Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

  At least 200 million people worldwide suffer from scabies at any one time. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. Globally, it is estimated to affect more than 200 million people at any time and more than 400 million people cumulatively every year. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority, and several studies have shown that mass drug administration (MDA) strategies have the potential to substantially reduce prevalence of scabies, with concomitant reductions in impetigo. […] The general principles include surveillance in high-risk settings, early confirmation of an outbreak, and involvement of public health experts. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/scabies

  Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in many low- and middle-income countries. Globally, it is estimated to affect more than 200 million people at any time and more than 400 million people every year. […] In resource-poor settings, scabies and its complications impose a major cost on health care systems. In high-income countries, cases are sporadic, yet outbreaks in health institutions and vulnerable communities contribute to significant economic costs for national health services. […] The itching and rash cause poor sleep, stigmatization and social exclusion, as well as absenteeism from education and employment, resulting in reduced learning potential for children and economic impacts for families and communities.

• #3 Scabies: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print

  Scabies is a relatively common infestation that can affect individuals of any age and socioeconomic status. The worldwide prevalence is estimated to be 200 million people, with wide variation in prevalence among individual geographic regions. A systematic review of population-based studies from various regions of the world (excluding North America) found prevalence estimates ranging from 0.2 to 71 percent, with the highest prevalences in the Pacific region and Latin America. Scabies is particularly common in resource-limited regions. […] Crowded conditions increase risk for scabies infestation. Epidemics can occur in institutional settings, such as long-term care facilities and prisons.

• #4 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  An estimated 200 million people are affected by scabies at any given time, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.2% to 71%. […] Natural disasters, war, and poverty lead to overcrowding and increased rates of transmission. […] In industrialized countries, scabies epidemics occur primarily in institutional settings, such as prisons, and in long-term care facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes. […] Scabies occurs more commonly in fall and winter months in these countries. Prevalence rates for scabies in developing nations are higher than those in industrialized countries. […] While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30-year cycles, this may be an oversimplification of its incidence, since these accounts have coincided with the major wars of the 20th century.

• #5 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/

  The estimated worldwide prevalence of scabies is 300 million infected individuals each year. It is a significant health concern in many developing countries and was declared a neglected skin disease by the World Health Organization in 2009. […] Scabies is highly prevalent in the following geographic regions: Africa, South America, Australia, and Southeast Asia. The high prevalence correlates with poverty, poor nutritional status, homelessness, and inadequate hygiene. […] Scabies outbreaks in industrialized countries may occur sporadically or as institutional outbreaks in schools, nursing homes, long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities, hospitals, prisons, retirement homes, and areas of overcrowding. […] Scabies spreads quickly from person to person via regular skin contact or transmission via clothing or bed sheets. Management involves promptly treating infected persons and their close contacts and decontaminating bedding, towels, and clothing. […] Isolation becomes crucial in crowded settings like hospitals, to stop the spread of infection. The bedding, towels, and clothing of the infected individual must be machine-washed in hot water (at least 75 degrees Celcius) and dried with hot air.

• #6 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #7 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #8 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  An estimated 200 million people are affected by scabies at any given time, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.2% to 71%. […] Natural disasters, war, and poverty lead to overcrowding and increased rates of transmission. […] In industrialized countries, scabies epidemics occur primarily in institutional settings, such as prisons, and in long-term care facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes. […] Scabies occurs more commonly in fall and winter months in these countries. Prevalence rates for scabies in developing nations are higher than those in industrialized countries. […] While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30-year cycles, this may be an oversimplification of its incidence, since these accounts have coincided with the major wars of the 20th century.

• #9 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  An estimated 200 million people are affected by scabies at any given time, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.2% to 71%. […] Natural disasters, war, and poverty lead to overcrowding and increased rates of transmission. […] In industrialized countries, scabies epidemics occur primarily in institutional settings, such as prisons, and in long-term care facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes. […] Scabies occurs more commonly in fall and winter months in these countries. Prevalence rates for scabies in developing nations are higher than those in industrialized countries. […] While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30-year cycles, this may be an oversimplification of its incidence, since these accounts have coincided with the major wars of the 20th century.

• #10 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  An estimated 200 million people are affected by scabies at any given time, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.2% to 71%. […] Natural disasters, war, and poverty lead to overcrowding and increased rates of transmission. […] In industrialized countries, scabies epidemics occur primarily in institutional settings, such as prisons, and in long-term care facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes. […] Scabies occurs more commonly in fall and winter months in these countries. Prevalence rates for scabies in developing nations are higher than those in industrialized countries. […] While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30-year cycles, this may be an oversimplification of its incidence, since these accounts have coincided with the major wars of the 20th century.

• #11 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/

  The estimated worldwide prevalence of scabies is 300 million infected individuals each year. It is a significant health concern in many developing countries and was declared a neglected skin disease by the World Health Organization in 2009. […] Scabies is highly prevalent in the following geographic regions: Africa, South America, Australia, and Southeast Asia. The high prevalence correlates with poverty, poor nutritional status, homelessness, and inadequate hygiene. […] Scabies outbreaks in industrialized countries may occur sporadically or as institutional outbreaks in schools, nursing homes, long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities, hospitals, prisons, retirement homes, and areas of overcrowding. […] Scabies spreads quickly from person to person via regular skin contact or transmission via clothing or bed sheets. Management involves promptly treating infected persons and their close contacts and decontaminating bedding, towels, and clothing. […] Isolation becomes crucial in crowded settings like hospitals, to stop the spread of infection. The bedding, towels, and clothing of the infected individual must be machine-washed in hot water (at least 75 degrees Celcius) and dried with hot air.

• #12 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Scabies in a Dermatology Office | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/30/1/78

  Scabies is a neglected skin disease, and little is known about current incidence and treatment patterns in the United States. […] The high prevalence of scabies in developing countries is attributed to poverty, poor nutritional status, homelessness, and poor hygiene. […] In developed countries, scabies outbreaks have historically been described in long-term care facilities, hospitals, and areas of overcrowding. […] Little is known of the current incidence of and treatment patterns for scabies in the United States. […] Of the patients diagnosed with scabies, 45% had been misdiagnosed by another health care provider. […] The frequency of misdiagnosis of scabies supports the need for a more definitive diagnosis option. […] Our findings suggest that more accurate and faster diagnostic methods are needed to diagnose scabies in order to limit unnecessary treatment and expedite appropriate therapy.

• #13 Scabies: Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-epidemiology-clinical-features-and-diagnosis/print

  Scabies is a relatively common infestation that can affect individuals of any age and socioeconomic status. The worldwide prevalence is estimated to be 200 million people, with wide variation in prevalence among individual geographic regions. A systematic review of population-based studies from various regions of the world (excluding North America) found prevalence estimates ranging from 0.2 to 71 percent, with the highest prevalences in the Pacific region and Latin America. Scabies is particularly common in resource-limited regions. […] Crowded conditions increase risk for scabies infestation. Epidemics can occur in institutional settings, such as long-term care facilities and prisons.

• #14 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Scabies outbreaks have occurred in patients, visitors, and staff in institutional settings. […] Scabies is often not recognized until it begins to appear among staff. […] Scabies can spread easily under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Local and/or state health departments may be able to provide guidelines for preventing and controlling scabies outbreaks. […] Early detection, treatment, and implementation of appropriate isolation and infection control practices are essential in preventing scabies outbreaks. […] Epidemiologic and clinical information about patients/residents with confirmed and suspected scabies should be collected and used for systematic review in order to facilitate early identification of and response to potential outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients/residents and staff.

• #15 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  An estimated 200 million people are affected by scabies at any given time, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.2% to 71%. […] Natural disasters, war, and poverty lead to overcrowding and increased rates of transmission. […] In industrialized countries, scabies epidemics occur primarily in institutional settings, such as prisons, and in long-term care facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes. […] Scabies occurs more commonly in fall and winter months in these countries. Prevalence rates for scabies in developing nations are higher than those in industrialized countries. […] While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30-year cycles, this may be an oversimplification of its incidence, since these accounts have coincided with the major wars of the 20th century.

• #16 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. […] The diagnosis of scabies has become more common in Germany in recent years, for many possible reasons. […] The epidemiological figures are imprecise, as scabies is not reportable by German law. […] According to German federal health reports, the number of cases of inpatient treatment for scabies rose from 960 in 2012 to 10 072 in 2019. […] Data from the above sources are not always reliable or representative, and they count or include some patients multiple times; they may therefore be adequate to document rising incidence, but without enabling quantification or epidemiological evaluation. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV.

• #17 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #18 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. […] The diagnosis of scabies has become more common in Germany in recent years, for many possible reasons. […] The epidemiological figures are imprecise, as scabies is not reportable by German law. […] According to German federal health reports, the number of cases of inpatient treatment for scabies rose from 960 in 2012 to 10 072 in 2019. […] Data from the above sources are not always reliable or representative, and they count or include some patients multiple times; they may therefore be adequate to document rising incidence, but without enabling quantification or epidemiological evaluation. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV.

• #19 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (15.10.2021)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/221506

  The diagnosis of scabies has become more common in Germany in recent years (1). The epidemiological figures are imprecise, as scabies is not reportable by German law (e1). The available data are derived from outbreaks in communal facilities and shared accommodations (which are reportable), diagnosis-related statistics from health insurance carriers, and information from pharmacies on the prescribing and dispensing of drugs against scabies (1, 2). According to German federal health reports, the number of cases of inpatient treatment for scabies (ICD-10 diagnosis code B86) rose from 960 in 2012 to 10 072 in 2019 (www.gbe-bund.de). Data from the above sources are not always reliable or representative, and they count or include some patients multiple times; they may therefore be adequate to document rising incidence, but without enabling quantification or epidemiological evaluation (1).

• #20 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. […] The diagnosis of scabies has become more common in Germany in recent years, for many possible reasons. […] The epidemiological figures are imprecise, as scabies is not reportable by German law. […] According to German federal health reports, the number of cases of inpatient treatment for scabies rose from 960 in 2012 to 10 072 in 2019. […] Data from the above sources are not always reliable or representative, and they count or include some patients multiple times; they may therefore be adequate to document rising incidence, but without enabling quantification or epidemiological evaluation. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV.

• #21 Eurosurveillance | Increase of scabies infestations, Norway, 2006 to 2018

  https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.23.190020

  Between October and December 2018, several clinicians in Norway reported an increase in scabies diagnoses. […] From 2013 to 2018, consultations and sales of scabies treatments had almost increased by threefold, particularly affecting young adults 15-29 years. […] We recommend to increase awareness among clinicians to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.

• #22 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/124?is_paper=y

  Epidemiology of Scabies in Korea (2010~2021): An Updated Report […] Objective: To investigate the current epidemiological data regarding scabies in Korea. […] Methods: This was a nationwide population-based observational study using data from the National Health Insurance claims database (reference period: 2010~2021). The primary outcome measure was the annual incidence of scabies. Subgroup analyses were performed disaggregated by sex, age, and region of residence. […] Results: A total of 517,296 scabies cases were identified, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.83. The annual age-standardized incidence rates steadily decreased from 2010 (97.6 per 100,000 person-years [PY]) to 2021 (43.4 per 100,000 PY), with an average annual percent change of -5.0%. A steep decrease was observed in 2015 (-12.9%), 2020 (-12.7%), and 2021 (-22.8%). An aging trend in patients with scabies was observed, with patients aged 50 years accounting for 36.5% and 63.8% of patients in 2010 and 2021, respectively. The 80 years age group showed the highest age-specific incidence rate. Although all age groups showed a reduction in annual incidence, the extent of the reduction was relatively greater in patients aged 50 years. The number of patients with scabies was the highest in Gyeonggi, Seoul, and Busan, while the regional incidence rates were highest in Gwangju, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Daejeon, and Jeju.

• #23 Epidemiological Evaluation of Scabies Cases Encountered in the Last Three Years as a Tertiary Health Center – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://www.turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/epidemiological-evaluation-of-scabies-cases-encountered-in-the-last-three-years-as-a-tertiary-health-center/doi/tpd.galenos.2020.6796

  We aimed to reveal the change in the demographic characteristics of patients with scabies in the last three years and the increase in frequency of patients with scabies observed in our region. […] The frequency of scabies in our region was indeed increased significantly in 2019 and especially in the 3rd and 4th quarters. […] A total of 252.261 patients, 1.952 of whom were scabies, presented to dermatology polyclinics in the last three years were enrolled in the study. […] The frequency of scabies among the patients examined in our center according to the quarters in the last three years is shown in Table 1. […] It was noteworthy that there was a gradual increase in the frequency of scabies between 2017 and 2019 (0.55%, 0.80%, and 0.94%, respectively). […] The frequency of scabies gradually increased in the last three years, but the increase was statistically significant only in 2019 compared to 2017.

• #24 The Scabies Epidemic During the Covid-19 Pandemic – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/the-scabies-epidemic-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/doi/tpd.galenos.2023.44154

  When the number of scabies cases by year was analyzed, it was determined that the highest incidence rate was 37.8% in 2021 and the lowest incidence rate was 3.7% in 2017. […] During the pandemic period, it was determined that the rate of scabies in men was higher than that in women. […] During the pandemic period, the rate of scabies in those aged 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 65 years and over was higher than that before the pandemic. […] According to our findings, the prevalence of scabies has increased throughout the Covid-2019 pandemic. […] The prevalence of scabies has increased globally and in our country since the outbreak of COVID-19. […] This retrospective study, which is based on official data, is the first, large-scale national investigation of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of scabies in Adana/Trkiye.

• #25 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  An estimated 200 million people are affected by scabies at any given time, with prevalence rates ranging from 0.2% to 71%. […] Natural disasters, war, and poverty lead to overcrowding and increased rates of transmission. […] In industrialized countries, scabies epidemics occur primarily in institutional settings, such as prisons, and in long-term care facilities, including hospitals and nursing homes. […] Scabies occurs more commonly in fall and winter months in these countries. Prevalence rates for scabies in developing nations are higher than those in industrialized countries. […] While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30-year cycles, this may be an oversimplification of its incidence, since these accounts have coincided with the major wars of the 20th century.

• #26

  https://www.aaem.pl/Epidemiology-of-scabies-in-relation-to-socio-economic-and-selected-climatic-factors,109319,0,2.html

  RESEARCH PAPER Epidemiology of scabies in relation to socio-economic and selected climatic factors in north-east Poland […] The purpose of the study was to analyze the epidemiology of scabies in north-east Poland, considering socio-economic and selected climatic factors. […] The age group of 10-19 years showed the highest infestation rates. Seasonality of scabies was demonstrated. The highest numbers of cases were reported during the autumn and winter months. […] The results suggest that an improvement of socio-economic conditions may contribute to a reduction in the number of scabies infections. The possibility should be considered of monitoring the parameters, such as air temperature and humidity, particularly when scabies outbreaks occur.

• #27 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  While it is true that the rising incidence of scabies in Germany temporally coincided with a mass migration of asylum-seekers from Arab and African countries, there is no epidemiological evidence of a causal connection. […] In general, periodic increases of scabies incidence have been observed at wide temporal intervals, with each increase accompanied by similar speculation regarding the causes as today. […] The prevalence figures are influenced above all by the faulty use of drugs with an ensuing need for repeated treatment, as well as by reinfestation due to incomplete decontamination of the patients clothes and furnishings. […] The faulty application of topical antiscabies drugs, poor compliance, and the lack of repeated treatment, decontamination measures, understandable written information, and simultaneous treatment of contact individuals are all well-documented causes of the failure of treatment for scabies.

• #28 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  While it is true that the rising incidence of scabies in Germany temporally coincided with a mass migration of asylum-seekers from Arab and African countries, there is no epidemiological evidence of a causal connection. […] In general, periodic increases of scabies incidence have been observed at wide temporal intervals, with each increase accompanied by similar speculation regarding the causes as today. […] The prevalence figures are influenced above all by the faulty use of drugs with an ensuing need for repeated treatment, as well as by reinfestation due to incomplete decontamination of the patients clothes and furnishings. […] The faulty application of topical antiscabies drugs, poor compliance, and the lack of repeated treatment, decontamination measures, understandable written information, and simultaneous treatment of contact individuals are all well-documented causes of the failure of treatment for scabies.

• #29 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. […] The diagnosis of scabies has become more common in Germany in recent years, for many possible reasons. […] The epidemiological figures are imprecise, as scabies is not reportable by German law. […] According to German federal health reports, the number of cases of inpatient treatment for scabies rose from 960 in 2012 to 10 072 in 2019. […] Data from the above sources are not always reliable or representative, and they count or include some patients multiple times; they may therefore be adequate to document rising incidence, but without enabling quantification or epidemiological evaluation. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV.

• #30 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (15.10.2021)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/221506

  The prevalence figures are influenced by the faulty use of drugs with an ensuing need for repeated treatment, as well as by reinfestation due to incomplete decontamination of the patients clothes and furnishings. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV (1, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8). […] While it is true that the rising incidence of scabies in Germany temporally coincided with a mass migration of asylum-seekers from Arab and African countries, there is no epidemiological evidence of a causal connection (1, 5, e9). […] In general, periodic increases of scabies incidence have been observed at wide temporal intervals, with each increase accompanied by similar speculation regarding the causes as today (1).

• #31 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  While it is true that the rising incidence of scabies in Germany temporally coincided with a mass migration of asylum-seekers from Arab and African countries, there is no epidemiological evidence of a causal connection. […] In general, periodic increases of scabies incidence have been observed at wide temporal intervals, with each increase accompanied by similar speculation regarding the causes as today. […] The prevalence figures are influenced above all by the faulty use of drugs with an ensuing need for repeated treatment, as well as by reinfestation due to incomplete decontamination of the patients clothes and furnishings. […] The faulty application of topical antiscabies drugs, poor compliance, and the lack of repeated treatment, decontamination measures, understandable written information, and simultaneous treatment of contact individuals are all well-documented causes of the failure of treatment for scabies.

• #32 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (15.10.2021)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/221506

  The prevalence figures are influenced by the faulty use of drugs with an ensuing need for repeated treatment, as well as by reinfestation due to incomplete decontamination of the patients clothes and furnishings. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV (1, e3, e4, e5, e6, e7, e8). […] While it is true that the rising incidence of scabies in Germany temporally coincided with a mass migration of asylum-seekers from Arab and African countries, there is no epidemiological evidence of a causal connection (1, 5, e9). […] In general, periodic increases of scabies incidence have been observed at wide temporal intervals, with each increase accompanied by similar speculation regarding the causes as today (1).

• #33 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Scabies is found worldwide, and can affect people of all races and social classes. […] Facilities such as residential aged care facilities and prisons are often sites of scabies outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients and staff. […] Maintain a high index of suspicion that scabies may be the cause of undiagnosed skin rashes. Suspected cases should be evaluated by their doctor and, if necessary, confirmed by obtaining skin scrapings. […] Maintain ongoing surveillance for scabies among all patients and staff to identify new or unsuccessfully treated cases of scabies.

• #34 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/124?is_paper=y

  The current study revealed a unique epidemiological characteristic of scabies in Korea in that the highest incidence was observed in elderly individuals. The phenomenon of progressive aging of these patients was observed over the last 12 years. In contrast to the even distribution of scabies among individuals aged 20~50 years in the early 2010s, the proportion of elderly patients rapidly increased until 2021. A prominent increase in the proportion of patients was noted in the 60~60 years age group and 80 years age group. […] This updated report on the nationwide incidence of scabies in Korea revealed a decreasing incidence in all age groups and the aging of affected patients over the last 12 years. Strategies that target elderly patients are required for the effective control of scabies, particularly interventions for controlling outbreaks in LTCHs. Outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases affect the incidence of scabies, thus indicating that general hygiene and isolation are important for scabies control.

• #35

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scabies-management-advice-for-health-professionals/ukhsa-guidance-on-the-management-of-scabies-cases-and-outbreaks-in-long-term-care-facilities-and-other-closed-settings

  The epidemiology of scabies in the UK is poorly understood and available disease surveillance data is limited. […] Reliable estimates of current scabies incidence are not possible, but it has been estimated that 1 in 50 long-term care facilities will experience an outbreak each year. In 2016, over 241 institutional scabies outbreaks were reported to HPTs across England. […] There is considerable stigma associated with scabies, which can contribute to under-reporting both in the community and among staff and residents in care facilities. […] Outbreaks of scabies are most likely to occur in settings where people live close together, and in settings where individuals receive hands-on personal or health care. Institutional settings such as care homes, hospitals, hostels, and prisons are especially susceptible to outbreaks.

• #36 Scabies in the Amhara region of northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study of prevalence, determinants, clinical presentation and community knowledge | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/10/e075038

  Scabies prevalence was 13.4% (95% CI 11.8 to 15.5). […] Scabies accounts for an estimated 0.21% of disability-adjusted life-years, globally. […] Ethiopia reported a major scabies outbreak in 2015. […] Studies conducted between 2015 and 2017 in the northern and southern parts of the country indicated a prevalence ranging between 11% and 33%. […] Paucity of population-based data on the pattern and drivers of the outbreak has hindered the design of effective control interventions. […] Scabies prevalence in Ayu Guagusa district was high. […] In the multi-level logistic regression model being from households of size 5 people increased odds of scabies infestation but female sex was associated with lower odds of scabies. […] High scabies prevalence is reported among children in high scabies burden settings, and in a global systematic review by Romani et al prevalence was lower in adults than in children in all relevant studies. […] Scabies prevalence in Ayu Guagusa district is high and crosses the recommended threshold to initiate preventive chemotherapy. […] MDA needs to be initiated as the outbreak can no longer be controlled through standard care.

• #37 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  In a 2009 retrospective study of 30,078 children in India, scabies was found to be the second most common skin disease in all age groups of children and the third most common skin disease in infants. […] In parts of Bangladesh, the number of children with scabies exceeds the number with diarrheal and respiratory diseases combined.

• #38 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  In a 2009 retrospective study of 30,078 children in India, scabies was found to be the second most common skin disease in all age groups of children and the third most common skin disease in infants. […] In parts of Bangladesh, the number of children with scabies exceeds the number with diarrheal and respiratory diseases combined.

• #39 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #40 Scabies epidemiology in health care centers for refugees and asylum seekers in Greece | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010153&rev=1

  Scabies is a global health concern disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as refugees and asylum seekers. Greece is a main point of entry in Europe for refugees, but epidemiological data on scabies in this population are scarce. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of scabies, including trends over the study period. […] Data were collected from June, 2016 to July, 2020, using the surveillance system of the Greek National Public Health Organization. Daily reports on scabies and other infectious diseases were submitted by staff at health centers for refugees/asylum seekers. Observed proportional morbidity for scabies was calculated using consultations for scabies as a proportion of total consultations. […] Scabies is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases by health care workers in refugee/asylum seekers centers in Greece. Observed proportional morbidity for scabies increased over time and there were several outbreaks. The current surveillance system with daily reports of the new cases effectively detects new cases in an early stage. Public health interventions, including mass drug administration, should be considered to reduce the burden of scabies in refugee/migrant populations.

• #41 DOAJ Logotype

  https://doaj.org/article/ff43c04f47ea40a7898efca4cdab327f

  Scabies is a global health concern disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as refugees and asylum seekers. […] Greece is a main point of entry in Europe for refugees, but epidemiological data on scabies in this population are scarce. […] We aimed to describe the epidemiology of scabies, including trends over the study period. […] Data were collected from June, 2016 to July, 2020, using the surveillance system of the Greek National Public Health Organization. […] Observed proportional morbidity for scabies was calculated using consultations for scabies as a proportion of total consultations. […] There were a total of 13118 scabies cases over the study period. […] Scabies was the third most frequently observed infectious disease in refugees/asylum seekers population after respiratory infections and gastroenteritis without blood in the stool.

• #42 DOAJ Logotype

  https://doaj.org/article/ff43c04f47ea40a7898efca4cdab327f

  The scabies monthly observed proportional morbidity varied between 0.3% (August 2017) to 5.7% (January 2020). […] Several outbreaks were documented during the study period. […] The number of cases increased from October 2019 until the end of the study period, with a peak of 1663 cases in January 2020, related to an outbreak at one center. […] Spearman correlation test between the number of reported scabies cases and time confirmed an increasing trend ( = 0.67). […] Scabies is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases by health care workers in refugee/asylum seekers centers in Greece. […] Observed proportional morbidity for scabies increased over time and there were several outbreaks. […] The current surveillance system with daily reports of the new cases effectively detects new cases in an early stage. […] Public health interventions, including mass drug administration, should be considered to reduce the burden of scabies in refugee/migrant populations.

• #43 DOAJ Logotype

  https://doaj.org/article/ff43c04f47ea40a7898efca4cdab327f

  The scabies monthly observed proportional morbidity varied between 0.3% (August 2017) to 5.7% (January 2020). […] Several outbreaks were documented during the study period. […] The number of cases increased from October 2019 until the end of the study period, with a peak of 1663 cases in January 2020, related to an outbreak at one center. […] Spearman correlation test between the number of reported scabies cases and time confirmed an increasing trend ( = 0.67). […] Scabies is one of the most frequently reported infectious diseases by health care workers in refugee/asylum seekers centers in Greece. […] Observed proportional morbidity for scabies increased over time and there were several outbreaks. […] The current surveillance system with daily reports of the new cases effectively detects new cases in an early stage. […] Public health interventions, including mass drug administration, should be considered to reduce the burden of scabies in refugee/migrant populations.

• #44 Global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19401-0

  Scabies is a widespread issue in prisons due to overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare resources. A recent study published in the Journal of Infection and Public Health discovered that the prevalence of scabies varies greatly among prisoners in different regions and facilities. This review aimed to determine the global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. […] The prevalence of scabies among prisoners ranges from 0.72% in Italy to 41.01% in Cameroon. The global pooled prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.1619.94). According to subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was 19.55% (95% CI; 9.4440.45), while the prevalence among prisoners outside of Africa was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.773.19). The length of time spent in prison, sharing of clothing or beds, and hygiene practices were found to be factors that were significantly associated with the likelihood of prisoners developing human scabies.

• #45 Global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19401-0

  Scabies is a widespread issue in prisons due to overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare resources. A recent study published in the Journal of Infection and Public Health discovered that the prevalence of scabies varies greatly among prisoners in different regions and facilities. This review aimed to determine the global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. […] The prevalence of scabies among prisoners ranges from 0.72% in Italy to 41.01% in Cameroon. The global pooled prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.1619.94). According to subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was 19.55% (95% CI; 9.4440.45), while the prevalence among prisoners outside of Africa was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.773.19). The length of time spent in prison, sharing of clothing or beds, and hygiene practices were found to be factors that were significantly associated with the likelihood of prisoners developing human scabies.

• #46 Global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners: systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Public Health | Full Text

  https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-19401-0

  The overall prevalence of human scabies is high among prisoners worldwide. Prisoners who spent more time in prison shared clothing or beds, and had poor hygiene practices were more likely to develop human scabies. Thus, efforts should be made by policymakers and program administrators to decrease the prevalence of scabies in prisons. […] This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that the pooled global prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.1619.94). Based on subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was found to be 19.55% (95% CI; 9.4440.45), while among prisoners outside of Africa, it was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.773.19). […] This systematic review examined various factors associated with the likelihood of scabies among prisoners. The analysis found that the amount of time spent in prison, hygiene practices, sharing of clothes or bedding, and overcrowding in prison cells were all significant predictors of scabies among prisoners.

• #47 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. […] The diagnosis of scabies has become more common in Germany in recent years, for many possible reasons. […] The epidemiological figures are imprecise, as scabies is not reportable by German law. […] According to German federal health reports, the number of cases of inpatient treatment for scabies rose from 960 in 2012 to 10 072 in 2019. […] Data from the above sources are not always reliable or representative, and they count or include some patients multiple times; they may therefore be adequate to document rising incidence, but without enabling quantification or epidemiological evaluation. […] The incidence of scabies, like that of other sexually transmitted infections, rose after advances in the treatment of HIV.

• #48 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #49 Scabies epidemiology in health care centers for refugees and asylum seekers in Greece | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010153&rev=1

  Scabies is not a mandatory reportable disease for general population in Greece. Nevertheless, surveillance amongst refugees/asylum seekers in PoC is conducted by the NPHO. Clinical scabies cases are documented throughout the country and reported on a weekly basis within the surveillance system for PoC. However, epidemiological data regarding scabies among refugees and asylum seekers in Greece are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of scabies in refugees/asylum seekers centers in Greece, to investigate changes over time and factors relating to these changes and to compare the epidemiology of scabies with other reported infectious diseases. […] Continuous, systematic data collection within the system of epidemiological surveillance in PoC for refugees/asylum seekers and subsequent publication by NPHO, provided valuable information on infectious diseases prevalence among the specific population allowing earlier interventions. Data were collected from a large number of PoC distributed widely in Greece’s mainland and its Aegean islands, reflecting clear overview of scabies epidemiology in refugees/asylum seekers population in centers.

• #50 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Scabies

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/scabies.shtml

  Individual cases of this infestation in the community are not reportable to public health. All outbreaks that occur in long-term care, schools and other institutions are immediately reportable to the local health department. […] Scabies is a skin condition caused by a parasite known as the human itch mite. […] Any person who has direct skin to skin contact with someone who has scabies may be at risk for infestation.

• #51

  https://oklahoma.gov/health/health-education/acute-disease-service/skin-diseases/scabies.html

  Scabies is not a reportable disease in Oklahoma; however, the Oklahoma State Department of Health will work with facilities to provide educational materials if an infestation of human scabies is identified. […] Scabies spreads more rapidly in crowded, institutionalized settings such as childcare facilities, nursing homes, extended-care facilities, and prisons. […] Scabies is a skin condition caused by infestation with a tiny parasite Sarcoptes scabiei, also known as a mite. Scabies spreads more easily in crowded settings or where frequent skin-to-skin contact occurs such as long-term care facilities, institutions, and childcare centers. […] Scabies is not a reportable disease in Oklahoma. […] Early proper treatment of infested persons is extremely important to stop the spread of scabies.

• #52 Scabies epidemiology in health care centers for refugees and asylum seekers in Greece | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010153&rev=1

  Scabies is not a mandatory reportable disease for general population in Greece. Nevertheless, surveillance amongst refugees/asylum seekers in PoC is conducted by the NPHO. Clinical scabies cases are documented throughout the country and reported on a weekly basis within the surveillance system for PoC. However, epidemiological data regarding scabies among refugees and asylum seekers in Greece are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of scabies in refugees/asylum seekers centers in Greece, to investigate changes over time and factors relating to these changes and to compare the epidemiology of scabies with other reported infectious diseases. […] Continuous, systematic data collection within the system of epidemiological surveillance in PoC for refugees/asylum seekers and subsequent publication by NPHO, provided valuable information on infectious diseases prevalence among the specific population allowing earlier interventions. Data were collected from a large number of PoC distributed widely in Greece’s mainland and its Aegean islands, reflecting clear overview of scabies epidemiology in refugees/asylum seekers population in centers.

• #53 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Scabies outbreaks have occurred in patients, visitors, and staff in institutional settings. […] Scabies is often not recognized until it begins to appear among staff. […] Scabies can spread easily under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Local and/or state health departments may be able to provide guidelines for preventing and controlling scabies outbreaks. […] Early detection, treatment, and implementation of appropriate isolation and infection control practices are essential in preventing scabies outbreaks. […] Epidemiologic and clinical information about patients/residents with confirmed and suspected scabies should be collected and used for systematic review in order to facilitate early identification of and response to potential outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients/residents and staff.

• #54 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Scabies outbreaks have occurred in patients, visitors, and staff in institutional settings. […] Scabies is often not recognized until it begins to appear among staff. […] Scabies can spread easily under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Local and/or state health departments may be able to provide guidelines for preventing and controlling scabies outbreaks. […] Early detection, treatment, and implementation of appropriate isolation and infection control practices are essential in preventing scabies outbreaks. […] Epidemiologic and clinical information about patients/residents with confirmed and suspected scabies should be collected and used for systematic review in order to facilitate early identification of and response to potential outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients/residents and staff.

• #55 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Scabies outbreaks have occurred in patients, visitors, and staff in institutional settings. […] Scabies is often not recognized until it begins to appear among staff. […] Scabies can spread easily under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Local and/or state health departments may be able to provide guidelines for preventing and controlling scabies outbreaks. […] Early detection, treatment, and implementation of appropriate isolation and infection control practices are essential in preventing scabies outbreaks. […] Epidemiologic and clinical information about patients/residents with confirmed and suspected scabies should be collected and used for systematic review in order to facilitate early identification of and response to potential outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients/residents and staff.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

  At least 200 million people worldwide suffer from scabies at any one time. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. Globally, it is estimated to affect more than 200 million people at any time and more than 400 million people cumulatively every year. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority, and several studies have shown that mass drug administration (MDA) strategies have the potential to substantially reduce prevalence of scabies, with concomitant reductions in impetigo. […] The general principles include surveillance in high-risk settings, early confirmation of an outbreak, and involvement of public health experts. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.

• #57

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

  At least 200 million people worldwide suffer from scabies at any one time. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. Globally, it is estimated to affect more than 200 million people at any time and more than 400 million people cumulatively every year. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority, and several studies have shown that mass drug administration (MDA) strategies have the potential to substantially reduce prevalence of scabies, with concomitant reductions in impetigo. […] The general principles include surveillance in high-risk settings, early confirmation of an outbreak, and involvement of public health experts. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.

• #58

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

  At least 200 million people worldwide suffer from scabies at any one time. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. Globally, it is estimated to affect more than 200 million people at any time and more than 400 million people cumulatively every year. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority, and several studies have shown that mass drug administration (MDA) strategies have the potential to substantially reduce prevalence of scabies, with concomitant reductions in impetigo. […] The general principles include surveillance in high-risk settings, early confirmation of an outbreak, and involvement of public health experts. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.

• #59 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Maintain a high index of suspicion that scabies may be the cause of undiagnosed skin rash; evaluate and confirm suspected cases by obtaining skin scrapings. […] Screen all new patients/residents and staff for scabies. […] If there are multiple cases, notify the local health department of the outbreak; determine if there is evidence of an increase in scabies cases in the community; notify other institutions to or from which infected or exposed patients/residents may have transferred. […] Use epidemiologic data about the distribution of confirmed cases by building, room, floor, wing, occupation (for staff), dates of admission, and onset of scabies-like condition to determine levels of risk for patients/residents and staff. […] Avoid direct skin-to-skin contact with any patient/resident with suspect or confirmed scabies.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/scabies

  Because people in the early stage of new infestation may be asymptomatic, it is critical to treat the whole household at the same time as the diagnosed case. Repeating treatment in the time frame appropriate for the chosen medication (typically after 7-14 days) will lead to a higher efficacy, particularly for oral ivermectin, which does not kill mite eggs.

• #61 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Identify and treat all persons (e.g., staff, relatives, patients/residents) having prolonged, direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person before they were treated. […] Staff generally can return to work the day after receiving a dose of treatment with permethrin or ivermectin; however, symptomatic staff who provide hands-on care to any patient/resident may need to use disposable gloves for several days after treatment until it is sure they are no longer infested. […] Establish appropriate procedures for environmental disinfection. […] Maintain an open and cooperative communication between management and staff.

• #62 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Identify and treat all persons (e.g., staff, relatives, patients/residents) having prolonged, direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person before they were treated. […] Staff generally can return to work the day after receiving a dose of treatment with permethrin or ivermectin; however, symptomatic staff who provide hands-on care to any patient/resident may need to use disposable gloves for several days after treatment until it is sure they are no longer infested. […] Establish appropriate procedures for environmental disinfection. […] Maintain an open and cooperative communication between management and staff.

• #63 Scabies epidemiology in health care centers for refugees and asylum seekers in Greece | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0010153&rev=1

  Scabies is one of the most frequent reported infectious diseases among the refugees/asylum seekers population in Greece. The number of consultations due to scabies increased over the period 2016 to 2020. National systematic reporting of scabies by health personnel working in PoC can enable early interventions in order to reduce the burden of scabies and its complications. As the incidence increases and living conditions complicate optimal treatment of individual patients, mass drug administration may prove to be a necessary intervention to reduce the burden of scabies in refugees/asylum seekers population.

• #64 Scabies epidemiology in health care centers for refugees and asylum seekers in Greece | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.10.22268996v1.full-text

  Our findings confirmed the high prevalence of scabies among refugees and identified a clear trend of significant increase over time. […] Scabies is a major burden amongst vulnerable populations such as refugees/asylum seekers. […] We report a very high burden of scabies among the refugees/asylum seekers population in Greece, with cases reported throughout the study period. Scabies was the third most frequent infectious disease, included in the systematically reported to NPHO syndromes. […] The rapid turnover of populations in the refugees/asylum seekers centers predisposes to reinfestations and outbreaks of scabies. […] Considering the increasing caseload of scabies and the crowded living conditions, mass drug administration, targeting newly-arrived refugees/asylum seekers may be an effective strategy. The current NPHO surveillance and response system could then act to detect and manage new cases and any emerging outbreaks in a timely and effective manner.

• #65 Scabies – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies

  Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with tinea and pyoderma. As of 2010, it affects about 100 million people (1.5% of the population) and its frequency is not related to gender. The mites are distributed around the world and equally infect all ages, races, and socioeconomic classes in different climates. Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions. Globally as of 2009, an estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur each year, although various parties claim the figure is either over- or underestimated. About 110% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies, but in certain populations, the infection rate may be as high as 5080%. […] Mass-treatment programs that use topical permethrin or oral ivermectin have been effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies in several populations. No vaccine is available for scabies. The simultaneous treatment of all close contacts is recommended, even if they show no symptoms of infection (asymptomatic), to reduce rates of recurrence.

• #66 Scabies – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabies

  Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with tinea and pyoderma. As of 2010, it affects about 100 million people (1.5% of the population) and its frequency is not related to gender. The mites are distributed around the world and equally infect all ages, races, and socioeconomic classes in different climates. Scabies is more often seen in crowded areas with unhygienic living conditions. Globally as of 2009, an estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur each year, although various parties claim the figure is either over- or underestimated. About 110% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies, but in certain populations, the infection rate may be as high as 5080%. […] Mass-treatment programs that use topical permethrin or oral ivermectin have been effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies in several populations. No vaccine is available for scabies. The simultaneous treatment of all close contacts is recommended, even if they show no symptoms of infection (asymptomatic), to reduce rates of recurrence.

• #67

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scabies-management-advice-for-health-professionals/ukhsa-guidance-on-the-management-of-scabies-cases-and-outbreaks-in-long-term-care-facilities-and-other-closed-settings

  The epidemiology of scabies in the UK is poorly understood and available disease surveillance data is limited. […] Reliable estimates of current scabies incidence are not possible, but it has been estimated that 1 in 50 long-term care facilities will experience an outbreak each year. In 2016, over 241 institutional scabies outbreaks were reported to HPTs across England. […] There is considerable stigma associated with scabies, which can contribute to under-reporting both in the community and among staff and residents in care facilities. […] Outbreaks of scabies are most likely to occur in settings where people live close together, and in settings where individuals receive hands-on personal or health care. Institutional settings such as care homes, hospitals, hostels, and prisons are especially susceptible to outbreaks.

• #68

  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scabies-management-advice-for-health-professionals/ukhsa-guidance-on-the-management-of-scabies-cases-and-outbreaks-in-long-term-care-facilities-and-other-closed-settings

  The epidemiology of scabies in the UK is poorly understood and available disease surveillance data is limited. […] Reliable estimates of current scabies incidence are not possible, but it has been estimated that 1 in 50 long-term care facilities will experience an outbreak each year. In 2016, over 241 institutional scabies outbreaks were reported to HPTs across England. […] There is considerable stigma associated with scabies, which can contribute to under-reporting both in the community and among staff and residents in care facilities. […] Outbreaks of scabies are most likely to occur in settings where people live close together, and in settings where individuals receive hands-on personal or health care. Institutional settings such as care homes, hospitals, hostels, and prisons are especially susceptible to outbreaks.

• #69 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #70 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview

  Because it is not a reportable disease and data are based on variable notification, the incidence of scabies is difficult to ascertain. […] Scabies is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions, being 1 of the 6 major epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) that are prevalent in resource-poor populations, as reported in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization in February 2009. […] Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America, and other developing regions of the world. Incidence in parts of Central and South America approach 100%. […] One report suggests the highest reported rates of the crusted scabies in the world is in remote Aboriginal communities of northern Australia. […] The World Health Organization reports a prevalence rate of 5-10% in children in resource-poor tropical countries.

• #71 Public Health Strategies for Scabies Outbreaks in Institutional Settings | Scabies | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/php/public-health-strategy/index.html

  Scabies outbreaks have occurred in patients, visitors, and staff in institutional settings. […] Scabies is often not recognized until it begins to appear among staff. […] Scabies can spread easily under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Local and/or state health departments may be able to provide guidelines for preventing and controlling scabies outbreaks. […] Early detection, treatment, and implementation of appropriate isolation and infection control practices are essential in preventing scabies outbreaks. […] Epidemiologic and clinical information about patients/residents with confirmed and suspected scabies should be collected and used for systematic review in order to facilitate early identification of and response to potential outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients/residents and staff.

• #72 Scabies control guidelines

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/scabies-control-guidelines

  Scabies is found worldwide, and can affect people of all races and social classes. […] Facilities such as residential aged care facilities and prisons are often sites of scabies outbreaks. […] Have an active program for early detection of infested patients and staff. […] Maintain a high index of suspicion that scabies may be the cause of undiagnosed skin rashes. Suspected cases should be evaluated by their doctor and, if necessary, confirmed by obtaining skin scrapings. […] Maintain ongoing surveillance for scabies among all patients and staff to identify new or unsuccessfully treated cases of scabies.

• #73 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Scabies in a Dermatology Office | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/30/1/78

  Scabies is a neglected skin disease, and little is known about current incidence and treatment patterns in the United States. […] The high prevalence of scabies in developing countries is attributed to poverty, poor nutritional status, homelessness, and poor hygiene. […] In developed countries, scabies outbreaks have historically been described in long-term care facilities, hospitals, and areas of overcrowding. […] Little is known of the current incidence of and treatment patterns for scabies in the United States. […] Of the patients diagnosed with scabies, 45% had been misdiagnosed by another health care provider. […] The frequency of misdiagnosis of scabies supports the need for a more definitive diagnosis option. […] Our findings suggest that more accurate and faster diagnostic methods are needed to diagnose scabies in order to limit unnecessary treatment and expedite appropriate therapy.

• #74 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Scabies in a Dermatology Office | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/30/1/78.short

  Background: Scabies is a neglected skin disease, and little is known about current incidence and treatment patterns in the United States. […] A total of 459 charts were identified, with 428 meeting inclusion criteria. […] Children were the largest age group diagnosed with scabies, at 38%. Males (54%) were diagnosed with scabies more than females. […] At the time of diagnosis, 45% of patients had been misdiagnosed by another provider. […] Our findings suggest that more accurate and faster diagnostic methods are needed to limit unnecessary treatment and expedite appropriate therapy for scabies.

• #75 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Scabies in a Dermatology Office | American Board of Family Medicine

  https://www.jabfm.org/content/30/1/78

  Scabies is a neglected skin disease, and little is known about current incidence and treatment patterns in the United States. […] The high prevalence of scabies in developing countries is attributed to poverty, poor nutritional status, homelessness, and poor hygiene. […] In developed countries, scabies outbreaks have historically been described in long-term care facilities, hospitals, and areas of overcrowding. […] Little is known of the current incidence of and treatment patterns for scabies in the United States. […] Of the patients diagnosed with scabies, 45% had been misdiagnosed by another health care provider. […] The frequency of misdiagnosis of scabies supports the need for a more definitive diagnosis option. […] Our findings suggest that more accurate and faster diagnostic methods are needed to diagnose scabies in order to limit unnecessary treatment and expedite appropriate therapy.

• #76 Scabies: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8743988/

  While it is true that the rising incidence of scabies in Germany temporally coincided with a mass migration of asylum-seekers from Arab and African countries, there is no epidemiological evidence of a causal connection. […] In general, periodic increases of scabies incidence have been observed at wide temporal intervals, with each increase accompanied by similar speculation regarding the causes as today. […] The prevalence figures are influenced above all by the faulty use of drugs with an ensuing need for repeated treatment, as well as by reinfestation due to incomplete decontamination of the patients clothes and furnishings. […] The faulty application of topical antiscabies drugs, poor compliance, and the lack of repeated treatment, decontamination measures, understandable written information, and simultaneous treatment of contact individuals are all well-documented causes of the failure of treatment for scabies.

• #77

  https://step2.medbullets.com/evidence/34615594

  Scabies is a skin infestation whose incidence is apparently rising. […] Even though there has not yet been any direct proof of resistance of scabies mites to permethrin, there is a rising number of well-documented cases of poor response to this agent. […] Treatment of scabies according to the guidelines and the additional recommendations reported here should result in effective curing, even in cases that are thought to be intractable.

• #78 Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in Korea: Part 1. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis — a secondary publication

  https://www.e-emj.org/journal/view.php?number=10

  Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in Korea: Part 1. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis — a secondary publication […] In Korea, the incidence of scabies has decreased from approximately 50,000 cases per year in 2010 to about 30,000 cases per year in 2021. […] The number of scabies cases in Korea has steadily declined, from approximately 50,000 in the early 2010s to around 30,000 in 2021. […] Data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service show that the number of scabies cases in Korea decreased from 51,331 in 2010 to 29,693 in 2021. […] The persistent incidence of scabies can be attributed to several factors, including the expansion of elderly care facilities, increasing drug resistance, challenges in diagnosing atypical or cryptic scabies in clean environments, and increased travel to endemic regions. […] In Korea, the prevalence of scabies among outpatients at eight general hospitals across six regions, including Seoul, was approximately 2% in the 1960s, rising to 3%–7% in the 1970s, and reaching 10% in the early 1980s. However, by the 1990s, it had declined to below 1%.

• #79 Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/2/213

  Zoonotic scabies (ZS), also referred to as “pseudoscabies”, is considered a self-limiting disease with a short incubation period and transient clinical skin signs. […] It has been stated that “no other permanent parasitic mite has such a large variety of hosts as does S. scabiei”. […] Scabies was listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) among the neglected tropical diseases in 2017, acknowledging the need for greater awareness on the part of practitioners and health organizations and for a global consensus on control guidelines and strategies. […] According to the WHO, more than 200 million people suffer from scabies globally, but the real extent of the disease is likely grossly underestimated. […] Genetic epidemiological studies of ZS outbreaks are still limited in number, but tools are available to fill this knowledge gap in the near future.

• #80 Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/2/213

  Descriptive data on ZS episodes are still limited. […] ZS remains a neglected zoonosis, with no surveillance nor coordinated reporting system on a regional or global scale. […] Thus, information on its prevalence and spread can only be extrapolated from the available scientific literature or from anecdotal reports, with implicit inaccuracy. […] Finally, we believe that key priorities in understanding ZS are represented by an increased surveillance in high-risk occupations and, on the occasion of outbreaks, improved communication between animal and human health specialists, in line with the One Health approach.

• #81 Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/2/213

  Descriptive data on ZS episodes are still limited. […] ZS remains a neglected zoonosis, with no surveillance nor coordinated reporting system on a regional or global scale. […] Thus, information on its prevalence and spread can only be extrapolated from the available scientific literature or from anecdotal reports, with implicit inaccuracy. […] Finally, we believe that key priorities in understanding ZS are represented by an increased surveillance in high-risk occupations and, on the occasion of outbreaks, improved communication between animal and human health specialists, in line with the One Health approach.

• #82 Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/2/213

  Descriptive data on ZS episodes are still limited. […] ZS remains a neglected zoonosis, with no surveillance nor coordinated reporting system on a regional or global scale. […] Thus, information on its prevalence and spread can only be extrapolated from the available scientific literature or from anecdotal reports, with implicit inaccuracy. […] Finally, we believe that key priorities in understanding ZS are represented by an increased surveillance in high-risk occupations and, on the occasion of outbreaks, improved communication between animal and human health specialists, in line with the One Health approach.

• #83 Community-Led Data Collection: Enhancing Local-Level Scabies Surveillance in Remote Aboriginal Communities in Australia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/4/200

  A recent international framework for comprehensive scabies control proposed (1) mapping of disease burden; (2) delivery of interventions; and (3) establishing an appropriate monitoring and evaluation framework. […] Recommendations for standardised diagnostic and survey methods have been called for as a priority to identify target areas for community-level interventions via mass drug administration (MDA). […] However, there remains a lack of research or consensus on the design or implementation of appropriate surveys or in situ, community-level health data capture interventions. […] Implementors of the standard models of community-based screen and treat campaigns have questioned the feasibility and sustainability of such strategies for scabies control at scale. […] A geohealth approach would likely offer major benefits to scabies control by recognising the social, economic and environmental elements of place that interact to influence disease outcomes.

• #84 Community-Led Data Collection: Enhancing Local-Level Scabies Surveillance in Remote Aboriginal Communities in Australia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/4/200

  A recent international framework for comprehensive scabies control proposed (1) mapping of disease burden; (2) delivery of interventions; and (3) establishing an appropriate monitoring and evaluation framework. […] Recommendations for standardised diagnostic and survey methods have been called for as a priority to identify target areas for community-level interventions via mass drug administration (MDA). […] However, there remains a lack of research or consensus on the design or implementation of appropriate surveys or in situ, community-level health data capture interventions. […] Implementors of the standard models of community-based screen and treat campaigns have questioned the feasibility and sustainability of such strategies for scabies control at scale. […] A geohealth approach would likely offer major benefits to scabies control by recognising the social, economic and environmental elements of place that interact to influence disease outcomes.

• #85 Community-Led Data Collection: Enhancing Local-Level Scabies Surveillance in Remote Aboriginal Communities in Australia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/4/200

  A recent international framework for comprehensive scabies control proposed (1) mapping of disease burden; (2) delivery of interventions; and (3) establishing an appropriate monitoring and evaluation framework. […] Recommendations for standardised diagnostic and survey methods have been called for as a priority to identify target areas for community-level interventions via mass drug administration (MDA). […] However, there remains a lack of research or consensus on the design or implementation of appropriate surveys or in situ, community-level health data capture interventions. […] Implementors of the standard models of community-based screen and treat campaigns have questioned the feasibility and sustainability of such strategies for scabies control at scale. […] A geohealth approach would likely offer major benefits to scabies control by recognising the social, economic and environmental elements of place that interact to influence disease outcomes.

• #86 Community-Led Data Collection: Enhancing Local-Level Scabies Surveillance in Remote Aboriginal Communities in Australia

  https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/4/200

  A recent international framework for comprehensive scabies control proposed (1) mapping of disease burden; (2) delivery of interventions; and (3) establishing an appropriate monitoring and evaluation framework. […] Recommendations for standardised diagnostic and survey methods have been called for as a priority to identify target areas for community-level interventions via mass drug administration (MDA). […] However, there remains a lack of research or consensus on the design or implementation of appropriate surveys or in situ, community-level health data capture interventions. […] Implementors of the standard models of community-based screen and treat campaigns have questioned the feasibility and sustainability of such strategies for scabies control at scale. […] A geohealth approach would likely offer major benefits to scabies control by recognising the social, economic and environmental elements of place that interact to influence disease outcomes.

• #87 The Scabies Epidemic During the Covid-19 Pandemic – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/the-scabies-epidemic-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/doi/tpd.galenos.2023.44154

  We aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of the increasing number of scabies cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in our region and evaluate the pre-pandemic picture of the change in the incidence of scabies cases to create a scientific resource for future measures. […] A statistically significant relationship was found between the pandemic period and age classes in terms of the number of scabies cases. […] During the pandemic period, the rate of scabies in individuals aged 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 65 years was higher than before the pandemic. […] The rise in cases was attributed to the stay-at-home policy imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Our results showed that the number of scabies cases increased every year compared to previous years and that there was a serious explosion in the number of cases starting from 2019 with the COVID-19 pandemic and it peaked in 2021.

• #88 The Scabies Epidemic During the Covid-19 Pandemic – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/the-scabies-epidemic-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/doi/tpd.galenos.2023.44154

  We aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of the increasing number of scabies cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in our region and evaluate the pre-pandemic picture of the change in the incidence of scabies cases to create a scientific resource for future measures. […] A statistically significant relationship was found between the pandemic period and age classes in terms of the number of scabies cases. […] During the pandemic period, the rate of scabies in individuals aged 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 65 years was higher than before the pandemic. […] The rise in cases was attributed to the stay-at-home policy imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Our results showed that the number of scabies cases increased every year compared to previous years and that there was a serious explosion in the number of cases starting from 2019 with the COVID-19 pandemic and it peaked in 2021.

• #89 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/124?is_paper=y

  Epidemiology of Scabies in Korea (2010~2021): An Updated Report […] Objective: To investigate the current epidemiological data regarding scabies in Korea. […] Methods: This was a nationwide population-based observational study using data from the National Health Insurance claims database (reference period: 2010~2021). The primary outcome measure was the annual incidence of scabies. Subgroup analyses were performed disaggregated by sex, age, and region of residence. […] Results: A total of 517,296 scabies cases were identified, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.83. The annual age-standardized incidence rates steadily decreased from 2010 (97.6 per 100,000 person-years [PY]) to 2021 (43.4 per 100,000 PY), with an average annual percent change of -5.0%. A steep decrease was observed in 2015 (-12.9%), 2020 (-12.7%), and 2021 (-22.8%). An aging trend in patients with scabies was observed, with patients aged 50 years accounting for 36.5% and 63.8% of patients in 2010 and 2021, respectively. The 80 years age group showed the highest age-specific incidence rate. Although all age groups showed a reduction in annual incidence, the extent of the reduction was relatively greater in patients aged 50 years. The number of patients with scabies was the highest in Gyeonggi, Seoul, and Busan, while the regional incidence rates were highest in Gwangju, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Daejeon, and Jeju.

• #90 Epidemiologic Assessment of Scabies: Actuality of Airborne Transmission and Additional Standards to Reduce Spread of Contagion and Reinfestation

  https://opendermatologyjournal.com/VOLUME/18/ELOCATOR/e18743722318633/FULLTEXT/?doi=10.1126/sciadv.adg2248

  Scabies are caused by parasites that live their entire life within the outer layers of the epidermis. […] Transmission is by person-to-person, fomite, and airborne. […] Presently, the bulk of the medical literature suggests that transmission from inanimate objects poses little concern in common scabies. […] The inclusion of spatial dynamics reveals that scabies transmission occurs in traveling waves, indicating a more resilient host population. […] Its decreased prevalence during COVID-19 suggests that physical distancing reduces its transmission. […] The proof of airborne transmission would include that it is the first reasonable explanation for recovering mites on the floor, curtains, and chairs distant from the environment of affected individuals. […] An absence of knowledge for this form of transmission would also explain the lower-than-expected success rates with anti-scabietic treatments.

• #91 The Scabies Epidemic During the Covid-19 Pandemic – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/the-scabies-epidemic-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/doi/tpd.galenos.2023.44154

  We aimed to determine the demographic characteristics of the increasing number of scabies cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in our region and evaluate the pre-pandemic picture of the change in the incidence of scabies cases to create a scientific resource for future measures. […] A statistically significant relationship was found between the pandemic period and age classes in terms of the number of scabies cases. […] During the pandemic period, the rate of scabies in individuals aged 0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 65 years was higher than before the pandemic. […] The rise in cases was attributed to the stay-at-home policy imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Our results showed that the number of scabies cases increased every year compared to previous years and that there was a serious explosion in the number of cases starting from 2019 with the COVID-19 pandemic and it peaked in 2021.

• #92 JMI – The Journal of mycology and infection

  https://e-jmi.org/archive/detail/124?is_paper=y

  The current study revealed a unique epidemiological characteristic of scabies in Korea in that the highest incidence was observed in elderly individuals. The phenomenon of progressive aging of these patients was observed over the last 12 years. In contrast to the even distribution of scabies among individuals aged 20~50 years in the early 2010s, the proportion of elderly patients rapidly increased until 2021. A prominent increase in the proportion of patients was noted in the 60~60 years age group and 80 years age group. […] This updated report on the nationwide incidence of scabies in Korea revealed a decreasing incidence in all age groups and the aging of affected patients over the last 12 years. Strategies that target elderly patients are required for the effective control of scabies, particularly interventions for controlling outbreaks in LTCHs. Outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases affect the incidence of scabies, thus indicating that general hygiene and isolation are important for scabies control.

• #93 The Scabies Epidemic During the Covid-19 Pandemic – Turkish Journal of Parasitology

  https://turkiyeparazitolderg.org/articles/the-scabies-epidemic-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/doi/tpd.galenos.2023.44154

  In this study, when we examined the distribution of scabies cases by age group, we found that the disease was mostly seen in the 0-14 and 65 age groups during the pandemic period. […] Undoubtedly, more epidemiological studies are needed to evaluate the incidence of scabies before and after COVID-19 to have a better understanding of this parasitosis and its therapy under specific settings such as the pandemic that the entire globe has recently been experiencing.

• #94

  https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/fulltext/2013/04000/epidemiology_of_scabies.5.aspx

  Scabies is a common skin infestation globally, particularly in the developing world. […] Scabies occurrence rates vary in the recent literature from 2.71 per 1000 to 46%. […] Scabies remains common across the world, but is such a health issue in the developing world that the suggestion that it be considered a neglected tropical disease is a pertinent one.

• #95

  https://journals.lww.com/co-infectiousdiseases/fulltext/2013/04000/epidemiology_of_scabies.5.aspx

  Scabies is a common skin infestation globally, particularly in the developing world. […] Scabies occurrence rates vary in the recent literature from 2.71 per 1000 to 46%. […] Scabies remains common across the world, but is such a health issue in the developing world that the suggestion that it be considered a neglected tropical disease is a pertinent one.

• #96 Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Patients Being Treated for Scabies in Spain: Opportunities for Improvement — A Multicenter Cross-Sectional CLINI-AEDV Study | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-caracteristicas-clinicas-epidemiologicas-pacientes-diagnosticados-articulo-resumen-S0001731023008712

  Several studies support the hypothesis that scabies is on the rise in Spain. […] There are also concerns about the possible development of resistance to treatment and an increase in atypical presentations. […] In order to help better understand the situation of scabies in Spain, the AEDV, in collaboration with the Epidemiology and Health Promotion Working Group, launched a study to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with scabies seen by dermatologists in Spain. […] The high number of previously treated patients with active scabies in this series (66%) is in line with several recent reports suggesting that both incidence and treatment failures are on the rise. […] The most likely source of infection was the home environment or a sexual partner (49% of cases).

• #97 Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Patients Being Treated for Scabies in Spain: Opportunities for Improvement — A Multicenter Cross-Sectional CLINI-AEDV Study | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/en-caracteristicas-clinicas-epidemiologicas-pacientes-diagnosticados-articulo-resumen-S0001731023008712

  Several studies support the hypothesis that scabies is on the rise in Spain. […] There are also concerns about the possible development of resistance to treatment and an increase in atypical presentations. […] In order to help better understand the situation of scabies in Spain, the AEDV, in collaboration with the Epidemiology and Health Promotion Working Group, launched a study to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with scabies seen by dermatologists in Spain. […] The high number of previously treated patients with active scabies in this series (66%) is in line with several recent reports suggesting that both incidence and treatment failures are on the rise. […] The most likely source of infection was the home environment or a sexual partner (49% of cases).

• #98

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies

  At least 200 million people worldwide suffer from scabies at any one time. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. Globally, it is estimated to affect more than 200 million people at any time and more than 400 million people cumulatively every year. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority, and several studies have shown that mass drug administration (MDA) strategies have the potential to substantially reduce prevalence of scabies, with concomitant reductions in impetigo. […] The general principles include surveillance in high-risk settings, early confirmation of an outbreak, and involvement of public health experts. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.

• #99 Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/2/213

  Zoonotic scabies (ZS), also referred to as “pseudoscabies”, is considered a self-limiting disease with a short incubation period and transient clinical skin signs. […] It has been stated that “no other permanent parasitic mite has such a large variety of hosts as does S. scabiei”. […] Scabies was listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) among the neglected tropical diseases in 2017, acknowledging the need for greater awareness on the part of practitioners and health organizations and for a global consensus on control guidelines and strategies. […] According to the WHO, more than 200 million people suffer from scabies globally, but the real extent of the disease is likely grossly underestimated. […] Genetic epidemiological studies of ZS outbreaks are still limited in number, but tools are available to fill this knowledge gap in the near future.

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