance to contain the accelerating spread of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. […] A WHO PPC document for new tuberculosis vaccines was developed to highlight the priority need for vaccines that protect against pulmonary TB in adults, and new TB vaccines with better safety and efficacy characteristic than BCG to administer to neonates and infants.

• #38 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  Accurate tuberculosis (TB) incidence and optimal surveillance strategies are pertinent to TB vaccine trial design. […] In a population-based prospective trial conducted between November 2006 and July 2008, BCG-vaccinated neonates in South India were enrolled and cluster-randomised to active or passive surveillance. […] We assessed the influence of surveillance strategy on TB incidence, case-finding rates and all-cause mortality. […] The TB incidence was 159.2/100 000 py and the overall case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 py (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] Active surveillance increased the case-finding rates for probable TB and was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. […] Accurate data on tuberculosis (TB) incidence in infants in India, a country with the highest global burden of TB cases, and information on optimal surveillance strategies is pertinent to designing TB vaccine trials.

• #39 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  Accurate tuberculosis (TB) incidence and optimal surveillance strategies are pertinent to TB vaccine trial design. […] In a population-based prospective trial conducted between November 2006 and July 2008, BCG-vaccinated neonates in South India were enrolled and cluster-randomised to active or passive surveillance. […] We assessed the influence of surveillance strategy on TB incidence, case-finding rates and all-cause mortality. […] The TB incidence was 159.2/100 000 py and the overall case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 py (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] Active surveillance increased the case-finding rates for probable TB and was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. […] Accurate data on tuberculosis (TB) incidence in infants in India, a country with the highest global burden of TB cases, and information on optimal surveillance strategies is pertinent to designing TB vaccine trials.

• #40 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  Accurate tuberculosis (TB) incidence and optimal surveillance strategies are pertinent to TB vaccine trial design. […] In a population-based prospective trial conducted between November 2006 and July 2008, BCG-vaccinated neonates in South India were enrolled and cluster-randomised to active or passive surveillance. […] We assessed the influence of surveillance strategy on TB incidence, case-finding rates and all-cause mortality. […] The TB incidence was 159.2/100 000 py and the overall case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 py (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] Active surveillance increased the case-finding rates for probable TB and was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. […] Accurate data on tuberculosis (TB) incidence in infants in India, a country with the highest global burden of TB cases, and information on optimal surveillance strategies is pertinent to designing TB vaccine trials.

• #41 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  The overall TB case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] The results inform the monitoring of TB in a high-risk population and the planning of TB vaccine trials and other prevention strategies in Indian infants and in other high-burden TB settings. […] To design and implement adequately powered trials of novel TB vaccine candidates, local, accurate estimates of TB incidence are required. […] Active surveillance increased the detection of probable TB cases and reduced all-cause mortality, specifically deaths attributable to respiratory infections. […] An important finding in this study is the reduced all-cause mortality in children with active compared with passive surveillance. […] Active surveillance with regular home visits seems to be most appropriate in order to detect probable TB cases, which represent the most common presentation of TB in young children.

• #42 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  Accurate tuberculosis (TB) incidence and optimal surveillance strategies are pertinent to TB vaccine trial design. […] In a population-based prospective trial conducted between November 2006 and July 2008, BCG-vaccinated neonates in South India were enrolled and cluster-randomised to active or passive surveillance. […] We assessed the influence of surveillance strategy on TB incidence, case-finding rates and all-cause mortality. […] The TB incidence was 159.2/100 000 py and the overall case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 py (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] Active surveillance increased the case-finding rates for probable TB and was associated with reduced all-cause mortality. […] Accurate data on tuberculosis (TB) incidence in infants in India, a country with the highest global burden of TB cases, and information on optimal surveillance strategies is pertinent to designing TB vaccine trials.

• #43 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  The overall TB case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] The results inform the monitoring of TB in a high-risk population and the planning of TB vaccine trials and other prevention strategies in Indian infants and in other high-burden TB settings. […] To design and implement adequately powered trials of novel TB vaccine candidates, local, accurate estimates of TB incidence are required. […] Active surveillance increased the detection of probable TB cases and reduced all-cause mortality, specifically deaths attributable to respiratory infections. […] An important finding in this study is the reduced all-cause mortality in children with active compared with passive surveillance. […] Active surveillance with regular home visits seems to be most appropriate in order to detect probable TB cases, which represent the most common presentation of TB in young children.

• #44 Incidence of tuberculosis and the influence of surveillance strategy on tuberculosis case-finding and all-cause mortality: a cluster randomised trial in Indian neonates vaccinated with BCG | BMJ Open Respiratory Research

  https://bmjopenrespres.bmj.com/content/5/1/e000304

  The overall TB case-finding rate was 3.19 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.82 to 18.1). […] The results inform the monitoring of TB in a high-risk population and the planning of TB vaccine trials and other prevention strategies in Indian infants and in other high-burden TB settings. […] To design and implement adequately powered trials of novel TB vaccine candidates, local, accurate estimates of TB incidence are required. […] Active surveillance increased the detection of probable TB cases and reduced all-cause mortality, specifically deaths attributable to respiratory infections. […] An important finding in this study is the reduced all-cause mortality in children with active compared with passive surveillance. […] Active surveillance with regular home visits seems to be most appropriate in order to detect probable TB cases, which represent the most common presentation of TB in young children.

• #45 Impact of BCG vaccination on incidence of tuberculosis disease in southern Ireland | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4026-z

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause from a single infectious agent. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for TB, yet its efficacy remains debated with variations in vaccine sub-strains, policies, and practices observed across the world. […] The incidence of TB disease was higher in the unvaccinated population, region-C 132/100,000 (95% CI 116150) versus vaccinated region-A 56/100,000 (95%CI 4569) and region-B 44/100,000 (95%CI 2963). […] Our study demonstrates significant regional variation in the incidence of TB in demographically similar populations based on BCG vaccination policy. These findings strengthen existing data demonstrating efficacy of BCG vaccination for primary prevention of TB disease. […] The BCG vaccine has been subject to several trials which have estimated an overall protective efficacy of 6080% against severe forms of TB disease in children, particularly meningitis.

• #46 Impact of BCG vaccination on incidence of tuberculosis disease in southern Ireland | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4026-z

  Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause from a single infectious agent. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for TB, yet its efficacy remains debated with variations in vaccine sub-strains, policies, and practices observed across the world. […] The incidence of TB disease was higher in the unvaccinated population, region-C 132/100,000 (95% CI 116150) versus vaccinated region-A 56/100,000 (95%CI 4569) and region-B 44/100,000 (95%CI 2963). […] Our study demonstrates significant regional variation in the incidence of TB in demographically similar populations based on BCG vaccination policy. These findings strengthen existing data demonstrating efficacy of BCG vaccination for primary prevention of TB disease. […] The BCG vaccine has been subject to several trials which have estimated an overall protective efficacy of 6080% against severe forms of TB disease in children, particularly meningitis.

• #47 Impact of BCG vaccination on incidence of tuberculosis disease in southern Ireland | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4026-z

  In Ireland, universal neonatal BCG vaccination was introduced in the 1950s. […] BCG vaccination policy in Ireland was reviewed in accordance with other European countries in 2014. […] BCG vaccine is no longer recommended in the general population in low incidence countries including Ireland as its use is not supported by risk-benefit or cost effectiveness analysis. […] Presently, there are three health interventions available for TB prevention; screening and proactive treatment of LTBI, transmission prevention through infection control and targeted vaccination of at-risk groups with the BCG vaccine.

• #48 Impact of BCG vaccination on incidence of tuberculosis disease in southern Ireland | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4026-z

  In Ireland, universal neonatal BCG vaccination was introduced in the 1950s. […] BCG vaccination policy in Ireland was reviewed in accordance with other European countries in 2014. […] BCG vaccine is no longer recommended in the general population in low incidence countries including Ireland as its use is not supported by risk-benefit or cost effectiveness analysis. […] Presently, there are three health interventions available for TB prevention; screening and proactive treatment of LTBI, transmission prevention through infection control and targeted vaccination of at-risk groups with the BCG vaccine.

• #49 Impact of BCG vaccination on incidence of tuberculosis disease in southern Ireland | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4026-z

  In Ireland, universal neonatal BCG vaccination was introduced in the 1950s. […] BCG vaccination policy in Ireland was reviewed in accordance with other European countries in 2014. […] BCG vaccine is no longer recommended in the general population in low incidence countries including Ireland as its use is not supported by risk-benefit or cost effectiveness analysis. […] Presently, there are three health interventions available for TB prevention; screening and proactive treatment of LTBI, transmission prevention through infection control and targeted vaccination of at-risk groups with the BCG vaccine.

• #50 JMIR Research Protocols – Nonspecific Effects of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine in Portuguese Children Under 5 Years of Age: Protocol for a Population-Based Historical Birth Cohort Study

  https://www.researchprotocols.org/2024/1/e55332

  In June 2016, a clinical guideline established that only children under 6 years of age who belong to high-risk groups (those originating from countries with high TB incidence; having contact with active cases or persons under prophylaxis; having HIV-positive mothers; having parents with a alcohol or drug abuse problem and antecedents of TB; having parents who have been in prison in the last 5 years; living in high-risk TB communities; or traveling to high-incidence countries) should be vaccinated as close to birth as possible. […] In 2016, 42% of children under 1 year of age had received BCG (compared to 98% in the previous year). Between 2016 and 2018, the incidence of TB increased by 16% in children under 1 year of age (from 7.0 to 8.1 per 100,000 inhabitants) and 192% in children aged 1 to 5 years (from 2.6 to 7.6 per 100,000 inhabitants).

• #51 JMIR Research Protocols – Nonspecific Effects of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine in Portuguese Children Under 5 Years of Age: Protocol for a Population-Based Historical Birth Cohort Study

  https://www.researchprotocols.org/2024/1/e55332

  Since the implementation of the high-risk strategy for BCG in 2016, no assessment has been conducted regarding the impact of the BCG policy shift on severe, moderate, or mild morbidity and on mortality in children. […] The need for more and better evidence is paramount, especially given that besides deciding on the inclusion of BCG in the country’s immunization plan, arguments on the nonspecific effects of vaccines (and not only of BCG) can help overcome vaccine hesitancy. […] Given the described effects of BCG on overall mortality, immune and atopic conditions including asthma, and incidence of respiratory tract infections; its nonspecific protection against nonrelated pathogens; and its protective effects that are apparent shortly after immunization and sustained for at least 1 year, we hypothesize that some of the variations in mortality among children under 5 years of age, in the incidence of TB, and in severe, moderate, and mild morbidity among children under 5 years of age might be partially explained by a reduction in the coverage rate of BCG since 2016. […] The results will contribute to the accumulating body of knowledge and might have relevance to guide global BCG vaccination policy.

• #52 JMIR Research Protocols – Nonspecific Effects of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine in Portuguese Children Under 5 Years of Age: Protocol for a Population-Based Historical Birth Cohort Study

  https://www.researchprotocols.org/2024/1/e55332

  Since the implementation of the high-risk strategy for BCG in 2016, no assessment has been conducted regarding the impact of the BCG policy shift on severe, moderate, or mild morbidity and on mortality in children. […] The need for more and better evidence is paramount, especially given that besides deciding on the inclusion of BCG in the country’s immunization plan, arguments on the nonspecific effects of vaccines (and not only of BCG) can help overcome vaccine hesitancy. […] Given the described effects of BCG on overall mortality, immune and atopic conditions including asthma, and incidence of respiratory tract infections; its nonspecific protection against nonrelated pathogens; and its protective effects that are apparent shortly after immunization and sustained for at least 1 year, we hypothesize that some of the variations in mortality among children under 5 years of age, in the incidence of TB, and in severe, moderate, and mild morbidity among children under 5 years of age might be partially explained by a reduction in the coverage rate of BCG since 2016. […] The results will contribute to the accumulating body of knowledge and might have relevance to guide global BCG vaccination policy.

• #53 What about the cessation of the universal BCG vaccination and paediatric TB epidemiology in Ireland? – News & Events | Trinity College Dublin

  https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/2024/what-about-the-cessation-of-the-universal-bcg-vaccination-and-paediatric-tb-epidemiology-in-ireland/

  Findings emphasise the need for timely surveillance of paediatric TB cases to monitor for the emergence of increasing trends or emergent risk groups in the identified mainly unvaccinated population. […] BCG remains the only vaccine for prevention of tuberculosis (TB) providing up to 70 % protection from severe disease in children. […] Overall researchers found the epidemiology of cases in both birth cohorts remained similar. While this study did not find a significant increase in paediatric TB cases aged 0-6 years old, interruption of the previously declining trend in this age group during universal vaccination may be an early warning of a future increase. […] Findings emphasise the need for timely surveillance of paediatric TB cases to monitor for the emergence of increasing trends or emergent risk groups in this mainly unvaccinated population, and to evaluate the longer-term effects. […] Our findings support the introduction of a selective BCG programme to prevent severe paediatric TB and support the global TB elimination goal. […] Furthermore, I urge the relevant health authorities to make the selective BCG vaccination available.

• #54 What about the cessation of the universal BCG vaccination and paediatric TB epidemiology in Ireland? – News & Events | Trinity College Dublin

  https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/2024/what-about-the-cessation-of-the-universal-bcg-vaccination-and-paediatric-tb-epidemiology-in-ireland/

  Findings emphasise the need for timely surveillance of paediatric TB cases to monitor for the emergence of increasing trends or emergent risk groups in the identified mainly unvaccinated population. […] BCG remains the only vaccine for prevention of tuberculosis (TB) providing up to 70 % protection from severe disease in children. […] Overall researchers found the epidemiology of cases in both birth cohorts remained similar. While this study did not find a significant increase in paediatric TB cases aged 0-6 years old, interruption of the previously declining trend in this age group during universal vaccination may be an early warning of a future increase. […] Findings emphasise the need for timely surveillance of paediatric TB cases to monitor for the emergence of increasing trends or emergent risk groups in this mainly unvaccinated population, and to evaluate the longer-term effects. […] Our findings support the introduction of a selective BCG programme to prevent severe paediatric TB and support the global TB elimination goal. […] Furthermore, I urge the relevant health authorities to make the selective BCG vaccination available.

• #55 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. […] WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHO-commissioned a full value assessment for new TB vaccines to provide early evidence for national and global decision-makers involved in TB vaccine development and implementation, who include stakeholders involved in vaccine research, financing, regulation and policy-making, manufacturing, introduction and procurement. […] WHO reports progress in the clinical development of new TB vaccines, in its annual Global TB Report and TB research tracker. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #56 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. […] WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHO-commissioned a full value assessment for new TB vaccines to provide early evidence for national and global decision-makers involved in TB vaccine development and implementation, who include stakeholders involved in vaccine research, financing, regulation and policy-making, manufacturing, introduction and procurement. […] WHO reports progress in the clinical development of new TB vaccines, in its annual Global TB Report and TB research tracker. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #57 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. […] WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHO-commissioned a full value assessment for new TB vaccines to provide early evidence for national and global decision-makers involved in TB vaccine development and implementation, who include stakeholders involved in vaccine research, financing, regulation and policy-making, manufacturing, introduction and procurement. […] WHO reports progress in the clinical development of new TB vaccines, in its annual Global TB Report and TB research tracker. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #58 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. […] WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHO-commissioned a full value assessment for new TB vaccines to provide early evidence for national and global decision-makers involved in TB vaccine development and implementation, who include stakeholders involved in vaccine research, financing, regulation and policy-making, manufacturing, introduction and procurement. […] WHO reports progress in the clinical development of new TB vaccines, in its annual Global TB Report and TB research tracker. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #59 New TB Vaccine Research

  https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/research-innovation/vaccines

  Vaccines have the potential to serve as immunotherapeutic adjuncts to antibiotic treatment regimens for TB. […] WHO also convened in Geneva a meeting to generate consensus on the clinical development pathway for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine candidate developed by GSK. […] WHO-commissioned a full value assessment for new TB vaccines to provide early evidence for national and global decision-makers involved in TB vaccine development and implementation, who include stakeholders involved in vaccine research, financing, regulation and policy-making, manufacturing, introduction and procurement. […] WHO reports progress in the clinical development of new TB vaccines, in its annual Global TB Report and TB research tracker. […] WHOs Director-General established a TB vaccine accelerator Council in 2023 to facilitate the development, testing, authorization, and use of new TB vaccines, drawing on lessons learned from the response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #60 Tracking TB Vaccination Policies and Practices Through Space and Time | Research Communities by Springer Nature

  https://microbiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/15729-tracking-tb-vaccination-policies-and-practices-through-space-and-time

  This is a representation of how your post may appear on social media. The actual post will vary between social networks […] The 2nd Edition of the BCG World Atlas provides user friendly, open access, and easy to access data on the current TB vaccine, and provides the clinician, researcher, and public health practitioner alike with resources and information necessary to interpret current and novel TB diagnostics and conduct fruitful research on novel vaccines. […] The only vaccine we have for TB is the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, first introduced in 1921. […] Despite its variable and modest efficacy, this vaccine continues to be one of the most widely administered vaccines globally and the only vaccine in use for TB. […] To better understand the diversity of BCG policies and practices and to aid clinicians in choosing the appropriate diagnostic test relative to patients BCG status, we launched the World BCG Atlas in 2011 as a web-based resource for clinicians, researchers, and public health staff.

• #61 Tracking TB Vaccination Policies and Practices Through Space and Time | Research Communities by Springer Nature

  https://microbiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/15729-tracking-tb-vaccination-policies-and-practices-through-space-and-time

  This is a representation of how your post may appear on social media. The actual post will vary between social networks […] The 2nd Edition of the BCG World Atlas provides user friendly, open access, and easy to access data on the current TB vaccine, and provides the clinician, researcher, and public health practitioner alike with resources and information necessary to interpret current and novel TB diagnostics and conduct fruitful research on novel vaccines. […] The only vaccine we have for TB is the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, first introduced in 1921. […] Despite its variable and modest efficacy, this vaccine continues to be one of the most widely administered vaccines globally and the only vaccine in use for TB. […] To better understand the diversity of BCG policies and practices and to aid clinicians in choosing the appropriate diagnostic test relative to patients BCG status, we launched the World BCG Atlas in 2011 as a web-based resource for clinicians, researchers, and public health staff.

• #62 Tracking TB Vaccination Policies and Practices Through Space and Time | Research Communities by Springer Nature

  https://microbiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/15729-tracking-tb-vaccination-policies-and-practices-through-space-and-time

  In the long term, the TB field urgently needs a better vaccine. […] As we advocate and wait for an improved or new TB vaccine, we hope that resources such as the 2nd Edition of the BCG World Atlas will continue to provide user friendly, open access, and easy to access data on the current TB vaccine, and provide the clinician, researcher, and public health practitioner alike with resources and information necessary to interpret current and novel TB diagnostics and conduct fruitful research on novel vaccines.

• #63 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  Developing new TB vaccines that protect adolescents and adults will require a significant investment, but health economists project that these vaccines will save money in the long run, thanks to averted treatment costs and the boost to the economy associated with a healthy workforce. These vaccines are also expected to advance health equity, as the benefits of new TB vaccines are expected to provide the greatest benefits for those who currently bear the highest disease burden. […] New, more effective vaccines are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB, fight the rising threat of AMR, and address inequities in disease burden and economic impact. The BCG vaccine does not adequately protect older children, adolescents, and adults against TB, and continuing to neglect these populations will only exacerbate this growing crisis.

• #64

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00021598.htm

  Immunization with BCG vaccine lowers the risk of serious complications of primary TB in children (1-4). […] BCG vaccination is no longer recommended for health-care workers or other adults at high risk for acquiring TB infection. […] In the United States, BCG vaccination is recommended only for uninfected children who are at unavoidable risk of exposure to TB and for whom other methods of prevention and control have failed or are not feasible. […] BCG vaccination is strongly recommended for infants and children with negative tuberculin skin tests who 1) are at high risk of intimate and prolonged exposure to persistently untreated or ineffectively treated patients with infectious pulmonary TB, cannot be removed from the source of exposure, and cannot be placed on long-term preventive therapy, or 2) are continuously exposed to persons with TB who have bacilli resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #65

  https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00021598.htm

  Immunization with BCG vaccine lowers the risk of serious complications of primary TB in children (1-4). […] BCG vaccination is no longer recommended for health-care workers or other adults at high risk for acquiring TB infection. […] In the United States, BCG vaccination is recommended only for uninfected children who are at unavoidable risk of exposure to TB and for whom other methods of prevention and control have failed or are not feasible. […] BCG vaccination is strongly recommended for infants and children with negative tuberculin skin tests who 1) are at high risk of intimate and prolonged exposure to persistently untreated or ineffectively treated patients with infectious pulmonary TB, cannot be removed from the source of exposure, and cannot be placed on long-term preventive therapy, or 2) are continuously exposed to persons with TB who have bacilli resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

• #66 Tuberculosis | The Australian Immunisation Handbook

  https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/vaccine-preventable-diseases/tuberculosis

  Information about tuberculosis (TB) disease, vaccines and recommendations for vaccination from the Australian Immunisation Handbook. […] BCG (bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine is recommended for: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged <5 years in some parts of Australia, Healthcare workers with a high risk of exposure to tuberculosis, Young children who will be travelling to settings with high tuberculosis incidence, Some children born to parents from countries with high tuberculosis incidence, Young children who are a household contact of a person with leprosy. [...] The World Health Organization considers tuberculosis a global emergency. BCG vaccine is recommended for those at highest risk of severe outcomes of tuberculosis. [...] Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged <5 years in certain parts of Australia are recommended to receive BCG vaccine.

• #67

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vaccine-update-issue-327-may-2022-scid-tb-and-bcg-special-edition/vaccine-update-issue-327-april-2022-scid-tb-and-bcg-special-edition

  The BCG immunisation programme was introduced in the UK in 1953 and has undergone several changes in response to changing trends in tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology. […] The BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine and is not given as part of the routine vaccination schedule but only when a child is at increased risk of coming into contact with TB. […] Eligible babies include all newborns whose parent/s or grandparent/s was born in a country where the annual incidence of TB is 40 per 100,000 or greater; or newborn babies living in areas of the UK where the annual incidence of TB is 40 per 100,000 or greater. […] The evaluation of the addition of screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) to the routine newborn screening test at 5 days of age made it necessary to move the BCG vaccination to when a SCID screening outcome will be available, which may be available from around day 14 to 17 after birth.

• #68

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vaccine-update-issue-327-may-2022-scid-tb-and-bcg-special-edition/vaccine-update-issue-327-april-2022-scid-tb-and-bcg-special-edition

  The BCG immunisation programme was introduced in the UK in 1953 and has undergone several changes in response to changing trends in tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology. […] The BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine and is not given as part of the routine vaccination schedule but only when a child is at increased risk of coming into contact with TB. […] Eligible babies include all newborns whose parent/s or grandparent/s was born in a country where the annual incidence of TB is 40 per 100,000 or greater; or newborn babies living in areas of the UK where the annual incidence of TB is 40 per 100,000 or greater. […] The evaluation of the addition of screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) to the routine newborn screening test at 5 days of age made it necessary to move the BCG vaccination to when a SCID screening outcome will be available, which may be available from around day 14 to 17 after birth.

• #69

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vaccine-update-issue-327-may-2022-scid-tb-and-bcg-special-edition/vaccine-update-issue-327-april-2022-scid-tb-and-bcg-special-edition

  The BCG immunisation programme was introduced in the UK in 1953 and has undergone several changes in response to changing trends in tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology. […] The BCG vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine and is not given as part of the routine vaccination schedule but only when a child is at increased risk of coming into contact with TB. […] Eligible babies include all newborns whose parent/s or grandparent/s was born in a country where the annual incidence of TB is 40 per 100,000 or greater; or newborn babies living in areas of the UK where the annual incidence of TB is 40 per 100,000 or greater. […] The evaluation of the addition of screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) to the routine newborn screening test at 5 days of age made it necessary to move the BCG vaccination to when a SCID screening outcome will be available, which may be available from around day 14 to 17 after birth.

• #70 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #71 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who have HIV) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant) should not receive BCG vaccination. […] Pregnant women should not receive BCG vaccination. Even though no harmful effects of BCG vaccination on the fetus have been observed, further studies are needed to prove its safety.

• #72 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of TB patients are infected with M. tuberculosis strains resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin; there is ongoing transmission of such drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or comprehensive TB infection-control precautions have been implemented, but have not been successful. […] BCG vaccination should not be given to persons who are immunosuppressed (e.g., persons who are HIV infected) or who are likely to become immunocompromised (e.g., persons who are candidates for organ transplant). […] The tuberculin skin test (TST) and blood tests to detect TB infection are not contraindicated for persons who have been vaccinated with BCG.

• #73 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States because of: The low risk of infection with TB bacteria in the United States, The variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and The vaccines potential to cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] Multiple BCG doses (as practiced in some countries) increases a person’s sensitivity to the TB skin test and the duration of positive TB skin test results after BCG administration.

• #74 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. This vaccine is not generally used in the United States. The vaccine can cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The vaccine is not generally used in the United States because of: The low risk of infection with TB bacteria in the United States, The variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and The vaccines potential to cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. […] The BCG vaccine may cause a false-positive TB skin test reaction. There is no reliable way to distinguish a positive TB skin test reaction caused by BCG vaccination from a reaction caused by true TB infection. […] Multiple BCG doses (as practiced in some countries) increases a person’s sensitivity to the TB skin test and the duration of positive TB skin test results after BCG administration.

• #75 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  When using the TB skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG should always be further evaluated for latent TB infection or TB disease as if they were not vaccinated with BCG. […] TB skin test reactions should be interpreted based on risk stratification regardless of BCG vaccination history. […] In the United States, BCG is only considered for people who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: Are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease, and the child cannot be given long-term primary preventive treatment for TB infection; or Have isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant strains of TB disease. […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of patients with TB disease are infected with TB strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin; or There is ongoing transmission of drug-resistant TB strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or Comprehensive TB infection control precautions have been implemented but have not been successful.

• #76 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccine for Tuberculosis | Tuberculosis (TB) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/vaccines/index.html

  When using the TB skin test, people who have been vaccinated with BCG should always be further evaluated for latent TB infection or TB disease as if they were not vaccinated with BCG. […] TB skin test reactions should be interpreted based on risk stratification regardless of BCG vaccination history. […] In the United States, BCG is only considered for people who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. […] BCG vaccination should only be considered for children who have a negative TB test and who are continually exposed, and cannot be separated from adults who: Are untreated or ineffectively treated for TB disease, and the child cannot be given long-term primary preventive treatment for TB infection; or Have isoniazid- and rifampin-resistant strains of TB disease. […] BCG vaccination of health care workers should be considered on an individual basis in settings in which a high percentage of patients with TB disease are infected with TB strains resistant to isoniazid and rifampin; or There is ongoing transmission of drug-resistant TB strains to health care workers and subsequent infection is likely; or Comprehensive TB infection control precautions have been implemented but have not been successful.

• #77 Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/bcg.html

  BCG, or bacille Calmette-Gurin, is a vaccine for TB. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. […] However, BCG is not generally recommended for use in the United States because of the low risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the variable effectiveness of the vaccine against adult pulmonary TB, and the vaccine’s potential interference with tuberculin skin test reactivity. […] TSTs and TB blood tests to detect TB infection are not contraindicated for persons who have been vaccinated with BCG. Evaluation of TST reactions in persons vaccinated with BCG should be interpreted using the same criteria for those not BCG-vaccinated. […] Unlike the TST, TB blood tests do not detect the presence of BCG and are less likely to give a false-positive result.

• #78 Frequently Asked Questions About TB | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/tuberculosis-tb/frequently-asked-questions

  […] […] What if someone has received the BCG vaccine (which is given in many countries)? […] In many parts of the world where TB is common, Bacille Calmette-Gurin, (BCG) vaccine is used to protect infants and young children from serious, life-threatening diseases, specifically miliary TB and TB meningitis. However, it does not completely prevent people from getting TB. […] The effect of the BCG vaccine wanes over time and may have little to no effect on positive TST results among adults who received the vaccine as a child. […] A person with a history of BCG vaccination can be tested and treated for TB infection if they react to the TST. TST reactions should be interpreted based on risk stratification regardless of BCG vaccination history. IGRAs use M. tuberculosis-specific antigens that do not cross-react with BCG, and therefore, do not cause false positive reactions in BCG recipients this means a blood test, or IGRA, is preferred for BCG-vaccinated individuals.

• #79 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: BCG Vaccine

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/tuberculosis/tb-basics/bcg-vaccine/

  Treatment of LTBI substantially reduces the risk that TB infection will progress to disease. Careful assessment to rule out the possibility of TB disease is necessary before treatment for LTBI is started. Evaluation of TST reactions in persons vaccinated with BCG should be interpreted using the same criteria for those not BCG-vaccinated. […] Persons with no known risk factors for TB may be considered for treatment of LTBI if their reaction to the tuberculin test is at least 15 mm of induration or they have a positive result using a TB blood test. Targeted skin testing programs should only be conducted among high-risk groups. All testing activities should be accompanied by a plan for follow-up care for persons with TB infection or disease.

• #80 BCG vaccine

  https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccines-quality/bcg

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the ethiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of human disease and death, particularly in developing countries. […] The bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine has existed for 80 years and is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines, reading 80% of neonates and infants in countries where it is part of the national childhood immunization programme. BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children. […] The impact of BCG vaccination on transmission of Mtb is therefore limited. […] Human TB has existed for thousands of years. No country is TB-free, and the disease is endemic in most poor countries of the world. […] According to WHO estimates for 2001, there are 16-20 million cases of TB worldwide, with more than 8 million new cases and over 1.8 million deaths each year.

• #81 BCG vaccine – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCG_vaccine

  A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19-27% and reduced progression to active tuberculosis by 71%. BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary tuberculosis or tuberculosis meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible. […] The 100th anniversary of the BCG vaccine was in 2021. It remains the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, which is an ongoing pandemic. Tuberculosis elimination is a goal of the World Health Organization (WHO). The development of new vaccines with greater efficacy against adult pulmonary tuberculosis may be needed to make substantial progress.

• #82 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  Developing new TB vaccines that protect adolescents and adults will require a significant investment, but health economists project that these vaccines will save money in the long run, thanks to averted treatment costs and the boost to the economy associated with a healthy workforce. These vaccines are also expected to advance health equity, as the benefits of new TB vaccines are expected to provide the greatest benefits for those who currently bear the highest disease burden. […] New, more effective vaccines are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB, fight the rising threat of AMR, and address inequities in disease burden and economic impact. The BCG vaccine does not adequately protect older children, adolescents, and adults against TB, and continuing to neglect these populations will only exacerbate this growing crisis.

• #83 The Other Pandemic: The Promise of TB Vaccines | International Vaccine Access Center

  https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ivac/the-other-pandemic-the-promise-of-tb-vaccines

  Developing new TB vaccines that protect adolescents and adults will require a significant investment, but health economists project that these vaccines will save money in the long run, thanks to averted treatment costs and the boost to the economy associated with a healthy workforce. These vaccines are also expected to advance health equity, as the benefits of new TB vaccines are expected to provide the greatest benefits for those who currently bear the highest disease burden. […] New, more effective vaccines are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality of TB, fight the rising threat of AMR, and address inequities in disease burden and economic impact. The BCG vaccine does not adequately protect older children, adolescents, and adults against TB, and continuing to neglect these populations will only exacerbate this growing crisis.

• #84 Tuberculosis Vaccines — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-vaccines

  In France, BCG vaccination is recommended from 1 month of age for children at high risk of TB and may also be offered up to 15 years, in unvaccinated children at risk. […] World leaders have committed to licensing at least one new TB vaccine. […] WHO-commissioned research estimates that, over 25 years, a universal BCG vaccine that is 50% effective in preventing TB could avert up to 8.5 million deaths and reduce $6.5 billion in health costs. […] In April 2024, researchers at the University of the Witwatersrand School of Pathology published a breakthrough study in TB vaccine development. […] Tuberculosis is prevented with the BCG vaccine. […] Tuberculosis vaccines available in most countries in 2025.

• #85 Tuberculosis Vaccines — Vax-Before-Travel

  https://www.vax-before-travel.com/tuberculosis-vaccines

  In France, BCG vaccination is recommended from 1 month of age for children at high risk of TB and may also be offered up to 15 years, in unvaccinated children at risk. […] World leaders have committed to licensing at least one new TB vaccine. […] WHO-commissioned research estimates that, over 25 years, a universal BCG vaccine that is 50% effective in preventing TB could avert up to 8.5 million deaths and reduce $6.5 billion in health costs. […] In April 2024, researchers at the University of the Witwatersrand School of Pathology published a breakthrough study in TB vaccine development. […] Tuberculosis is prevented with the BCG vaccine. […] Tuberculosis vaccines available in most countries in 2025.

• #86 Tracking changes in national BCG vaccination policies and practices using the BCG World Atlas | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/7/1/e007462

  BCG strains have been considered interchangeable; however, recent evidence suggests they may confer different efficacy. […] Given the limited effectiveness of BCG vaccine in adults, there is a clear and urgent need for the development of a new TB vaccine. […] BCG vaccination practices will continue to evolve along with global TB epidemiology.

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