Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Management of scabies

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6595060/

  Scabies is a common infestation worldwide, affecting persons of any age and socioeconomic status. […] Early identification, isolation of index patients and prophylactic treatment of contacts are essential in dealing with the outbreak. […] All household contacts of the patient need to be prophylactically treated and practise contact precautions. […] Once an outbreak occurs, prompt control of the index patient and rapid tracing of contacts to identify secondary cases are necessary. […] For adults, the prophylaxis of scabies also comprises of two applications of topical malathion 0.5%, spaced one week apart, preferably both on the same days as the patients treatment. […] In nursing homes and institutions, early recognition of crusted scabies is essential to prevent outbreaks. […] When prolonged exposure to a case of crusted scabies results in multiple secondary cases, the most efficient strategy for terminating the outbreak is the institution of simultaneous mass prophylaxis, which can be implemented without ward closure.

• #1 Management of scabies | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/management-scabies

  Scabies is a common infestation worldwide, affecting persons of any age and socioeconomic status. […] Early identification, isolation of index patients and prophylactic treatment of contacts are essential in dealing with the outbreak. […] In nursing homes and institutions, early recognition of crusted scabies is essential to prevent outbreaks. […] Once an outbreak occurs, prompt control of the index patient and rapid tracing of contacts to identify secondary cases are necessary. […] All household contacts of the patient need to be prophylactically treated and practise contact precautions. […] For adults, the prophylaxis of scabies also comprises of two applications of topical malathion 0.5%, spaced one week apart, preferably both on the same days as the patients treatment.

• #1 Preventing Scabies | Parasites – Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/prevention/index.html

  Avoid direct skin-to-skin contact with a person with scabies. […] Avoid sharing items such as clothing or bedding used by a person with scabies. […] Treat all household members and close contacts at the same time as the infected person. […] Wash all clothing and bedding used during the three days before treatment began. […] Items should be machine-washed using hot water, dried on the hot cycle, or dry-cleaned. Temperatures in excess of 50C or 122F for 10 minutes will kill mites and eggs. […] If you can’t wash or dry clean an item, store it in a closed plastic bag for several days to a week to disinfect it. […] Aggressively treat crusted (Norwegian) scabies to prevent an outbreak. Outbreaks in institutions can be difficult to control and require quick action to prevent further spread.

• #1 Preventing scabies | RIVM

  https://www.rivm.nl/en/scabies/preventing-scabies

  Do not share fabric items with anyone who has scabies. This will prevent you from getting scabies yourself. […] You should also avoid regular or prolonged skin-to-skin contact with anyone who has scabies. […] There is no vaccine against scabies and there is no medication you can take to prevent it. But you can take the following steps: […] Do not use clothing or bed linen belonging to anyone who has scabies. […] Avoid skin-to-skin contact with anyone who has scabies. […] If you are caring for someone who has scabies, wear protective clothing such as a long-sleeved t-shirt, an apron and disposable gloves.

• #1 Scabies

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scabies/

  Scabies is very infectious, but it can take up to 8 weeks for the rash to appear. […] Everyone in your home needs to be treated at the same time, even if they do not have symptoms. […] If you or someone in your family has scabies there are things you can do to reduce the risk of it spreading. […] wash all bedding and clothing in the house at 60C or higher, and if possible in a hot dryer, on the first day of treatment […] put clothing that cannot be washed in a sealed bag for at least 3 days until the mites die […] do not have sex or close physical contact until you have completed the full course of treatment […] do not share bedding, clothing or towels with someone with scabies […] Adults and children aged 5 years or over can go back to work or school as soon as they have started treatment. […] Its important to avoid close contact with other people for the first 24 hours. […] Scabies spreads through close skin contact, including sexual contact. […] People who live or work closely together in nurseries, university halls of residence or nursing homes are more at risk.

• #1 Scabies Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/scabies/treatment-prevention/

  The only real way to prevent scabies is to avoid close contact with any infested person or certain items they may have used, such as clothing, bedding, and towels. […] If you’re sexually active, it’s best not to have sex until you or your partner (whoever is infected) has finished treatment. While condoms help prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections, they won’t keep you from getting scabies from your sexual partner.

• #1 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4567-scabies

  You can prevent spreading scabies by: […] Washing bed linens, towels and clothing in hot water and putting them in a dryer. […] Making sure family members and others in close contact with you get checked for scabies. […] Limiting close contact with others if you receive a scabies diagnosis. […] Theres no vaccine to prevent scabies. The only way to prevent getting scabies is to avoid people or places with known scabies outbreaks. The disease spreads easily among people who live in the same household or share a room.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

  Treating scabies as soon as possible is the best way to prevent outbreaks. The mites that cause scabies usually die after 2-3 days away from human skin. […] Prevent scabies from spreading with these steps: avoid skin-to-skin contact with an infested person, especially if they have an itchy rash; treat all members of the household if someone has scabies to prevent the mites from spreading to others; wash and dry bedding and clothing that has been in contact with the infested person, using hot water and drying in direct sunlight, a hot dryer cycle or dry cleaning; seal items that can’t be washed in a plastic bag for a week to help eliminate the mites; and clean and vacuum or sweep rooms after an infested person has been treated, especially for people with crusted scabies.

• #1 Scabies management

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2805991/

  Prophylactic therapy is essential for all household members, especially because signs of scabies may not appear for two to three weeks after contact. The following control measures are recommended. […] To prevent reinfection, treat all household members at the same time as the patient is being treated. […] All bed linen (sheets, pillow cases, blankets) and clothing worn next to the skin (underwear, T-shirts, socks, pants) should be laundered in a hot cycle wash and hot drying cycle. […] If hot water is not available, place all linen and clothing into plastic bags and store it away from the family for five to seven days. The mite does not survive beyond four days without skin contact. […] Health care workers who have close contact with scabies patients may require prophylactic treatment. […] Community education (ie, early recognition and awareness of scabies) is recommended. […] In widespread scabies epidemics, prophylactic treatment of the whole community may be optimal.

• #1 Scabies – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20377378

  To prevent scabies from coming back and to keep the mites from spreading to other people, take these steps: […] Wash all clothes and linen. Heat kills the mites and their eggs. Use hot, soapy water to wash all clothing, towels and bedding used in the last three days before beginning treatment. Dry with high heat. Dry-clean items you can’t wash at home. […] Starve the mites. Place items you can’t wash in sealed plastic bags and leave them in an out-of-the-way place, such as your garage, for a week. Mites die after a few days without food. […] Clean and vacuum. It’s a good idea to clean your home to prevent scabies from spreading. This is especially true for people with crusted scabies. Vacuum furniture, carpets and floors to remove scales and crusts that may have scabies mites.

• #1 Scabies Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-guidelines

  The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offer the following suggested guidelines for the treatment of scabies: Treatment should be given to both the infested person and to household members and sexual contacts, particularly those who have had prolonged direct skin-to-skin contact with the infested person. […] All persons should be treated at the same time to prevent reinfestation. […] Bedding, clothing, and towels used by infested persons or close contacts anytime during the 3 days before treatment should be decontaminated by washing in hot water and drying in a hot dryer, by dry-cleaning, or by sealing in a plastic bag for at least 72 hours. Scabies mites generally do not survive more than 2-3 days away from human skin. […] Use of insecticide sprays and fumigants is not recommended.

• #1 Scabies – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scabies/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377383

  Because scabies spreads so easily, your health care provider will likely recommend treating all household members and other close contacts, even if they don’t have symptoms of scabies.. […] How can I prevent spreading scabies to others?

• #1 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies

  It is important to note that all close contacts of a confirmed case of scabies should complete eradication therapy, whether they are symptomatic or not. Contacts may be infected but asymptomatic for several weeks, therefore they may continue to infect others and even reinfect the index case. […] Topical 5% permethrin (acaricidal and ovicidal) cream or lotion remains first-line therapy. […] Oral ivermectin is indicated in cases of topical failure, inability to comply with topical therapy, non-adherence to topical therapy, institutional outbreaks, mass treatment of populations, and crusted scabies. […] 5% permethrin cream or lotion is considered safe in pregnancy and while lactating.

• #1 Establishing a mass prophylaxis clinic during a hospital scabies outbreak | Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology | Cambridge Core

  https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology/article/establishing-a-mass-prophylaxis-clinic-during-a-hospital-scabies-outbreak/C62EE1826112022589D5C5757B7CF25E

  An immunocompromised hospital inpatient with Norwegian (crusted) scabies went undiagnosed for 6 weeks without isolation or treatment. […] Modified institution-wide prophylaxis for patients, staff, visitors, and household contacts was deemed necessary to prevent an outbreak of scabies within the facility. […] A walk-in clinic was deemed the most efficient way to provide prophylaxis to those exposed. Based on availability and ease of dosing, topical permethrin was selected as prophylaxis. […] Establishing a centrally located clinic using the incident command system structure provided rapid and effective screening and prophylactic treatment of scabies to prevent a larger outbreak of scabies within the institution.

• #1 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Because the symptoms of scabies are due to a hypersensitive reaction (a type of allergic reaction) to mites and their faeces, itching may continue for several weeks after treatment, even if all mites and their eggs are killed. […] If itching is still present more than 24 weeks after treatment, or if new burrows or pimple-like rash lesions continue to appear, retreatment may be necessary. […] Consult an experienced dermatologist for assistance in differentiating skin rashes and confirming the diagnosis of scabies. […] Early detection, treatment and implementation of appropriate infection control precautions are essential in preventing scabies outbreaks. […] Facilities should maintain a high level of suspicion that undiagnosed skin rashes and conditions may be scabies, even if the characteristic signs or symptoms of scabies (for example, itching) are absent.

• #1 Scabies | Mate māngeongeo riha (Frailty care guides 2023) | Te TāhÅ« Hauora Health Quality & Safety Commission

  https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/resources/resource-library/scabies-mate-mangeongeo-riha-frailty-care-guides-2023/

  Outbreaks of scabies in ARC are a major headache, so prevention is always preferable. Recommended practice is to check the skin of all new residents in the first day or two of admission and refer skin issues to a general practitioner or nurse practitioner for assessment. […] To reduce the risk of a facility-wide outbreak, consider new itchy rashes affecting more than one person (resident or staff) to be an infestation until proven otherwise. […] The scabies mite is transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested person or contaminated surface. In addition to standard precautions, the following contact precautions are recommended. […] Isolate residents with scabies until they have had their first treatment. […] Direct care staff should wear disposable gloves and long-sleeved gowns when providing personal care for a person with scabies and for handling potentially contaminated clothing, linen and equipment. Continue with these precautions until first treatment (classical scabies) or second treatment (crusted scabies) is completed.

• #1 Scabies – NI Infection Control Manual

  https://www.niinfectioncontrolmanual.net/scabies/

  Early recognition of a case is essential to prevent outbreaks. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for asymptomatic infections, particularly in elderly patients. […] Strictly implement contact precautions, non-sterile gloves, and long-sleeved single-use disposable gowns for contact with patients/residents. […] Wash hands before and after contact with the patient and after contact with the environment as per the WHO 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene. Hands must be washed after removing gloves. […] Before initiating treatment of single cases, all residents and staff should be checked for symptoms and signs of scabies. […] In the community, if the diagnosis is uncertain, seek advice from a dermatologist, but don’t delay treatment of case or outbreak measures whilst awaiting confirmation.

• #1 Scabies – NI Infection Control Manual

  https://www.niinfectioncontrolmanual.net/scabies/

  In the hospital, inform the IPC team and in the community setting, inform PHA. […] Simultaneously treat cases and all exposed individuals to prevent re-exposure and continued transmission. […] Contacts should all be treated at the same time as the index case, on two occasions seven days apart (even if asymptomatic). […] Contact precautions and isolation should be implemented for affected patients/care home residents until the first 24-hour treatment for classical scabies is completed. […] It is important to note that crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is highly infectious, and transmission can occur through inanimate objects. Therefore, consideration should be given to extending the isolation period in the case of patients who are either heavily infected or immunocompromised. […] Continued surveillance is imperative to eradicate scabies in institutions. An outbreak is considered controlled if all the infected individuals are healed and if no new cases of scabies occur in 68 weeks after the last patient completes treatment.

• #1 Guidelines for Control of Scabies in Long Term Care Facilities

  https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/pages/scabies-guidelines.aspx

  Guidelines for Control of Scabies in Long Term Care Facilities […] During an identified scabies outbreak, staff members who have been providing care to an identified case should not be rotated to other resident care units until 24 hours after completion of the staff member’s scabicidal treatment. […] Educate staff and residents (if possible) on: […] Need for prophylactic treatment of even asymptomatic contacts […] Environmental control measures: Laundry, dry cleaning, or isolation of clothing in plastic bags for seven days […] Although scabies frequently presents as a widespread outbreak within a LTCF, there are circumstances in which a more selective treatment plan may be utilized. […] Perform environmental control measures: […] Laundry, dry cleaning, or isolation of clothing in plastic bags for seven days.

• #1 Guidelines for Control of Scabies in Long Term Care Facilities

  https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/pages/scabies-guidelines.aspx

  Perform mass treatment within a 24 hour period of all residents and staff members employed within a defined area of the facility. […] Prompt identification and treatment of scabies cases and potential contacts remains the cornerstone of outbreak control. […] Education of residents, staff, and family members or regular visitors must be initiated immediately. […] Finally, treatment of cases, contacts, and the environmental control measures must be coordinated.

• #1 Scabies | Mate māngeongeo riha (Frailty care guides 2023) | Te TāhÅ« Hauora Health Quality & Safety Commission

  https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/resources/resource-library/scabies-mate-mangeongeo-riha-frailty-care-guides-2023/

  In ARC, when scabies is diagnosed in any resident or staff member, check the skin of all residents, staff and visitors, at least in the care unit where it is discovered. […] Simultaneously treat all affected individuals and their close contacts because some people with scabies may not have developed a rash yet. […] Coordinating treatment and environmental decontamination is the key to successful eradication of scabies from ARC, even if it takes a few days to develop a plan.

• #1

  https://www.e-emj.org/journal/view.php?number=3

  […] […] In healthcare settings, patients may be isolated in a single room or placed in cohort isolation, depending on the resources available at the institution. […] […] […] For crusted scabies, which is highly contagious, more stringent precautions are necessary. Contact tracing and disinfection measures should be expanded. […] […] […] Environmental management includes cleaning and disinfecting shared medical equipment and handling laundry from scabies patients with care.

• #1 Scabies: A clinical update

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/may/scabies-a-clinical-update

  Scabies is caused by the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The mite is transmitted via person-to-person contact and, therefore, household contacts are at highest risk of infestation. […] The delay between infection and symptoms results in many asymptomatic, yet infected, household contacts of the index case at time of first diagnosis. Therefore, it is important in all instances to treat household contacts of cases. The risk of re-infestation is high if contacts are not treated, especially if contacts are infants or young children. […] In endemic or outbreak settings, mass drug administration of permethrin or ivermectin to all members of the group, regardless of infection status, is an effective and safe strategy to substantially reduce the prevalence of scabies.

• #1 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Scabies can be treated with anti-scabies lotions or creams. […] Treatment lotions and creams are available from pharmacists, and a prescription is not required. […] Recommended treatments include: permethrin preparations (for example, Lyclear scabies cream) and benzyl benzoate 25% preparations (for example, Benzemul application lotion). […] Follow the manufacturers instructions for application. […] Scabicide lotions or creams, including benzoate 25% preparations, should be applied to all areas of the body from the neck down to the feet and toes. […] The treatment may also need to be applied to the face, neck and scalp if these areas are involved. […] Two or more applications, each about 1 week apart, may be necessary to eliminate all mites, particularly when treating crusted (Norwegian) scabies.

• #1 Scabies Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-guidelines

  Scabicides are available only with a prescription. No over-the-counter (nonprescription) products have been tested and approved to treat scabies. […] For classic scabies, one or more of the following may be used: permethrin cream 5%, crotamiton lotion 10% and crotamiton cream 10%, sulfur (5-10%) ointment, lindane lotion 1%, or ivermectin. […] For crusted scabies, both oral and topical agents should be used together.

• #1 Scabies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-treatment

  All household members and close personal contacts older than 2 months and not pregnant should be treated for scabies, even if they have no symptoms or signs of infestation. (Pets do not require treatment.) Detailed directions regarding treatment and environmental control measures should be provided verbally and in writing. […] Instruct patients to launder clothing, bed linens, and towels used within the last week in hot water (60C or higher) and to machine dry them, the day after treatment is initiated and again in 1 week. Items that cannot be washed may be professionally dry cleaned or sealed in plastic bags for 1 week. All carpets and upholstered furniture should be vacuumed and the vacuum bags immediately discarded. […] Mass screening and treatment of all affected individuals give the greatest reductions in scabies prevalence, but once these efforts end, prevalence rates quickly escalate. One approach to this problem is to provide more frequent treatment to a predetermined, randomly chosen number of affected individuals. Sometimes, as a result of nonlinearity, treatment densities do not have to be impractically high to produce significant reductions in scabies burden. Single-dose oral treatment may be effective in mass infestations.

• #1

  https://bpac.org.nz/2022/scabies.aspx

  Scabies is highly contagious and spreads through prolonged skin-to-skin contact, especially between household members, sexual partners and people at institutional care facilities. Transfer via fomites such as clothing or furnishings is also possible, but usually only occurs in cases of severe crusted scabies. […] Prompt treatment prevents ongoing transmission, and reduces morbidity and development of secondary complications, e.g. cellulitis, acute rheumatic fever. […] Reducing scabies transmission is crucial for successful management and the prevention of re-infestation. […] Advise the patient to avoid direct contact with other people for at least eight hours following treatment. […] Recommend that all household members are treated. […] Recommend basic cleaning practices to eliminate mites from fomites or other materials, e.g. hot laundering (or hot ironing) of bedding, clothing and towels and vacuuming of carpets and upholstery. […] Oral ivermectin is occasionally used for prophylaxis when there is a scabies outbreak in an institutional facility.

• #1

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scabies-management-advice-for-health-professionals/ukhsa-guidance-on-the-management-of-scabies-cases-and-outbreaks-in-long-term-care-facilities-and-other-closed-settings

  Scabies is infectious from the point of infestation, whenever S.scabiei mites are present on the skin until 24 hours after the individuals first treatment dose. […] The decision to prescribe ivermectin off-label for contacts in this context lies with local specialist dermatology or infectious diseases services, or local prescribing guidelines, in discussion with the local HPT.

• #1 How to Prevent Scabies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/scabies-prevention-4161244

  The best way to prevent scabies is to avoid having direct skin-to-skin contact with someone who has scabies. […] Even though you can’t always avoid someone with scabies, there are other preventative steps you can take to minimize your chance of catching it. […] If you think you were exposed, your healthcare provider will give you guidance on what to do next. […] If you or your child only had a casual interaction with the infected person, prophylactic treatment is typically unnecessary. […] The best way to prevent scabies from spreading is to treat everyone in the family, even those who don’t have an itchy rash. […] This makes it even more important that you start on prophylactic treatment. […] Don’t skip treatments or stop treatment before the healthcare provider gives you the OK.

• #1 Scabies – treatments, symptoms and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/scabies

  Scabies is very contagious and spreads quickly. […] If you have scabies, your whole family may need to be treated. […] You should treat all household contacts over the last month. All sexual partners in the last month should also get treatment. […] The day after your first treatment: wash all your towels and bedding in water that is 60C or higher, wash all your clothes in water that is 60C or higher, any clothes or items that can’t be washed should be put in a sealed bag for 8 days, if possible, place mattresses, pillows and blankets in the sun, thoroughly vacuum the house and soft furnishings, such as lounges, you should have no body contact for 3 days with items that cannot be washed or put in the sun. […] If you have scabies, you should stay home until 24 hours after treatment. This is when you are no longer infectious.

• #1 Scabies: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention – Skinsight

  https://skinsight.com/skin-conditions/scabies/

  Scabies is easily spread to sexual partners and to members of the same household. Even people with scabies who do not have symptoms can pass the infestation on to other people. […] Scabies requires prescription medication to treat the infestation. Once you have started treatment, there are steps you can take to remove scabies mites from the household and prevent reinfestation: Mites cannot survive off the human body for more than 48-72 hours. Therefore, wash all clothing, bedding, and towels used by the infested person in the past 72 hours in hot water, and dry these items in a hot dryer. Vacuum all carpets, rugs, and furniture, and discard the vacuum bags. Put anything that cannot be laundered into plastic bags for at least 72 hours. […] Because it may take up to 6 weeks after exposure to develop symptoms, people may be unaware that they are infested. Therefore, household members, sexual partners, and anyone else with prolonged skin-to-skin contact with a person with scabies should also be treated. Ideally, everyone should be treated at the same time to help prevent reinfestation.

• #1 Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei)

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/skin-soft-tissue/scabies/

  Treatment of scabies is recommended for all members of the infected household (even if asymptomatic) and all members must be treated simultaneously within 24 hours. […] Visiting asymptomatic relatives and sexual contacts within the last month could be potential sources of infestation and may also require treatment. […] Bedding and clothing should be washed at a high temperature to destroy the mites. Items that cant be washed or dry cleaned should be sealed in a plastic bag for at least 72 hours or put in a freezer. […] In cases of treatment-resistant scabies, advice should be sought from dermatology or microbiology. […] If urgent treatment is required then oral ivermectin may be considered, giving due consideration to the unlicensed nature of the drug, the age and co-morbidities of the patient, and other prescribed or non-prescribed drugs they may be taking.

• #1 CDC – Scabies – Prevention & Control

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/prevent.html

  Scabies is prevented by avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested person or with items such as clothing or bedding used by an infested person. […] Scabies treatment usually is recommended for members of the same household, particularly for those who have had prolonged skin-to-skin contact. […] All household members and other potentially exposed persons should be treated at the same time as the infested person to prevent possible reexposure and reinfestation. […] Persons with crusted scabies and their close contacts, including household members, should be treated rapidly and aggressively to avoid outbreaks. […] Rooms used by a patient with crusted scabies should be thoroughly cleaned and vacuumed after use.

• #1

  https://www.e-emj.org/journal/view.php?number=3

  […] […] Close contacts should receive a single preventive treatment, even if they are asymptomatic, and should then be monitored for the development of symptoms over a 6-week period. […] […] […] When a case of scabies is identified, it is essential to isolate the patient, manage contacts, and control the environment to prevent transmission. […] […] […] Recommended measures for scabies prevention include maintaining contact precautions for up to 24 hours after the last treatment, administering preventive treatment once to close contacts, and cleaning and disinfecting rooms used by scabies patients. […] […] […] Effective management of scabies patients is essential to prevent transmission and ensure optimal treatment outcomes. For classic scabies, it is important to adhere to contact precautions throughout the treatment period.

• #1 Patient education: Scabies (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-beyond-the-basics

  Scabies is usually passed from one person to another through close skin-to-skin contact. […] In some cases, household members and close contacts of a person with symptoms need treatment for scabies, even if there are no symptoms, to avoid a repeating cycle of infection. […] Although scabies is less frequently spread by touching the clothing or bedsheets of an infected person, it is still a good idea to wash or isolate any clothing, bedding, towels, pajamas, underwear, or stuffed animals that the person has touched within three days before treatment. […] Crusted scabies is more likely to be spread through shared clothing or objects than typical scabies. […] Keeping the skin clean and dry and avoiding scratching can help to prevent infection.

• #1 Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei)

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/skin-soft-tissue/scabies/

  Patients who have impaired mobility or are immunocompromised may be susceptible to a severe form of scabies known as crusted scabies. Seek advice from a specialist if you suspect crusted scabies. […] For outbreaks, particularly in congregate settings, the local Public health office should be contacted.

• #1 Scabies: How can you prevent infection? | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/scabies-how-can-you-prevent-infection.html

  There is no need to take special measures to prevent scabies in everyday life. But if you’re infected with scabies, it’s important that you protect others and also make sure that you don’t become infected again yourself after treatment. […] It is also important to avoid close physical contact with other people until you have finished your treatment, and to make sure that you don’t become infected again yourself for instance, through used clothes and bedding. […] Some people can’t avoid close contact with people who are at higher risk of scabies infection, for example because their work involves caring for others. Wearing clothes with long sleeves and disposable gloves can then help to prevent infection. […] Experts recommend that close contacts also have treatment, preferably at the same time. That is especially important if it is very likely that they have also become infected or if first symptoms are already appearing.

• #1 What Are Scabies? Pictures, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scabies

  Scabies is highly contagious. […] While no medication can prevent a scabies infection, you may be able to avoid getting scabies by avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with a person who has it. […] It’s also best to avoid unwashed clothing or bedding used by someone with scabies. […] Scabies mites can live for 2 to 3 days after falling off your body, so certain precautions may help prevent another infestation. Make sure to wash all of the following in hot water that reaches 122F (50C): clothing, bedding, towels, pillows.

• #1 Scabies – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/scabies

  The whole family and sexual partners of infected people should be treated, even if they do not have symptoms. […] Before treatment, wash clothes and underwear, towels, bedding and sleepwear in hot water and dry at 140F (60C) or higher. Dry cleaning also works. If washing or dry cleaning can’t be done, keep these items away from the body for at least 72 hours. Away from the body, the mites will die.

• #1 Can You Prevent Scabies?

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/prevent-scabies

  The only way to keep scabies away is to avoid prolonged, direct skin-to-skin contact with a person who has them. You also want to avoid touching items, like bedding or clothing, that the person has used. […] If you, or someone in your home, has scabies or has been exposed to it, seek treatment right away. Everyone in your home should be treated at the same time to prevent possible re-exposure or re-infestation. […] Other things you can do to prevent the spread of scabies include: Wash all clothes, bedding, and towels used within 3 days before beginning your treatment in hot, soapy water. Dry them on high heat. Dry clean items you cant wash at home. Wash and dry these items after treatment of the entire household. […] Place items you cant wash, like stuffed animals and upholstery, in a sealed plastic bag and stow away for at least 72 hours. This will starve the mites. […] Clean and vacuum each room in your home, then throw away the vacuum cleaner bag.

• #1 Scabies | Spokane Regional Health District

  https://srhd.org/health-topics/diseases-conditions/scabies

  Treatment is recommended for the infested person as well as all household members and sexual contacts, particularly those who have had prolonged direct skin-to-skin contact with the infested person within the preceding month. All people should be treated at the same time to prevent reinfestation. […] To prevent re-infestation and to prevent the mites from spreading to other people, take these steps: […] Clean all clothes and linen. Use hot, soapy water to wash all clothing, towels and bedding used at least two days before treatment. Dry with high heat. Dryclean items you can’t wash at home. […] Starve the mites. Consider placing items you can’t wash in a sealed plastic bag and leaving it in an outof-the-way place, such as in your garage, for a couple of weeks. Mites die if they don’t eat for a week.

• #1 Crusted scabies outbreak: How much prophylaxis? | MDedge

  https://mdedge.com/infectiousdisease/article/131078/international-id/crusted-scabies-outbreak-how-much-prophylaxis

  Quick detection of nosocomial crusted scabies, followed by prompt implementation of infection prevention measures, may reduce the risk of such outbreaks, a small case series suggests. […] What remains a matter of debate is how widely to use prophylaxis, according to authors of a study of two approaches published in Infection, Disease & Health. […] The hospital immediately instituted contact precautions and implemented its outbreak protocols: communication statements, prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic staff and close patients, and treatment and quarantine for those with clinical symptoms. […] All staff thought to have been exposed to the patient were treated prophylactically with 5% permethrin single-dose therapy. […] The communication strategy may have contributed to heightened levels of concern among staff and arguably, excessive prophylaxis and/or overdiagnosis, the authors wrote.

• #2 Scabies: A clinical update

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/may/scabies-a-clinical-update

  Scabies is caused by the microscopic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The mite is transmitted via person-to-person contact and, therefore, household contacts are at highest risk of infestation. […] The delay between infection and symptoms results in many asymptomatic, yet infected, household contacts of the index case at time of first diagnosis. Therefore, it is important in all instances to treat household contacts of cases. The risk of re-infestation is high if contacts are not treated, especially if contacts are infants or young children. […] In endemic or outbreak settings, mass drug administration of permethrin or ivermectin to all members of the group, regardless of infection status, is an effective and safe strategy to substantially reduce the prevalence of scabies.

• #2 Can You Prevent Scabies?

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/prevent-scabies

  The only way to keep scabies away is to avoid prolonged, direct skin-to-skin contact with a person who has them. You also want to avoid touching items, like bedding or clothing, that the person has used. […] If you, or someone in your home, has scabies or has been exposed to it, seek treatment right away. Everyone in your home should be treated at the same time to prevent possible re-exposure or re-infestation. […] Other things you can do to prevent the spread of scabies include: Wash all clothes, bedding, and towels used within 3 days before beginning your treatment in hot, soapy water. Dry them on high heat. Dry clean items you cant wash at home. Wash and dry these items after treatment of the entire household. […] Place items you cant wash, like stuffed animals and upholstery, in a sealed plastic bag and stow away for at least 72 hours. This will starve the mites. […] Clean and vacuum each room in your home, then throw away the vacuum cleaner bag.

• #2 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/scabies/how-can-i-prevent-getting-or-spreading-scabies

  Scabies is easily spread during sex, even if you use condoms. The only sure way to avoid scabies is to not have intimate contact with people. […] Scabies is very contagious and easily spread through skin-to-skin touching. So the only definite way to prevent scabies is to not have close, intimate contact with anyone. Also avoid touching or sharing clothes with people you know are infected, until they finish treatment. […] Carefully follow all the steps for treating scabies. Dont have sex until you and your partner(s) have all finished your treatments, and avoid close, personal contact with people. Dont share clothes or bedding until after youre scabies-free and have washed everything properly.

• #2 Scabies Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-treatment

  All household members and close personal contacts older than 2 months and not pregnant should be treated for scabies, even if they have no symptoms or signs of infestation. (Pets do not require treatment.) Detailed directions regarding treatment and environmental control measures should be provided verbally and in writing. […] Instruct patients to launder clothing, bed linens, and towels used within the last week in hot water (60C or higher) and to machine dry them, the day after treatment is initiated and again in 1 week. Items that cannot be washed may be professionally dry cleaned or sealed in plastic bags for 1 week. All carpets and upholstered furniture should be vacuumed and the vacuum bags immediately discarded. […] Mass screening and treatment of all affected individuals give the greatest reductions in scabies prevalence, but once these efforts end, prevalence rates quickly escalate. One approach to this problem is to provide more frequent treatment to a predetermined, randomly chosen number of affected individuals. Sometimes, as a result of nonlinearity, treatment densities do not have to be impractically high to produce significant reductions in scabies burden. Single-dose oral treatment may be effective in mass infestations.

• #2 Scabies – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20377378

  To prevent scabies from coming back and to keep the mites from spreading to other people, take these steps: […] Wash all clothes and linen. Heat kills the mites and their eggs. Use hot, soapy water to wash all clothing, towels and bedding used in the last three days before beginning treatment. Dry with high heat. Dry-clean items you can’t wash at home. […] Starve the mites. Place items you can’t wash in sealed plastic bags and leave them in an out-of-the-way place, such as your garage, for a week. Mites die after a few days without food. […] Clean and vacuum. It’s a good idea to clean your home to prevent scabies from spreading. This is especially true for people with crusted scabies. Vacuum furniture, carpets and floors to remove scales and crusts that may have scabies mites.

• #2 CDC – Scabies – Prevention & Control

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/prevent.html

  Scabies is prevented by avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested person or with items such as clothing or bedding used by an infested person. […] Scabies treatment usually is recommended for members of the same household, particularly for those who have had prolonged skin-to-skin contact. […] All household members and other potentially exposed persons should be treated at the same time as the infested person to prevent possible reexposure and reinfestation. […] Persons with crusted scabies and their close contacts, including household members, should be treated rapidly and aggressively to avoid outbreaks. […] Rooms used by a patient with crusted scabies should be thoroughly cleaned and vacuumed after use.

• #2 Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei)

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/skin-soft-tissue/scabies/

  Treatment of scabies is recommended for all members of the infected household (even if asymptomatic) and all members must be treated simultaneously within 24 hours. […] Visiting asymptomatic relatives and sexual contacts within the last month could be potential sources of infestation and may also require treatment. […] Bedding and clothing should be washed at a high temperature to destroy the mites. Items that cant be washed or dry cleaned should be sealed in a plastic bag for at least 72 hours or put in a freezer. […] In cases of treatment-resistant scabies, advice should be sought from dermatology or microbiology. […] If urgent treatment is required then oral ivermectin may be considered, giving due consideration to the unlicensed nature of the drug, the age and co-morbidities of the patient, and other prescribed or non-prescribed drugs they may be taking.

• #2 Management of scabies | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/management-scabies

  Scabies is a common infestation worldwide, affecting persons of any age and socioeconomic status. […] Early identification, isolation of index patients and prophylactic treatment of contacts are essential in dealing with the outbreak. […] In nursing homes and institutions, early recognition of crusted scabies is essential to prevent outbreaks. […] Once an outbreak occurs, prompt control of the index patient and rapid tracing of contacts to identify secondary cases are necessary. […] All household contacts of the patient need to be prophylactically treated and practise contact precautions. […] For adults, the prophylaxis of scabies also comprises of two applications of topical malathion 0.5%, spaced one week apart, preferably both on the same days as the patients treatment.

• #2 Scabies | Mate māngeongeo riha (Frailty care guides 2023) | Te TāhÅ« Hauora Health Quality & Safety Commission

  https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/resources/resource-library/scabies-mate-mangeongeo-riha-frailty-care-guides-2023/

  Outbreaks of scabies in ARC are a major headache, so prevention is always preferable. Recommended practice is to check the skin of all new residents in the first day or two of admission and refer skin issues to a general practitioner or nurse practitioner for assessment. […] To reduce the risk of a facility-wide outbreak, consider new itchy rashes affecting more than one person (resident or staff) to be an infestation until proven otherwise. […] The scabies mite is transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested person or contaminated surface. In addition to standard precautions, the following contact precautions are recommended. […] Isolate residents with scabies until they have had their first treatment. […] Direct care staff should wear disposable gloves and long-sleeved gowns when providing personal care for a person with scabies and for handling potentially contaminated clothing, linen and equipment. Continue with these precautions until first treatment (classical scabies) or second treatment (crusted scabies) is completed.

• #2 Scabies – NI Infection Control Manual

  https://www.niinfectioncontrolmanual.net/scabies/

  Early recognition of a case is essential to prevent outbreaks. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for asymptomatic infections, particularly in elderly patients. […] Strictly implement contact precautions, non-sterile gloves, and long-sleeved single-use disposable gowns for contact with patients/residents. […] Wash hands before and after contact with the patient and after contact with the environment as per the WHO 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene. Hands must be washed after removing gloves. […] Before initiating treatment of single cases, all residents and staff should be checked for symptoms and signs of scabies. […] In the community, if the diagnosis is uncertain, seek advice from a dermatologist, but don’t delay treatment of case or outbreak measures whilst awaiting confirmation.

• #2 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Scabies can be treated with anti-scabies lotions or creams. […] Treatment lotions and creams are available from pharmacists, and a prescription is not required. […] Recommended treatments include: permethrin preparations (for example, Lyclear scabies cream) and benzyl benzoate 25% preparations (for example, Benzemul application lotion). […] Follow the manufacturers instructions for application. […] Scabicide lotions or creams, including benzoate 25% preparations, should be applied to all areas of the body from the neck down to the feet and toes. […] The treatment may also need to be applied to the face, neck and scalp if these areas are involved. […] Two or more applications, each about 1 week apart, may be necessary to eliminate all mites, particularly when treating crusted (Norwegian) scabies.

• #2 Scabies Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-guidelines

  Scabicides are available only with a prescription. No over-the-counter (nonprescription) products have been tested and approved to treat scabies. […] For classic scabies, one or more of the following may be used: permethrin cream 5%, crotamiton lotion 10% and crotamiton cream 10%, sulfur (5-10%) ointment, lindane lotion 1%, or ivermectin. […] For crusted scabies, both oral and topical agents should be used together.

• #2 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies

  It is important to note that all close contacts of a confirmed case of scabies should complete eradication therapy, whether they are symptomatic or not. Contacts may be infected but asymptomatic for several weeks, therefore they may continue to infect others and even reinfect the index case. […] Topical 5% permethrin (acaricidal and ovicidal) cream or lotion remains first-line therapy. […] Oral ivermectin is indicated in cases of topical failure, inability to comply with topical therapy, non-adherence to topical therapy, institutional outbreaks, mass treatment of populations, and crusted scabies. […] 5% permethrin cream or lotion is considered safe in pregnancy and while lactating.

• #2 Patient education: Scabies (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-beyond-the-basics

  Scabies is usually passed from one person to another through close skin-to-skin contact. […] In some cases, household members and close contacts of a person with symptoms need treatment for scabies, even if there are no symptoms, to avoid a repeating cycle of infection. […] Although scabies is less frequently spread by touching the clothing or bedsheets of an infected person, it is still a good idea to wash or isolate any clothing, bedding, towels, pajamas, underwear, or stuffed animals that the person has touched within three days before treatment. […] Crusted scabies is more likely to be spread through shared clothing or objects than typical scabies. […] Keeping the skin clean and dry and avoiding scratching can help to prevent infection.

• #2 How to Prevent Scabies

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/scabies-prevention-4161244

  The best way to prevent scabies is to avoid having direct skin-to-skin contact with someone who has scabies. […] Even though you can’t always avoid someone with scabies, there are other preventative steps you can take to minimize your chance of catching it. […] If you think you were exposed, your healthcare provider will give you guidance on what to do next. […] If you or your child only had a casual interaction with the infected person, prophylactic treatment is typically unnecessary. […] The best way to prevent scabies from spreading is to treat everyone in the family, even those who don’t have an itchy rash. […] This makes it even more important that you start on prophylactic treatment. […] Don’t skip treatments or stop treatment before the healthcare provider gives you the OK.

• #2 Scabies – treatments, symptoms and causes | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/scabies

  Scabies is very contagious and spreads quickly. […] If you have scabies, your whole family may need to be treated. […] You should treat all household contacts over the last month. All sexual partners in the last month should also get treatment. […] The day after your first treatment: wash all your towels and bedding in water that is 60C or higher, wash all your clothes in water that is 60C or higher, any clothes or items that can’t be washed should be put in a sealed bag for 8 days, if possible, place mattresses, pillows and blankets in the sun, thoroughly vacuum the house and soft furnishings, such as lounges, you should have no body contact for 3 days with items that cannot be washed or put in the sun. […] If you have scabies, you should stay home until 24 hours after treatment. This is when you are no longer infectious.

• #2 Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei)

  https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/2/gp/antibiotic-prescribing/conditions-and-treatments/skin-soft-tissue/scabies/

  Patients who have impaired mobility or are immunocompromised may be susceptible to a severe form of scabies known as crusted scabies. Seek advice from a specialist if you suspect crusted scabies. […] For outbreaks, particularly in congregate settings, the local Public health office should be contacted.

• #2 Scabies – NI Infection Control Manual

  https://www.niinfectioncontrolmanual.net/scabies/

  In the hospital, inform the IPC team and in the community setting, inform PHA. […] Simultaneously treat cases and all exposed individuals to prevent re-exposure and continued transmission. […] Contacts should all be treated at the same time as the index case, on two occasions seven days apart (even if asymptomatic). […] Contact precautions and isolation should be implemented for affected patients/care home residents until the first 24-hour treatment for classical scabies is completed. […] It is important to note that crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is highly infectious, and transmission can occur through inanimate objects. Therefore, consideration should be given to extending the isolation period in the case of patients who are either heavily infected or immunocompromised. […] Continued surveillance is imperative to eradicate scabies in institutions. An outbreak is considered controlled if all the infected individuals are healed and if no new cases of scabies occur in 68 weeks after the last patient completes treatment.

• #2 Scabies: How can you prevent infection? | informedhealth.org

  https://www.informedhealth.org/scabies-how-can-you-prevent-infection.html

  It is important to wash bedding and all other used textiles at 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill the mites. […] To make sure that no mites are left behind, you should clean all washable surfaces and vacuum soft furniture, cushions, beds, mattresses, carpets, floors and car seats, then avoid skin contact with them for three days. […] Experts also recommend that you have a medical check-up two weeks after finishing the treatment. If everything is okay, no further restrictions are needed.

• #2 What Are Scabies? Pictures, Causes, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/scabies

  Scabies is highly contagious. […] While no medication can prevent a scabies infection, you may be able to avoid getting scabies by avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with a person who has it. […] It’s also best to avoid unwashed clothing or bedding used by someone with scabies. […] Scabies mites can live for 2 to 3 days after falling off your body, so certain precautions may help prevent another infestation. Make sure to wash all of the following in hot water that reaches 122F (50C): clothing, bedding, towels, pillows.

• #3 Scabies | Mate māngeongeo riha (Frailty care guides 2023) | Te TāhÅ« Hauora Health Quality & Safety Commission

  https://www.hqsc.govt.nz/resources/resource-library/scabies-mate-mangeongeo-riha-frailty-care-guides-2023/

  Outbreaks of scabies in ARC are a major headache, so prevention is always preferable. Recommended practice is to check the skin of all new residents in the first day or two of admission and refer skin issues to a general practitioner or nurse practitioner for assessment. […] To reduce the risk of a facility-wide outbreak, consider new itchy rashes affecting more than one person (resident or staff) to be an infestation until proven otherwise. […] The scabies mite is transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested person or contaminated surface. In addition to standard precautions, the following contact precautions are recommended. […] Isolate residents with scabies until they have had their first treatment. […] Direct care staff should wear disposable gloves and long-sleeved gowns when providing personal care for a person with scabies and for handling potentially contaminated clothing, linen and equipment. Continue with these precautions until first treatment (classical scabies) or second treatment (crusted scabies) is completed.

• #3 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Scabies can be treated with anti-scabies lotions or creams. […] Treatment lotions and creams are available from pharmacists, and a prescription is not required. […] Recommended treatments include: permethrin preparations (for example, Lyclear scabies cream) and benzyl benzoate 25% preparations (for example, Benzemul application lotion). […] Follow the manufacturers instructions for application. […] Scabicide lotions or creams, including benzoate 25% preparations, should be applied to all areas of the body from the neck down to the feet and toes. […] The treatment may also need to be applied to the face, neck and scalp if these areas are involved. […] Two or more applications, each about 1 week apart, may be necessary to eliminate all mites, particularly when treating crusted (Norwegian) scabies.

• #3 Management of scabies | SMJ

  http://www.smj.org.sg/article/management-scabies

  Scabies is a common infestation worldwide, affecting persons of any age and socioeconomic status. […] Early identification, isolation of index patients and prophylactic treatment of contacts are essential in dealing with the outbreak. […] In nursing homes and institutions, early recognition of crusted scabies is essential to prevent outbreaks. […] Once an outbreak occurs, prompt control of the index patient and rapid tracing of contacts to identify secondary cases are necessary. […] All household contacts of the patient need to be prophylactically treated and practise contact precautions. […] For adults, the prophylaxis of scabies also comprises of two applications of topical malathion 0.5%, spaced one week apart, preferably both on the same days as the patients treatment.

• #4 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Scabies can be treated with anti-scabies lotions or creams. […] Treatment lotions and creams are available from pharmacists, and a prescription is not required. […] Recommended treatments include: permethrin preparations (for example, Lyclear scabies cream) and benzyl benzoate 25% preparations (for example, Benzemul application lotion). […] Follow the manufacturers instructions for application. […] Scabicide lotions or creams, including benzoate 25% preparations, should be applied to all areas of the body from the neck down to the feet and toes. […] The treatment may also need to be applied to the face, neck and scalp if these areas are involved. […] Two or more applications, each about 1 week apart, may be necessary to eliminate all mites, particularly when treating crusted (Norwegian) scabies.

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