Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Self-harm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm

  Self-harm refers to intentional behaviors that cause harm to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one’s own skin tissues, usually without suicidal intention. Other terms such as cutting, self-abuse, self-injury, and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. […] There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage. […] Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm.

• #2 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  Objective: To critically review clinical reports on the pharmacotherapy of self-mutilation. […] Conclusion: There is evidence, albeit limited, for the pharmacologic management of self-mutilation. Further studies, especially double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, are needed to substantiate these preliminary findings. […] Therapeutic approaches to self-mutilation have perhaps been better studied and have stronger evidence for their efficacy than pharmacologic approaches. […] Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), a variation of cognitive behavioral therapy, has the most empirical support from at least seven well-controlled trials as a psychosocial intervention for borderline personality disorder. […] The focus of this review article is specifically on the pharmacotherapy for the impulsive subset of superficial/moderate self-injurious behavior (SIB).

• #3 Self-injury (Cutting, Self-Harm or Self-Mutilation) | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/self-injury-cutting-self-harm-or-self-mutilation/

  Self-injury, also known as self-harm, self-mutilation, or self-abuse—occurs when someone repeatedly harms themselves on purpose in a way that is impulsive and not intended to be lethal. While self-harm is not intended to be lethal, people who harm themselves are at a higher risk of attempting suicide if they do not receive help. […] If someone displays the signs and symptoms of self-injury, a mental health professional should be contacted. A provider with self-injury expertise may be especially helpful, if available. Self-injury treatment options include outpatient therapy, partial-inpatient (6-12 hours a day) care, and inpatient hospitalization. When the behaviors interfere with daily living, such as employment and relationships, and are health or life-threatening, a specialized self-injury hospital program with an experienced staff is recommended. […] Effective treatment of self-injury is most often a combination of medication, cognitive/behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy, with additional treatment services as needed.

• #4 Self-harm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm

  Self-harm refers to intentional behaviors that cause harm to oneself. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one’s own skin tissues, usually without suicidal intention. Other terms such as cutting, self-abuse, self-injury, and self-mutilation have been used for any self-harming behavior regardless of suicidal intent. […] There are a number of different methods that can be used to treat self-harm, which concentrate on either treating the underlying causes, or on treating the behavior itself. Other approaches involve avoidance techniques, which focus on keeping the individual occupied with other activities, or replacing the act of self-harm with safer methods that do not lead to permanent damage. […] Diagnosis and treatment of the causes of self-harm is thought by many to be the best approach to treating self-harm.

• #5 Understanding Teenage Self-Harm: Strategies for Prevention and Support

  https://behavioralhealthnews.org/understanding-teenage-self-harm-strategies-for-prevention-and-support/

  Self-harm, also known as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), involves the deliberate, non-accidental injury to ones own body tissue without suicidal intent (Favazza, 1999). […] It is crucial to understand the underlying emotional distress adolescents experience, the reasons behind their actions, and the practices that can reduce feelings of depression, anxiety, and low self-worth to prevent further teenage self-harm. […] Clinicians should aim to manage acute symptoms with behavioral therapies and/or medication, allowing teens to explore the deeper issues contributing to self-harm and offering alternative strategies to address underlying risk factors, such as trauma history, abuse, substance misuse, or family conflicts (Kilburn, 2009). […] Developing alternative coping skills is essential for managing stress, regulating emotions, and building resilience. […] By employing these strategies, clinicians can provide comprehensive support to teenagers struggling with self-harm.

• #6 Self-Inflicted Injury Prevention, Children Ages 10 to 19 Years

  https://www.health.ny.gov/prevention/injury_prevention/children/fact_sheets/10-19_years/self-inflcited_injury_prevention_10-19_years.htm

  Self-Inflicted Injury Prevention, Children Ages 10 to 19 Years […] Self-inflicted injury is also called self-injury, self-abuse, self-mutilation, deliberate self-harm, parasuicidal behavior, and non-suicidal self-injury. […] Self-inflicted injury usually occurs numerous times, rather than just once. […] Self-inflicted injury is usually a teen’s effort to try to feel better, not to end his/her life. […] Teens who injure themselves may be dealing with feelings that they cannot cope with, or hard situations they think cannot change. […] Openly express your concern, support, and love. […] Seek mental health services. […] Call S.A.F.E. Alternative’s Self-injury Resource Line: 1-800-DONTCUT(366.8288). […] Timothy’s Law requires that health insurance providers provide comparable (similar) coverage for mental illnesses as they provide for other medical care.

• #7 Self-injury/cutting – Project Semicolon a Mental Health and Suicide Prevention Organization

  https://projectsemicolon.com/mental-illness-conditions/self-injury-cutting/

  Self-injury can lead to various complications, including worsening feelings of shame, infection, permanent scars, and exacerbation of underlying issues if left untreated. […] While it’s challenging to prevent self-injury entirely, early intervention and supportive environments can help reduce the risk. Strategies involve: […] Identifying at-risk individuals and offering help in developing healthy coping skills. […] Encouraging the formation of supportive social networks to improve communication and relationships. […] Raising awareness about self-injury and its warning signs. […] Encouraging open communication and seeking help when concerned about someone’s well-being. […] Teaching critical thinking skills to reduce harmful media influences.

• #8 Responding to Self-Harm – Dakota State University

  https://dsu.edu/student-life/counseling-center/suicide-prevention/responding-to-self-harm.html

  Recent studies of university students indicate that as many as 15-17% engage in self-injury. […] Self-injury is a clear expression of emotional distress and should be given attention. […] Remember that it will probably take a while for the behavior to change after a self-injuring individual decides to seek help and work on changing the behavior. It is difficult and takes time to change unhealthy, habitual behavior. […] Help the student explore more positive strategies for coping with intense feelings and stress such as talking with a friend, exercising, or participating in therapy. […] Encourage the student to come to the Counseling Center. Provide them with the Counseling Center phone number (605) 256-5121 and location (Learning Engagement Center on campus). Remind the student that our services are confidential. […] It may also be beneficial to walk the student over to the Counseling Center. This might be helpful for students who are unsure about the location and/or are intimidated by meeting with a counselor.

• #9 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help. […] Identify someone at risk and offer help. Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life’s problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress. […] Encourage supportive social networks. Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.

• #10 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  Self harm in young adolescents is common with one in four reporting self-harming thoughts and one in six engaging in self-harming behaviour over a one year period. […] Secure peer and strong school relationships were associated with less self-harm. […] This suggests a need to raise awareness of self-harm and potential risk factors such as low mood, bullying and drug misuse amongst those who have regular contact with young adolescents in the community, schools and primary care. […] Training for community staff to understand the prevalence, nature, and factors associated with self-harm might improve better identification. […] Similarly, training those who have contact with young adolescents in how to talk with them in a calm, open and non-judgemental manner might help to identify those with more persistent thoughts or engaged in more regular self-harming.

• #11 Self-Harm Awareness: Understanding, Prevention, and Support – Mental Wellness Center

  https://mentalwellnesscenter.org/blog/resources/self-harm-awareness-understanding-prevention-and-support/

  Self-harm is a complex and multifaceted issue affecting millions of individuals worldwide. This comprehensive guide aims to provide a deep understanding of self-harm and its risk factors, warning signs, and prevention strategies. […] Its important to note that any form of self-harm is serious and requires attention and support. Learn more about prevention strategies. […] Understanding the risk factors for self-harm can help in early intervention and prevention. […] Remember, having risk factors doesnt mean someone will definitely engage in self-harm. However, being aware of these factors can help in providing appropriate support and intervention. […] If you notice these signs in yourself or someone else, its important to seek help from a mental health professional. Early intervention can significantly improve outcomes and prevent the escalation of self-harming behaviors.

• #12 Self Harm Prevention – Wyoming Department of Health

  https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/prevention/wivpp/self-harm-awareness/

  Self-harm, also called self-injury, is when someone hurts themself on purpose. They can create injuries that can be lethal if they are severe enough. There are two kinds of self-harm methods: Non-suicidal Self-injury and Deliberate Self-harm. […] The most common and less severe methods of self-harm are called non-suicidal self-injuries. These include: Cutting. […] More severe methods are called deliberate self-harm. These methods are less common, but are more lethal than non-suicidal self-injury. […] Self-harm is usually connected to high-levels of emotional distress that may happen because of: Feeling powerless, Not being able to express oneself, Lacking in skills to cope with the situation or emotions. […] People are more likely to start self-harming when they: Have friends or family members that self-harm, Experience stressful life events or situations, Are socially isolated, Experience depression or other mental health disorders, Have a substance use disorder.

• #13 Self Harm Prevention – Wyoming Department of Health

  https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/prevention/wivpp/self-harm-awareness/

  Self-harm, also called self-injury, is when someone hurts themself on purpose. They can create injuries that can be lethal if they are severe enough. There are two kinds of self-harm methods: Non-suicidal Self-injury and Deliberate Self-harm. […] The most common and less severe methods of self-harm are called non-suicidal self-injuries. These include: Cutting. […] More severe methods are called deliberate self-harm. These methods are less common, but are more lethal than non-suicidal self-injury. […] Self-harm is usually connected to high-levels of emotional distress that may happen because of: Feeling powerless, Not being able to express oneself, Lacking in skills to cope with the situation or emotions. […] People are more likely to start self-harming when they: Have friends or family members that self-harm, Experience stressful life events or situations, Are socially isolated, Experience depression or other mental health disorders, Have a substance use disorder.

• #14 Self Harm Prevention – Wyoming Department of Health

  https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/prevention/wivpp/self-harm-awareness/

  Self-harm, also called self-injury, is when someone hurts themself on purpose. They can create injuries that can be lethal if they are severe enough. There are two kinds of self-harm methods: Non-suicidal Self-injury and Deliberate Self-harm. […] The most common and less severe methods of self-harm are called non-suicidal self-injuries. These include: Cutting. […] More severe methods are called deliberate self-harm. These methods are less common, but are more lethal than non-suicidal self-injury. […] Self-harm is usually connected to high-levels of emotional distress that may happen because of: Feeling powerless, Not being able to express oneself, Lacking in skills to cope with the situation or emotions. […] People are more likely to start self-harming when they: Have friends or family members that self-harm, Experience stressful life events or situations, Are socially isolated, Experience depression or other mental health disorders, Have a substance use disorder.

• #15 Self Harm Prevention – Wyoming Department of Health

  https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/prevention/wivpp/self-harm-awareness/

  Self-harm, also called self-injury, is when someone hurts themself on purpose. They can create injuries that can be lethal if they are severe enough. There are two kinds of self-harm methods: Non-suicidal Self-injury and Deliberate Self-harm. […] The most common and less severe methods of self-harm are called non-suicidal self-injuries. These include: Cutting. […] More severe methods are called deliberate self-harm. These methods are less common, but are more lethal than non-suicidal self-injury. […] Self-harm is usually connected to high-levels of emotional distress that may happen because of: Feeling powerless, Not being able to express oneself, Lacking in skills to cope with the situation or emotions. […] People are more likely to start self-harming when they: Have friends or family members that self-harm, Experience stressful life events or situations, Are socially isolated, Experience depression or other mental health disorders, Have a substance use disorder.

• #16 Self Harm Prevention – Wyoming Department of Health

  https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/prevention/wivpp/self-harm-awareness/

  Self-harm, also called self-injury, is when someone hurts themself on purpose. They can create injuries that can be lethal if they are severe enough. There are two kinds of self-harm methods: Non-suicidal Self-injury and Deliberate Self-harm. […] The most common and less severe methods of self-harm are called non-suicidal self-injuries. These include: Cutting. […] More severe methods are called deliberate self-harm. These methods are less common, but are more lethal than non-suicidal self-injury. […] Self-harm is usually connected to high-levels of emotional distress that may happen because of: Feeling powerless, Not being able to express oneself, Lacking in skills to cope with the situation or emotions. […] People are more likely to start self-harming when they: Have friends or family members that self-harm, Experience stressful life events or situations, Are socially isolated, Experience depression or other mental health disorders, Have a substance use disorder.

• #17 Understanding Teenage Self-Harm: Strategies for Prevention and Support

  https://behavioralhealthnews.org/understanding-teenage-self-harm-strategies-for-prevention-and-support/

  Self-harm, also known as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), involves the deliberate, non-accidental injury to ones own body tissue without suicidal intent (Favazza, 1999). […] It is crucial to understand the underlying emotional distress adolescents experience, the reasons behind their actions, and the practices that can reduce feelings of depression, anxiety, and low self-worth to prevent further teenage self-harm. […] Clinicians should aim to manage acute symptoms with behavioral therapies and/or medication, allowing teens to explore the deeper issues contributing to self-harm and offering alternative strategies to address underlying risk factors, such as trauma history, abuse, substance misuse, or family conflicts (Kilburn, 2009). […] Developing alternative coping skills is essential for managing stress, regulating emotions, and building resilience. […] By employing these strategies, clinicians can provide comprehensive support to teenagers struggling with self-harm.

• #18 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  Self harm in young adolescents is common with one in four reporting self-harming thoughts and one in six engaging in self-harming behaviour over a one year period. […] Secure peer and strong school relationships were associated with less self-harm. […] This suggests a need to raise awareness of self-harm and potential risk factors such as low mood, bullying and drug misuse amongst those who have regular contact with young adolescents in the community, schools and primary care. […] Training for community staff to understand the prevalence, nature, and factors associated with self-harm might improve better identification. […] Similarly, training those who have contact with young adolescents in how to talk with them in a calm, open and non-judgemental manner might help to identify those with more persistent thoughts or engaged in more regular self-harming.

• #19 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help. […] Identify someone at risk and offer help. Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life’s problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress. […] Encourage supportive social networks. Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.

• #20 March is Self-Harm Awareness Month | St. Luke’s Penn Foundation

  https://www.pennfoundation.org/march-is-self-harm-awareness-month/

  There is no way to prevent someone from self-harming. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches, and friends. […] Offer help to someone at risk. Someone at risk can be taught healthy coping skills that can be used during periods of distress. […] Encourage social connection. Many people who self-injure feel lonely and disconnected. Helping someone form connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it. […] Reach out for help. Encourage children, teens, and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or loved one. […] Talk about media influence. News media, social media, music, and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may inspire children and young adults to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.

• #21 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Encourage friends to seek help. Peers tend to be loyal to their friends. Encourage children, teens and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or family member. […] Talk about media influence. News media, music and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may nudge children and young adults with mental or emotional issues to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.

• #22 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Encourage friends to seek help. Peers tend to be loyal to their friends. Encourage children, teens and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or family member. […] Talk about media influence. News media, music and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may nudge children and young adults with mental or emotional issues to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.

• #23 Self Injury Awareness Day – IASP

  https://www.iasp.info/2023/03/01/self-injury-awareness-day/

  Self-injury awareness day or self-harm awareness day is an international event observed annually on the 1st of March to raise awareness on the topic. […] Self-harm behaviours are complex individual experiences; therefore, it is important to generate awareness around this issue, encourage understanding, and reduce stigma. […] Making the time and space to listen to someone about their experiences with distress or thoughts of self-harm and connecting them to further help is crucial. […] On this day of global importance, IASP calls for greater understanding and awareness around self-harm and self-injury to enable individuals to seek help free from stigma.

• #24 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  The development of clear pathways involving child and adolescent mental health services would ensure timely access to specialist assessment and effective treatment for those who require more specialist interventions. […] Our findings support adopting this broader approach, and suggest that self-harm prevention programmes should promote skills to minimise risk taking behaviour such as cannabis and drug misuse and to facilitate the development of supportive relationships. […] Schools offer an accessible and convenient location for the delivery of self-harm prevention programmes which could potentially be widely provided, i.e. universally provided to all children as part of the school curriculum from the age of 12 years. […] Our results suggest that schools should proactively focus upon reducing bullying and encouraging a positive sense of school membership and belonging, particularly for those young adolescents who feel marginalised.

• #25 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help. […] Identify someone at risk and offer help. Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life’s problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress. […] Encourage supportive social networks. Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.

• #26 March is Self-Harm Awareness Month | St. Luke’s Penn Foundation

  https://www.pennfoundation.org/march-is-self-harm-awareness-month/

  There is no way to prevent someone from self-harming. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches, and friends. […] Offer help to someone at risk. Someone at risk can be taught healthy coping skills that can be used during periods of distress. […] Encourage social connection. Many people who self-injure feel lonely and disconnected. Helping someone form connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it. […] Reach out for help. Encourage children, teens, and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or loved one. […] Talk about media influence. News media, social media, music, and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may inspire children and young adults to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.

• #27 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Encourage friends to seek help. Peers tend to be loyal to their friends. Encourage children, teens and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or family member. […] Talk about media influence. News media, music and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may nudge children and young adults with mental or emotional issues to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.

• #28 Self-Harm | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/injury-prevention/self-harm.htm

  Self-harm is serious, but it does not have to be a lifelong challenge. People can and do get better. […] The Department of Health Services (DHS) is committed to reducing self-harm injuries among Wisconsin adolescents ages 10 to 19 by 2027. Current efforts include: […] Promoting programs like Sources of Strength, a peer leadership approach designed to increase well-being, help-seeking, resiliency, healthy coping, and belonging in youth. […] Educating health care providers to use caring contacts for follow up and to support patients released from care for self-harm or suicide attempts. […] Connecting people with resources to support their well-being and prevent re-attempts. […] Self-harm prevention efforts are funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This work also includes building strong partnerships across education, health care, non-profit, and community organizations and engaging with community organizations to increase and expand suicide and self-harm prevention efforts.

• #29 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  The development of clear pathways involving child and adolescent mental health services would ensure timely access to specialist assessment and effective treatment for those who require more specialist interventions. […] Our findings support adopting this broader approach, and suggest that self-harm prevention programmes should promote skills to minimise risk taking behaviour such as cannabis and drug misuse and to facilitate the development of supportive relationships. […] Schools offer an accessible and convenient location for the delivery of self-harm prevention programmes which could potentially be widely provided, i.e. universally provided to all children as part of the school curriculum from the age of 12 years. […] Our results suggest that schools should proactively focus upon reducing bullying and encouraging a positive sense of school membership and belonging, particularly for those young adolescents who feel marginalised.

• #30 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help. […] Identify someone at risk and offer help. Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life’s problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress. […] Encourage supportive social networks. Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.

• #31 Understanding Teenage Self-Harm: Strategies for Prevention and Support

  https://behavioralhealthnews.org/understanding-teenage-self-harm-strategies-for-prevention-and-support/

  Self-harm, also known as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), involves the deliberate, non-accidental injury to ones own body tissue without suicidal intent (Favazza, 1999). […] It is crucial to understand the underlying emotional distress adolescents experience, the reasons behind their actions, and the practices that can reduce feelings of depression, anxiety, and low self-worth to prevent further teenage self-harm. […] Clinicians should aim to manage acute symptoms with behavioral therapies and/or medication, allowing teens to explore the deeper issues contributing to self-harm and offering alternative strategies to address underlying risk factors, such as trauma history, abuse, substance misuse, or family conflicts (Kilburn, 2009). […] Developing alternative coping skills is essential for managing stress, regulating emotions, and building resilience. […] By employing these strategies, clinicians can provide comprehensive support to teenagers struggling with self-harm.

• #32 How Can I Stop Cutting? (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/resisting-cutting.html

  Cutting is a form of self-harm, and it can happen when someone is trying to cope with painful strong emotions. Once a person starts cutting, it can be hard to stop. […] If you’re trying to stop cutting: Tell a trusted adult. Get help from a professional counselor or therapist. Find ways to feel better and resist the urge to cut. […] Try these tips to try when you feel an urge. The goal is to replace cutting yourself with a healthier behavior. […] When you feel like cutting: Try a calming activity. If you cut when you’re agitated or angry, it can help to do something calming instead. […] Express yourself. At times, your emotions feel may seem too powerful and painful to handle. It can be helpful to labeling how you’re feeling. […] Release some stress. Sometimes doing things that release tension can help you gradually move away from cutting.

• #33 How to Cope with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury | JED

  https://jedfoundation.org/resource/how-to-cope-with-non-suicidal-self-injury/

  How to Stop Self-Injury: First Steps Towards Healthier Coping […] In general, people who self-injure do not stop until they start to learn and use other ways of coping. To make a real change, you will need to: […] Identify and practice the skills you need to stop self-injuring. For example, learning new strategies for coping with negative emotions and practicing those strategies when you feel the urge to self-injure. […] Tips to Stop Stop Self-Injury Behavior […] Find mental health support. A therapist or counselor trained in self-injury can help you understand why you self-injure and help you develop healthy coping skills to deal with negative feelings. […] Avoid or remove triggers wherever possible. A mental health professional can help you figure out what triggers your urge to self-injure. Once you know them, you can make a plan to minimize your stress.

• #34 Ways to help avoid self-harm – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/self-harm/ways-help-avoid-self-harm/

  Finding ways to prevent or distract yourself from self-harm may help you get through a difficult moment. […] However, it’s very important that you get the support and treatment that you need to help address the underlying cause. […] But with support it may feel easier to make changes that help reduce or stop your self-harm. […] try talking about your feelings to a friend, family member, trained volunteer or health professional. […] try working out if feeling a certain way leads to your self-harm for example, when you’re feeling sad or anxious you could try expressing that emotion in a safer way […] try waiting before you consider self-harm distract yourself by going out for a walk, listening to music, or doing something else harmless to keep you busy; the need to self-harm may begin to pass over time […] try calming breathing exercises or other things you find relaxing to reduce feelings of anxiety […] if you struggle with suicidal thoughts, it may help to make a safety plan to use if you need it the Staying Safe website has a guide on how to make a safety plan.

• #35 Self-Harm Safety Plan | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/how-to-create-a-self-harm-safety-plan

  People often self-harm to process difficult feelings and painful memories. Charlie Health offers healthy alternatives to self-harm, including a five-part self-harm safety plan to navigate tough times going forward. […] A self-harm safety plan is a list of coping strategies, resources, and trusted individuals that someone can refer to when they feel the urge to self-harm—defined as intentionally hurting oneself. […] A comprehensive and effective self-harm safety plan should be written in your own words, be easy to read, and include actionable items. Below are five essential sections to include in a self-harm safety plan. […] A self-harm safety plan should also include healthy alternatives to self-harm for coping with distressing emotions and situations. […] If you’re struggling with painful emotions, one of the best things you can do is connect with someone you trust. Create a list of friends, family members, teachers, or other trusted adults you can rely on during tough moments as your support system.

• #36 Self-harm prevention apps | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/apps/s/self-harm-prevention-apps

  Self-harm can be a way of coping with intense emotions or distress brought on by overwhelming feelings or situations. Apps to prevent self-harm have the potential to support people who self-harm by offering strategies for coping and reducing the urge to self-harm. […] A study assessing the content of apps for self-injury used the following criteria to assess the quality of the apps: Purpose of the app, such as providing education material, screening for self-harm and risk assessment, symptom tracking (such as tracking self-harm urges), supportive resources such as connecting users with support or therapeutic techniques to overcome urges, such as relaxation, meditation, exercises. […] App offers coping tips that are recommended in non-suicidal self-injury treatment guidelines, such as motivational strategies, delay behaviours, reducing access to self-harm tools or strategies to reduce urge intensity.

• #37 Sign up for our newsletter

  https://www.selfinjurysupport.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/harm-minimisation

  By harm minimisation we mean things you can do to reduce the risk and make it as safe as possible when self-harming including: […] Rather than minimise self-harm, your focus may be on trying not to self-harm and we have provided information and suggestions on distractions here and alternatives here. […] For some people, using a combination of harm minimisation, distractions and alternatives helps them to reduce the severity and frequency of their self-harm. […] Delaying is a form of harm minimisation where the aim is to recognise urges to self-harm and to try not to act on them straight away. […] It often doesn’t feel like it at the time, but powerful emotional states and urges to self-harm do pass or reduce with time. […] If you are aware of the types of things that trigger your thoughts and feelings of self-harm then you might be able to use that awareness to notice your feelings earlier, and slow down the process that leads from feeling urges to actual self-harm.

• #38 Self-Harm Safety Plan | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/how-to-create-a-self-harm-safety-plan

  People often self-harm to process difficult feelings and painful memories. Charlie Health offers healthy alternatives to self-harm, including a five-part self-harm safety plan to navigate tough times going forward. […] A self-harm safety plan is a list of coping strategies, resources, and trusted individuals that someone can refer to when they feel the urge to self-harm—defined as intentionally hurting oneself. […] A comprehensive and effective self-harm safety plan should be written in your own words, be easy to read, and include actionable items. Below are five essential sections to include in a self-harm safety plan. […] A self-harm safety plan should also include healthy alternatives to self-harm for coping with distressing emotions and situations. […] If you’re struggling with painful emotions, one of the best things you can do is connect with someone you trust. Create a list of friends, family members, teachers, or other trusted adults you can rely on during tough moments as your support system.

• #39 Self-Harm Safety Plan | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/how-to-create-a-self-harm-safety-plan

  People often self-harm to process difficult feelings and painful memories. Charlie Health offers healthy alternatives to self-harm, including a five-part self-harm safety plan to navigate tough times going forward. […] A self-harm safety plan is a list of coping strategies, resources, and trusted individuals that someone can refer to when they feel the urge to self-harm—defined as intentionally hurting oneself. […] A comprehensive and effective self-harm safety plan should be written in your own words, be easy to read, and include actionable items. Below are five essential sections to include in a self-harm safety plan. […] A self-harm safety plan should also include healthy alternatives to self-harm for coping with distressing emotions and situations. […] If you’re struggling with painful emotions, one of the best things you can do is connect with someone you trust. Create a list of friends, family members, teachers, or other trusted adults you can rely on during tough moments as your support system.

• #40 Self-injury/cutting – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956

  The first step is to tell someone about your self-injuring behavior so you can get help. Treatment is based on your specific issues and any related mental health conditions you might have, such as depression. Because self-injury can become a major part of your life, it’s best to get treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced in treating self-injury. […] In addition to professional treatment, here are some important self-care tips: […] Recognize the situations or feelings that might trigger your desire to self-injure. Make a plan for other ways to soothe or distract yourself or to get support, so you’re ready the next time you feel the urge to self-injure. […] Support the treatment plan. Encourage your loved one to take prescribed medicine, if that’s part of the plan. Stress the importance of keeping therapy appointments and practicing the skills learned. […] Make a safe home environment. Remove or limit access to matches, knives, razor blades or other items that may be used for self-injury.

• #41 Self-injury/cutting | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/self-injury-cutting?content_id=CON-20155318

  Follow your treatment plan. Keep therapy appointments. Practice and use coping skills learned in therapy. Take any prescribed medicine as directed. […] Recognize the situations or feelings that might trigger your desire to self-injure. Make a plan for other ways to soothe or distract yourself or to get support, so you’re ready the next time you feel the urge to self-injure. […] Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs. They affect your ability to make good decisions and can put you at risk of self-injury. […] Make a safe home environment. Remove or limit access to matches, knives, razor blades or other items that may be used for self-injury.

• #42 Self-Harm Safety Plan | Charlie Health

  https://www.charliehealth.com/post/how-to-create-a-self-harm-safety-plan

  Having a well-thought-out self-harm plan in place is important because it can proactively mitigate the risk of self-harm and present solutions for navigating moments of crisis more healthily. […] Self-harm safety plans, though, shouldn’t replace speaking with a mental health professional. In fact, a self-harm safety plan is more useful when used in conjunction with mental health treatment, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). […] Our virtual Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP) combines group sessions, individual therapy, and family therapy to create a customized treatment plan based on each person’s mental health needs—including support around self-harm. […] Having a self-harm plan can empower people to take care of themselves and take control of their mental health.

• #43 Self-harm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm

  Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. […] A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).

• #44 Self-harm and Suicide – Centre for Suicide PreventionCentre for Suicide Prevention

  https://www.suicideinfo.ca/local_resource/self-harm-and-suicide/

  Self-harm can sometimes be associated with increased suicidality. […] Because self-harm can become suicide, it is highly recommended that every patient who self-harms be assessed for suicide risk (SIOS, n.d.). […] Self-harm is treatable. […] Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is a variation of CBT treatment designed for individuals with self-harming behaviours, such as self-cutting, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts (Sanderson, 2008). The focus of DBT is to help a person change behaviours that may be self-destructive such as self-harm and work toward a more fulfilling life.

• #45 The Power of DBT: 4 Core Skills to Overcome Self-Harm | Lifeskills

  https://lifeskillssouthflorida.com/mental-health-blog/using-dbts-four-main-skills-to-prevent-self-injury/

  Self-harm is a complex issue often rooted in emotional pain and communication challenges. While it may provide temporary relief, self-injury can lead to a destructive cycle that is difficult to break. Fortunately, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) offers a structured approach to self-injury healing. […] DBT equips individuals with the tools to manage their emotions, improve relationships, and foster healthier coping mechanisms by focusing on four core skills — mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. This blog explores how each of these skills plays a crucial role in overcoming self-harm behaviors and promoting lasting recovery. […] With over 15 significant clinical trials, DBT has shown strong evidence of reducing self-harm, improving treatment adherence, shortening time in treatment, and enhancing overall well-being. The therapy is grounded in the belief that many emotional difficulties stem from a lack of coping skills, and by teaching these skills, individuals can lead happier, healthier lives. […] Incorporating the four core skills of DBT can be transformative for those struggling with self-harm. By practicing mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness, individuals can break the cycle of self-injury and develop healthier relationships.

• #46 Self-Injury: Why Kids Cut Themselves & How to Help | Child Mind Institute

  https://childmind.org/article/what-drives-self-injury-and-how-to-treat-it/

  To begin with, you should have your child evaluated by an experienced mental health professional to find out what their reasons for self-harm are and what emotional difficulties they’re experiencing. […] One highly recommended treatment is DBT, in which a psychologist works with your child to help them learn how to tolerate uncomfortable feelings, anger, anxiety and rejection without resorting to cutting. […] In CBT, a psychologist teaches your child to challenge negative, distressing thoughts, to recognize the pattern and train herself to think outside it. In many cases, particularly with teenagers, this treatment is very successful. […] If there are things going on at home–fighting, job loss, a death–that could be the source of your child’s emotional troubles, family therapy is a good way to begin treatment.

• #47 Self-harm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm

  Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. […] A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).

• #48 Self-harm – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm

  Generating alternative behaviors that the person can engage in instead of self-harm is one successful behavioral method that is employed to avoid self-harm. Techniques, aimed at keeping busy, may include journaling, taking a walk, participating in sports or exercise or being around friends when the person has the urge to harm themselves. The removal of objects used for self-harm from easy reach is also helpful for resisting self-harming urges. The provision of a card that allows the person to make emergency contact with counselling services should the urge to self-harm arise may also help prevent the act of self-harm. […] A meta-analysis found that psychological therapy is effective in reducing self-harm. The proportion of the adolescents who self-harmed over the follow-up period was lower in the intervention groups (28%) than in controls (33%). Psychological therapies with the largest effect sizes were dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mentalization-based therapy (MBT).

• #49 Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) | School of Behavioral Health

  https://behavioralhealth.llu.edu/blog/nonsuicidal-self-injury-nssi

  With respect to treatment, most models suggest that reinforcement mechanisms are a driving force in the maintenance of maladaptive coping behaviors. […] The most promising treatment interventions for self-harm are based on cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches. […] Other forms of cognitive-behavioral treatments have also been used including Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) which uses a combination of cognitive-behavioral principles and exposure techniques to deal with and change how individuals cope with stress; and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) which focus on acceptance as opposed to avoidance of feelings and positive movement towards healthy choices. […] With support, individuals who engage in self-injurious behaviors can learn more adaptive ways to deal with their pain and lead more healthy lives.

• #50 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Information for people who have self-harmed and their family members or carers should be tailored to their individual needs and circumstances, taking into account, for example, whether this is a first presentation or repeat self-harm, the severity and type of self-harm, and if the person has any coexisting health conditions, neurodevelopmental conditions or a learning disability. […] Recognise that support and information may need to be adapted for people who may be subject to discrimination, for example, people who are physically disabled, people with neurodevelopmental conditions or a learning disability, people from underserved groups, people from Black, Asian and minority ethnic backgrounds and people who are LGBTQ+. […] All staff who have contact with people who self-harm should understand when and how to apply the safeguarding principles of the Care Act 2014, the Children Act 1989, and the Children and Families Act 2014.

• #51 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  SSRIs are proposed as the first-line treatments for dysregulation of impulsive behavior. […] Low-dose atypical antipsychotics are suggested as a second-line treatment, given their efficacy against impulsive behavior. […] Lithium or the anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may be considered for resistant cases. […] Benzodiazepines generally should be avoided, unless other treatment alternatives are poorly tolerated or are of insufficient benefit or the patient has demonstrated prior benefit from benzodiazepines. […] Studies are greatly needed that specifically target the symptom of self-mutilation and are constructed to overcome the limitations listed above, including small sample sizes, female predominance, lack of controls, low dosing of medications, and short trial durations. […] The potential efficacy of polypharmacy should also be investigated, along with combined medication and psychotherapy, especially DBT.

• #52 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  SSRIs are proposed as the first-line treatments for dysregulation of impulsive behavior. […] Low-dose atypical antipsychotics are suggested as a second-line treatment, given their efficacy against impulsive behavior. […] Lithium or the anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may be considered for resistant cases. […] Benzodiazepines generally should be avoided, unless other treatment alternatives are poorly tolerated or are of insufficient benefit or the patient has demonstrated prior benefit from benzodiazepines. […] Studies are greatly needed that specifically target the symptom of self-mutilation and are constructed to overcome the limitations listed above, including small sample sizes, female predominance, lack of controls, low dosing of medications, and short trial durations. […] The potential efficacy of polypharmacy should also be investigated, along with combined medication and psychotherapy, especially DBT.

• #53 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  SSRIs are proposed as the first-line treatments for dysregulation of impulsive behavior. […] Low-dose atypical antipsychotics are suggested as a second-line treatment, given their efficacy against impulsive behavior. […] Lithium or the anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may be considered for resistant cases. […] Benzodiazepines generally should be avoided, unless other treatment alternatives are poorly tolerated or are of insufficient benefit or the patient has demonstrated prior benefit from benzodiazepines. […] Studies are greatly needed that specifically target the symptom of self-mutilation and are constructed to overcome the limitations listed above, including small sample sizes, female predominance, lack of controls, low dosing of medications, and short trial durations. […] The potential efficacy of polypharmacy should also be investigated, along with combined medication and psychotherapy, especially DBT.

• #54 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  SSRIs are proposed as the first-line treatments for dysregulation of impulsive behavior. […] Low-dose atypical antipsychotics are suggested as a second-line treatment, given their efficacy against impulsive behavior. […] Lithium or the anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may be considered for resistant cases. […] Benzodiazepines generally should be avoided, unless other treatment alternatives are poorly tolerated or are of insufficient benefit or the patient has demonstrated prior benefit from benzodiazepines. […] Studies are greatly needed that specifically target the symptom of self-mutilation and are constructed to overcome the limitations listed above, including small sample sizes, female predominance, lack of controls, low dosing of medications, and short trial durations. […] The potential efficacy of polypharmacy should also be investigated, along with combined medication and psychotherapy, especially DBT.

• #55 Self-injury (Cutting, Self-Harm or Self-Mutilation) | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/self-injury-cutting-self-harm-or-self-mutilation/

  Self-injury, also known as self-harm, self-mutilation, or self-abuse—occurs when someone repeatedly harms themselves on purpose in a way that is impulsive and not intended to be lethal. While self-harm is not intended to be lethal, people who harm themselves are at a higher risk of attempting suicide if they do not receive help. […] If someone displays the signs and symptoms of self-injury, a mental health professional should be contacted. A provider with self-injury expertise may be especially helpful, if available. Self-injury treatment options include outpatient therapy, partial-inpatient (6-12 hours a day) care, and inpatient hospitalization. When the behaviors interfere with daily living, such as employment and relationships, and are health or life-threatening, a specialized self-injury hospital program with an experienced staff is recommended. […] Effective treatment of self-injury is most often a combination of medication, cognitive/behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy, with additional treatment services as needed.

• #56 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  If people who self-harm are referred to local health and social care services under local safeguarding procedures, use a multi-agency approach, including education and/or third sector services, to ensure that different areas of the persons life are taken into account when assessing and planning for their needs. […] The recommendations in this section should be read alongside the recommendations on consent and confidentiality. […] Ask the person who has self-harmed whether and how they would like their family or carers to be involved in their care, taking into account the factors in recommendation 1.4.2, and review this regularly. […] Encourage a collaborative approach to empower and support the person who has self-harmed, minimise the persons self-harm behaviours and support the persons recovery to prevent recurrence.

• #57 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  If people who self-harm are referred to local health and social care services under local safeguarding procedures, use a multi-agency approach, including education and/or third sector services, to ensure that different areas of the persons life are taken into account when assessing and planning for their needs. […] The recommendations in this section should be read alongside the recommendations on consent and confidentiality. […] Ask the person who has self-harmed whether and how they would like their family or carers to be involved in their care, taking into account the factors in recommendation 1.4.2, and review this regularly. […] Encourage a collaborative approach to empower and support the person who has self-harmed, minimise the persons self-harm behaviours and support the persons recovery to prevent recurrence.

• #58 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Develop or review a care plan using the key areas of needs and safety considerations identified in the psychosocial assessment. […] The recommendations should change how psychosocial assessments are conducted, to reduce the potential for distress during assessment and improve the persons satisfaction and engagement with services. […] The recommendations should also allow for more involvement of family members and carers when appropriate, which could result in better quality care. […] The recommendations should increase the number of people receiving psychological interventions after an episode of self-harm, and reduce the number of people denied appropriate interventions because of limited or no availability. […] The recommendations should also ensure that a therapeutic risk-taking approach will not lead to the withholding of assessment or treatment for people who have self-harmed, potentially improving the quality of care provided, service user satisfaction, and reducing the rates of repeat self-harm or suicide.

• #59 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Develop or review a care plan using the key areas of needs and safety considerations identified in the psychosocial assessment. […] The recommendations should change how psychosocial assessments are conducted, to reduce the potential for distress during assessment and improve the persons satisfaction and engagement with services. […] The recommendations should also allow for more involvement of family members and carers when appropriate, which could result in better quality care. […] The recommendations should increase the number of people receiving psychological interventions after an episode of self-harm, and reduce the number of people denied appropriate interventions because of limited or no availability. […] The recommendations should also ensure that a therapeutic risk-taking approach will not lead to the withholding of assessment or treatment for people who have self-harmed, potentially improving the quality of care provided, service user satisfaction, and reducing the rates of repeat self-harm or suicide.

• #60 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Provide information and support for the family members or carers (as appropriate) of the person who has self-harmed. Topics to discuss include: the emotional impact on the person and their family members or carers, advice on how to cope when supporting someone who self-harms, what to do if the person self-harms again, how to seek help for the physical consequences of self-harm, how to assist and support the person, how to recognise signs that the person may self-harm, steps to reduce the likelihood of self-harm in the future, support for families and carers and how to access it, the impact of encountering stigma around self-harm, local services and how to get in touch with them, including out-of-hours, local peer support groups, online forums, local and national charities, and how to get in touch with them, their right to a formal assessment of their own needs including their physical and mental health (known as a carers assessment), and how to access this.

• #61 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  If people who self-harm are referred to local health and social care services under local safeguarding procedures, use a multi-agency approach, including education and/or third sector services, to ensure that different areas of the persons life are taken into account when assessing and planning for their needs. […] The recommendations in this section should be read alongside the recommendations on consent and confidentiality. […] Ask the person who has self-harmed whether and how they would like their family or carers to be involved in their care, taking into account the factors in recommendation 1.4.2, and review this regularly. […] Encourage a collaborative approach to empower and support the person who has self-harmed, minimise the persons self-harm behaviours and support the persons recovery to prevent recurrence.

• #62

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/when-children-and-teens-self-harm.aspx

  Change the way you think about social media. […] Prioritize family mental health relationships. […] Talk with your pediatrician about other ways that may help reduce stress and build resiliency for kids exposed to adversity. […] Your child’s well-being depends on the support of family, teachers, coaches and many others, so don’t keep their struggles a secret and share what your child allows or what you think is important. […] As with any health issue, you can help your child recover by expressing hope, embracing treatment, and making sure they feel your loving, unconditional support.

• #63

  https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/emotional-problems/Pages/when-children-and-teens-self-harm.aspx

  When families bring up concerns about self-injury to their pediatrician, it provides the opportunity to talk openly about their child’s situation and work out solutions together. […] Parents, share this video on the AAP YouTube channel with your teen: „What can I do if my friend is cutting themself?” […] Don’t be afraid to ask kids if they’re engaging in NSSI or know others who are. […] Encourage them to be there for this conversation, but even if they won’t go with you, make the appointment. […] Your pediatrician can work with you and your child to create a care plan geared to your child’s needs, which might include talk therapy, stress reduction techniques, medication or other steps that have been shown to help others. […] Talk with your pediatrician or mental health provider about establishing a suicide prevention „safety plan.”

• #64 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  The development of clear pathways involving child and adolescent mental health services would ensure timely access to specialist assessment and effective treatment for those who require more specialist interventions. […] Our findings support adopting this broader approach, and suggest that self-harm prevention programmes should promote skills to minimise risk taking behaviour such as cannabis and drug misuse and to facilitate the development of supportive relationships. […] Schools offer an accessible and convenient location for the delivery of self-harm prevention programmes which could potentially be widely provided, i.e. universally provided to all children as part of the school curriculum from the age of 12 years. […] Our results suggest that schools should proactively focus upon reducing bullying and encouraging a positive sense of school membership and belonging, particularly for those young adolescents who feel marginalised.

• #65 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  The development of clear pathways involving child and adolescent mental health services would ensure timely access to specialist assessment and effective treatment for those who require more specialist interventions. […] Our findings support adopting this broader approach, and suggest that self-harm prevention programmes should promote skills to minimise risk taking behaviour such as cannabis and drug misuse and to facilitate the development of supportive relationships. […] Schools offer an accessible and convenient location for the delivery of self-harm prevention programmes which could potentially be widely provided, i.e. universally provided to all children as part of the school curriculum from the age of 12 years. […] Our results suggest that schools should proactively focus upon reducing bullying and encouraging a positive sense of school membership and belonging, particularly for those young adolescents who feel marginalised.

• #66 Self-Harm | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/injury-prevention/self-harm.htm

  Self-harm is serious, but it does not have to be a lifelong challenge. People can and do get better. […] The Department of Health Services (DHS) is committed to reducing self-harm injuries among Wisconsin adolescents ages 10 to 19 by 2027. Current efforts include: […] Promoting programs like Sources of Strength, a peer leadership approach designed to increase well-being, help-seeking, resiliency, healthy coping, and belonging in youth. […] Educating health care providers to use caring contacts for follow up and to support patients released from care for self-harm or suicide attempts. […] Connecting people with resources to support their well-being and prevent re-attempts. […] Self-harm prevention efforts are funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This work also includes building strong partnerships across education, health care, non-profit, and community organizations and engaging with community organizations to increase and expand suicide and self-harm prevention efforts.

• #67 Self-Harm | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/injury-prevention/self-harm.htm

  Self-harm is serious, but it does not have to be a lifelong challenge. People can and do get better. […] The Department of Health Services (DHS) is committed to reducing self-harm injuries among Wisconsin adolescents ages 10 to 19 by 2027. Current efforts include: […] Promoting programs like Sources of Strength, a peer leadership approach designed to increase well-being, help-seeking, resiliency, healthy coping, and belonging in youth. […] Educating health care providers to use caring contacts for follow up and to support patients released from care for self-harm or suicide attempts. […] Connecting people with resources to support their well-being and prevent re-attempts. […] Self-harm prevention efforts are funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This work also includes building strong partnerships across education, health care, non-profit, and community organizations and engaging with community organizations to increase and expand suicide and self-harm prevention efforts.

• #68 Self-Harm | Wisconsin Department of Health Services

  https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/injury-prevention/self-harm.htm

  Self-harm is serious, but it does not have to be a lifelong challenge. People can and do get better. […] The Department of Health Services (DHS) is committed to reducing self-harm injuries among Wisconsin adolescents ages 10 to 19 by 2027. Current efforts include: […] Promoting programs like Sources of Strength, a peer leadership approach designed to increase well-being, help-seeking, resiliency, healthy coping, and belonging in youth. […] Educating health care providers to use caring contacts for follow up and to support patients released from care for self-harm or suicide attempts. […] Connecting people with resources to support their well-being and prevent re-attempts. […] Self-harm prevention efforts are funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This work also includes building strong partnerships across education, health care, non-profit, and community organizations and engaging with community organizations to increase and expand suicide and self-harm prevention efforts.

• #69 Self-harm prevention apps | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/apps/s/self-harm-prevention-apps

  Self-harm can be a way of coping with intense emotions or distress brought on by overwhelming feelings or situations. Apps to prevent self-harm have the potential to support people who self-harm by offering strategies for coping and reducing the urge to self-harm. […] A study assessing the content of apps for self-injury used the following criteria to assess the quality of the apps: Purpose of the app, such as providing education material, screening for self-harm and risk assessment, symptom tracking (such as tracking self-harm urges), supportive resources such as connecting users with support or therapeutic techniques to overcome urges, such as relaxation, meditation, exercises. […] App offers coping tips that are recommended in non-suicidal self-injury treatment guidelines, such as motivational strategies, delay behaviours, reducing access to self-harm tools or strategies to reduce urge intensity.

• #70 Sign up for our newsletter

  https://www.selfinjurysupport.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/harm-minimisation

  By harm minimisation we mean things you can do to reduce the risk and make it as safe as possible when self-harming including: […] Rather than minimise self-harm, your focus may be on trying not to self-harm and we have provided information and suggestions on distractions here and alternatives here. […] For some people, using a combination of harm minimisation, distractions and alternatives helps them to reduce the severity and frequency of their self-harm. […] Delaying is a form of harm minimisation where the aim is to recognise urges to self-harm and to try not to act on them straight away. […] It often doesn’t feel like it at the time, but powerful emotional states and urges to self-harm do pass or reduce with time. […] If you are aware of the types of things that trigger your thoughts and feelings of self-harm then you might be able to use that awareness to notice your feelings earlier, and slow down the process that leads from feeling urges to actual self-harm.

• #71 Sign up for our newsletter

  https://www.selfinjurysupport.org.uk/pages/faqs/category/harm-minimisation

  As soon as you become aware of urges to self-harm you can go to the space. You could also put activities there that you know will help to distract you. […] Similar to delaying by distraction/surfing the urge, the aim is to slow down the process that leads to self-harm, not necessarily to stop it, and some people find they still need to self-harm when they get what they need and others find it creates enough of a delay for the urges to pass. […] One way to reduce harm is to learn which ways of self-harm are less risky than others. […] It is important to consider what feels possible to you. […] The basic principles of this approach are that: the more fleshy, softer parts of the body are safer; avoiding major blood vessels and arteries, joints and injuring across tendons and muscles is essential to minimise risk of serious injury and blood loss.

• #72 Self-harm prevention apps | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/apps/s/self-harm-prevention-apps

  It is important that any self-harm prevention app must: emphasise and advocate for recovery (eg, convey a hopeful message), avoid triggering (eg, self-harm imagery) content, moderate user discussions (if applicable) to guard against cyber-bullying, provide recovery stories from those with lived experience, offer guides about talking to others (eg, family and professionals) about self-harm, include research-informed information, especially about coping strategies (eg, emotion regulation skills) as well as resources for crisis situations.

• #73 Self-harm prevention apps | Healthify

  https://healthify.nz/apps/s/self-harm-prevention-apps

  It is important that any self-harm prevention app must: emphasise and advocate for recovery (eg, convey a hopeful message), avoid triggering (eg, self-harm imagery) content, moderate user discussions (if applicable) to guard against cyber-bullying, provide recovery stories from those with lived experience, offer guides about talking to others (eg, family and professionals) about self-harm, include research-informed information, especially about coping strategies (eg, emotion regulation skills) as well as resources for crisis situations.

• #74 Self-harm injury hospitalisations: an analysis of case selection criteria | Injury Prevention

  https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/27/Suppl_1/i49

  Self-inflicted violence, with or without suicidal intent, is a public health emergency. […] Expanding case selection criteria would better capture the scale of hospitalisation for nonfatal self-harm. […] Limiting surveillance to subset A may be detrimental to understanding the magnitude of the crisis and populations at risk, developing policy, and creating and funding programmes for prevention and care. […] Based on our findings, we recommend employing methodology that is all inclusive (subsets A+B+C) to conduct nonfatal self-harm hospitalisation surveillance for overall burden. Understanding the wide-reaching impact of this health concern is critical. […] The repetitive nature of this injury makes it more relevant to create counts and rates based on individuals rather than visits. […] A better understanding of the significance of these codes and how they are employed may require a review of medical records and/or clinical best practices. […] Future research could repeat this work to determine if these findings are specific to Wisconsin or more generalisable.

• #75 Psychosocial interventions for the prevention of self-harm repetition: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/8/e072289

  Suicide is an important public health problem. Providing evidence-based psychosocial interventions to individuals presenting with self-harm is recognised as an important suicide prevention strategy. Therefore, it is crucial to understand which intervention is most effective in preventing self-harm repetition. We will evaluate the comparative efficacy of psychosocial interventions for the prevention of self-harm in adults. […] Psychosocial interventions, such as psychotherapies or counselling interventions, are considered key therapeutic tools to prevent self-harm repetition. Several studies investigated the efficacy of psychosocial interventions in adults with self-harm, and pairwise meta-analyses of their findings having been published. However, despite the fact different types of psychosocial interventions have shown some evidence of being effective in reducing self-harm repetition, only few of them (eg, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)) are supported by a sufficient number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Additionally, little is known about whether a form of psychosocial intervention (eg, dialectical behavioural therapy) is superior to another one (eg, CBT) in preventing self-harm repetition. This is an important clinical question because if a superior intervention exists, this should be prioritised to maximise preventive efforts.

• #76 Psychosocial interventions for the prevention of self-harm repetition: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis | BMJ Open

  https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/13/8/e072289

  Providing a comparison across different intervention is however important for a clinical and public health point of view, as this would allow to prioritise interventions supported by evidence of superiority. Network meta-analysis (NMA) is the state-of-the-art statistical approach to gain insight about the comparative efficacy and/or tolerability/acceptability of several interventions. Furthermore, an important advantage of NMA is that multiple interventions are simultaneously compared using both direct and indirect sources of evidence into a single network. This is critical because suicidal behaviours are rare events, and capitalise on all sources of evidence allows to significantly increase statistical power. […] This study will provide evidence on the efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for the prevention of self-harm in adults by performing, to our knowledge for the first time, a NMA. A key strength of this study is the use a state-of-the-art approach to combine evidence using both direct and indirect comparisons of interventions. Given the shortage of head-to-head RCTs, the use of NMAs can maximise information available through existing trials. Furthermore, our study will provide a ranking of interventions that will be useful in clinical decision-making.

• #77 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  SSRIs are proposed as the first-line treatments for dysregulation of impulsive behavior. […] Low-dose atypical antipsychotics are suggested as a second-line treatment, given their efficacy against impulsive behavior. […] Lithium or the anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may be considered for resistant cases. […] Benzodiazepines generally should be avoided, unless other treatment alternatives are poorly tolerated or are of insufficient benefit or the patient has demonstrated prior benefit from benzodiazepines. […] Studies are greatly needed that specifically target the symptom of self-mutilation and are constructed to overcome the limitations listed above, including small sample sizes, female predominance, lack of controls, low dosing of medications, and short trial durations. […] The potential efficacy of polypharmacy should also be investigated, along with combined medication and psychotherapy, especially DBT.

• #78 Self-Mutilation and Pharmacotherapy

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2993516/

  SSRIs are proposed as the first-line treatments for dysregulation of impulsive behavior. […] Low-dose atypical antipsychotics are suggested as a second-line treatment, given their efficacy against impulsive behavior. […] Lithium or the anticonvulsant mood stabilizers may be considered for resistant cases. […] Benzodiazepines generally should be avoided, unless other treatment alternatives are poorly tolerated or are of insufficient benefit or the patient has demonstrated prior benefit from benzodiazepines. […] Studies are greatly needed that specifically target the symptom of self-mutilation and are constructed to overcome the limitations listed above, including small sample sizes, female predominance, lack of controls, low dosing of medications, and short trial durations. […] The potential efficacy of polypharmacy should also be investigated, along with combined medication and psychotherapy, especially DBT.

• #79 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help. […] Identify someone at risk and offer help. Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life’s problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress. […] Encourage supportive social networks. Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.

• #80 March is Self-Harm Awareness Month | St. Luke’s Penn Foundation

  https://www.pennfoundation.org/march-is-self-harm-awareness-month/

  There is no way to prevent someone from self-harming. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches, and friends. […] Offer help to someone at risk. Someone at risk can be taught healthy coping skills that can be used during periods of distress. […] Encourage social connection. Many people who self-injure feel lonely and disconnected. Helping someone form connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it. […] Reach out for help. Encourage children, teens, and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or loved one. […] Talk about media influence. News media, social media, music, and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may inspire children and young adults to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.

• #81 Self-injury/cutting – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950

  Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope. […] There is no sure way to prevent someone’s self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help. […] Identify someone at risk and offer help. Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life’s problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress. […] Encourage supportive social networks. Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don’t self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills. […] Raise awareness. Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.

• #82 How Can I Stop Cutting? (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/resisting-cutting.html

  Cutting is a form of self-harm, and it can happen when someone is trying to cope with painful strong emotions. Once a person starts cutting, it can be hard to stop. […] If you’re trying to stop cutting: Tell a trusted adult. Get help from a professional counselor or therapist. Find ways to feel better and resist the urge to cut. […] Try these tips to try when you feel an urge. The goal is to replace cutting yourself with a healthier behavior. […] When you feel like cutting: Try a calming activity. If you cut when you’re agitated or angry, it can help to do something calming instead. […] Express yourself. At times, your emotions feel may seem too powerful and painful to handle. It can be helpful to labeling how you’re feeling. […] Release some stress. Sometimes doing things that release tension can help you gradually move away from cutting.

• #83 Self-harm in young adolescents (12–16 years): onset and short-term continuation in a community sample | BMC Psychiatry | Full Text

  https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-244X-13-328

  The development of clear pathways involving child and adolescent mental health services would ensure timely access to specialist assessment and effective treatment for those who require more specialist interventions. […] Our findings support adopting this broader approach, and suggest that self-harm prevention programmes should promote skills to minimise risk taking behaviour such as cannabis and drug misuse and to facilitate the development of supportive relationships. […] Schools offer an accessible and convenient location for the delivery of self-harm prevention programmes which could potentially be widely provided, i.e. universally provided to all children as part of the school curriculum from the age of 12 years. […] Our results suggest that schools should proactively focus upon reducing bullying and encouraging a positive sense of school membership and belonging, particularly for those young adolescents who feel marginalised.

• #84 Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK588208/

  Provide information and support for the family members or carers (as appropriate) of the person who has self-harmed. Topics to discuss include: the emotional impact on the person and their family members or carers, advice on how to cope when supporting someone who self-harms, what to do if the person self-harms again, how to seek help for the physical consequences of self-harm, how to assist and support the person, how to recognise signs that the person may self-harm, steps to reduce the likelihood of self-harm in the future, support for families and carers and how to access it, the impact of encountering stigma around self-harm, local services and how to get in touch with them, including out-of-hours, local peer support groups, online forums, local and national charities, and how to get in touch with them, their right to a formal assessment of their own needs including their physical and mental health (known as a carers assessment), and how to access this.

• #85 Self-injury (Cutting, Self-Harm or Self-Mutilation) | Mental Health America

  https://mhanational.org/conditions/self-injury-cutting-self-harm-or-self-mutilation/

  Self-injury, also known as self-harm, self-mutilation, or self-abuse—occurs when someone repeatedly harms themselves on purpose in a way that is impulsive and not intended to be lethal. While self-harm is not intended to be lethal, people who harm themselves are at a higher risk of attempting suicide if they do not receive help. […] If someone displays the signs and symptoms of self-injury, a mental health professional should be contacted. A provider with self-injury expertise may be especially helpful, if available. Self-injury treatment options include outpatient therapy, partial-inpatient (6-12 hours a day) care, and inpatient hospitalization. When the behaviors interfere with daily living, such as employment and relationships, and are health or life-threatening, a specialized self-injury hospital program with an experienced staff is recommended. […] Effective treatment of self-injury is most often a combination of medication, cognitive/behavioral therapy, and interpersonal therapy, with additional treatment services as needed.

• #86 Self-harm and self-injury | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/self-harm

  Self-harming behaviour is treatable. […] There are many support options for self-harming behaviour, whether you are seeking support for yourself or someone you care about. […] If you are self-harming and you are worried, try to talk to someone you trust like a friend, family member, doctor, teacher or school counsellor. […] If you think someone you know might be self-harming, it is important to try to talk to them about it, and encourage them to seek professional help. […] People who self-harm need care, understanding and support in order to recover. […] Self-harming behaviour is treatable. […] No one has to cope alone; self-harming behaviour is treatable. Support can include working on recognising triggers, learning how to manage difficult emotions and help with self-care (such as caring for wounds and learning other coping strategies).

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