Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Self-injury/cutting | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/self-injurycutting

  Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of harming your own body on purpose, such as by cutting or burning yourself. It’s usually not meant as a suicide attempt. This type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, sadness, anger and stress. […] If you’re injuring yourself, even in a minor way, or if you have thoughts of harming yourself, reach out for help. Any form of self-injury is a sign of bigger stressors that need attention. […] The first step is to tell someone about your self-injuring behavior so you can get help. Treatment is based on your specific issues and any related mental health conditions you might have, such as depression. Because self-injury can become a major part of your life, it’s best to get treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced in treating self-injury.

• #2 Self-injury/cutting | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/self-injury-cutting?content_id=CON-20155318

  Deliberately hurting your own body, such as by cutting or burning, is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, intense anger and frustration. […] Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of harming your own body on purpose, such as by cutting or burning yourself. It’s usually not meant as a suicide attempt. This type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, sadness, anger and stress. […] While self-injury may bring a brief sense of calm and a release of physical and emotional tension, it’s usually followed by guilt and shame and the return of painful emotions. Life-threatening injuries are usually not intended, but it’s possible that more-serious and even fatal self-harm could happen. […] Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope.

• #3 Self-injury (Cutting, Self-Harm or Self-Mutilation) | Mental Health America

  https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/self-injury-cutting-self-harm-or-self-mutilation

  Self-injury, also known as self-harm, self-mutilation, or self-abuse—occurs when someone repeatedly harms themselves on purpose in a way that is impulsive and not intended to be lethal. While self-harm is not intended to be lethal, people who harm themselves are at a higher risk of attempting suicide if they do not receive help. […] The most common methods are: Skin cutting (70-90%). Head banging or hitting (21%-44%). Burning (15%-35%). […] Other forms of self-injury include excessive scratching to the point of drawing blood, punching (either one’s self or objects), infecting oneself, inserting objects into body openings, drinking something harmful (like bleach or detergent), and breaking bones purposefully. Most individuals who engage in non-suicidal self-injury hurt themselves in more than one way.

• #4 Cutting & Self-Injury (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cutting.html

  Most of us know about cutting using a sharp object like a razorblade, knife, or scissors to make marks, cuts, or scratches on one’s own body. But cutting is just one form of self-injury. People who self-injure also might burn, scratch, or hit themselves; bang their head; pull their hair; pinch their skin; pierce their skin with needles or sharp objects; or insert objects under their skin. […] People who cut or self-injure often start doing it as young teens. Some continue to do it into adulthood. […] It can be hard to understand why people harm themselves on purpose. But it’s a way some people try to cope with the pain of strong emotions, intense pressure, or upsetting relationship problems. […] Some people do it because they feel desperate for relief from bad feelings. People may not know better ways to get relief from emotional pain or pressure. For some, it’s an expression of strong feelings like rage, sorrow, rejection, desperation, longing, or emptiness.

• #5 Self-injury/cutting | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/self-injury-cutting?content_id=CON-20155318

  If you’re injuring yourself, even in a minor way, or if you have thoughts of harming yourself, reach out for help. Any form of self-injury is a sign of bigger stressors that need attention. […] Talk to someone you trust such as a friend, family member, health care provider, spiritual leader, or a school counselor, nurse or teacher. They can help you take the first steps to successful treatment. […] Self-injury mostly happens in private. Usually, it’s done in a controlled manner or the same way each time, which often leaves a pattern on the skin. […] Most frequently, the arms, legs, chest and belly are the targets of self-injury. But any area of the body may be a target, sometimes using more than one method. […] Becoming upset can trigger urges to self-injure. Many people self-injure only a few times and then stop. But for others, self-injury can become a longer term, repeated behavior.

• #5 Self-injury/cutting | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/self-injury-cutting?content_id=CON-20155318

  Deliberately hurting your own body, such as by cutting or burning, is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, intense anger and frustration. […] Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of harming your own body on purpose, such as by cutting or burning yourself. It’s usually not meant as a suicide attempt. This type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, sadness, anger and stress. […] While self-injury may bring a brief sense of calm and a release of physical and emotional tension, it’s usually followed by guilt and shame and the return of painful emotions. Life-threatening injuries are usually not intended, but it’s possible that more-serious and even fatal self-harm could happen. […] Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope.

• #6 Self-injury (Cutting, Self-Harm or Self-Mutilation) | Mental Health America

  https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/self-injury-cutting-self-harm-or-self-mutilation

  Research indicates that self-injury occurs in approximately 5% of adults in the United States. Rates are higher among adolescents, with approximately 17% of teens reporting some form of self-injury. Studies show an even higher risk for self-injury among college students, with rates ranging from 17-35%. […] People who self-injure commonly report they feel empty inside, over or under stimulated, unable to express their feelings, lonely, not understood by others, and/or fearful of intimate relationships and adult responsibilities. Self-injury is their way to cope with or relieve painful or hard-to-express feelings and is generally not a suicide attempt. The relief that self-injury brings is temporary, and destructive cycle often develops without proper treatment. Self-injury can also be a way for people to have control over their bodies when they have little or no control over other parts of their lives.

• #7 Cutting & Self-Injury (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/cutting.html

  But people who self-harm may not have developed ways to cope. Or their coping skills may be overpowered by emotions that are too intense. […] The urge to cut might be triggered by strong feelings the person can’t express such as anger, hurt, shame, frustration, or alienation. […] People who cut or self-injure sometimes have other mental health problems that contribute to their emotional tension. Cutting is sometimes (but not always) associated with depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, obsessive thinking, or compulsive behaviors. […] Cutting and other types of self-harm often begin on an impulse. It’s not something the person thinks about ahead of time. […] Although it may provide some temporary relief from a terrible feeling, people who self-harm tend to agree that it isn’t a good way to get that relief.

• #8 The Cornell Research Program on Self-Injury and Recovery

  https://www.selfinjury.bctr.cornell.edu/about-self-injury.html

  Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue resulting in immediate damage, without suicidal intent and for purposes not culturally sanctioned. […] Although cutting is one of the most common and well documented forms, there are many things people do to hurt themselves. […] The severity of the act can vary from superficial wounds to those resulting in lasting disfigurement. […] What defines self-injury has less to do with what it looks like than with the intention one has when doing it. […] Self-injury is strongly linked to childhood abuse, especially childhood sexual abuse. […] Self-injury is also linked to eating disorders, substance abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, depression, and anxiety disorders.

• #9 Teens and Self-Cutting (Self-Harm): Information for Parents

  https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_i/I104/index.html

  Self-cutting has been recognized as having an addictive quality; that is, there is an overwhelming preoccupation with the relief experienced after a cutting incident. […] While cutting is primarily done for the reasons previously discussed, teens also cut themselves because they hear of or see peers, including friends, who cut themselves. This is called the contagion factor. […] There is a difference between self-injury and suicidal acts, thoughts, and intentions. With suicide, ending life to escape all feelings is the goal. This is not the case with NSSI. The aim of self-cutting is to feel emotionally better. […] According to the Mayo Clinic (2012), certain factors may increase the risk of self-cutting and self-injury. These include: Gender: Females are at greater risk of self-cutting than males. Age: Self-injury often starts in the early teen years. Friends: Being around people or friends who self-cut. Life issues: Being in unstable and/or dysfunctional relationships or having experienced traumatic events. Mental health issues: Self-cutters often have poor coping skills and/or mental disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress). Excessive alcohol or drug use: Self-cutters often harm themselves while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

• #10 The Cornell Research Program on Self-Injury and Recovery

  https://www.selfinjury.bctr.cornell.edu/about-self-injury.html

  Most self-injury researchers agree that self-injury does show some addictive qualities and may serve as a form of self-medication for some individuals. […] The seemingly rapid spread of self-injury behavior among community populations of youth suggests that there may be a contagion factor at work. […] It is important to know that self-injury is often a sign of other more serious conditions. […] Non-suicidal self-injury is, by definition, a behavior that does not include suicidal intent. […] Studies also show that relatively few individuals who self-injure seek medical assistance when they severely injure themselves. […] Detecting and intervening in self-injurious behavior can be difficult since the practice is often secretive and involves body parts which are relatively easy to hide.

• #11 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Self-injury is not usually a suicide attempt, but it can increase the risk of suicide because of the emotional problems that trigger self-injury. And the pattern of damaging the body in times of distress can make suicide more likely. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help.

• #12 Self-injury/cutting | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/self-injurycutting

  Self-injury is not usually a suicide attempt, but it can increase the risk of suicide because of the emotional problems that trigger self-injury. And the pattern of damaging the body in times of distress can make suicide more likely. […] Self-injury can cause complications, such as worsening feelings of shame, guilt and low self-esteem.

• #13 Why people self-harm – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/self-harm/why-people-self-harm/

  Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. […] Self-harm is most often described as a way to express or cope with emotional distress. […] There is evidence of a clear link between suicide or suicidal thoughts and people who have previously self-harmed. […] However, not everyone who self-harms wants to end their life. Some people describe their self-harm as a way of staying alive by responding to or coping with severe emotional distress. […] It’s important to find the right support or treatment to help deal with the underlying cause in a less harmful way.

• #14 How Are Self-Injury and Suicide Related? – Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/how-are-self-injury-and-suicide-related/

  Self-injury and suicide differ in multiple ways, including: The intent: The intent of self-injury is almost always to feel better, whereas for suicide it is to end feeling (and, hence, life) altogether. […] Self-injury is often used regularly or off-and-on to manage stress and other emotions. Suicide-related behaviors are much more rare. […] Because of these common risk factors, it is important for you to know that youth who self-injure are also at increased risk for suicidality. […] Although self-injury does not cause suicide, the other important thing to know about the relationship between self-injury and suicide is that the very act of engaging in self-injury reduces inhibition to suicidal behavior if someone becomes suicidal. […] What is especially important for you to know is that one of the most powerful protective factors against moving from self-injury to suicide is a feeling of connectedness to parents.

• #15 Help for Self-Harm | Text CONNECT to 741741 for support

  https://www.crisistextline.org/topics/self-harm/

  Crisis Text Line can help you deal with self-injury. Text a Crisis Counselor at 741741, or use the mobile text button below. […] Self-injury of any form is serious. And, while the intention behind self-injury usually is not death, it can still be dangerousboth physically and emotionally. Talking to someone who can help you find alternatives is incredibly important. […] If you harm yourself for the physical sensation, seek other ways of releasing endorphins, like exercise. […] A lot of people who self-harm do so because they are dealing with painful emotions. If this applies to youwe believe in you and recognize your pain. […] Self-harm can be seriously dangerousphysically, emotionally, socially, all of it. […] Permanent scars, Uncontrolled bleeding, Risk of infection or severe injury.

• #16 Help for Self-Harm | Text CONNECT to 741741 for support

  https://www.crisistextline.org/topics/self-harm/

  Guilt, shame, or emotional numbness, A diminished sense of self, including feeling helpless or worthless, Addiction to the behavior. […] Avoiding friends and loved ones, Becoming ostracized from loved ones who may not understand, Interpersonal difficulty from lying to others about injuries. […] Breaking away from the cycle of harming yourself can feel like a huge climb. It involves breaking a habit that has once brought comfort from pain. But, it is not impossible. […] Let a friend, family member, or trusted adult know what youre going through and that you need their support. Opening up to people can be easier said than done.

• #17 Self-injury/cutting – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956

  Although some people may ask for help, sometimes family or friends discover the self-injury. Or a health care provider doing a routine medical exam may notice signs, such as scars or fresh injuries. […] There’s no specific test to diagnose self-injury. Diagnosis is based on a physical and psychological evaluation. You may be referred to a mental health professional with experience in treating self-injury for evaluation. This professional talks to you about your life, thoughts, feelings and behaviors. […] The first step is to tell someone about your self-injuring behavior so you can get help. Treatment is based on your specific issues and any related mental health conditions you might have, such as depression. Because self-injury can become a major part of your life, it’s best to get treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced in treating self-injury.

• #18 Cutting – Self-Injury – United Way of Connecticut – 211 and eLibrary

  https://uwc.211ct.org/cutting-self-injury/

  Self-injurious behavior is deliberate, repetitive, impulsive, non-lethal harming of one’s body by carving, cutting, biting, bruising, burning, head banging, hitting, hair pulling, scratching, infecting oneself, inserting objects in body openings or similar actions. […] The diagnosis of self-injurious behavior should be determined by a mental health professional. Self-harm can be a symptom of several psychiatric illnesses, including personality disorders, bipolar disorder, major depression, anxiety disorders, and psychoses, such as schizophrenia. […] Treatment often includes a combination of medication and inpatient or outpatient mental health therapy.

• #19 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  If the person who has self-harmed is intoxicated by drugs or alcohol, agree with the person and colleagues what immediate assistance is needed, for example, support and advice about medical assessment and treatment. […] During the psychosocial assessment, explore the functions of self-harm for the person. […] The recommendations apply to all people who have self-harmed, unless a recommendation specifically states that it is for adults or children and young people only. […] Do not use risk assessment tools and scales to predict future suicide or repetition of self-harm. […] Do not use global risk stratification into low, medium or high risk to predict future suicide or repetition of self-harm. […] When a person presents to a healthcare professional or social care practitioner following an episode of self-harm, the professional should treat the person with respect, dignity and compassion, with an awareness of cultural sensitivity.

• #20 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Carry out concurrent physical healthcare and the psychosocial assessment as soon as possible after a self-harm episode. […] When a person is admitted to hospital following an episode of self-harm, offer referral to age-appropriate liaison psychiatry services (or an equivalent specialist mental health service or a suitably skilled mental health professional) as soon as possible after admission for a psychosocial assessment, and support and assistance alongside physical healthcare. […] The recommendations in this section apply to all healthcare professionals and social care practitioners. […] After an episode of self-harm, discuss and agree with the person, and their family members and carers (as appropriate), the purpose, format and frequency of initial aftercare and which services will be involved in their care.

• #21 Helping patients who harm themselves

  https://www.myamericannurse.com/helping-patients-harm/

  Offer support and guidance by listening actively without judgment or preconceived ideas, acknowledging the patient’s emotional pain, and encouraging limit setting. […] The most successful treatment for self-injury combines one-on-one therapy (with an experienced provider) with relational group psychotherapy, support groups, or peer associations. […] You can promote healthy expression of feelings by establishing rapport, building trust, guiding patients toward healthy coping skills, and teaching them about safe alternatives to harming themselves.

• #22 Nursing Care Plan and Diagnosis for Risk for Self Harm Related to | Suicide Depression Nanda Nursing Interventions and Outcomes

  https://www.registerednursern.com/nursing-care-plan-and-diagnosis-for-risk-for-self-harm-related-to-suicide-depression-nanda-nursing-interventions-and-outcomes/

  The nurse will assess the patients ability to contract for safety within 24-48 hours. […] The nurse will explain to the patient what the contract of safety means for the patient. […] The nurse will encourage and listen to the patient about the reasons why she wants to harm herself. […] The nurse will educate the family on 4 ways how to recognize levels of impending self harm that may be committed by the patient. […] The nurse will supply the patient with the 24 hour emergency hot-line phone number and when to use it. […] The nurse will educate the patient on understanding that self harm is a choice, not something uncontrollable at discharge. […] The nurse will assist in identifying thoughts, feelings, and behavior that leads up to the patient wanting to commit suicide. […] The nurse will educate the patient on 3 techniques on developing copings skills to help the patient handle stressful situations.

• #23 Interventions to reduce self-harm on in-patient wards: systematic review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8086389/

  Incidents of self-harm are common on psychiatric wards. There are a wide variety of therapeutic, social and environmental interventions that have shown some promise in reducing self-harm in in-patient settings, but there is no consensus on the most appropriate means of reducing and managing self-harm during in-patient admissions. […] The prevention of self-harm and suicide is one of principal preoccupations and primary roles of ward staff in a mental health setting. […] Patients may use self-harming behaviour as a way of seeking help when they do not feel supported by nursing staff on wards. […] The management and reduction of self-harm is a priority for all psychiatric wards. […] The findings from this review suggest that a variety of approaches show some promise in reducing self-harm, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend any particular approach.

• #24 Care Plan Review:Self-Injurious Behavior – Nursing Student Assistance

  https://allnurses.com/care-plan-review-self-injurious-behavior-t494963/

  Patient will refrain from self-injury as evidenced by no attempted or successful episodes of harming herself by end of shift. […] Nurse will remove all breakable, sharp, flammable, and pointed objects from the patient’s environment. […] This patient is in crisis and, since she will not at this time contract for safety, is at high risk for imminent self-injurious behavior. Removing the objects typically associated with 'cutting’ behavior from the patient’s environment will help mitigate the risk she will attempt or succeed in injuring herself. […] Nurse will monitor patient at frequent but irregular intervals to help ensure ongoing patient safety. […] Ultimately the nurse will need to help the patient identify triggers to self-mutilation and maintain self-control without supervision. In this crisis period, however, the patient will require frequent monitoring as patient safety is priority in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In addition, monitoring should be done at irregular intervals to prevent the patient from noticing a pattern and plan for self-injurious behavior when she expects the nurse will not be there to interfere.

• #25 Mental Health: Nursing Diagnoses & Care Plans | NurseTogether

  https://www.nursetogether.com/mental-health-nursing-diagnosis-care-plan/

  2. Assess the patients ability to regulate their emotional state. […] 3. Assess the family dynamics and support system. […] Interventions: 1. Conduct a skin assessment and monitor for behavioral cues of self-mutilation. […] 2. Attempt to understand the patients reasons for self-harm. […] 3. Reinforce alternative ways for the patient to manage depression and anxiety. […] 4. Discuss coping strategies.

• #26 Nursing Diagnosis for Self-Mutilation: Understanding Causes and Signs

  https://nandadiagnoses.com/self-mutilation/

  The desired outcomes associated with self-mutilation as a nursing diagnosis focus on promoting healthier coping strategies and enhancing emotional regulation. […] Establishing clear goals for individuals who engage in self-mutilation is essential to promote healing and reduce self-harming behaviors. […] Nurse-led interventions for individuals engaging in self-mutilation focus on creating a safe and supportive environment while helping clients develop healthier coping mechanisms. […] Nursing activities are essential in providing comprehensive care to individuals exhibiting self-harm behaviors. […] Understanding related nursing diagnoses is crucial for providing comprehensive care for individuals exhibiting self-mutilation behaviors. […] When addressing self-mutilation behaviors, it is crucial for healthcare providers to adopt a comprehensive approach that includes assessment, intervention, and continuous support. […] Understanding self-mutilation requires sensitivity and awareness.

• #27 Self-injury/cutting – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956

  Take care of your wounds if you injure yourself or seek medical treatment if needed. Call a trusted family member or friend for help and support. Don’t share items used for self-injury. That raises the risk of infectious diseases. […] Your first appointment may be with your primary care provider, a school nurse or a counselor. But because self-injury often requires specialized mental health care, you may be referred to a mental health professional for more evaluation and treatment. […] Be ready to provide accurate, thorough and honest information about your situation and your self-injuring behavior. You may want to take a trusted family member or friend along, if possible, for support and to help you remember information.

• #28 Non-Suicidal Self-Injurious Behavior: A Nursing Diagnosis Overview

  https://nursipedia.com/non-suicidal-self-injurious-behavior/

  Nursing interventions for individuals engaging in non-suicidal self-injurious behavior must be multifaceted, addressing both the psychological and emotional aspects of self-harm. It is crucial to create a therapeutic environment that fosters trust and open communication, enabling individuals to express their feelings and experiences safely. […] Nursing activities are essential in supporting individuals exhibiting non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. These activities focus on understanding the patient’s unique experiences, promoting emotional regulation, and facilitating effective coping mechanisms. […] In exploring the complexities of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, certain nursing diagnoses may emerge as interconnected factors that influence and guide the care of affected individuals. Understanding these diagnoses is vital as they provide insight into the broader psychological, emotional, and behavioral issues that may be present, thereby informing tailored intervention strategies.

• #29 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Provide information and support for the family members or carers (as appropriate) of the person who has self-harmed. Topics to discuss include: the emotional impact on the person and their family members or carers, advice on how to cope when supporting someone who self-harms, what to do if the person self-harms again, how to seek help for the physical consequences of self-harm, how to assist and support the person, how to recognise signs that the person may self-harm, steps to reduce the likelihood of self-harm in the future, support for families and carers and how to access it, the impact of encountering stigma around self-harm, local services and how to get in touch with them, including out-of-hours, local peer support groups, online forums, local and national charities, and how to get in touch with them, their right to a formal assessment of their own needs including their physical and mental health (known as a carers assessment), and how to access this.

• #30 Self-injury/cutting – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956

  If the self-injury behavior is linked with a mental health condition, such as depression or borderline personality disorder, the treatment plan focuses on that condition, as well as the self-injury behavior. […] Treating self-injury behavior can take time, hard work and your own desire to recover. […] Known as talk therapy or psychological counseling, psychotherapy can help you: Identify and manage underlying issues that trigger self-injury. Learn skills to better manage distress. Learn better ways to manage intense emotions. Learn how to boost your self-image. Develop skills to improve your relationships and social skills. Develop healthy problem-solving skills. […] There are no medicines to specifically treat self-injuring behavior. However, if you’re diagnosed with a mental health condition, such as depression or an anxiety disorder, your health care provider may recommend antidepressants or other medicines to treat the underlying condition that’s linked with self-injury. Treatment for these conditions may help reduce the urge to hurt yourself.

• #31 Self-Injury: Why Kids Cut Themselves & How to Help | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-drives-self-injury-and-how-to-treat-it/

  One highly recommended treatment is DBT, in which a psychologist works with your child to help them learn how to tolerate uncomfortable feelings, anger, anxiety and rejection without resorting to cutting. […] In CBT, a psychologist teaches your child to challenge negative, distressing thoughts, to recognize the pattern and train herself to think outside it. […] If there are things going on at home–fighting, job loss, a death–that could be the source of your child’s emotional troubles, family therapy is a good way to begin treatment. […] Often if there is another disorder involved, a doctor will prescribe medication to treat that condition. The combination of medication and psychotherapy is very successful at treating kids who self-harm. […] This is a behavior that’s very hard for people to get inside and empathize with. But it isn’t something that a person can just stop; it’s something that needs to be understood.

• #32 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) – Psychiatric Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/suicidal-behavior-and-self-injury/nonsuicidal-self-injury-nssi

  Cognitive behavioral therapy is typically done as outpatient, individual therapy, but it can also be done in groups in an inpatient setting. […] Dialectical behavioral therapy involves individual and group therapy for at least 1 year. […] Emotion-regulation group therapy is done in a 14-week group setting. […] Coexisting psychiatric disorders (eg, depression, eating disorders, substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder) should be treated appropriately.

• #33 Cutting to Cope: What is Nonsuicidal Self-Injury?

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/healthy-tides/cutting-to-cope-what-is-nonsuicidal-self-injury/

  Second, Evans recommends attending to the injury by keeping it clean to prevent infection, and third, removing any items from reach that they have used to self-injure or ones they could use on impulse such as razors or other sharp objects. […] Introducing positive coping mechanisms is key to helping kids manage their emotions. […] Cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy are traditionally used for people managing depression and anxiety, Evans said. Dialectical behavioral therapy is associated with treating externalizing behaviors, such as self-injury, and involves learning how to be more aware of emotions and behavior patterns in order to make wise and thoughtful choices to cope with distress.

• #34 Spotlight on Cutting to Cope: What Is Nonsuicidal Self-Injury?

  https://www.seattlechildrens.org/healthcare-professionals/provider-news/cutting-to-cope/

  Cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy are traditionally used for people managing depression and anxiety, Evans says. Dialectical behavioral therapy is associated with treating externalizing behaviors, such as self-injury, and involves learning how to be more aware of emotions and behavior patterns in order to make wise and thoughtful choices to cope with distress.

• #35 Self-injury in children and teens – Children’s Health Psychiatry/Psychology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/self-injury

  Cognitive behavioral therapy – Helping children recognize how their thoughts, behaviors and emotions affect each other, and then teaching them how to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviors. […] Dialectical behavior therapy – Helping children learn skills to regulate intense emotions, tolerate distress, improve their relationships and become more mindful of emotions by neither avoiding them nor over-identifying with them. […] Emotion regulation therapy – Teaching children how to identify and accept their emotions and become more willing to experience them even when the emotions are uncomfortable. […] One of the guiding principles behind this therapy is to learn how to willingly experience uncomfortable emotions in order to pursue meaningful activities in life.

• #36 Self-injury/cutting – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/self-injury-cutting/

  Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of deliberately harming your own body, such as cutting or burning yourself. It’s typically not meant as a suicide attempt. Rather, this type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, intense anger and frustration. […] If you’re injuring yourself, even in a minor way, or if you have thoughts of harming yourself, reach out for help. Any form of self-injury is a sign of bigger issues that need to be addressed. […] Treatment is based on your specific issues and any related mental health disorders you might have, such as depression. Because self-injury can become a major part of your life, it’s best to get treatment from a mental health professional experienced in self-injury issues. […] There are no medications to specifically treat self-injuring behavior. However, if you’re diagnosed with a mental health disorder, such as depression or an anxiety disorder, your doctor may recommend antidepressants or other medications to treat the underlying disorder that’s associated with self-injury. Treatment for these disorders may help you feel less compelled to hurt yourself.

• #37 Self-injury/cutting – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956

  If you injure yourself severely or repeatedly, your health care provider may recommend that you be admitted to a hospital for psychiatric care. Being cared for in a hospital, often short term, can provide a safe environment and more-intensive treatment until you get through a crisis. […] In addition to professional treatment, here are some important self-care tips: Follow your treatment plan. Keep therapy appointments. Practice and use coping skills learned in therapy. Take any prescribed medicine as directed. […] Recognize the situations or feelings that might trigger your desire to self-injure. Make a plan for other ways to soothe or distract yourself or to get support, so you’re ready the next time you feel the urge to self-injure. […] Ask for help. Keep your mental health provider’s phone number handy. Tell your provider about all incidents related to self-injury. Choose a trusted family member or friend as the person you’ll immediately contact if you have an urge to self-injure or if self-injury happens.

• #38 Self-injury/cutting – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/self-injury-cutting/

  If you injure yourself severely or repeatedly, your doctor may recommend that you be admitted to a hospital for psychiatric care. Hospitalization, often short term, can provide a safe environment and more-intensive treatment until you get through a crisis. Mental health day treatment programs also may be an option.

• #39 Self-injury (Cutting, Self-Harm or Self-Mutilation) | Mental Health America

  https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/self-injury-cutting-self-harm-or-self-mutilation

  If someone displays the signs and symptoms of self-injury, a mental health professional should be contacted. A provider with self-injury expertise may be especially helpful, if available. Self-injury treatment options include outpatient therapy, partial-inpatient (6-12 hours a day) care, and inpatient hospitalization. When the behaviors interfere with daily living, such as employment and relationships, and are health or life-threatening, a specialized self-injury hospital program with an experienced staff is recommended. […] Effective treatment of self-injury is most often a combination of medication, cognitive/behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy, with additional treatment services as needed. […] Successful courses of treatment are marked by: An individual’s active involvement and commitment to their treatment, Aftercare plans with support for the individual’s new self-management skills and behaviors, and Collaboration between all involved professionals (medical and otherwise).

• #40 Non-suicidal self-injury: The nurse practitioner’s role

  https://www.npwomenshealthcare.com/non-suicidal-self-injury-nurse-practitioners-role-identification-treatment/

  Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an increasingly common way in which adolescents and adults cope with emotional pain. […] Nurse practitioners (NPs) can play an important role in identifying patients who self-injure and helping them obtain appropriate therapy. […] Strong evidence suggests that NSSI is an emotion-regulating behavior. […] Many persons who self-injure do so to regulate their intense negative emotions and calm themselves quickly. […] Nurse practitioners, especially those who care for adolescents and young adults, play a key role in identifying NSSI. […] Once NSSI is identified, the NP can use the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ) to further assess the case. […] For patients with mild, new-onset NSSI who want to stop engaging in the self-injurious acts, NPs who feel comfortable treating them can initiate a discussion about recognizing triggers for the behavior. […] The recovery process, even in mild cases, is usually characterized by frequent exacerbations and remissions. […] Although the review of the literature reveals promising groundbreaking work in identifying and treating NSSI, the state of the science is still in its infancy.

• #41 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  This guideline covers assessment, management and preventing recurrence for children, young people and adults who have self-harmed. It includes those with a mental health problem, neurodevelopmental disorder or learning disability and applies to all sectors that work with people who have self-harmed. […] The recommendations apply to staff from all sectors that work with people who have self-harmed, unless a recommendation or section specifically states that it is for a certain group. […] Provide information and support for people who have self-harmed. Share information with family members or carers (as appropriate). Topics to discuss include: what self-harm is, why people self-harm and, where possible, the specific circumstances of the person, support and treatments available, self-care, including when to seek help, how to deal with injuries, how to manage scars, care plans and safety plans, and what they involve, the impact of encountering stigma around self-harm, who will be involved in their care and how to get in touch with them, where appointments will take place, what to do if they have any concerns, what do to in an emergency, local services and how to get in touch with them, including out-of-hours, local peer support groups, online forums, local and national charities, and how to get in touch with them.

• #42 Trauma nursing 5: identifying and assessing patients who self-harm | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/mental-health/trauma-nursing-5-identifying-and-assessing-patients-who-self-harm-13-02-2023/

  Practical, professional training for nurses who deal with self-harm is essential. […] After the physical problems caused by the self-harming episode have been treated, a formal psychosocial assessment should be carried out by trained mental health professionals. […] Close collaboration between the ICU and psychiatric department is essential to improve the quality of care of patients who self-harm, and psychiatric management immediately following the medical management is vital. […] For patients who are not known to have self-harmed, it is important to identify self-harm signs to be able to conduct a multifactorial psychosocial assessment with the aim of protecting them from further harm. […] Self-harm is a risk factor for suicide, and health professionals must receive training to make sure they can carry out prompt, psychosocial, multifactorial assessments and manage patients effectively.

• #43 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  When planning treatment following self-harm, take into account any associated coexisting conditions and the psychosocial assessment. […] Offer a structured, person-centred, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-informed psychological intervention that is specifically tailored for adults who self-harm. […] The safety plan should be in an accessible format and be developed collaboratively and compassionately between the person who has self-harmed and the professional involved in their care using shared decision making. […] Do not use diagnosis, age, substance misuse or coexisting conditions as reasons to withhold psychological interventions for self-harm. […] The recommendations should change how psychosocial assessments are conducted, to reduce the potential for distress during assessment and improve the persons satisfaction and engagement with services.

• #44 Self-harm and self-injury | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/self-harm

  It can be difficult to break away from self-harm. Treatment will include learning to find other ways to manage intense feelings. […] The person who is self-harming may like to develop their own ways to distract themselves, or use some of these ideas: wear a rubber band around your wrist and snap it when you feel distressed, eat an ice-cube the sensation can take your mind off intense feelings, hold an ice-cube in your hand, keep a journal and jot down your thoughts, exercise it releases endorphins and can help lift your mood, be mindful do some colouring, try meditation, relaxation or do a craft activity like knitting or painting, draw on your body in the areas where you normally hurt, punch a pillow, make your environment safe get someone you trust to take away any harmful objects and keep you away from any places where you are likely to harm, keep a distraction box store some things that bring you comfort in a box or bag (such as photos, a favourite toy, chewing gum, fiddle toys, craft).

• #45 Self-Harm Safety Plan | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/how-to-create-a-self-harm-safety-plan

  People often self-harm to process difficult feelings and painful memories. […] A self-harm safety plan is a list of coping strategies, resources, and trusted individuals that someone can refer to when they feel the urge to self-harm—defined as intentionally hurting oneself. Self-harm, sometimes called self-injury or self-mutilation, is often a way to cope with difficult feelings, painful memories, or overwhelming situations. […] A comprehensive safety plan should include supportive people and places, such as: […] Self-harm is usually a sign that someone is struggling with their mental health and would benefit from professional mental health support—which is where Charlie Health comes in. […] Our virtual Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) combines group sessions, individual therapy, and family therapy to create a customized treatment plan based on each person’s mental health needs—including support around self-harm.

• #46 How Can Parents Help Prevent Self-Injury? | PrairieCare

  https://prairie-care.com/responding-to-cutting-and-other-self-injurious-behaviors-how-can-a-parent-help-by-tiffany-leuthold-lmft/

  Parents and caregivers wonder what they can do when they discover their teen or young adult is struggling with self-injury. Self-injury also referred to as self-harm involves burning, cutting or purposely inflicting injury. […] Self-injury indicates that the person is dealing with problems such as anger, bullying, sadness, loneliness, low self-esteem, depression or anxiety and looking for relief. […] One teen explained that cutting provided a way of feeling or letting go of pain. […] Remove objects that they may be using to harm themselves from the home. This alone may not end the self-injury as they may find other objects to use. However, it sends the message that you are against the self-injury. […] Self-injury provides a visual sign that your loved one is struggling with other problems. Take the sign and respond with understanding and objective interventions. Enlist the help of a professional. If your child is engaging in self-injury, they will need support to develop new ways to cope with the problems they are experiencing as well as to reduce and stop the self-injury. […] With family support and professional help they can recover.

• #47 Cutting and self-harm: Why it happens and what to do – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cutting-and-self-harm-why-it-happens-and-what-to-do-202305312940

  „Encourage them to talk to you about what they’re experiencing, knowing that you’re an open ear and will be as nonjudgmental as possible,” Nock says. „It’s not realistic that we’re going to root out all risky behaviors that kids engage in. But when death is a potential outcome, encourage friends and family not to honor that secrecy and to try to intervene to keep the person safe.” […] „If our kids fall and suffer a break or accidental injury that needs medical attention, we go to the ER and the same should happen for injuries that are self-inflicted,” Nock says.

• #48 Self-Harm: What It Is, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12201-self-harm

  If you see a healthcare provider about self-harm, theyll first treat your injuries if needed. Longer term, they may recommend therapy and/or medications to help manage underlying mental health conditions and life stressors. […] Getting treatment for self-harm is important because it has several potential short- and long-term risks. […] Self-harm can also lead to long-term issues, including: Worsening mental health. Self-harm can lead to feelings of shame, guilt or regret. […] Preventing first-time self-harm isnt always possible, but seeking help from a mental healthcare provider can reduce the chances that someone will continue to self-harm. […] If you realize that you (or notice that someone you care about) are self-harming, reach out to a healthcare provider. Your injuries may require medical care.

• #49

  https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF-Guide/Self-Injury-In-Adolescents-073.aspx

  Self-injury is the act of deliberately harming body tissue, at times to change a way of feeling. […] The behavior has become more popular lately, especially in adolescents. […] Some adolescents may self-mutilate to take risks, rebel, reject their parents’ values, state their individuality, or merely be accepted. […] Others may injure themselves out of desperation or anger to seek attention, to show their hopelessness and worthlessness, or because they have suicidal thoughts. […] These children may suffer from serious psychiatric problems such as depression, psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and bipolar disorder. […] Additionally, some adolescents who engage in self-injury may develop borderline personality disorder as adults. […] Evaluation by a mental health professional may assist in identifying and treating the underlying causes of self-injury. […] Feelings of wanting to die or kill themselves are reasons for adolescents to seek professional care immediately. […] A child and adolescent psychiatrist can also diagnose and treat the serious psychiatric disorders that may accompany self-injurious behavior.

• #50 The Cornell Research Program on Self-Injury and Recovery

  https://www.selfinjury.bctr.cornell.edu/about-self-injury.html

  Schools, parents, medical practitioners, and other youth serving professionals all have an important role to play in identifying self-injury and in assisting youth in getting help. […] Self-injury serves a function — explicitly teaching more appropriate coping strategies may be one way to provide self-injurers with adaptive alternatives. […] Institutions, such as secondary schools and Universities should consider adopting formal guidelines for detecting and managing self-injurious behaviors. […] There are a number of modalities that therapists may use to intervene in the practice of self-injury.

• #51 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Healthcare professionals and social care practitioners who have contact with people who self-harm should be able to understand when and how to apply the principles of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and its Code of Practice, the Mental Health Act 2007 and its Code of Practice, and the Care Act 2014 and the Care Act 2014 statutory guidance, assess mental capacity, make decisions about when treatment and care can be given without consent, understand when and how to seek further guidance about consent to care, direct people to independent mental capacity advocates. […] All staff who have contact with people who self-harm should understand when and how to apply the safeguarding principles of the Care Act 2014, the Children Act 1989, and the Children and Families Act 2014, ask about safeguarding concerns, for example, domestic abuse, violence or exploitation at the earliest opportunity and, if appropriate, when the person is alone, explore whether the persons needs should be assessed and documented according to local safeguarding procedures, be aware of local safeguarding procedures for vulnerable adults and children in their care, and seek advice from the local named lead on safeguarding if needed.

• #52 Self-Harm: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.verywellmind.com/self-injury-and-cutting-1065420

  Self-harm involves self-inflicted, non-suicidal bodily harm that is severe enough to either cause tissue damage or to leave marks that last several hours. Cutting is the most common form of self-injury but burning, head banging, and scratching are also common. Other forms of self-harm include biting, skin picking, hair pulling, hitting the body with objects, or hitting objects with the body. […] Self-injury indicates a lack of coping skills for dealing with severe emotional distress. People who self-harm may struggle to understand and manage their emotions. They also may not have the necessary skills to cope with stress and trauma in healthy ways. […] Although self-injury such as cutting is recognized as a common problem among the teenage population, it is not limited to adolescents. People of all sexes, nationalities, socio-economic groups, and ages can self-injure.

• #53 Interventions to reduce self-harm on in-patient wards: systematic review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8086389/

  The mixed interventions addressing individual therapy alongside ward management and staff training were effective at reducing self-harm in the short and longer term. […] The studies presented here, although they have many limitations, do offer potential directions and guidance for wards in showing how they might reduce risk of self-harm.

• #54 An Integrative Model of In-Hospital and Out-of-Hospital Nursing Care for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/3/466

  Effective nursing care, as well as patient compliance, has been shown to help improve the physical and mental status of NSSI patients. […] The short-term outcome and long-term prognosis of NSSI patients depend to a large extent on good nurse-patient communication and support from the whole society, including the family and school environment. […] Nurses should improve the humanity of nursing services to promote effective communication with patients. […] Nursing care for NSSI patients is not only limited to in-hospital conditions but can also be extended to out-of-hospital circumstances. […] An endeavor is needed to build a complete and targeted physical and mental nursing care system for NSSI from a multidisciplinary cooperation basis.

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