Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53918

  Orofacial cleft (OFC) anomalies are amongst the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies. […] Incidence of CL/P and CPO differs according to gender and ancestry and may vary widely across studies. […] The overall prevalence of OFC is estimated to be approximately 1 in 700 live births, accounting for nearly one half of all craniofacial anomalies. […] As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence at birth of OFC varies worldwide, ranging 3.4-22.9 per 10,000 births for CL/P, and 1.3-25.3 per 10,000 births for CPO. […] Prevalence has been found to vary based on ancestry, with the highest incidence rates observed amongst Asian populations (0.8-24.04 per 1000 live births), intermediate rates amongst Caucasians (0.9-2.69 per 1000 live births), and the lowest rates amongst African populations (0.18-1.67 per 1000 live births).

• #2 The Global Occurrences of Cleft Lip and Palate in Pediatric Patients and Their Association with Demographic Factors: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10969537/

  Objective: Orofacial clefts are one of the most common abnormalities that occur in the orofacial area. Due to their high prevalence, special attention provided to risk factors and their possible involvement in the occurrence of orofacial clefts is of importance. […] Studies indicate that Asians are more likely than other races to have orofacial clefts, with a higher incidence rate in men than in women. […] The prevention of orofacial clefts and the distribution of medical resources depend heavily on a thorough understanding of epidemiology on a global scale. […] The findings of this narrative review can be used as the scientific basis for further research within this area. […] The occurrence rate of orofacial clefts remains high in several regions. […] According to a study conducted by Hlongwa, Levin, and Rispel in 2019 regarding the epidemiology and clinical profile of orofacial clefts patients, it was stated that congenital anomalies caused the death of 303,000 newborn infants worldwide within the period of four weeks after birth. Orofacial clefts were reported as the most common anomaly in the orofacial area, with the occurrence rate of 1 case per 700 live births.

• #3 The Global Occurrences of Cleft Lip and Palate in Pediatric Patients and Their Association with Demographic Factors: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10969537/

  Based on the Global Oral Health Status Report (2022) of the World Health Organization (WHO), it was approximated that oral diseases affect nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide. Orofacial clefts were reported to have a global prevalence of 1 in every 1000-1500 births. […] Regardless of the variations in the occurrence rate of orofacial clefts globally, the numbers are generally high, indicating the importance of prevention and risk factor identification. […] With regard to risk factors, the involvement of several demographic factors has been revealed in previous studies, namely, parental age, sexual disparities, educational attainment, and income. Investigating the relationship between these risk factors and the occurrence of orofacial cleft will provide a solid scientific basis for preventive measures.

• #4 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53918

  Orofacial cleft (OFC) anomalies are amongst the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies. […] Incidence of CL/P and CPO differs according to gender and ancestry and may vary widely across studies. […] The overall prevalence of OFC is estimated to be approximately 1 in 700 live births, accounting for nearly one half of all craniofacial anomalies. […] As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence at birth of OFC varies worldwide, ranging 3.4-22.9 per 10,000 births for CL/P, and 1.3-25.3 per 10,000 births for CPO. […] Prevalence has been found to vary based on ancestry, with the highest incidence rates observed amongst Asian populations (0.8-24.04 per 1000 live births), intermediate rates amongst Caucasians (0.9-2.69 per 1000 live births), and the lowest rates amongst African populations (0.18-1.67 per 1000 live births).

• #5 Cleft Lip and Palate | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/cleft-lip-and-palate

  About 6,000 to 8,000 children are born in the United States with orofacial clefts every year. The worldwide incidence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 1 in 700 births. […] Cleft defects are more common in boys. […] Cleft defects are more common in specific ethnic backgrounds such as Asians and certain groups of American Indians or Alaska Natives and are less common in African-Americans. […] Less than 13 percent of patients have other associated birth defects.

• #6 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53918

  Orofacial cleft (OFC) anomalies are amongst the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies. […] Incidence of CL/P and CPO differs according to gender and ancestry and may vary widely across studies. […] The overall prevalence of OFC is estimated to be approximately 1 in 700 live births, accounting for nearly one half of all craniofacial anomalies. […] As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence at birth of OFC varies worldwide, ranging 3.4-22.9 per 10,000 births for CL/P, and 1.3-25.3 per 10,000 births for CPO. […] Prevalence has been found to vary based on ancestry, with the highest incidence rates observed amongst Asian populations (0.8-24.04 per 1000 live births), intermediate rates amongst Caucasians (0.9-2.69 per 1000 live births), and the lowest rates amongst African populations (0.18-1.67 per 1000 live births).

• #7 Pediatric Cleft Lip and Palate: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/995535-overview

  The prevalence of clefts varies considerably in different racial groups. The lowest rate is for Black individuals. A high prevalence of CL/P was found for the Japanese population, and the highest prevalence was found for the North American Indigenous populations. […] In a large population-based study of 4433 children born with orofacial cleft (ascertained from 2,509,881 California births), the birth prevalence of nonsyndromic CL/P was 0.77 per 1000 births (CL, 0.29/1000; CP, 0.48/1000), and the prevalence of nonsyndromic CP was 0.31 per 1000 births. […] In that study, the risk of CL/P was slightly lower among the offspring of non-US-born Chinese women compared to US-born Chinese women and slightly higher among non-US-born Filipinos relative to their US-born counterparts. For CP, lower prevalences were observed among Blacks and Hispanics than among Whites. The risk of CP was higher among non-US-born Filipinos compared to US-born Filipinos. These prevalence variations may reflect differences in both environmental and genetic factors affecting risk for development of orofacial cleft.

• #8 Cleft Lip and Palate | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617419/all/Cleft_Lip_and_Palate?q=Media+Otitis

  Incidence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is approximately 1 in 700 births. […] Isolated cleft palate is present in 1 in 2,000 births across races. […] Racial heterogeneity noted in cleft lip and palate (Asians, 2.1 in 1,000 births; Caucasians, 1 in 1,000; African-Americans, 0.41 in 1,000) […] Gender heterogeneity noted in Caucasians (male-to-female ratio: cleft lip with or without cleft palate, 1.5 to 2:1; cleft palate only, 0.7:1)

• #9 Cleft lip and palate | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cleft-lip-and-palate?lang=us

  Cleft lip and palate is one of the commonest neonatal facial anomalies. In ~80% of cases, the two features tend to occur together 6. […] It is estimated to occur with an incidence of ~1 in 700-1000 live births 1. This can increase to 4% for a sibling of a previously affected fetus and up to 10% for a sibling of two previously affected infants 9. […] There is a recognized racial predilection. For example, the United States has one of the highest rates in terms of prevalence in Native Americans (~4 in 1000), followed by Asian (1.5-2 in 1000), White (1 in 1000), and Black (0.3 in 1000) populations.

• #10 Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Bhutan, 2015–2022 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-05177-7

  The epidemiology of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CLP) has not previously been described in the context of the Bhutan and Bhutanese populations. Using National Birth Defects Surveillance Data and other vital statistics, we present the comprehensive epidemiology of the cleft lip and palate in Bhutan. […] The baseline prevalence and incidence of cleft lip and palate have been presented over the years. The incidence of cleft lip and palate was defined as the number of cases per 1000 live births. […] The prevalence of orofacial clefts tended to increase, with a period prevalence of 1.37 per 1000 live births. […] Orofacial clefts constituted 8.7% of total birth defects and 1.37 per 1000 live births over the years. The increasing prevalence trends and incidence rate ratios over the years underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and interventions to address the burden of orofacial clefts in Bhutan.

• #11 Incidence of cleft lip and palate, and epidemiology of perinatal deaths related to cleft lip and palate in Hunan Province, China, 2016–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-37436-y

  The incidence of CL/P was 0.81 (95%CI 0.750.87). […] CL/P-related perinatal deaths accounted for 24.96% (171/685) of all CL/P, of which 90.64% (155/171) were terminations of pregnancy. […] In conclusion, we found that CP was more common in urban areas and females, CL and CLP were more common in males, and CL/P was more common in mothers20 or 35 years old. […] Our study is the first systematic research on CL/P and CL/P-related perinatal deaths based on birth defects surveillance. It is significant for intervention programs to prevent CL/P and CL/P-related perinatal deaths.

• #12 Epidemiology and clinical profile of individuals with cleft lip and palate utilising specialised academic treatment centres in South Africa | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0215931

  The study was conducted to determine the epidemiology and clinical profile of individuals with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) utilizing specialized academic treatment centres in South Africa’s public health sector. […] The estimated prevalence of CLP in the South African public health sector was 0.3 per 1000 live births, with provincial variation of 0.1/1000 to 1.2/1000. […] The study findings should inform the implementation of South Africa’s planned birth defect surveillance system and health service planning for individuals with CLP. […] The prevalence rate for CLP in individuals utilising the specialised academic treatment centres in South Africa’s public sector was estimated to be 0.3 per 1000 live births and 0.4 per 1000 when the denominator was adjusted. […] This prevalence rate could be underestimated, because it excludes stillbirths, abortions and those children who might have died within the first three months of birth, or before seeking care.

• #13 Natural history and epidemiology of cleft lip and palate: a registry-based study in Iran (2000-19) | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.02.22268601v1

  The aim of this study was to provide the natural history and epidemiology of cleft lip and cleft palate in the northwest region of Iran between 2000 and 2019. […] Prevalence of cleft lip and cleft palate was 1.48 (95% CI 1.34; 1.62) per 1000 live births over the past two decades in the region. […] The occurrence of cleft lip and cleft palate was more common in males than females. […] The results may have a role in planning and evaluating the strategies for primary prevention of cleft lip and cleft palate, particularly in high-risk populations.

• #14

  https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/fulltext/2004/05000/epidemiology_of_cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate_in.2.aspx

  Clinical and epidemiologic studies of defined geographic populations can serve as a means of establishing data important for the diagnosis, treatment, and counseling of patients with cleft lip and cleft palate. […] Population-based data on the incidence of cleft lip and palate were obtained from birth registry information in northern Pakistan. A total of 117 cases from 61,156 live births reported were identified. The incidence for cleft lip and/or cleft palate was 1.91 per 1000 births (one per 523 births). […] The acquisition of incidence and associated data has generated baseline information on the magnitude of cleft lip and cleft palate in Pakistan. It is hoped that this information can be used for appropriate resource use, cleft lip and cleft palate prevention programs, and counseling programs with Pakistan-specific data.

• #15 Pediatric Cleft Lip and Palate: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/995535-overview

  Reported data on the frequency of orofacial clefts have varied according to the investigator and the country. In general, all typical orofacial cleft types combined occur in White populations with a frequency of 1 per 500-550 live births. Although the total combined frequency of CL, CLP, and CP is often used in statistics, combining the two etiologically different groups (ie, CL/P and CP alone) represents a misclassification bias similar to that of combining clefts with other congenital malformations. […] The sex ratio in patients with clefts varies. In Whites, cleft lip and cleft lip and palate occur significantly more often in males, and cleft palate occurs significantly more often in females. In CL/P, the sex ratio correlates with the severity and laterality of the cleft. A large study of 8952 orofacial clefts in Whites found the male-to-female sex ratio to be 1.5-1.59:1 for CL, 1.98-2.07:1 for CLP, and 0.72-0.74:1 for CP.

• #16 Pediatric Cleft Lip and Palate: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/995535-overview

  Reported data on the frequency of orofacial clefts have varied according to the investigator and the country. In general, all typical orofacial cleft types combined occur in White populations with a frequency of 1 per 500-550 live births. Although the total combined frequency of CL, CLP, and CP is often used in statistics, combining the two etiologically different groups (ie, CL/P and CP alone) represents a misclassification bias similar to that of combining clefts with other congenital malformations. […] The sex ratio in patients with clefts varies. In Whites, cleft lip and cleft lip and palate occur significantly more often in males, and cleft palate occurs significantly more often in females. In CL/P, the sex ratio correlates with the severity and laterality of the cleft. A large study of 8952 orofacial clefts in Whites found the male-to-female sex ratio to be 1.5-1.59:1 for CL, 1.98-2.07:1 for CLP, and 0.72-0.74:1 for CP.

• #17 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate

  Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the developed world. […] According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births. […] The highest prevalence rates for cleft lip, either with or without cleft palate are reported for Native Americans and Asians. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990. […] Prevalence of „cleft uvula” has varied from 0.02% to 18.8% with the highest numbers found among Chippewa and Navajo and the lowest generally in Africans.

• #18 Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate: Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10947-cleft-lip-cleft-palate

  Cleft lip and cleft palate are common congenital disorders in the U.S. […] According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: About 1 in every 1,600 babies is born with both cleft lip and cleft palate. About 1 in every 2,800 babies is born with cleft lip without cleft palate. About 1 in every 1,700 babies is born with cleft palate. […] Cleft lip (either with or without a cleft palate) is more common in male babies. Cleft palate (without a cleft lip) is more common in female babies.

• #19 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53918

  Prevalence of OFC additionally varies according to gender and cleft pattern. […] The inclusion criteria, case definition, data sources, and selection bias contribute to the varying incidence estimates. […] It is often found in epidemiological studies that CL/P and CPO are classified as either syndromic or nonsyndromic. […] The genetic basis for many syndromic cases of CL/P and CPO are well-described. […] Most epidemiological studies of CL/P and CPO focus on those cases that are isolated in hopes to further gain insight into associations. […] The role of environmental factors in the etiology of OFC has been extensively studied. […] Most of the CL/P and CPO epidemiologic studies support a role for environmental factors in the etiology of clefting. […] Several studies have shown a higher incidence of cancer amongst patients with CL/P and their families.

• #20 Pediatric Cleft Lip and Palate: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/995535-overview

  In a study that addressed the prevalence of birth defects in the United States for the period 2010-2014, Mai et al provided the following estimates for the total population: CL/P, 10.25/10,000; CLP, 6.67/10,000; CL, 3.51/10,000; and CP, 5.91/10,000. […] In a subsequent study that addressed the prevalence of birth defects in the United States for the period 2016-2020, Stallings et al provided the following estimates for the total population: CL/P, 9.94/10,000; CLP, 6.54/10,00; CL, 3.41/10,000; and CP, 6.26/10,000. […] Indicators of lower socioeconomic status have been associated with an increased incidence of orofacial clefts; the specific indicators involved with CL/P appear to differ from those involved with CP alone.

• #21 Pediatric Cleft Lip and Palate: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/995535-overview

  In a study that addressed the prevalence of birth defects in the United States for the period 2010-2014, Mai et al provided the following estimates for the total population: CL/P, 10.25/10,000; CLP, 6.67/10,000; CL, 3.51/10,000; and CP, 5.91/10,000. […] In a subsequent study that addressed the prevalence of birth defects in the United States for the period 2016-2020, Stallings et al provided the following estimates for the total population: CL/P, 9.94/10,000; CLP, 6.54/10,00; CL, 3.41/10,000; and CP, 6.26/10,000. […] Indicators of lower socioeconomic status have been associated with an increased incidence of orofacial clefts; the specific indicators involved with CL/P appear to differ from those involved with CP alone.

• #22 Cleft lip and Palate: A 30-year Epidemiologic Study in North-East of Iran

  https://ijorl.mums.ac.ir/article_3221.html

  Cleft lip and palate are among the most common congenital anomalies worldwide. This study was conducted in order to explore the incidence and related factors of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) among live births in Mashhad, North-Eastern Iran. The overall incidence of CL/P was 1.9 per 1,000 live births. Cleft lip associated with cleft palate (CLP) was the most prevalent type of cleft (50%), followed by isolated cleft lip (35.2%) and isolated cleft palate (14.8%). The rate of associated congenital anomalies in CL/P newborns was 37%. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of oral clefts across three decades of study; except for CLP which was significantly more prevalent between 20022011 (P=0.027). This study indicates a frequency of CL/P close to the findings in East Asian countries and higher than some previous reports from Iran, European and American countries. Ethnicity-related genetic factors may have a role in the conflicting results obtained from different populations.

• #23

  https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actaodontologica/article/view/37173

  The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate in a population uniquely from Northern Finland. […] Cleft palate (68.7%) was most frequently found, followed by cleft lip and palate (18.7%) and cleft lip with or without alveolus (12.6%). […] The incidence of clefts in Northern Finland is higher than the corresponding incidence in other European countries.

• #24 Incidence | Cleft Lip & Palate Association of Ireland

  https://www.cleft.ie/?page_id=25

  Clefts affect approximately 1 in every 700 babies in Ireland. […] There has been no national register of infants born with a cleft lip and/or palate in Ireland. […] The incidence of cleft palate occurring alone is about 1 in 2000 births. More than 70% of babies with cleft lip also have cleft palate. […] Combined cleft lip and palate (CLP) represents approximately 50% of incidents, cleft palate alone c.30%, and cleft lip alone c.20%. […] According to the UK Craniofacial Anomalies Register (CARE), patients with cleft lip only account for 22% of total cases, with cleft lip and palate 34%, and cleft palate only 44%. […] Statistics from Denmark, where there is a compulsory reporting code, indicate that the reported incidence of cleft lip and/or palate is higher than the widely accepted figure of 1:700.

• #25 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate among Infants Born in Chandigarh

  https://www.jpmer.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JPMER/26845/JPJ/fullText

  The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh region was found to be 0.97/1,000 live births. […] The frequency of cleft deformity was more among males as compared to females except isolated cleft palate group which showed equal distribution. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%. […] The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh was 0.97 per 1,000 live births which is within range of 0.54-2.75 per 1,000 live births, incidence of cleft deformity in previous studies conducted in various parts of India. […] The laterality of the cleft deformity in the present study was more on left side followed by right side and then bilateral, in agreement with the universal acceptance of left side predominance in cleft deformity. […] The present study revealed that 38 babies (out of 45 babies whose history was recorded) had USG at their intrauterine life. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%.

• #26 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate among Infants Born in Chandigarh

  https://www.jpmer.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JPMER/26845/JPJ/fullText

  The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh region was found to be 0.97/1,000 live births. […] The frequency of cleft deformity was more among males as compared to females except isolated cleft palate group which showed equal distribution. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%. […] The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh was 0.97 per 1,000 live births which is within range of 0.54-2.75 per 1,000 live births, incidence of cleft deformity in previous studies conducted in various parts of India. […] The laterality of the cleft deformity in the present study was more on left side followed by right side and then bilateral, in agreement with the universal acceptance of left side predominance in cleft deformity. […] The present study revealed that 38 babies (out of 45 babies whose history was recorded) had USG at their intrauterine life. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%.

• #27 Genetic Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate

  https://scholarworks.uni.edu/ijgh/vol2/iss1/7/

  Clefts of the lip and palate are birth defects with multifactorial etiology, involving important surgical, speech, social, behavioral, and developmental implications. Approximately 70% of clefts are nonsyndromic – they do not involve other types of abnormalities such as shorter limbs, shorter digits (toes or fingers), wider set eyes, and many other symptoms. A number of environmental factors also play a role in craniofacial deformities. These factors include nutritional deficiencies such as insufficient folic acid consumption or absorption, smoking, and alcohol consumption, factors relevant to socioeconomic status. […] Differences in disease distribution in populations will also be discussed.

• #28 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53918

  Prevalence of OFC additionally varies according to gender and cleft pattern. […] The inclusion criteria, case definition, data sources, and selection bias contribute to the varying incidence estimates. […] It is often found in epidemiological studies that CL/P and CPO are classified as either syndromic or nonsyndromic. […] The genetic basis for many syndromic cases of CL/P and CPO are well-described. […] Most epidemiological studies of CL/P and CPO focus on those cases that are isolated in hopes to further gain insight into associations. […] The role of environmental factors in the etiology of OFC has been extensively studied. […] Most of the CL/P and CPO epidemiologic studies support a role for environmental factors in the etiology of clefting. […] Several studies have shown a higher incidence of cancer amongst patients with CL/P and their families.

• #29 Genetic etiology of cleft lip and cleft palate

  https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/molsci.2020016?viewType=HTML

  Genetic studies in humans have demonstrated that Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) have a diverse genetic background and probably environmental factors influencing these malformations. CL/P is one of the most common congenital birth defects in the craniofacial region with complex etiology involving multiple genetic factors, environmental factors and gene-environment interaction. […] The article describes the brief introduction of CL/P, epidemiology and general concepts, etiological factors, and the genes implicated in the etiology of nonsyndromic CL/P (NSCL/P) as suggested by different human genetic studies, animal models, and other expression studies.

• #30 Cleft lip and palate | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cleft-lip-and-palate?lang=us

  Cleft lip and palate is one of the commonest neonatal facial anomalies. In ~80% of cases, the two features tend to occur together 6. […] It is estimated to occur with an incidence of ~1 in 700-1000 live births 1. This can increase to 4% for a sibling of a previously affected fetus and up to 10% for a sibling of two previously affected infants 9. […] There is a recognized racial predilection. For example, the United States has one of the highest rates in terms of prevalence in Native Americans (~4 in 1000), followed by Asian (1.5-2 in 1000), White (1 in 1000), and Black (0.3 in 1000) populations.

• #31 Cleft lip and palate: Epidemiology and etiology

  https://www.oatext.com/cleft-lip-and-palate-epidemiology-and-etiology.php

  Cleft lip and palate are considered as one of the most common birth defects that result in medical, psychological, and social problems in affected individuals and their families. […] Epidemiological studies and observational reports have shown that folic acid supplements taken by the mother before pregnancy have a protective effect in reducing the incidence of cleft lip and palate, whereas smoking and alcohol consumption before pregnancy increase the risk of cleft lip and palate formation. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate are one of the most common birth anomalies that may occur due to environmental factors and socioeconomic conditions as well as variability across geographic origin, race, and ethnic groups. […] The generally accepted incidence of nsCL/P across the world is 1 in 1000 births. However, the incidence varies depending on ethnic background, geographical origin, and socioeconomic level.

• #32 Cleft lip and palate: Epidemiology and etiology

  https://www.oatext.com/cleft-lip-and-palate-epidemiology-and-etiology.php

  The multifactorial inheritance model, which involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, is a good example for the epidemiological findings of nsCL/P. […] Epidemiological studies have shown that maternal drug use at high doses during pregnancy increase the risk of giving birth to infants with cleft lip and palate. […] The incidence of cleft lip and palate across the world is generally accepted to be 1 in 1,000 births. However, this incidence is greatly affected by ethnic background, geographical origin, and socioeconomic level. […] Retrospective studies in Turkey have provided relevant statistical data and reported the incidence of comorbid malformations accompanying cleft lip and palate.

• #33 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Our findings suggest a minuscule increase, albeit insignificant, in the trend of CL/P prevalence from 2016 to 2021. […] Isolated CL/P had the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic Whites, American Indian or Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders. […] The total prevalence of isolated CL/P was 4.88 per 10,000 births (95% CI: 4.794.97) from 2016 to 2021. […] The prevalence underwent both decrease and increase from 2016 to 2021 and did not show any significant linear decreasing or increasing pattern, however, based on the test of trend, there was a significant non-linear pattern from 2016 to 2021. […] The prevalence of isolated CL/P was the highest among mothers with 11 to 20 cigarettes smoking per day compared to non-smoker mothers. […] Among different BMI groups, the highest prevalence was among mothers with extreme obesity (6.10, 95% CI: 5.676.55), followed by mothers with grade II obesity (5.99, 95% CI: 5.636.37), and mothers with grade I obesity (5.27, 95% CI: 5.035.52).

• #34 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Based on the results of the multivariable model, smoking and obesity were both associated with higher risk of developing isolated CL/P. […] Mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day had the highest risk (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.331.60, p-value 0.001) for having a child with isolated CL/P. […] Mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.211.43, p-value 0.001) and mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.231.42, p-value 0.001) had also higher risk for developing isolated CL/P. […] We found a significant association between pre-pregnancy obesity, pre-pregnancy diabetes, pre-pregnancy hypertension, previous pre-term birth, and use of assisted reproductive technology with increased risk of developing of CL/P.

• #35 Cleft lip and palate: Epidemiology and etiology

  https://www.oatext.com/cleft-lip-and-palate-epidemiology-and-etiology.php

  Cleft lip and palate are considered as one of the most common birth defects that result in medical, psychological, and social problems in affected individuals and their families. […] Epidemiological studies and observational reports have shown that folic acid supplements taken by the mother before pregnancy have a protective effect in reducing the incidence of cleft lip and palate, whereas smoking and alcohol consumption before pregnancy increase the risk of cleft lip and palate formation. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate are one of the most common birth anomalies that may occur due to environmental factors and socioeconomic conditions as well as variability across geographic origin, race, and ethnic groups. […] The generally accepted incidence of nsCL/P across the world is 1 in 1000 births. However, the incidence varies depending on ethnic background, geographical origin, and socioeconomic level.

• #36 Epidemiology of cleft lip with or without cleft palate in…

  https://sciendo.com/article/10.5372/1905-7415.1004.495

  Oral clefts, including cleft lip (CL), CL with cleft palate (CL/CP), and cleft palate only (CPO), are among the most common birth defects, and if left untreated can cause significant morbidity. […] However, there have been very few epidemiological studies of oral clefts in Thais. […] To describe the epidemiology and factors associated with oral clefts in Thais. […] Of 784 cases, CL/CP accounted for 59.8%, CPO 21.9%, and CL 18.3%. […] A family history of oral clefts was detected in all 3 types (P 0.001). […] Maternal use of any drugs or herbal medicine not prescribed by physicians during pregnancy in cases of CPO (P = 0.049) and maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy in cases of CL/CP (P = 0.047) were significantly higher than that by mothers of controls. […] CL/CP is the most common type of oral cleft. […] A family history of oral clefts, and maternal consumption of alcohol or nonprescribed drugs are positively associated with oral clefts in Thais.

• #37 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Based on the results of the multivariable model, smoking and obesity were both associated with higher risk of developing isolated CL/P. […] Mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day had the highest risk (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.331.60, p-value 0.001) for having a child with isolated CL/P. […] Mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.211.43, p-value 0.001) and mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.231.42, p-value 0.001) had also higher risk for developing isolated CL/P. […] We found a significant association between pre-pregnancy obesity, pre-pregnancy diabetes, pre-pregnancy hypertension, previous pre-term birth, and use of assisted reproductive technology with increased risk of developing of CL/P.

• #38 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, including non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. […] Thus, this study aimed to calculate the prevalence and trend of isolated CL/P among American live births from 2016 to 2021 with its associated risk factors. […] The total prevalence per 10,000 births from 2016 to 2021 was 4.88 (4.794.97), for both sexes, and 5.96 (5.826.10) for males, and 3.75 (3.643.87) for females. […] We found significant association between increased odds of developing isolated CL/P among cases with 20 to 24year-old mothers (OR=1.07, 1.011.13, p=0.013), mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day (OR=1.46, 1.331.60, p 0.001), mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 1.211.43, p 0.001), mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 1.231.42, p 0.001), mothers with pre-pregnancy hypertension (OR=1.17, 1.041.31, p=0.009), mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (OR=1.96, 1.712.25, p 0.001), and mothers who used assisted reproductive technology (OR=1.40, 1.181.66, p 0.001).

• #39 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, including non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. […] Thus, this study aimed to calculate the prevalence and trend of isolated CL/P among American live births from 2016 to 2021 with its associated risk factors. […] The total prevalence per 10,000 births from 2016 to 2021 was 4.88 (4.794.97), for both sexes, and 5.96 (5.826.10) for males, and 3.75 (3.643.87) for females. […] We found significant association between increased odds of developing isolated CL/P among cases with 20 to 24year-old mothers (OR=1.07, 1.011.13, p=0.013), mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day (OR=1.46, 1.331.60, p 0.001), mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 1.211.43, p 0.001), mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 1.231.42, p 0.001), mothers with pre-pregnancy hypertension (OR=1.17, 1.041.31, p=0.009), mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (OR=1.96, 1.712.25, p 0.001), and mothers who used assisted reproductive technology (OR=1.40, 1.181.66, p 0.001).

• #40 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, including non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. […] Thus, this study aimed to calculate the prevalence and trend of isolated CL/P among American live births from 2016 to 2021 with its associated risk factors. […] The total prevalence per 10,000 births from 2016 to 2021 was 4.88 (4.794.97), for both sexes, and 5.96 (5.826.10) for males, and 3.75 (3.643.87) for females. […] We found significant association between increased odds of developing isolated CL/P among cases with 20 to 24year-old mothers (OR=1.07, 1.011.13, p=0.013), mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day (OR=1.46, 1.331.60, p 0.001), mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 1.211.43, p 0.001), mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 1.231.42, p 0.001), mothers with pre-pregnancy hypertension (OR=1.17, 1.041.31, p=0.009), mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (OR=1.96, 1.712.25, p 0.001), and mothers who used assisted reproductive technology (OR=1.40, 1.181.66, p 0.001).

• #41 Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/cleft-lip-cleft-palate.html

  Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when a baby’s lip or mouth don’t form properly. […] In the United States, about 1 in 1,050 babies is born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. […] In the United States, about 1 in 1,600 babies is born with cleft palate alone. […] The causes of orofacial clefts among most infants are unknown. Cleft lip and cleft palate are thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other factors. […] CDC research has found some factors that increase the risk of having a baby with an orofacial cleft: Smoking during pregnancy, Having diabetes before pregnancy (type 1 or 2), Use of certain epilepsy medications during pregnancy. […] Orofacial clefts, especially cleft lip, can be diagnosed during pregnancy by a routine ultrasound. They can also be diagnosed after the baby is born. […] With treatment, most children with orofacial clefts do well and lead a healthy life.

• #42 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is the most common congenital craniofacial anomaly, including non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate only. […] Thus, this study aimed to calculate the prevalence and trend of isolated CL/P among American live births from 2016 to 2021 with its associated risk factors. […] The total prevalence per 10,000 births from 2016 to 2021 was 4.88 (4.794.97), for both sexes, and 5.96 (5.826.10) for males, and 3.75 (3.643.87) for females. […] We found significant association between increased odds of developing isolated CL/P among cases with 20 to 24year-old mothers (OR=1.07, 1.011.13, p=0.013), mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day (OR=1.46, 1.331.60, p 0.001), mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 1.211.43, p 0.001), mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 1.231.42, p 0.001), mothers with pre-pregnancy hypertension (OR=1.17, 1.041.31, p=0.009), mothers with pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus (OR=1.96, 1.712.25, p 0.001), and mothers who used assisted reproductive technology (OR=1.40, 1.181.66, p 0.001).

• #43 Incidence of cleft lip and palate, and epidemiology of perinatal deaths related to cleft lip and palate in Hunan Province, China, 2016–2020 | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-37436-y

  The incidence of CL/P was 0.81 (95%CI 0.750.87). […] CL/P-related perinatal deaths accounted for 24.96% (171/685) of all CL/P, of which 90.64% (155/171) were terminations of pregnancy. […] In conclusion, we found that CP was more common in urban areas and females, CL and CLP were more common in males, and CL/P was more common in mothers20 or 35 years old. […] Our study is the first systematic research on CL/P and CL/P-related perinatal deaths based on birth defects surveillance. It is significant for intervention programs to prevent CL/P and CL/P-related perinatal deaths.

• #44 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5_9

  Orofacial clefts are some of the most common birth defects with significant personal and social impacts. The prevalence has been documented among many populations with some variation among ethnic groups as well as risk factors that include environmental factors and genetic variants. […] The International Perinatal Database of Typical Orofacial Clefts (IPDTOC) has enabled comparison of prevalence rates between different countries but lack data from many developing countries. […] Environmental factors which have been associated with clefts include maternal smoking, alcohol, lower levels of folic acid, maternal health and medications. However, recognised demographic and environmental factors account for only about 50% of total risk and are yet to provide sufficient evidence for preventive programmes.

• #45 The Risk of Orofacial Cleft Lip/Palate Due to Maternal Ambient Air Pollution Exposure: A Call for Further Research in South Africa | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.4007

  Maternal air pollution exposure has been associated with CLP in neonates. South Africa has high air pollution levels due to domestic burning practices, coal-fired power plants, mining, industry, and traffic pollution, among other sources. We investigated air pollutant levels in geographic locations of CLP cases. […] Despite being underreported, orofacial cleft lip/palate (CLP) remains in the top five of South Africa’s most common congenital disorders. […] Birth prevalence estimates in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) are less accurate than in high-income countries (HICs), where more active CLP surveillance systems and research programs exist. […] The global birth prevalence estimates for orofacial cleft lip and palate (CLP) stand at 0.6-2.6 per 1,000 live births. […] The present study revealed that there was a higher chance of mothers with CLP-affected infants in provinces with higher levels of air pollutants.

• #46 The Risk of Orofacial Cleft Lip/Palate Due to Maternal Ambient Air Pollution Exposure: A Call for Further Research in South Africa | Annals of Global Health

  https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.4007

  This study presents the first and largest South African dataset to provide preliminary evidence correlating higher ambient air pollutant levels to greater birth prevalence of CLP. […] Our findings add to the growing body of research on the links between periconceptional air pollution exposure and CLP risk.

• #47 Cleft lip and palate: Epidemiology and etiology

  https://www.oatext.com/cleft-lip-and-palate-epidemiology-and-etiology.php

  Cleft lip and palate are considered as one of the most common birth defects that result in medical, psychological, and social problems in affected individuals and their families. […] Epidemiological studies and observational reports have shown that folic acid supplements taken by the mother before pregnancy have a protective effect in reducing the incidence of cleft lip and palate, whereas smoking and alcohol consumption before pregnancy increase the risk of cleft lip and palate formation. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate are one of the most common birth anomalies that may occur due to environmental factors and socioeconomic conditions as well as variability across geographic origin, race, and ethnic groups. […] The generally accepted incidence of nsCL/P across the world is 1 in 1000 births. However, the incidence varies depending on ethnic background, geographical origin, and socioeconomic level.

• #48 Cleft Lip and Palate: Etiology, Epidemiology, Preventive and | 21245

  https://www.longdom.org/abstract/cleft-lip-and-palate-etiology-epidemiology-preventive-and-intervention-strategies-21245.html

  Cleft lip and palate represent a major public health problem due to the possible associated life-long morbidity, complex etiology, and the extensive multidisciplinary commitment required for intervention. It affects about 1.5 per 1000 live births (250,000 new cases per year) worldwide, with tremendous variations across geographic areas and ethnic groups. […] Optimal and early surgical intervention is necessary and folic acid supplementation proved to be a highly efficient preventive strategy. However, there are still many challenges to be addressed for cleft care especially in the developing parts of the world.

• #49 Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Bhutan, 2015–2022 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-05177-7

  The epidemiology of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CLP) has not previously been described in the context of the Bhutan and Bhutanese populations. Using National Birth Defects Surveillance Data and other vital statistics, we present the comprehensive epidemiology of the cleft lip and palate in Bhutan. […] The baseline prevalence and incidence of cleft lip and palate have been presented over the years. The incidence of cleft lip and palate was defined as the number of cases per 1000 live births. […] The prevalence of orofacial clefts tended to increase, with a period prevalence of 1.37 per 1000 live births. […] Orofacial clefts constituted 8.7% of total birth defects and 1.37 per 1000 live births over the years. The increasing prevalence trends and incidence rate ratios over the years underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and interventions to address the burden of orofacial clefts in Bhutan.

• #50 Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Bhutan, 2015–2022 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-05177-7

  The incidence of newborns with cleft has shown an increasing trend, peaking in 2019 at 1.96 cases per 1,000 live births before declining to 1.50 cases per 1,000 live births in 2022. […] Our findings highlight the increasing trend of orofacial clefts in Bhutan, which demands urgent attention and programmatic action.

• #51 Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Bhutan, 2015–2022 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-024-05177-7

  The incidence of newborns with cleft has shown an increasing trend, peaking in 2019 at 1.96 cases per 1,000 live births before declining to 1.50 cases per 1,000 live births in 2022. […] Our findings highlight the increasing trend of orofacial clefts in Bhutan, which demands urgent attention and programmatic action.

• #52 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Our findings suggest a minuscule increase, albeit insignificant, in the trend of CL/P prevalence from 2016 to 2021. […] Isolated CL/P had the highest prevalence in non-Hispanic Whites, American Indian or Alaskan Native and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders. […] The total prevalence of isolated CL/P was 4.88 per 10,000 births (95% CI: 4.794.97) from 2016 to 2021. […] The prevalence underwent both decrease and increase from 2016 to 2021 and did not show any significant linear decreasing or increasing pattern, however, based on the test of trend, there was a significant non-linear pattern from 2016 to 2021. […] The prevalence of isolated CL/P was the highest among mothers with 11 to 20 cigarettes smoking per day compared to non-smoker mothers. […] Among different BMI groups, the highest prevalence was among mothers with extreme obesity (6.10, 95% CI: 5.676.55), followed by mothers with grade II obesity (5.99, 95% CI: 5.636.37), and mothers with grade I obesity (5.27, 95% CI: 5.035.52).

• #53 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate

  Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the developed world. […] According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births. […] The highest prevalence rates for cleft lip, either with or without cleft palate are reported for Native Americans and Asians. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990. […] Prevalence of „cleft uvula” has varied from 0.02% to 18.8% with the highest numbers found among Chippewa and Navajo and the lowest generally in Africans.

• #54 Cleft lip and/or palate mortality trends in the USA: a retrospective population-based study | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e002305

  Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide. This study aims to examine recent trends of CL/P mortality rates in the USA. From 2000 to 2019, 1119 deaths occurred in patients with documented CL/P, for an overall incidence of 20.3 deaths per 1000 births with CL/P (95% CI 18.9 to 22.8). Black individuals (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.01), Hispanic (1.54, 1.49 to 1.58) and American Indian individuals (1.28, 1.20 to 1.35) were at a greater risk of CL/P mortality compared with white individuals. Additionally, females were also at a greater risk (1.35, 1.21 to 1.49). A significant upward trend in CL/P mortality was observed in Hispanic (r2=0.70, p0.01) and American Indian individuals (r2=0.81, p0.01) from 2000 to 2019. Cleft birth and mortality surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Future studies are required to understand the differences in CL/P mortality rates across various sociodemographic groups. The overall CL/P mortality rate was 20.3 (95% CI 18.9 to 22.8) deaths per 1000 births with CL/P and 2.3 (2.0 to 2.7) deaths directly resulting from CL/P per 1000 births with CL/P. The mortality rate from CL/P was significantly higher in black, Hispanic and American Indian infants relative to white infants, despite having fewer CL/P births. An increased risk of mortality in individuals with CL/P was also observed in Hispanic and American Indian groups, where both groups saw a significant increasing trend in CL/P mortality during 2000-2019. CL/P surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Our findings showed that significant racial disparities in mortality of patients with CL/P exist in the USA and raise awareness for the urgent need to address the increasing rate of CL/P-related mortality in American Indian and Hispanic populations. Future in-depth studies focusing on these populations are required to understand the increase in CL/P mortality rates.

• #55 Cleft lip and/or palate mortality trends in the USA: a retrospective population-based study | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e002305

  Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide. This study aims to examine recent trends of CL/P mortality rates in the USA. From 2000 to 2019, 1119 deaths occurred in patients with documented CL/P, for an overall incidence of 20.3 deaths per 1000 births with CL/P (95% CI 18.9 to 22.8). Black individuals (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.01), Hispanic (1.54, 1.49 to 1.58) and American Indian individuals (1.28, 1.20 to 1.35) were at a greater risk of CL/P mortality compared with white individuals. Additionally, females were also at a greater risk (1.35, 1.21 to 1.49). A significant upward trend in CL/P mortality was observed in Hispanic (r2=0.70, p0.01) and American Indian individuals (r2=0.81, p0.01) from 2000 to 2019. Cleft birth and mortality surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Future studies are required to understand the differences in CL/P mortality rates across various sociodemographic groups. The overall CL/P mortality rate was 20.3 (95% CI 18.9 to 22.8) deaths per 1000 births with CL/P and 2.3 (2.0 to 2.7) deaths directly resulting from CL/P per 1000 births with CL/P. The mortality rate from CL/P was significantly higher in black, Hispanic and American Indian infants relative to white infants, despite having fewer CL/P births. An increased risk of mortality in individuals with CL/P was also observed in Hispanic and American Indian groups, where both groups saw a significant increasing trend in CL/P mortality during 2000-2019. CL/P surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Our findings showed that significant racial disparities in mortality of patients with CL/P exist in the USA and raise awareness for the urgent need to address the increasing rate of CL/P-related mortality in American Indian and Hispanic populations. Future in-depth studies focusing on these populations are required to understand the increase in CL/P mortality rates.

• #56 A multi-program analysis of cleft lip with cleft palate prevalence and mortality using data from 22 International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research programs, 1974–2014

  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/131790

  Background: Cleft lip with cleft palate (CLP) is a congenital condition that affects both the oral cavity and the lips. This study estimated the prevalence and mortality of CLP using surveillance data collected from birth defect registries around the world. […] The pooled prevalence of total CLP cases was 6.4 CLP per 10,000 births. The prevalence of CLP and all of the pregnancy outcomes varied across programs. Higher ETOPFA rates were recorded in most European programs compared to programs in other continents. In programs reporting low ETOPFA rates or where there was no ascertainment of ETOPFA, the rate of CLP among LB and SB was higher compared to those where ETOPFA rates were ascertained. Overall survival for total CLP was 91%. For isolated CLP, the survival was 97.7%. CLP associated with multiple congenital anomalies had an overall survival of 77.1%, and for CLP associated with genetic/chromosomal syndromes, overall survival was 40.9%. […] Total CLP prevalence reported in this study is lower than estimates from prior studies, with variation by pregnancy outcomes between programs. Survival was lower when CLP was associated with other congenital anomalies or syndromes compared to isolated CLP.

• #57 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5_9

  Orofacial clefts are some of the most common birth defects with significant personal and social impacts. The prevalence has been documented among many populations with some variation among ethnic groups as well as risk factors that include environmental factors and genetic variants. […] The International Perinatal Database of Typical Orofacial Clefts (IPDTOC) has enabled comparison of prevalence rates between different countries but lack data from many developing countries. […] Environmental factors which have been associated with clefts include maternal smoking, alcohol, lower levels of folic acid, maternal health and medications. However, recognised demographic and environmental factors account for only about 50% of total risk and are yet to provide sufficient evidence for preventive programmes.

• #58 Prevalence of Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate | Data & Statistics | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/research/data-statistics/craniofacial-birth-defects/prevalence

  The annual prevalence of infants born with cleft lip with or without or cleft palate is 10 in 10,000. […] Cleft lip and palate data cited are from the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN), and represent the years 2010 through 2014. […] Cleft lip and palate data were collected from 13 states and territory: Arizona (20102013), Arkansas (20102013), California, Delaware, Georgia (Metropolitan Atlanta), Hawaii (2012), Iowa, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah, representing 5,186,504 live births and adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity-specific distribution.

• #59 Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India

  https://www.ijcpd.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/IJCPD/34943/JPJ/fullText

  Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is considered to be a congenital defect involving the orofacial region. This defect affects the esthetics, speech as well and psychological well-being of a person. The study was performed to analyze the prevalence of different types of cleft deformity reported in a tertiary care hospital which would aid in spreading awareness and thereby reducing the prevalence of this congenital defect. […] In the present study we tried to find out the profile of CLP in the local population. We reported the high prevalence of this orofacial deformity among the population of this area. […] The data from the present study will help to provide a deeper insight into the burden of CLP anomaly. Based on the data obtained from the present study, future research can be conducted, and cleft-care improvement outcomes can be measured.

• #60 Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India

  https://www.ijcpd.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/IJCPD/34943/JPJ/fullText

  In India, it has been observed that lack of awareness and reporting of congenital cleft lip and/or plate is due to poverty, social stigma, inaccessibility to medical care, and low literacy rate among the population. Due to this, the exact prevalence of this defect is not available. The only way to collect the prevalence is by performing a hospital-based survey. […] This study aims to generate knowledge regarding the demographic profile of cleft in a tertiary care hospital and teaching institute in the Wardha district of Maharashtra, India. The data reveals a greater prevalence of orofacial cleft in males (53.83%) than in females (46.17%). In addition, among all the types of clefts that are presented in this study, LUCLP has the highest prevalence for both males (15.41%) and females (15.33%). All these findings aim to raise awareness of the defect in the region.

• #61 The Global Occurrences of Cleft Lip and Palate in Pediatric Patients and Their Association with Demographic Factors: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10969537/

  Objective: Orofacial clefts are one of the most common abnormalities that occur in the orofacial area. Due to their high prevalence, special attention provided to risk factors and their possible involvement in the occurrence of orofacial clefts is of importance. […] Studies indicate that Asians are more likely than other races to have orofacial clefts, with a higher incidence rate in men than in women. […] The prevention of orofacial clefts and the distribution of medical resources depend heavily on a thorough understanding of epidemiology on a global scale. […] The findings of this narrative review can be used as the scientific basis for further research within this area. […] The occurrence rate of orofacial clefts remains high in several regions. […] According to a study conducted by Hlongwa, Levin, and Rispel in 2019 regarding the epidemiology and clinical profile of orofacial clefts patients, it was stated that congenital anomalies caused the death of 303,000 newborn infants worldwide within the period of four weeks after birth. Orofacial clefts were reported as the most common anomaly in the orofacial area, with the occurrence rate of 1 case per 700 live births.

• #62 Natural history and epidemiology of cleft lip and palate: a registry-based study in Iran (2000-19) | medRxiv

  https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.02.22268601v1

  The aim of this study was to provide the natural history and epidemiology of cleft lip and cleft palate in the northwest region of Iran between 2000 and 2019. […] Prevalence of cleft lip and cleft palate was 1.48 (95% CI 1.34; 1.62) per 1000 live births over the past two decades in the region. […] The occurrence of cleft lip and cleft palate was more common in males than females. […] The results may have a role in planning and evaluating the strategies for primary prevention of cleft lip and cleft palate, particularly in high-risk populations.

• #63 Epidemiology and clinical profile of individuals with cleft lip and palate utilising specialised academic treatment centres in South Africa | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0215931

  Our study findings could inform the proposed national surveillance system on congenital anomalies. […] The study has generated new knowledge on the epidemiology and clinical profile of individuals with CLP in the South African public health sector. It is imperative for South Africa to establish an active birth surveillance system on congenital anomalies to enable comprehensive management of CLP individuals and to inform health service planning and policy.

• #64 Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India

  https://www.ijcpd.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/IJCPD/34943/JPJ/fullText

  Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is considered to be a congenital defect involving the orofacial region. This defect affects the esthetics, speech as well and psychological well-being of a person. The study was performed to analyze the prevalence of different types of cleft deformity reported in a tertiary care hospital which would aid in spreading awareness and thereby reducing the prevalence of this congenital defect. […] In the present study we tried to find out the profile of CLP in the local population. We reported the high prevalence of this orofacial deformity among the population of this area. […] The data from the present study will help to provide a deeper insight into the burden of CLP anomaly. Based on the data obtained from the present study, future research can be conducted, and cleft-care improvement outcomes can be measured.

• #65 Cleft lip and/or palate mortality trends in the USA: a retrospective population-based study | BMJ Paediatrics Open

  https://bmjpaedsopen.bmj.com/content/8/1/e002305

  Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is one of the most common congenital anomalies worldwide. This study aims to examine recent trends of CL/P mortality rates in the USA. From 2000 to 2019, 1119 deaths occurred in patients with documented CL/P, for an overall incidence of 20.3 deaths per 1000 births with CL/P (95% CI 18.9 to 22.8). Black individuals (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.01), Hispanic (1.54, 1.49 to 1.58) and American Indian individuals (1.28, 1.20 to 1.35) were at a greater risk of CL/P mortality compared with white individuals. Additionally, females were also at a greater risk (1.35, 1.21 to 1.49). A significant upward trend in CL/P mortality was observed in Hispanic (r2=0.70, p0.01) and American Indian individuals (r2=0.81, p0.01) from 2000 to 2019. Cleft birth and mortality surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Future studies are required to understand the differences in CL/P mortality rates across various sociodemographic groups. The overall CL/P mortality rate was 20.3 (95% CI 18.9 to 22.8) deaths per 1000 births with CL/P and 2.3 (2.0 to 2.7) deaths directly resulting from CL/P per 1000 births with CL/P. The mortality rate from CL/P was significantly higher in black, Hispanic and American Indian infants relative to white infants, despite having fewer CL/P births. An increased risk of mortality in individuals with CL/P was also observed in Hispanic and American Indian groups, where both groups saw a significant increasing trend in CL/P mortality during 2000-2019. CL/P surveillance is essential in healthcare and prevention planning. Our findings showed that significant racial disparities in mortality of patients with CL/P exist in the USA and raise awareness for the urgent need to address the increasing rate of CL/P-related mortality in American Indian and Hispanic populations. Future in-depth studies focusing on these populations are required to understand the increase in CL/P mortality rates.

• #66 Cleft Lip and Palate: Etiology, Epidemiology, Preventive and | 21245

  https://www.longdom.org/abstract/cleft-lip-and-palate-etiology-epidemiology-preventive-and-intervention-strategies-21245.html

  Cleft lip and palate represent a major public health problem due to the possible associated life-long morbidity, complex etiology, and the extensive multidisciplinary commitment required for intervention. It affects about 1.5 per 1000 live births (250,000 new cases per year) worldwide, with tremendous variations across geographic areas and ethnic groups. […] Optimal and early surgical intervention is necessary and folic acid supplementation proved to be a highly efficient preventive strategy. However, there are still many challenges to be addressed for cleft care especially in the developing parts of the world.

• #67 Orofacial Clefts: Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/8/1603

  The management of orofacial clefts also places a significant economic burden on the healthcare system and the whole society. […] Individuals with CLP experience other consequences besides facial deformity. […] In developed countries, CLP is not considered as a major cause of increased mortality; however, recent studies have suggested that the lifespan of individuals affected with orofacial clefts is shorter, and the overall risks for most of the major causes of death is higher in comparison to the general population. […] Studies have observed a significantly increased risk of suicide and a marginally increased risk of cancer-related mortality in patients with orofacial clefts.

• #68 International Knowledge of Direct Costs of Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/pediatric-surgery/aps-1-003.php

  Limited knowledge was evident from the twenty responses received, with the majority relating to European centres. However, from the information received, a direct cost of cleft treatment was estimated as $10,000-13,000 in European countries (where state/state health insurance is the most common source of funding) and $3,000-5,000 in India (where patient and charity organisations fund treatment). […] Further work is required to gain homogenous data on the cost of cleft treatment internationally to allow cleft pathways to become more cost effective and to inform patients on costs where treatment is not funded by the state or private health insurance. […] The relatively small number of positive responses and the lack of detail highlights that the little is known about the cost of cleft treatment worldwide. Information appears to be more available for European countries, whilst information on developing countries is limited.

• #69 International Knowledge of Direct Costs of Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/pediatric-surgery/aps-1-003.php

  With the information supplied, it is not possible to accurately calculate the total direct cost for cleft treatment, however with the figures presented direct treatment costs of $10,000-13,000 per patient could be estimated for European countries and approximately $4,000 per patient for an Indian population where surgical intervention, SLT, orthodontics and orthognathic surgery is provided. […] It can be estimated that the total direct cost of cleft treatment is $10,000-13,000 in European countries (where state/state health insurance is the most common source of funding) and $3,000-5,000 in India (where patient and charity organisations fund treatment), when surgical intervention, SLT, orthodontics and orthognathic surgery is provided. However, this is likely to be an underestimation of direct costs. […] It is clear that knowledge on the cost of cleft treatment is limited. Further research detailing the cost of treatment of orofacial clefts in both developed and developing countries is therefore required.

• #70 International Knowledge of Direct Costs of Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/pediatric-surgery/aps-1-003.php

  Cleft lip and palate is a common developmental defect, however limited up to date information is available on the costs of treatment. This is important for national distribution of funds, developing cost effective patient pathways, and informing patients and their families of potential financial implications. […] A questionnaire was developed and sent to experts in cleft lip and palate treatment via the European Cleft Gateway and to those who responded positively to a preliminary survey as part of the Global Epidemiology, Aetiology and Prevention Task Force. This questionnaire aimed to ascertain direct costs for pre-surgical orthopaedics, surgical repair, Speech and Language Therapy (SLT), orthodontics, and orthognathic surgery in different cleft centres. Respondents were also asked to advise on sources of funding and the percentage of patients who receive SLT, orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. Indirect costs were out of the scope of this research.

• #71 International Knowledge of Direct Costs of Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment

  https://scholars.direct/Articles/pediatric-surgery/aps-1-003.php

  With the information supplied, it is not possible to accurately calculate the total direct cost for cleft treatment, however with the figures presented direct treatment costs of $10,000-13,000 per patient could be estimated for European countries and approximately $4,000 per patient for an Indian population where surgical intervention, SLT, orthodontics and orthognathic surgery is provided. […] It can be estimated that the total direct cost of cleft treatment is $10,000-13,000 in European countries (where state/state health insurance is the most common source of funding) and $3,000-5,000 in India (where patient and charity organisations fund treatment), when surgical intervention, SLT, orthodontics and orthognathic surgery is provided. However, this is likely to be an underestimation of direct costs. […] It is clear that knowledge on the cost of cleft treatment is limited. Further research detailing the cost of treatment of orofacial clefts in both developed and developing countries is therefore required.

• #72 Orofacial Clefts: Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/8/1603

  Orofacial clefting is considered one of the commonest birth defects worldwide. […] Orofacial clefts (OFCs), secondary to disruption in this signaling network, are among the most common congenital anomalies, affecting around 1 in 700 live births worldwide, and this prevalence varies significantly between populations. […] The global prevalence of oral clefts has been estimated to be around 0.45 in 1000 live births, though it is noted to be variable among different populations, possibly owing to variable environmental and socio-economic factors. […] The prevalence is as high as 1 in 500 live births in the Asian population and drops to 1 in 2500 in the African population. […] In developed countries, orofacial malformations significantly impact the quality of life and place an enormous psychosocial burden on affected individuals prior to treatment or among affected adults who are dissatisfied with their facial appearance.

• #73 Orofacial Clefts: Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/8/1603

  The management of orofacial clefts also places a significant economic burden on the healthcare system and the whole society. […] Individuals with CLP experience other consequences besides facial deformity. […] In developed countries, CLP is not considered as a major cause of increased mortality; however, recent studies have suggested that the lifespan of individuals affected with orofacial clefts is shorter, and the overall risks for most of the major causes of death is higher in comparison to the general population. […] Studies have observed a significantly increased risk of suicide and a marginally increased risk of cancer-related mortality in patients with orofacial clefts.

• #74 Orofacial Clefts: Genetics of Cleft Lip and Palate

  https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/14/8/1603

  The management of orofacial clefts also places a significant economic burden on the healthcare system and the whole society. […] Individuals with CLP experience other consequences besides facial deformity. […] In developed countries, CLP is not considered as a major cause of increased mortality; however, recent studies have suggested that the lifespan of individuals affected with orofacial clefts is shorter, and the overall risks for most of the major causes of death is higher in comparison to the general population. […] Studies have observed a significantly increased risk of suicide and a marginally increased risk of cancer-related mortality in patients with orofacial clefts.

• #75 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370990

  Most cases of cleft lip and cleft palate are seen right away at birth, so special tests aren’t needed. Cleft lip and cleft palate are often seen on ultrasound before a baby is born. […] Healthcare professionals may use ultrasound to find cleft lip, beginning around the 13th week of pregnancy. […] If an ultrasound finds cleft lip or cleft palate, parents can meet with specialists to begin planning for care before birth. […] Healthcare professionals usually offer genetic consultation to all parents who have a child born with a cleft lip or cleft palate. […] The goals of treatment for cleft lip and cleft palate are to make it easier for a child to eat, speak and hear and achieve a typical look for the face. […] Treatment involves surgery to repair cleft lip and cleft palate and therapies to make any related conditions better.

• #76 Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/cleft-lip-cleft-palate.html

  Cleft lip and cleft palate are birth defects that occur when a baby’s lip or mouth don’t form properly. […] In the United States, about 1 in 1,050 babies is born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. […] In the United States, about 1 in 1,600 babies is born with cleft palate alone. […] The causes of orofacial clefts among most infants are unknown. Cleft lip and cleft palate are thought to be caused by a combination of genes and other factors. […] CDC research has found some factors that increase the risk of having a baby with an orofacial cleft: Smoking during pregnancy, Having diabetes before pregnancy (type 1 or 2), Use of certain epilepsy medications during pregnancy. […] Orofacial clefts, especially cleft lip, can be diagnosed during pregnancy by a routine ultrasound. They can also be diagnosed after the baby is born. […] With treatment, most children with orofacial clefts do well and lead a healthy life.

• #77 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370990

  Most cases of cleft lip and cleft palate are seen right away at birth, so special tests aren’t needed. Cleft lip and cleft palate are often seen on ultrasound before a baby is born. […] Healthcare professionals may use ultrasound to find cleft lip, beginning around the 13th week of pregnancy. […] If an ultrasound finds cleft lip or cleft palate, parents can meet with specialists to begin planning for care before birth. […] Healthcare professionals usually offer genetic consultation to all parents who have a child born with a cleft lip or cleft palate. […] The goals of treatment for cleft lip and cleft palate are to make it easier for a child to eat, speak and hear and achieve a typical look for the face. […] Treatment involves surgery to repair cleft lip and cleft palate and therapies to make any related conditions better.

• #78 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370990

  Most cases of cleft lip and cleft palate are seen right away at birth, so special tests aren’t needed. Cleft lip and cleft palate are often seen on ultrasound before a baby is born. […] Healthcare professionals may use ultrasound to find cleft lip, beginning around the 13th week of pregnancy. […] If an ultrasound finds cleft lip or cleft palate, parents can meet with specialists to begin planning for care before birth. […] Healthcare professionals usually offer genetic consultation to all parents who have a child born with a cleft lip or cleft palate. […] The goals of treatment for cleft lip and cleft palate are to make it easier for a child to eat, speak and hear and achieve a typical look for the face. […] Treatment involves surgery to repair cleft lip and cleft palate and therapies to make any related conditions better.

• #79 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate among Infants Born in Chandigarh

  https://www.jpmer.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JPMER/26845/JPJ/fullText

  The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh region was found to be 0.97/1,000 live births. […] The frequency of cleft deformity was more among males as compared to females except isolated cleft palate group which showed equal distribution. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%. […] The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh was 0.97 per 1,000 live births which is within range of 0.54-2.75 per 1,000 live births, incidence of cleft deformity in previous studies conducted in various parts of India. […] The laterality of the cleft deformity in the present study was more on left side followed by right side and then bilateral, in agreement with the universal acceptance of left side predominance in cleft deformity. […] The present study revealed that 38 babies (out of 45 babies whose history was recorded) had USG at their intrauterine life. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%.

• #80 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate among Infants Born in Chandigarh

  https://www.jpmer.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/JPMER/26845/JPJ/fullText

  The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh region was found to be 0.97/1,000 live births. […] The frequency of cleft deformity was more among males as compared to females except isolated cleft palate group which showed equal distribution. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%. […] The incidence of cleft deformity in Chandigarh was 0.97 per 1,000 live births which is within range of 0.54-2.75 per 1,000 live births, incidence of cleft deformity in previous studies conducted in various parts of India. […] The laterality of the cleft deformity in the present study was more on left side followed by right side and then bilateral, in agreement with the universal acceptance of left side predominance in cleft deformity. […] The present study revealed that 38 babies (out of 45 babies whose history was recorded) had USG at their intrauterine life. […] The overall percentage of subjects of cleft with associated major anomalies or syndromes was 22%.

• #81 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/53918

  Orofacial cleft (OFC) anomalies are amongst the most common congenital anomalies and the most common craniofacial anomalies. […] Incidence of CL/P and CPO differs according to gender and ancestry and may vary widely across studies. […] The overall prevalence of OFC is estimated to be approximately 1 in 700 live births, accounting for nearly one half of all craniofacial anomalies. […] As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence at birth of OFC varies worldwide, ranging 3.4-22.9 per 10,000 births for CL/P, and 1.3-25.3 per 10,000 births for CPO. […] Prevalence has been found to vary based on ancestry, with the highest incidence rates observed amongst Asian populations (0.8-24.04 per 1000 live births), intermediate rates amongst Caucasians (0.9-2.69 per 1000 live births), and the lowest rates amongst African populations (0.18-1.67 per 1000 live births).

• #82 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft_lip_and_cleft_palate

  Cleft lip and palate occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1000 births in the developed world. […] According to CDC, the prevalence of cleft palate in the United States is 6.35/10000 births and the prevalence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate is 10.63/10000 births. […] The highest prevalence rates for cleft lip, either with or without cleft palate are reported for Native Americans and Asians. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate caused about 3,800 deaths globally in 2017, down from 14,600 deaths in 1990. […] Prevalence of „cleft uvula” has varied from 0.02% to 18.8% with the highest numbers found among Chippewa and Navajo and the lowest generally in Africans.

• #83 Cleft lip and palate: Epidemiology and etiology

  https://www.oatext.com/cleft-lip-and-palate-epidemiology-and-etiology.php

  Cleft lip and palate are considered as one of the most common birth defects that result in medical, psychological, and social problems in affected individuals and their families. […] Epidemiological studies and observational reports have shown that folic acid supplements taken by the mother before pregnancy have a protective effect in reducing the incidence of cleft lip and palate, whereas smoking and alcohol consumption before pregnancy increase the risk of cleft lip and palate formation. […] Cleft lip and cleft palate are one of the most common birth anomalies that may occur due to environmental factors and socioeconomic conditions as well as variability across geographic origin, race, and ethnic groups. […] The generally accepted incidence of nsCL/P across the world is 1 in 1000 births. However, the incidence varies depending on ethnic background, geographical origin, and socioeconomic level.

• #84 Prevalence, trend, and associated risk factors for cleft lip with/without cleft palate: a national study on live births from 2016 to 2021 | BMC Oral Health | Full Text

  https://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12903-023-03797-z

  Based on the results of the multivariable model, smoking and obesity were both associated with higher risk of developing isolated CL/P. […] Mothers who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes per day had the highest risk (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.331.60, p-value 0.001) for having a child with isolated CL/P. […] Mothers with extreme obesity (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.211.43, p-value 0.001) and mothers with grade II obesity (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.231.42, p-value 0.001) had also higher risk for developing isolated CL/P. […] We found a significant association between pre-pregnancy obesity, pre-pregnancy diabetes, pre-pregnancy hypertension, previous pre-term birth, and use of assisted reproductive technology with increased risk of developing of CL/P.

• #85 Epidemiology of Cleft Lip and Palate | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5_9

  Orofacial clefts are some of the most common birth defects with significant personal and social impacts. The prevalence has been documented among many populations with some variation among ethnic groups as well as risk factors that include environmental factors and genetic variants. […] The International Perinatal Database of Typical Orofacial Clefts (IPDTOC) has enabled comparison of prevalence rates between different countries but lack data from many developing countries. […] Environmental factors which have been associated with clefts include maternal smoking, alcohol, lower levels of folic acid, maternal health and medications. However, recognised demographic and environmental factors account for only about 50% of total risk and are yet to provide sufficient evidence for preventive programmes.

• #86 Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India

  https://www.ijcpd.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/IJCPD/34943/JPJ/fullText

  In India, it has been observed that lack of awareness and reporting of congenital cleft lip and/or plate is due to poverty, social stigma, inaccessibility to medical care, and low literacy rate among the population. Due to this, the exact prevalence of this defect is not available. The only way to collect the prevalence is by performing a hospital-based survey. […] This study aims to generate knowledge regarding the demographic profile of cleft in a tertiary care hospital and teaching institute in the Wardha district of Maharashtra, India. The data reveals a greater prevalence of orofacial cleft in males (53.83%) than in females (46.17%). In addition, among all the types of clefts that are presented in this study, LUCLP has the highest prevalence for both males (15.41%) and females (15.33%). All these findings aim to raise awareness of the defect in the region.

• #87 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370990

  Most cases of cleft lip and cleft palate are seen right away at birth, so special tests aren’t needed. Cleft lip and cleft palate are often seen on ultrasound before a baby is born. […] Healthcare professionals may use ultrasound to find cleft lip, beginning around the 13th week of pregnancy. […] If an ultrasound finds cleft lip or cleft palate, parents can meet with specialists to begin planning for care before birth. […] Healthcare professionals usually offer genetic consultation to all parents who have a child born with a cleft lip or cleft palate. […] The goals of treatment for cleft lip and cleft palate are to make it easier for a child to eat, speak and hear and achieve a typical look for the face. […] Treatment involves surgery to repair cleft lip and cleft palate and therapies to make any related conditions better.

• #88 Cleft lip and cleft palate – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cleft-palate/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370990

  Healthcare professionals usually do surgeries in this order: Cleft lip repair between 3 and 6 months of age. Cleft palate repair by 9 to 18 months (usually around 1 year) or earlier if possible. […] Regular screening and treatment for health problems is mostly limited to the first two decades of life, but lifelong monitoring may be needed depending on your child’s individual health problems.

• #89 Epidemiology and clinical profile of individuals with cleft lip and palate utilising specialised academic treatment centres in South Africa | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0215931

  Our study findings could inform the proposed national surveillance system on congenital anomalies. […] The study has generated new knowledge on the epidemiology and clinical profile of individuals with CLP in the South African public health sector. It is imperative for South Africa to establish an active birth surveillance system on congenital anomalies to enable comprehensive management of CLP individuals and to inform health service planning and policy.

• #90 Demographic Profile of Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate Anomaly: 15-year Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital and Teaching Institute in Wardha District of Maharashtra, India

  https://www.ijcpd.com/abstractArticleContentBrowse/IJCPD/34943/JPJ/fullText

  Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is considered to be a congenital defect involving the orofacial region. This defect affects the esthetics, speech as well and psychological well-being of a person. The study was performed to analyze the prevalence of different types of cleft deformity reported in a tertiary care hospital which would aid in spreading awareness and thereby reducing the prevalence of this congenital defect. […] In the present study we tried to find out the profile of CLP in the local population. We reported the high prevalence of this orofacial deformity among the population of this area. […] The data from the present study will help to provide a deeper insight into the burden of CLP anomaly. Based on the data obtained from the present study, future research can be conducted, and cleft-care improvement outcomes can be measured.

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