Świerzb
Etiologia i przyczyny

Świerzb (Scabies) to zakaźna dermatoza wywołana przez pasożyta Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, którego samica (ok. 0,4 mm) drąży nory w warstwie rogowej naskórka, składając 2-3 jaja dziennie przez około 2 miesiące. Cykl życiowy obejmuje stadia jaja, larwy, nimfy i dorosłego roztocza. Objawy kliniczne, takie jak intensywny świąd nasilający się nocą oraz charakterystyczna wysypka, wynikają z opóźnionej reakcji immunologicznej typu komórkowego (Th1) na pasożyty, ich jaja i wydaliny, pojawiającej się zwykle po 2-6 tygodniach od zakażenia. Świerzb przenosi się głównie przez długotrwały kontakt skóra-do-skóry, rzadziej przez skażone przedmioty, przy czym pasożyty mogą przetrwać poza organizmem do 24-36 godzin. Wyróżnia się postać klasyczną (10-15 pasożytów) oraz norweską (liczne, nawet miliony pasożytów), z tą drugą występującą u osób z immunosupresją i cechującą się cięższym przebiegiem oraz wysoką zakaźnością.

Etiologia Świerzbu (Scabies) – przyczyny, czynniki wywołujące

Świerzb (łac. Scabies) jest zakaźną chorobą skóry wywoływaną przez mikroskopijnego pasożyta – świerzbowca ludzkiego (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis).12 Ten ośmionogi roztocz (nie owad) jest obligatoryjnym pasożytem ludzkim, co oznacza, że może przetrwać i rozmnażać się tylko na ludzkim gospodarzu.34 Choroba charakteryzuje się intensywnym świądem i charakterystyczną wysypką, będącymi konsekwencją immunologicznej reakcji organizmu na obecność pasożyta.

Cykl życiowy świerzbowca

Patogeneza świerzbu rozpoczyna się, gdy zapłodniona samica świerzbowca (o długości około 0,4 mm) wnika do warstwy rogowej naskórka, gdzie drąży korytarze (nory świerzbowcowe) i składa jaja.56 Samica składa około 2-3 jaj dziennie przez okres około 2 miesięcy.7 Z jaj wylęgają się larwy, które następnie przedostają się na powierzchnię skóry, gdzie dojrzewają i rozprzestrzeniają się po ciele gospodarza lub przenoszą na nowego gospodarza poprzez bliski kontakt fizyczny.8 Pełny cykl życiowy świerzbowca obejmuje cztery stadia: jajo, larwa, nimfa i dorosły osobnik.9

W klasycznej postaci świerzbu liczba pasożytów u jednej osoby wynosi zazwyczaj od 10 do 15.10 Jest to stosunkowo niewielka liczba, ale wystarczająca do wywołania charakterystycznych objawów choroby.

Mechanizm patogenezy

Objawy świerzbu, w szczególności intensywny świąd i wysypka, nie są bezpośrednim skutkiem obecności świerzbowców, lecz wynikają z reakcji immunologicznej organizmu na pasożyty, ich jaja i wydaliny.1112 Jest to typ reakcji nadwrażliwości komórkowej (Th1-zależnej), która rozwija się z opóźnieniem po pierwotnym zakażeniu.13 Z tego powodu objawy kliniczne pojawiają się zazwyczaj po 2-6 tygodniach od momentu zarażenia, w czasie których pasożyty namnażają się w skórze.1415

Reakcja immunologiczna organizmu obejmuje uwalnianie komórek T, które atakują zainfekowane komórki, co prowadzi do powstania świądu i wysypki jako efektów ubocznych tej odpowiedzi.16 Ten mechanizm wyjaśnia, dlaczego objawy świerzbu utrzymują się nawet po skutecznym leczeniu przeciwpasożytniczym – reakcje alergiczne mogą trwać przez pewien czas po eliminacji świerzbowców.

Drogi transmisji

Świerzb jest chorobą wysoce zakaźną, która rozprzestrzenia się głównie poprzez bezpośredni, przedłużony kontakt skóra-do-skóry z osobą zarażoną.1718 Ten rodzaj transmisji wymaga zazwyczaj dłuższego kontaktu fizycznego, wykraczającego poza zwykły uścisk dłoni czy szybki uścisk – stąd często dochodzi do zakażenia między:

  • Partnerami seksualnymi1920
  • Domownikami, zwłaszcza śpiącymi w tym samym łóżku21
  • Rodzicami i małymi dziećmi22

Rzadziej transmisja może nastąpić pośrednio poprzez przedmioty skażone pasożytami, takie jak odzież, pościel czy ręczniki.23 Świerzbowce mogą przeżyć poza organizmem ludzkim przez 24-36 godzin, co teoretycznie umożliwia transmisję przez przedmioty.2425 Ten sposób zakażenia jest jednak znacznie mniej powszechny w przypadku klasycznej postaci świerzbu, natomiast stanowi istotne ryzyko w przypadku świerzbu norweskiego (patrz niżej).26

Odmiany kliniczne świerzbu

Wyróżnia się kilka odmian klinicznych świerzbu, z których najważniejsze to:

Świerzb klasyczny

Jest to najczęstsza postać choroby, charakteryzująca się obecnością niewielkiej liczby pasożytów (10-15) i typowymi objawami w postaci intensywnego świądu (nasilającego się w nocy) oraz zmian skórnych zlokalizowanych głównie w przestrzeniach międzypalcowych rąk, na nadgarstkach, łokciach, w okolicy pępka, narządów płciowych i pośladków.27

Świerzb norweski (świerzb pokrywający)

Nazywany również świerzbem pokrywającym (ang. crusted scabies), jest cięższą i bardziej zakaźną postacią choroby.28 W tej odmianie u pacjenta występują tysiące, a nawet miliony świerzbowców, w porównaniu do 10-15 w klasycznej postaci.29 Świerzb norweski charakteryzuje się obecnością grubych, łuszczących się strupów i zmian hiperkeratotycznych na skórze.30

Ta postać występuje głównie u osób z upośledzoną odpowiedzią immunologiczną, np.:31

  • Pacjentów zakażonych HIV
  • Osób z chorobami nowotworowymi układu krwiotwórczego
  • Pacjentów stosujących przewlekle kortykosteroidy lub inne leki immunosupresyjne
  • Osób z ciężką niepełnosprawnością fizyczną lub niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

Ze względu na ogromną liczbę pasożytów, świerzb norweski jest wysoce zakaźny i stanowi poważne źródło zakażenia dla osób z otoczenia chorego, w tym dla personelu medycznego.3233

Inne odmiany kliniczne

Oprócz dwóch głównych postaci, wyróżnia się również:3435

  • Świerzb guzkowy – prawdopodobnie spowodowany miejscową reakcją nadwrażliwości na martwe roztocza lub wtórną przewlekłą infekcją
  • Świerzb pęcherzowy – uważa się, że jest skutkiem wtórnego zakażenia zmian świerzbowych przez Staphylococcus aureus lub odpowiedzi autoimmunologicznej
  • Świerzb ukryty (scabies incognito) – postać o nietypowym obrazie klinicznym, często prowadząca do opóźnienia diagnozy

Czynniki ryzyka

Świerzb może dotknąć każdego, niezależnie od wieku, płci, rasy czy poziomu higieny.363738 Wbrew powszechnym przekonaniom, choroba ta nie jest bezpośrednio związana z niskim poziomem higieny osobistej, choć czynniki społeczno-ekonomiczne mogą zwiększać ryzyko zakażenia.39

Głównym czynnikiem ryzyka jest bliski kontakt skórny z osobą zarażoną.40 Pewne środowiska i warunki zwiększają prawdopodobieństwo transmisji świerzbu:414243

  • Przeludnione warunki mieszkaniowe
  • Domy opieki i ośrodki długoterminowej opieki zdrowotnej
  • Placówki opieki nad dziećmi
  • Więzienia i areszty
  • Aktywność seksualna z wieloma partnerami

Świerzb a zwierzęta

Ważne jest rozróżnienie między świerzbem ludzkim a świerzbem zwierzęcym (nużycą). Świerzb u ludzi jest wywołany przez podgatunek Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, który jest specyficzny dla człowieka.4445 Zwierzęta mogą być zarażone innymi podgatunkami roztocza, które są specyficzne dla danego gatunku zwierzęcia.

Co do zasady, świerzbowce zwierzęce mogą czasowo infekować ludzi, ale zazwyczaj nie są w stanie ukończyć cyklu życiowego i utworzyć trwałego zakażenia u człowieka.46 W rzadkich przypadkach przeniesienia nużycy zwierzęcej na człowieka, objawy kliniczne różnią się od typowego obrazu świerzbu ludzkiego.47

Powikłania świerzbu

Nieleczony świerzb może prowadzić do szeregu powikłań, z których najczęstsze to wtórne zakażenia bakteryjne skóry spowodowane drapaniem.48 Szczególnie niebezpieczne są zakażenia paciorkowcowe, które mogą prowadzić do poważnych konsekwencji zdrowotnych.

W rejonach tropikalnych, zakażenia skóry związane ze świerzbem są częstym czynnikiem ryzyka rozwoju chorób nerek, a potencjalnie także chorób reumatycznych serca.49 Badania wykazały, że ogniska świerzbu stanowią istotny czynnik ryzyka rozwoju chorób nerek w postaci ostrego poinfekcyjnego kłębuszkowego zapalenia nerek.50 Dowody ostrego uszkodzenia nerek można znaleźć u nawet 10% dzieci z inwazją świerzbu w środowiskach o ograniczonych zasobach, a u wielu z nich uszkodzenie to utrzymuje się przez lata po zakażeniu, przyczyniając się do trwałego uszkodzenia nerek.51

Epidemiologia świerzbu

Świerzb występuje na całym świecie i jest jedną z najczęstszych chorób dermatologicznych.5253 Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO) na świerzb choruje ponad 200 milionów osób na całym świecie.54 Choroba stanowi znaczny odsetek przypadków chorób skóry w krajach rozwijających się.55

Występowanie świerzbu wykazuje cykliczne wahania, osiągając szczyt co 15-25 lat, z przyczyn, które nie są w pełni poznane.56 Obecnie świerzb jest szeroko rozpowszechniony w Ameryce Północnej i Europie, bez oznak zmniejszania się epidemii.57

Świerzb częściej występuje wśród dzieci i młodych dorosłych, a jego występowanie jest silnie związane z przeludnieniem i ubóstwem.5859 W krajach rozwiniętych, takich jak Wielka Brytania czy USA, ogniska zakażeń często występują w domach opieki, szpitalach, więzieniach i czasami w szkołach.60

Oporność na leczenie

Poważnym problemem w kontroli świerzbu jest rosnąca oporność na leki przeciwpasożytnicze. Niepowodzenia leczenia zgłaszano w przypadku lindanu, krotamitonu i benzoesanu benzylu, a pojawiają się doniesienia o rozwijającej się oporności na permetrynę.61 Szczególnie trudny w leczeniu jest świerzb norweski, gdzie niepowodzenie leczenia może wynikać z oporności świerzbowców na iwermektynę.62

Kontrola populacyjna świerzbu i jego powikłań została zidentyfikowana przez wiele krajów jako priorytet zdrowia publicznego.63 W 2019 roku WHO opublikowała raport z nieformalnych konsultacji dotyczących ram kontroli świerzbu, który określa kluczowe badania operacyjne niezbędne do opracowania wytycznych dotyczących strategii kontroli i nadzoru we wszystkich kontekstach.64

Podsumowanie przyczyn świerzbu

Świerzb (scabies) jest przewlekłą, zakaźną dermatozą wywołaną przez mikroskopijnego pasożyta Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Główną przyczyną choroby jest inwazja samicy świerzbowca, która drąży tunele w warstwie rogowej naskórka, gdzie składa jaja. Objawy kliniczne, przede wszystkim intensywny świąd i charakterystyczna wysypka, są wynikiem reakcji immunologicznej organizmu na obecność pasożyta, jego jaja i wydaliny.6566

Choroba szerzy się głównie przez bezpośredni, przedłużony kontakt skórny z osobą zarażoną, rzadziej przez przedmioty skażone pasożytami. Świerzb może dotknąć każdego, niezależnie od wieku, płci czy poziomu higieny, jednak pewne środowiska (takie jak ośrodki opieki długoterminowej, placówki opieki nad dziećmi czy więzienia) zwiększają ryzyko transmisji. Choroba występuje w dwóch głównych postaciach klinicznych: klasycznej i norweskiej, przy czym ta druga jest znacznie bardziej zakaźna i trudniejsza w leczeniu.6768

Nieleczony świerzb może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, w tym wtórnych zakażeń bakteryjnych i chorób nerek. Mimo że świerzb jest uleczalny, stanowi istotny problem zdrowia publicznego na całym świecie, a rosnąca oporność na leki przeciwpasożytnicze dodatkowo komplikuje jego kontrolę i eliminację.69

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into the skin and causes severe itching. […] The mite that causes scabies is Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. […] Scabies occurs worldwide and is a common skin condition. […] The infestation begins with the female mite burrowing within the stratum corneum of its host where it lays its eggs. […] The classic form of scabies may have a population of mites on an individual that range between 10 to 15 organisms. […] Transmission of the disease can also occur by fomite transmission via clothing or bed sheets. […] The crusted variant, Norwegian scabies, can have up into millions of mites on a single individual. […] Treatment failure of crusted scabies can result from ivermectin-resistant Sarcoptes mites.
  • #2 How Scabies Spreads | Scabies | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/causes/index.html
    Human scabies is caused by the human itch mite parasite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Crusted scabies is a more severe and contagious form of scabies.
  • #3 Scabies – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/scabies
    Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var.hominis, an obligate human parasite that lives in burrowed tunnels in the stratum corneum. […] Scabies is easily transmitted from person to person through physical contact; animal and fomite transmission probably also occurs. […] The primary risk factor is crowded conditions (as in schools, shelters, barracks, and some households); there is no clear association with poor hygiene. […] For unknown reasons, crusted scabies is more common among patients who are immunosuppressed (eg, those with HIV infection, hematologic cancer, chronic corticosteroid or other immunosuppressant use), patients with severe physical disabilities or intellectual disability, and Australian Aborigines. […] Severity is related to the patients immune status, not geography.
  • #4 Sarcoptes scabiei – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei
    Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic mite found in all parts of the world that burrows into skin and causes scabies. […] The Italian biologists Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni showed in the 17th century that scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei; this discovery of the itch mite in 1687 marked scabies as the first disease of humans with a known microscopic causative agent. […] The effects of S. scabiei are the most well-known, causing „scabies”, or „the itch”. […] The best conditions in which to harbor S. scabiei is in areas with frequent skin-to-skin contact, such as the hands and wrists, as the mites are transmitted by skin contact with carriers, and they very easily spread. […] The scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis goes through four stages in its lifecycle: egg, larva, nymph, and adult.
  • #5 Scabies: Pictures, causes, treatment, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/16961
    Scabies is an infestation with the Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis mite, which is also known as the human itch mite. After burrowing under the skin, the female mite lays its eggs in the tunnel it has created. Once hatched, the larvae move to the skins surface, spreading across the body or to another host through close physical contact. […] Scabies is highly contagious and spreads through physical contact. Because of this, some of the most likely people to experience an infestation include: children attending daycare or school, parents or caregivers of young children, sexually active young adults, people with multiple sexual partners, residents of extended care facilities, older adults, people with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV, transplant recipients, and others taking immunosuppressant medications.
  • #6 Scabies – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/scabies
    Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var.hominis, an obligate human parasite that lives in burrowed tunnels in the stratum corneum. […] Scabies is easily transmitted from person to person through physical contact; animal and fomite transmission probably also occurs. […] The primary risk factor is crowded conditions (as in schools, shelters, barracks, and some households); there is no clear association with poor hygiene. […] For unknown reasons, crusted scabies is more common among patients who are immunosuppressed (eg, those with HIV infection, hematologic cancer, chronic corticosteroid or other immunosuppressant use), patients with severe physical disabilities or intellectual disability, and Australian Aborigines. […] Severity is related to the patients immune status, not geography.
  • #7 Scabies | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.
    https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/scabies.html
    Scabies is an infectious disease of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. […] Parasitic adult scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis) burrow into and proliferate in the top layer of the skin, spreading to others primarily through skin-to-skin contact. […] The risk of transmission increases with the level of infestation. […] Adult mites (female body length reaching 400 m) dig so-called scabies burrows into the top layer of the skin, laying 2 to 3 eggs per day for approximately 2 months. […] Pathogen: scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Although there is an asymptomatic period immediately after infection, the mites multiply within 46 weeks, causing intense itching and a rash which develop as an allergic reaction to the mite and its feces. […] Crusts shed from the skin contain a lot of scabies mites, which can potentially be a source of infection.
  • #8 Sarcoptes scabiei – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei
    Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic mite found in all parts of the world that burrows into skin and causes scabies. […] The Italian biologists Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni showed in the 17th century that scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei; this discovery of the itch mite in 1687 marked scabies as the first disease of humans with a known microscopic causative agent. […] The effects of S. scabiei are the most well-known, causing „scabies”, or „the itch”. […] The best conditions in which to harbor S. scabiei is in areas with frequent skin-to-skin contact, such as the hands and wrists, as the mites are transmitted by skin contact with carriers, and they very easily spread. […] The scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis goes through four stages in its lifecycle: egg, larva, nymph, and adult.
  • #9 Sarcoptes scabiei – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoptes_scabiei
    Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic mite found in all parts of the world that burrows into skin and causes scabies. […] The Italian biologists Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo and Diacinto Cestoni showed in the 17th century that scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei; this discovery of the itch mite in 1687 marked scabies as the first disease of humans with a known microscopic causative agent. […] The effects of S. scabiei are the most well-known, causing „scabies”, or „the itch”. […] The best conditions in which to harbor S. scabiei is in areas with frequent skin-to-skin contact, such as the hands and wrists, as the mites are transmitted by skin contact with carriers, and they very easily spread. […] The scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis goes through four stages in its lifecycle: egg, larva, nymph, and adult.
  • #10 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into the skin and causes severe itching. […] The mite that causes scabies is Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. […] Scabies occurs worldwide and is a common skin condition. […] The infestation begins with the female mite burrowing within the stratum corneum of its host where it lays its eggs. […] The classic form of scabies may have a population of mites on an individual that range between 10 to 15 organisms. […] Transmission of the disease can also occur by fomite transmission via clothing or bed sheets. […] The crusted variant, Norwegian scabies, can have up into millions of mites on a single individual. […] Treatment failure of crusted scabies can result from ivermectin-resistant Sarcoptes mites.
  • #11 Scabies – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20377378
    Scabies is caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin. […] Scabies is caused by a tiny, eight-legged mite. The female mite burrows just under the skin and makes a tunnel where it lays eggs. […] Itching is caused by the body’s allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.
  • #12 Scabies: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/skin-rashes/scabies
    Scabies is caused by a parasitic mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. A mite is like a tiny insect – parasitic means that it lives off the host (a human) with no benefit to the host. The mites burrow into your skin, often through your hands, and then spread around your body. […] Most of the symptoms of scabies are due to your immune system’s response to the mites, or to their saliva, their eggs or their poo (faeces). In other words, the rash and the itching are mostly caused by your body’s allergic-like reaction to the mites, rather than the mites themselves. […] Crusted scabies is more easily transmitted through contact with towels, bedding and upholstery. In crusted scabies, the mites can survive for a few days away from their host. Even minimally exposed people, such as cleaners and laundry personnel, are at risk from crusted scabies and need insecticide treatment if they are working in an institution with an outbreak. […] A healthy person and young children with a normal immune system would develop 'normal’ scabies if infested with the scabies mite following contact with someone who had crusted scabies. […] Crusted scabies may be impossible to eradicate in people with HIV infection, and recurrences are common.
  • #13 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies
    Scabies is a transmissible skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. […] Scabies infection is usually transmitted through close bodily skin contact such as holding hands for prolonged periods; spread amongst sexual partners is common. […] Spread via fomites (clothing, towels, etc.) is very uncommon as the mite perishes within hours of leaving the host; it is relevant in crusted scabies. […] The itchy rash is the result of a TH1-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to various mite-related antigens and is thus delayed. […] Crusted scabies is caused by an altered host immune response. […] Results in uncontrolled proliferation of mites (thousands to millions of mites, compared to 10-15 seen in classical scabies). […] Bullous scabies is thought to be due to either secondary infection of a scabetic lesion with Staphylococcus aureus or due to an autoantibody response.
  • #14 Scabies | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.
    https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/scabies.html
    Scabies is an infectious disease of the skin caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. […] Parasitic adult scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis) burrow into and proliferate in the top layer of the skin, spreading to others primarily through skin-to-skin contact. […] The risk of transmission increases with the level of infestation. […] Adult mites (female body length reaching 400 m) dig so-called scabies burrows into the top layer of the skin, laying 2 to 3 eggs per day for approximately 2 months. […] Pathogen: scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Although there is an asymptomatic period immediately after infection, the mites multiply within 46 weeks, causing intense itching and a rash which develop as an allergic reaction to the mite and its feces. […] Crusts shed from the skin contain a lot of scabies mites, which can potentially be a source of infection.
  • #15 Scabies: diagnosis and treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1215558/
    Scabies is an intensely itchy dermatosis caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] The infestation occurs at all ages, but particularly in children. […] Scabies is highly contagious, and person to person spread occurs via direct contact with the skin. […] Infestation occurs when the pregnant female mite burrows into the skin and lays eggs. […] The main symptoms of scabies are probably a result of the host immune reaction to the burrowed mites and their products. […] Indeed, scabies can cause widespread eczema, probably as a result of patients’ immune reaction to burrowing mites and their faecal products. […] Crusted scabies is also known as Norwegian scabies because of its initial description in Norwegian patients with leprosy. […] Patients with HIV infection or AIDS are more prone to develop crusted scabies.
  • #16 Scabies: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications
    https://www.verywellhealth.com/scabies-symptoms-4020300
    Scabies symptoms are an allergic reaction. When the immune system detects the presence of the mites that cause scabies, as well as their eggs and feces, just below the surface of the skin, it releases white blood cells called T cells. These cells work by destroying infected cells. The itching and rash are side effects of this response. […] The only way to get rid of scabies is with topical medication that kills the mites. If you don’t treat scabies, the eggs laid during the initial infestation will hatch, reproduce, and lay more eggs.
  • #17 About Scabies | Scabies | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/about/index.html
    Scabies is caused by the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Scabies can spread quickly under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Scabies is a common condition found worldwide. […] Scabies can spread to anyone through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact. […] You can get scabies by direct, extended, skin-to-skin contact with a person who has scabies. […] Scabies mites generally do not survive more than two to three days away from human skin.
  • #18 Scabies | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/scabies/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin. […] Scabies is spread through direct skin contact, including sexual contact. […] Scabies infections can spread quickly. This is because people are usually unaware they have it until 2 to 3 weeks after the initial infection. […] Scabies mites can survive outside the human body for 24 to 36 hours. This makes it possible to be infected by contaminated clothes, towels or bed linen. But, it’s rare for someone to be infected this way.
  • #19 Patient education: Scabies (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-beyond-the-basics
    Scabies is an infestation of the skin by a mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. It causes intense itching and can be spread from one person to another through close skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is usually passed from one person to another through close skin-to-skin contact. It is common for infected parents to pass scabies to their child (particularly an infant) or vice versa as a result of close contact. […] The most common mode of transmission between young adults is sexual contact, although the infection can be passed without sexual activity. […] Although uncommon, it is possible for a person to get scabies by wearing or handling heavily infected clothing or sleeping in an unchanged bed recently occupied by an infected individual. […] Crusted scabies is more likely to be spread through shared clothing or objects than typical scabies.
  • #20 Scabies: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/scabies-causes
    Anyone can get scabies. […] The human itch mite causes scabies. People get scabies when the mite burrows into the skin. […] You cannot get scabies from an animal that has mites. Only humans get this type of scabies. […] Most people will not get scabies from a handshake or hug. The skin-to-skin contact must be longer for a mite to crawl from one person to another. Adults often get scabies through sexual contact.
  • #21 Scabies (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/scabies.html
    Scabies is a common skin problem caused by tiny mites. […] An allergic reaction to the mite, eggs, and poop causes small itchy bumps and blisters. […] Scabies is contagious. It spreads through close contact with someone who is infected. […] Mites can live for about 23 days in clothing, bedding, or dust. […] Scabies spreads most easily in crowded places with a lot of close contact, such as childcare centers, college dorms, and nursing homes.
  • #22 Patient education: Scabies (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/scabies-beyond-the-basics
    Scabies is an infestation of the skin by a mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. It causes intense itching and can be spread from one person to another through close skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is usually passed from one person to another through close skin-to-skin contact. It is common for infected parents to pass scabies to their child (particularly an infant) or vice versa as a result of close contact. […] The most common mode of transmission between young adults is sexual contact, although the infection can be passed without sexual activity. […] Although uncommon, it is possible for a person to get scabies by wearing or handling heavily infected clothing or sleeping in an unchanged bed recently occupied by an infected individual. […] Crusted scabies is more likely to be spread through shared clothing or objects than typical scabies.
  • #23 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into the skin and causes severe itching. […] The mite that causes scabies is Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. […] Scabies occurs worldwide and is a common skin condition. […] The infestation begins with the female mite burrowing within the stratum corneum of its host where it lays its eggs. […] The classic form of scabies may have a population of mites on an individual that range between 10 to 15 organisms. […] Transmission of the disease can also occur by fomite transmission via clothing or bed sheets. […] The crusted variant, Norwegian scabies, can have up into millions of mites on a single individual. […] Treatment failure of crusted scabies can result from ivermectin-resistant Sarcoptes mites.
  • #24 Scabies | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/scabies/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin. […] Scabies is spread through direct skin contact, including sexual contact. […] Scabies infections can spread quickly. This is because people are usually unaware they have it until 2 to 3 weeks after the initial infection. […] Scabies mites can survive outside the human body for 24 to 36 hours. This makes it possible to be infected by contaminated clothes, towels or bed linen. But, it’s rare for someone to be infected this way.
  • #25 About Scabies | Scabies | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/about/index.html
    Scabies is caused by the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Scabies can spread quickly under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Scabies is a common condition found worldwide. […] Scabies can spread to anyone through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact. […] You can get scabies by direct, extended, skin-to-skin contact with a person who has scabies. […] Scabies mites generally do not survive more than two to three days away from human skin.
  • #26 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies
    Scabies is a transmissible skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. […] Scabies infection is usually transmitted through close bodily skin contact such as holding hands for prolonged periods; spread amongst sexual partners is common. […] Spread via fomites (clothing, towels, etc.) is very uncommon as the mite perishes within hours of leaving the host; it is relevant in crusted scabies. […] The itchy rash is the result of a TH1-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to various mite-related antigens and is thus delayed. […] Crusted scabies is caused by an altered host immune response. […] Results in uncontrolled proliferation of mites (thousands to millions of mites, compared to 10-15 seen in classical scabies). […] Bullous scabies is thought to be due to either secondary infection of a scabetic lesion with Staphylococcus aureus or due to an autoantibody response.
  • #27 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into the skin and causes severe itching. […] The mite that causes scabies is Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. […] Scabies occurs worldwide and is a common skin condition. […] The infestation begins with the female mite burrowing within the stratum corneum of its host where it lays its eggs. […] The classic form of scabies may have a population of mites on an individual that range between 10 to 15 organisms. […] Transmission of the disease can also occur by fomite transmission via clothing or bed sheets. […] The crusted variant, Norwegian scabies, can have up into millions of mites on a single individual. […] Treatment failure of crusted scabies can result from ivermectin-resistant Sarcoptes mites.
  • #28 How Scabies Spreads | Scabies | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/causes/index.html
    Human scabies is caused by the human itch mite parasite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Crusted scabies is a more severe and contagious form of scabies.
  • #29 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies
    Scabies is a transmissible skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. […] Scabies infection is usually transmitted through close bodily skin contact such as holding hands for prolonged periods; spread amongst sexual partners is common. […] Spread via fomites (clothing, towels, etc.) is very uncommon as the mite perishes within hours of leaving the host; it is relevant in crusted scabies. […] The itchy rash is the result of a TH1-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to various mite-related antigens and is thus delayed. […] Crusted scabies is caused by an altered host immune response. […] Results in uncontrolled proliferation of mites (thousands to millions of mites, compared to 10-15 seen in classical scabies). […] Bullous scabies is thought to be due to either secondary infection of a scabetic lesion with Staphylococcus aureus or due to an autoantibody response.
  • #30 Scabies: diagnosis and treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1215558/
    Scabies is an intensely itchy dermatosis caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] The infestation occurs at all ages, but particularly in children. […] Scabies is highly contagious, and person to person spread occurs via direct contact with the skin. […] Infestation occurs when the pregnant female mite burrows into the skin and lays eggs. […] The main symptoms of scabies are probably a result of the host immune reaction to the burrowed mites and their products. […] Indeed, scabies can cause widespread eczema, probably as a result of patients’ immune reaction to burrowing mites and their faecal products. […] Crusted scabies is also known as Norwegian scabies because of its initial description in Norwegian patients with leprosy. […] Patients with HIV infection or AIDS are more prone to develop crusted scabies.
  • #31 Scabies – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/scabies
    Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var.hominis, an obligate human parasite that lives in burrowed tunnels in the stratum corneum. […] Scabies is easily transmitted from person to person through physical contact; animal and fomite transmission probably also occurs. […] The primary risk factor is crowded conditions (as in schools, shelters, barracks, and some households); there is no clear association with poor hygiene. […] For unknown reasons, crusted scabies is more common among patients who are immunosuppressed (eg, those with HIV infection, hematologic cancer, chronic corticosteroid or other immunosuppressant use), patients with severe physical disabilities or intellectual disability, and Australian Aborigines. […] Severity is related to the patients immune status, not geography.
  • #32
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Scabies is transmitted person-to-person through close skin contact (e.g. living in the same residence) with an infested individual. […] The risk of transmission increases with the level of infestation, with highest risk due to contact with individuals with crusted scabies. […] Treatments do not kill the parasites eggs, and treatment should be repeated to kill newly hatched mites. […] Patients with crusted scabies are highly infectious and a source of reinfection to the rest of the community. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.
  • #33 Scabies: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/skin-rashes/scabies
    Scabies is caused by a parasitic mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. A mite is like a tiny insect – parasitic means that it lives off the host (a human) with no benefit to the host. The mites burrow into your skin, often through your hands, and then spread around your body. […] Most of the symptoms of scabies are due to your immune system’s response to the mites, or to their saliva, their eggs or their poo (faeces). In other words, the rash and the itching are mostly caused by your body’s allergic-like reaction to the mites, rather than the mites themselves. […] Crusted scabies is more easily transmitted through contact with towels, bedding and upholstery. In crusted scabies, the mites can survive for a few days away from their host. Even minimally exposed people, such as cleaners and laundry personnel, are at risk from crusted scabies and need insecticide treatment if they are working in an institution with an outbreak. […] A healthy person and young children with a normal immune system would develop 'normal’ scabies if infested with the scabies mite following contact with someone who had crusted scabies. […] Crusted scabies may be impossible to eradicate in people with HIV infection, and recurrences are common.
  • #34 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies
    Scabies is a transmissible skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. […] Scabies infection is usually transmitted through close bodily skin contact such as holding hands for prolonged periods; spread amongst sexual partners is common. […] Spread via fomites (clothing, towels, etc.) is very uncommon as the mite perishes within hours of leaving the host; it is relevant in crusted scabies. […] The itchy rash is the result of a TH1-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to various mite-related antigens and is thus delayed. […] Crusted scabies is caused by an altered host immune response. […] Results in uncontrolled proliferation of mites (thousands to millions of mites, compared to 10-15 seen in classical scabies). […] Bullous scabies is thought to be due to either secondary infection of a scabetic lesion with Staphylococcus aureus or due to an autoantibody response.
  • #35 Scabies: Diagnosis and Treatment with Images – DermNet
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/scabies
    Nodular scabies may be due to a local hypersensitivity reaction to dead mites or may be secondary to persistent infection. […] Scabies incognito results in delayed diagnosis, sometimes for months or even years. […] Scabies reinfection is common and is usually secondary to spread from untreated close contacts.
  • #36 Scabies: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/scabies-causes
    Anyone can get scabies. […] The human itch mite causes scabies. People get scabies when the mite burrows into the skin. […] You cannot get scabies from an animal that has mites. Only humans get this type of scabies. […] Most people will not get scabies from a handshake or hug. The skin-to-skin contact must be longer for a mite to crawl from one person to another. Adults often get scabies through sexual contact.
  • #37 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4567-scabies
    Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scarbiei mite. […] The Sarcoptes scabiei mite causes scabies. […] Scabies is a mite infestation. These tiny mites burrow under your skin to live, eat, poop and lay eggs. […] Scabies mites spread from person to person. Direct contact with a persons skin is the easiest way to spread scabies. […] Anyone can get scabies. Its not a disease you get from poor hygiene. […] Scabies can cause complications like painful skin sores. […] Scabies treatment may involve medication you apply directly to your skin or medication you swallow. […] Scabies is treatable but can be hard to get rid of completely. Certain forms of scabies are harder to treat, such as the crusted form.
  • #38 Scabies
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scabies/
    Scabies is an itchy rash caused by mites. It’s spread through close skin contact, and anyone can get it. […] Scabies spreads through close skin contact, including sexual contact. You cannot get scabies from pets. […] Anyone can get scabies. It has nothing to do with poor hygiene.
  • #39 Scabies – Dermatologic Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/parasitic-skin-infections/scabies
    Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var.hominis, an obligate human parasite that lives in burrowed tunnels in the stratum corneum. […] Scabies is easily transmitted from person to person through physical contact; animal and fomite transmission probably also occurs. […] The primary risk factor is crowded conditions (as in schools, shelters, barracks, and some households); there is no clear association with poor hygiene. […] For unknown reasons, crusted scabies is more common among patients who are immunosuppressed (eg, those with HIV infection, hematologic cancer, chronic corticosteroid or other immunosuppressant use), patients with severe physical disabilities or intellectual disability, and Australian Aborigines. […] Severity is related to the patients immune status, not geography.
  • #40 Scabies Rash, Symptoms, Bites, Contagious, Infection Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/scabies/article.htm
    Scabies is caused by an infestation by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] Scabies is an infestation of a highly contagious, microscopic skin parasite. […] Scabies is an itchy, highly contagious skin disease. […] Scabies mites can be seen with a magnifying glass or microscope. […] Scabies can infest any human who comes in contact with the mites, including people in good health. […] The only known risk factor is direct skin contact with someone who is infested. […] Scabies is curable with scabicide treatments.
  • #41 What Are Scabies? Pictures, Causes, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/scabies
    Scabies is a skin infestation caused by a mite known as Sarcoptes scabiei. It causes an itchy rash on your skin. […] Scabies is caused by an infestation of tiny, eight-legged mites. The mites burrow into the top layer of your skin to live and feed. Female mites lay eggs. Your skin reacts to the mites and their waste, and you develop an itchy rash. […] Scabies is highly contagious. It can spread in the following ways: prolonged skin-to-skin contact, such as holding hands; intimate personal contact, such as having sexual intercourse; sharing clothing, bedding, or towels used by someone with a scabies infection. […] Scabies does not go away on its own and needs medical treatment with prescription medication.
  • #42 Scabies: Pictures of Rash & Mites, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-scabies-overview
    Scabies is not an infection, but an infestation. Tiny mites called Sarcoptes scabiei set up shop in the outer layers of human skin. […] Scabies typically spreads through prolonged, skin-to-skin contact that gives the mites time to crawl from one person to another. […] You can get mites from handling an infested pet, but these mites cant reproduce in human skin. […] Anyone can get scabies, but those at higher risk include sexually active adults, prison inmates, people in institutional care, people living in crowded conditions, and people in child care facilities. […] Crusted scabies is a very severe infestation involving tens of thousands of mites on a single person. […] Scabies medications can kill the mites and eggs quickly.
  • #43 Scabies Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options
    https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/scabies.html
    Scabies is a mite infestation of the skin. The scabies mite, also known as the human itch or mange mite, causes intense itching, and it is contagious. […] Scabies mites can be transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or by using clothing, blankets, sheets, towels or furniture that has touched an infected person’s skin. […] Worldwide, approximately 300 million new cases of scabies occur each year in men, women and children of all ages and races. Groups that are especially vulnerable to catching scabies include: People who have multiple sex partners, Anyone who lives in crowded conditions, Patients and health care workers in hospitals and nursing homes, Students, teachers and other caregivers in day-care centers, People who live or work in institutions or prisons.
  • #44 Scabies: Who gets and causes
    https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/scabies-causes
    Anyone can get scabies. […] The human itch mite causes scabies. People get scabies when the mite burrows into the skin. […] You cannot get scabies from an animal that has mites. Only humans get this type of scabies. […] Most people will not get scabies from a handshake or hug. The skin-to-skin contact must be longer for a mite to crawl from one person to another. Adults often get scabies through sexual contact.
  • #45 Scabies
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/scabies/
    Scabies is an itchy rash caused by mites. It’s spread through close skin contact, and anyone can get it. […] Scabies spreads through close skin contact, including sexual contact. You cannot get scabies from pets. […] Anyone can get scabies. It has nothing to do with poor hygiene.
  • #46 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview
    Human scabies is caused by the host-specific mite S scabiei hominis, an obligate human parasite. […] Human infestation with S scabiei varieties of animal origin can occur. […] Although reports have described transfer to humans from animals, experimental studies have demonstrated limited cross-infectivity between different host species. […] In the rare instance of transmission of nonhuman scabies from animals to humans, the clinical manifestations differ in many respects.
  • #47 Scabies: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-overview
    Human scabies is caused by the host-specific mite S scabiei hominis, an obligate human parasite. […] Human infestation with S scabiei varieties of animal origin can occur. […] Although reports have described transfer to humans from animals, experimental studies have demonstrated limited cross-infectivity between different host species. […] In the rare instance of transmission of nonhuman scabies from animals to humans, the clinical manifestations differ in many respects.
  • #48 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4567-scabies
    Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scarbiei mite. […] The Sarcoptes scabiei mite causes scabies. […] Scabies is a mite infestation. These tiny mites burrow under your skin to live, eat, poop and lay eggs. […] Scabies mites spread from person to person. Direct contact with a persons skin is the easiest way to spread scabies. […] Anyone can get scabies. Its not a disease you get from poor hygiene. […] Scabies can cause complications like painful skin sores. […] Scabies treatment may involve medication you apply directly to your skin or medication you swallow. […] Scabies is treatable but can be hard to get rid of completely. Certain forms of scabies are harder to treat, such as the crusted form.
  • #49
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Human scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. […] Scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash. […] Scabies is contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. […] Several studies have shown that outbreaks of scabies are a major risk factor for kidney disease in the form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] In tropical settings, scabies-associated skin infection is a common risk factor for kidney disease and possibly rheumatic heart disease. […] Evidence of acute renal damage can be found in up to 10% of children with scabies infestation in resource-poor settings and, in many, this persists for years following infection contributing to permanent kidney damage.
  • #50
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Human scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. […] Scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash. […] Scabies is contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. […] Several studies have shown that outbreaks of scabies are a major risk factor for kidney disease in the form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] In tropical settings, scabies-associated skin infection is a common risk factor for kidney disease and possibly rheumatic heart disease. […] Evidence of acute renal damage can be found in up to 10% of children with scabies infestation in resource-poor settings and, in many, this persists for years following infection contributing to permanent kidney damage.
  • #51
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Human scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. […] Scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash. […] Scabies is contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. […] Several studies have shown that outbreaks of scabies are a major risk factor for kidney disease in the form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] In tropical settings, scabies-associated skin infection is a common risk factor for kidney disease and possibly rheumatic heart disease. […] Evidence of acute renal damage can be found in up to 10% of children with scabies infestation in resource-poor settings and, in many, this persists for years following infection contributing to permanent kidney damage.
  • #52 About Scabies | Scabies | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/scabies/about/index.html
    Scabies is caused by the human itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). […] Scabies can spread quickly under crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is frequent. […] Scabies is a common condition found worldwide. […] Scabies can spread to anyone through close, personal, often skin-to-skin contact. […] You can get scabies by direct, extended, skin-to-skin contact with a person who has scabies. […] Scabies mites generally do not survive more than two to three days away from human skin.
  • #53
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Human scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. […] Scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash. […] Scabies is contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. […] Several studies have shown that outbreaks of scabies are a major risk factor for kidney disease in the form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] In tropical settings, scabies-associated skin infection is a common risk factor for kidney disease and possibly rheumatic heart disease. […] Evidence of acute renal damage can be found in up to 10% of children with scabies infestation in resource-poor settings and, in many, this persists for years following infection contributing to permanent kidney damage.
  • #54 Scabies | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.
    https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/scabies.html
    Diagnosis is often possible based on typical clinical symptoms, and a definitive diagnosis is made by the detection of scabies mites. […] Although oral and topical medications are used to kill scabies mites, treatments should be repeated as they do not kill the eggs. […] Preventing group infection through early detection and intervention is very important. […] Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases and accounts for a significant proportion of dermatological conditions in developing countries. […] According to the WHO, more than 200 million people worldwide are estimated to be affected.
  • #55
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Human scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. […] Scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin and lay eggs, causing intense itching and a rash. […] Scabies is contagious and spreads through skin-to-skin contact. […] Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin disease in developing countries. […] Several studies have shown that outbreaks of scabies are a major risk factor for kidney disease in the form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. […] In tropical settings, scabies-associated skin infection is a common risk factor for kidney disease and possibly rheumatic heart disease. […] Evidence of acute renal damage can be found in up to 10% of children with scabies infestation in resource-poor settings and, in many, this persists for years following infection contributing to permanent kidney damage.
  • #56 Scabies: diagnosis and treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1215558/
    The prevalence of scabies in many populations rises and falls cyclically, peaking every 15-25 years, for reasons unknown. […] Scabies is transmitted by close personal contact. […] Scabies is currently widespread in North America and Europe, with no evidence that this epidemic is abating. […] Treatment failures have been reported with lindane, crotamiton, and benzyl benzoate, and resistance may be emerging to permethrin. […] Despite being readily treatable, scabies remains common.
  • #57 Scabies: diagnosis and treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1215558/
    The prevalence of scabies in many populations rises and falls cyclically, peaking every 15-25 years, for reasons unknown. […] Scabies is transmitted by close personal contact. […] Scabies is currently widespread in North America and Europe, with no evidence that this epidemic is abating. […] Treatment failures have been reported with lindane, crotamiton, and benzyl benzoate, and resistance may be emerging to permethrin. […] Despite being readily treatable, scabies remains common.
  • #58 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/scabies-pro
    Scabies is an itchy rash caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. […] The female scabies mite is about 0.4 mm long, and the male is about half this size. […] An average host harbours 10-12 mites, but this may be greatly increased in immunocompromised patients. […] Classical scabies is usually transmitted only via direct skin contact. […] Crusted scabies (a more severe variety, see below) can also be transmitted via bedding, towels, clothes and furniture. […] There is a period of asymptomatic infection. […] Infection can be transmitted to others during the asymptomatic phase. […] Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases worldwide, affecting more than 400 million people yearly. […] Scabies affects young children in particular, and has the greatest impact in poor overcrowded living conditions.
  • #59 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/scabies-pro
    Scabies is most common among children and young adults and there is no consistency of it being more common in males or females, with this varying by geography. […] In the UK, outbreaks may occur in residential or nursing homes, hospitals, prisons and occasionally in schools. […] Delayed diagnosis significantly contributes to outbreaks. […] Prevalence is strongly associated with overcrowding and poverty. […] Crusted scabies is a hyper-infestation with thousands of mites present in exfoliating scales, due to the host’s insufficient immune response. […] This form of scabies is very contagious and is far more difficult to eradicate than classical scabies.
  • #60 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | Doctor
    https://patient.info/doctor/scabies-pro
    Scabies is most common among children and young adults and there is no consistency of it being more common in males or females, with this varying by geography. […] In the UK, outbreaks may occur in residential or nursing homes, hospitals, prisons and occasionally in schools. […] Delayed diagnosis significantly contributes to outbreaks. […] Prevalence is strongly associated with overcrowding and poverty. […] Crusted scabies is a hyper-infestation with thousands of mites present in exfoliating scales, due to the host’s insufficient immune response. […] This form of scabies is very contagious and is far more difficult to eradicate than classical scabies.
  • #61 Scabies: diagnosis and treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1215558/
    The prevalence of scabies in many populations rises and falls cyclically, peaking every 15-25 years, for reasons unknown. […] Scabies is transmitted by close personal contact. […] Scabies is currently widespread in North America and Europe, with no evidence that this epidemic is abating. […] Treatment failures have been reported with lindane, crotamiton, and benzyl benzoate, and resistance may be emerging to permethrin. […] Despite being readily treatable, scabies remains common.
  • #62 Scabies – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/
    Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei which burrows into the skin and causes severe itching. […] The mite that causes scabies is Sarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis. […] Scabies occurs worldwide and is a common skin condition. […] The infestation begins with the female mite burrowing within the stratum corneum of its host where it lays its eggs. […] The classic form of scabies may have a population of mites on an individual that range between 10 to 15 organisms. […] Transmission of the disease can also occur by fomite transmission via clothing or bed sheets. […] The crusted variant, Norwegian scabies, can have up into millions of mites on a single individual. […] Treatment failure of crusted scabies can result from ivermectin-resistant Sarcoptes mites.
  • #63
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Scabies is transmitted person-to-person through close skin contact (e.g. living in the same residence) with an infested individual. […] The risk of transmission increases with the level of infestation, with highest risk due to contact with individuals with crusted scabies. […] Treatments do not kill the parasites eggs, and treatment should be repeated to kill newly hatched mites. […] Patients with crusted scabies are highly infectious and a source of reinfection to the rest of the community. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.
  • #64
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
    Scabies is transmitted person-to-person through close skin contact (e.g. living in the same residence) with an infested individual. […] The risk of transmission increases with the level of infestation, with highest risk due to contact with individuals with crusted scabies. […] Treatments do not kill the parasites eggs, and treatment should be repeated to kill newly hatched mites. […] Patients with crusted scabies are highly infectious and a source of reinfection to the rest of the community. […] Population control of scabies and its complications has been identified by a number of countries as a public health priority. […] The WHO informal consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control Meeting Report outlines the key operational research that is still required to develop guidelines for control and surveillance strategy for all contexts.
  • #65 Scabies – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20377378
    Scabies is caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin. […] Scabies is caused by a tiny, eight-legged mite. The female mite burrows just under the skin and makes a tunnel where it lays eggs. […] Itching is caused by the body’s allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.
  • #66 Scabies: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/skin-conditions/skin-rashes/scabies
    Scabies is caused by a parasitic mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. A mite is like a tiny insect – parasitic means that it lives off the host (a human) with no benefit to the host. The mites burrow into your skin, often through your hands, and then spread around your body. […] Most of the symptoms of scabies are due to your immune system’s response to the mites, or to their saliva, their eggs or their poo (faeces). In other words, the rash and the itching are mostly caused by your body’s allergic-like reaction to the mites, rather than the mites themselves. […] Crusted scabies is more easily transmitted through contact with towels, bedding and upholstery. In crusted scabies, the mites can survive for a few days away from their host. Even minimally exposed people, such as cleaners and laundry personnel, are at risk from crusted scabies and need insecticide treatment if they are working in an institution with an outbreak. […] A healthy person and young children with a normal immune system would develop 'normal’ scabies if infested with the scabies mite following contact with someone who had crusted scabies. […] Crusted scabies may be impossible to eradicate in people with HIV infection, and recurrences are common.
  • #67 Scabies: Pictures of Rash & Mites, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/ss/slideshow-scabies-overview
    Scabies is not an infection, but an infestation. Tiny mites called Sarcoptes scabiei set up shop in the outer layers of human skin. […] Scabies typically spreads through prolonged, skin-to-skin contact that gives the mites time to crawl from one person to another. […] You can get mites from handling an infested pet, but these mites cant reproduce in human skin. […] Anyone can get scabies, but those at higher risk include sexually active adults, prison inmates, people in institutional care, people living in crowded conditions, and people in child care facilities. […] Crusted scabies is a very severe infestation involving tens of thousands of mites on a single person. […] Scabies medications can kill the mites and eggs quickly.
  • #68 Scabies: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4567-scabies
    Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scarbiei mite. […] The Sarcoptes scabiei mite causes scabies. […] Scabies is a mite infestation. These tiny mites burrow under your skin to live, eat, poop and lay eggs. […] Scabies mites spread from person to person. Direct contact with a persons skin is the easiest way to spread scabies. […] Anyone can get scabies. Its not a disease you get from poor hygiene. […] Scabies can cause complications like painful skin sores. […] Scabies treatment may involve medication you apply directly to your skin or medication you swallow. […] Scabies is treatable but can be hard to get rid of completely. Certain forms of scabies are harder to treat, such as the crusted form.
  • #69 Scabies: diagnosis and treatment
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1215558/
    The prevalence of scabies in many populations rises and falls cyclically, peaking every 15-25 years, for reasons unknown. […] Scabies is transmitted by close personal contact. […] Scabies is currently widespread in North America and Europe, with no evidence that this epidemic is abating. […] Treatment failures have been reported with lindane, crotamiton, and benzyl benzoate, and resistance may be emerging to permethrin. […] Despite being readily treatable, scabies remains common.