Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Retinoblastoma (Preventive measures for retinoblastoma) | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/retinoblastoma-preventive-measures-for-retinoblastoma/251616431

  Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children. Preventive measures for retinoblastoma 1. Primary actions In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment. 2. Secondary actions Screening offspring of retinoblastoma survivor Indirect ophthalmoscopy for fundus examination OCT […] 3. Tertiary actions Prevent local / systemic tumor spread Prevent loss of an eye or vision

• #2 The prevention and cure for retinoblastoma | TheHealthSite.com

  https://www.thehealthsite.com/news/the-prevention-and-cure-for-retinoblastoma-av0518-571006/

  Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood which represents 3% of all childhood cancers; it can be fatalistic if untreated. […] Management strategies include medical (chemotherapy, radiotherapy), surgical removal of eye ball or local radiation therapy (brachytherapy), local therapy (laser, cryo etc). The newest modality of treatment SSIAC (Supra Selective Intra Arteriole Chemo therapy) can be utilized with minimal side effects of the chemotherapy drugs to the body. […] Retinoblastoma a deadly eye cancer can be treated and cured if identified treated early, the children with Retinoblastoma do live to see the world.

• #3 Eye lens radiation exposure in paediatric interventional treatment of retinoblastoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56623-4

  Retinoblastoma represents 3% of cancers in children under fifteen years of age. […] In fact, published data indicate eye survival rates of 85% for children under 2 years of age, 77% for children under 5 years and 71% for children under 7 years. […] Given that this angiographic procedure is interventional and that children have an increased radiation sensitivity, the radiation doses need to be controlled and kept as low as possible without compromising the correct visualisation of the catheter, and preventing radio-induced cataracts. […] The application of the new European Directive 2013/59 EURATOM requires a regular review of the distributions of dose indicators in interventionism and optimisation of procedures without delay in cases in which DRLs are regularly exceeded. […] The first objective of our study was to obtain this typical dose value for treating paediatric retinoblastoma in terms of the most common radiation dose indicators in angiography: the air kerma-area product (PKA) and the reference-point air kerma (Ka,r).

• #4 Causes of retinoblastoma – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/retinoblastoma/causes/

  Retinoblastoma is often linked to a change in a gene that controls the growth of the eye. […] It’s not possible to prevent retinoblastoma, but screening tests can pick it up early. […] If your child has a close relative who had retinoblastoma, ask your GP or midwife about screening tests. The tests can be carried out from birth.

• #5 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma happens because of genetic mutations, so theres no way to prevent it entirely. […] If you have a family history of retinoblastoma or know you carry a genetic mutation that causes it, genetic counseling can help you understand the risk of passing it on to a biological child.

• #6 Retinoblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008

  There’s no way to prevent retinoblastoma. […] If retinoblastoma runs in your family, tell your healthcare professional. Together you might consider genetic testing to look for variations in your DNA that increase the risk of retinoblastoma. […] If your children have an increased risk of retinoblastoma, care can be planned to manage that risk. For instance, eye exams may begin soon after birth. That way, retinoblastoma may be diagnosed very early. These screening tests could find the cancer when it is small and has a greater chance of being cured. […] If you haven’t had children, but are planning to, talk with your healthcare team about your family history of retinoblastoma. Genetic testing might help you and your partner understand whether there is a risk of passing DNA variations to your future children. Your healthcare team may have options to help you manage this risk.

• #7 Retinoblastoma Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/retinoblastoma/causes-risks-prevention.html

  In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. But there are no known avoidable risk factors for retinoblastoma. […] Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment.

• #8 Can Retinoblastoma Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/retinoblastoma/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking or exposure to hazardous chemicals in the workplace. But there are no known avoidable risk factors for retinoblastoma. […] People who have had retinoblastoma might want to consider genetic counseling before having children to learn more about the risks of passing on this gene change and perhaps to explore ways to avoid this. […] If a preventive option is not used, children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened carefully for this cancer starting shortly after birth, because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment.

• #9 Retinoblastoma (Preventive measures for retinoblastoma) | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/retinoblastoma-preventive-measures-for-retinoblastoma/251616431

  Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children. Preventive measures for retinoblastoma 1. Primary actions In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment. 2. Secondary actions Screening offspring of retinoblastoma survivor Indirect ophthalmoscopy for fundus examination OCT […] 3. Tertiary actions Prevent local / systemic tumor spread Prevent loss of an eye or vision

• #10 Can Retinoblastoma Be Prevented? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/retinoblastoma/causes-risks-prevention/prevention.html

  In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking or exposure to hazardous chemicals in the workplace. But there are no known avoidable risk factors for retinoblastoma. […] People who have had retinoblastoma might want to consider genetic counseling before having children to learn more about the risks of passing on this gene change and perhaps to explore ways to avoid this. […] If a preventive option is not used, children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened carefully for this cancer starting shortly after birth, because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment.

• #11 Retinoblastoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001030.htm

  Genetic counseling can help families understand the risk for retinoblastoma. It is especially important when more than one family member has had the disease, or if retinoblastoma occurs in both eyes.

• #12 Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258033

  Regular follow-up exams are important. […] Genetic testing can determine whether a child has the heritable or nonheritable form of retinoblastoma. […] Certain families may benefit from genetic counseling and genetic testing. […] Once it is known that the child has heritable retinoblastoma, other family members can be screened for the RB1 mutation. […] Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes. Children with the heritable form of retinoblastoma will also have imaging tests to check whether cancer has spread to the brain.

• #13 Retinoblastoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/ophthalmology/retinoblastoma-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  Because the majority of cases of retinoblastoma are unknown to medical professionals, there is no known way to prevent the disease. […] If your child is diagnosed with retinoblastoma, your doctor may suggest genetic testing to determine whether the cancer was caused by an inherited gene mutation. To find out if genetic testing is right for you, your doctor may advise you to speak with a genetic counselor. […] By utilizing genetic testing to determine whether their children may have an increased risk of retinoblastoma, families can organize their children’s medical care appropriately. For instance, eye exams may begin soon after delivery or, in certain circumstances, even before birth. […] By identifying retinoblastoma early on, when the tumor is still small, there is still hope for treatment and preservation of vision.

• #14 Retinoblastoma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/ophthalmology/retinoblastoma-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-prevention-and-complications

  Genetic testing can determine whether: […] Your child with retinoblastoma is susceptible to related malignancies. […] A gene mutation your child’s retinoblastoma is caused by may be passed down to their offspring. […] Your other children may get retinoblastoma or other related tumors. […] You and your partner could pass on the genetic mutation to future generations.

• #15 Retinoblastoma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/retinoblastoma-pro

  Retinoblastoma is a genetic condition which cannot be prevented. […] Prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk is possible if the exact Rb1 variant has been identified in an affected family member. […] Prevention of secondary cancers is important in patients with germline mutations: limiting exposures to DNA-damaging agents (radiation, tobacco and UV light) may reduce the excess cancer risks. MRI scanning is generally preferred to CT scanning where possible.

• #16 Retinoblastoma (Preventive measures for retinoblastoma) | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/retinoblastoma-preventive-measures-for-retinoblastoma/251616431

  Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children. Preventive measures for retinoblastoma 1. Primary actions In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment. 2. Secondary actions Screening offspring of retinoblastoma survivor Indirect ophthalmoscopy for fundus examination OCT […] 3. Tertiary actions Prevent local / systemic tumor spread Prevent loss of an eye or vision

• #17 Retinoblastoma Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/retinoblastoma/causes-risks-prevention.html

  In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. But there are no known avoidable risk factors for retinoblastoma. […] Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment.

• #18 Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Children with a family history of retinoblastoma should have eye exams to check for retinoblastoma. […] A child with a family history of retinoblastoma should have regular eye exams beginning early in life to check for retinoblastoma, unless it is known that the child does not have the RB1 gene change. Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma may mean the child will need less intense treatment. […] Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months. […] Regular follow-up exams are important. […] Genetic testing can determine whether a child has the heritable or nonheritable form of retinoblastoma. […] Certain families may benefit from genetic counseling and genetic testing. […] Once it is known that the child has heritable retinoblastoma, other family members can be screened for the RB1 mutation. […] Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes. […] Children with the heritable form of retinoblastoma will also have imaging tests to check whether cancer has spread to the brain.

• #19 Retinoblastoma (Preventive measures for retinoblastoma) | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/retinoblastoma-preventive-measures-for-retinoblastoma/251616431

  Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children. Preventive measures for retinoblastoma 1. Primary actions In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment. 2. Secondary actions Screening offspring of retinoblastoma survivor Indirect ophthalmoscopy for fundus examination OCT […] 3. Tertiary actions Prevent local / systemic tumor spread Prevent loss of an eye or vision

• #20 Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258033

  Children with a family history of retinoblastoma should have eye exams to check for retinoblastoma. […] A child with a family history of retinoblastoma should have regular eye exams beginning early in life to check for retinoblastoma, unless it is known that the child does not have the RB1 gene change. Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma may mean the child will need less intense treatment. […] After heritable retinoblastoma has been diagnosed and treated, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months. […] Regular screening using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) may be done for a child thought to have heritable retinoblastoma or for a child with retinoblastoma in one eye and a family history of the disease.

• #21 Childhood Eye Cancer Program | Children’s Hospital Los Angeles

  https://www.chla.org/vision-center/programs-and-services/childhood-eye-cancer-retinoblastoma-program

  Our Retinoblastoma Program runs an international collaboration focused on aqueous humor liquid biopsy. The goal is to identify children who are at high risk for retinoblastoma. […] We monitor your child’s eyes using liquid biopsies throughout treatment and annually for three years following treatment. This close observation helps us detect any recurrence as early as possible. We offer lifelong monitoring for all retinoblastoma patients.

• #22 Retinoblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/patient/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Children with a family history of retinoblastoma should have eye exams to check for retinoblastoma. […] Genetic testing can determine whether a child has the heritable or nonheritable form of retinoblastoma. […] A child who has heritable retinoblastoma has an increased risk of trilateral retinoblastoma and other cancers. […] Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months. […] Regular follow-up exams are important. […] It is important to talk with your child’s doctors about the effects cancer treatment can have on your child. Regular follow-up by health professionals who are experts in diagnosing and treating late effects is important. […] Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. […] Follow-up tests may be needed. […] Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes. […] Children with the heritable form of retinoblastoma will also have imaging tests to check whether cancer has spread to the brain.

• #23 Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI] | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq%C2%AE-treatment-patient-information-nci.ncicdr0000258033

  Children with a family history of retinoblastoma should have eye exams to check for retinoblastoma. […] A child with a family history of retinoblastoma should have regular eye exams beginning early in life to check for retinoblastoma, unless it is known that the child does not have the RB1 gene change. Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma may mean the child will need less intense treatment. […] After heritable retinoblastoma has been diagnosed and treated, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months. […] Regular screening using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) may be done for a child thought to have heritable retinoblastoma or for a child with retinoblastoma in one eye and a family history of the disease.

• #24 Retinoblastoma Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment – Patient Information [NCI]

  https://www.stlukesonline.org/health-services/health-information/healthwise/2015/05/15/13/57/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq-treatment–patient-information-nci

  Children with a family history of retinoblastoma should have eye exams to check for retinoblastoma. […] A child with a family history of retinoblastoma should have regular eye exams beginning early in life to check for retinoblastoma, unless it is known that the child does not have the RB1 gene change. Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma may mean the child will need less intense treatment. […] Regular eye exams to check for new tumors are usually done every 2 to 4 months for at least 28 months. […] Regular follow-up exams are important. […] Genetic testing can determine whether a child has the heritable or nonheritable form of retinoblastoma. […] Certain families may benefit from genetic counseling and genetic testing. […] Once it is known that the child has heritable retinoblastoma, other family members can be screened for the RB1 mutation. […] Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes. […] Children with the heritable form of retinoblastoma will also have imaging tests to check whether cancer has spread to the brain.

• #25 Retinoblastoma (Preventive measures for retinoblastoma) | PDF

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/retinoblastoma-preventive-measures-for-retinoblastoma/251616431

  Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children. Preventive measures for retinoblastoma 1. Primary actions In adults, the risk for many cancers can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors, such as smoking. Children born to a parent with a history of retinoblastoma should be screened for this cancer starting shortly after birth because early detection of this cancer greatly improves the chance for successful treatment. 2. Secondary actions Screening offspring of retinoblastoma survivor Indirect ophthalmoscopy for fundus examination OCT […] 3. Tertiary actions Prevent local / systemic tumor spread Prevent loss of an eye or vision

• #26 Retinoblastoma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/retinoblastoma-pro

  Retinoblastoma is a genetic condition which cannot be prevented. […] Prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk is possible if the exact Rb1 variant has been identified in an affected family member. […] Prevention of secondary cancers is important in patients with germline mutations: limiting exposures to DNA-damaging agents (radiation, tobacco and UV light) may reduce the excess cancer risks. MRI scanning is generally preferred to CT scanning where possible.

• #27 Retinoblastoma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/retinoblastoma-pro

  Retinoblastoma is a genetic condition which cannot be prevented. […] Prenatal testing for pregnancies at increased risk is possible if the exact Rb1 variant has been identified in an affected family member. […] Prevention of secondary cancers is important in patients with germline mutations: limiting exposures to DNA-damaging agents (radiation, tobacco and UV light) may reduce the excess cancer risks. MRI scanning is generally preferred to CT scanning where possible.

• #28 Eye lens radiation exposure in paediatric interventional treatment of retinoblastoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56623-4

  Retinoblastoma represents 3% of cancers in children under fifteen years of age. […] In fact, published data indicate eye survival rates of 85% for children under 2 years of age, 77% for children under 5 years and 71% for children under 7 years. […] Given that this angiographic procedure is interventional and that children have an increased radiation sensitivity, the radiation doses need to be controlled and kept as low as possible without compromising the correct visualisation of the catheter, and preventing radio-induced cataracts. […] The application of the new European Directive 2013/59 EURATOM requires a regular review of the distributions of dose indicators in interventionism and optimisation of procedures without delay in cases in which DRLs are regularly exceeded. […] The first objective of our study was to obtain this typical dose value for treating paediatric retinoblastoma in terms of the most common radiation dose indicators in angiography: the air kerma-area product (PKA) and the reference-point air kerma (Ka,r).

• #29

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2020/68110/modern_treatment_of_retinoblastoma__a_2020_review.9.aspx

  Retinoblastoma management remains complex, requiring individualized treatment based on International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) staging, germline mutation status, family psychosocial factors and cultural beliefs, and available institutional resources. […] The treatment of choice for retinoblastoma depends largely on the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) staging, the presence or absence of extraocular clinical factors, germline testing results, the family psychosocial situation, and available institutional resources. […] Genetic testing is advisable in all cases of retinoblastoma, both for the patient and for the rest of his/her nuclear family if germline disease is confirmed. […] Current indications for IVC include patients with bilateral disease, confirmed germline mutation, family history of retinoblastoma, or cases with suspected optic nerve or choroidal invasion.

• #30

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2020/68110/modern_treatment_of_retinoblastoma__a_2020_review.9.aspx

  Retinoblastoma management remains complex, requiring individualized treatment based on International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) staging, germline mutation status, family psychosocial factors and cultural beliefs, and available institutional resources. […] The treatment of choice for retinoblastoma depends largely on the International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) staging, the presence or absence of extraocular clinical factors, germline testing results, the family psychosocial situation, and available institutional resources. […] Genetic testing is advisable in all cases of retinoblastoma, both for the patient and for the rest of his/her nuclear family if germline disease is confirmed. […] Current indications for IVC include patients with bilateral disease, confirmed germline mutation, family history of retinoblastoma, or cases with suspected optic nerve or choroidal invasion.

• #31

  https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2020/68110/modern_treatment_of_retinoblastoma__a_2020_review.9.aspx

  In the three centers authoring this report, adjuvant IVC is often considered as front-line therapy for patients with known or suspected germline mutation for prevention of metastasis, pineoblastoma, and second cancers and front-line IAC is reserved for those with unilateral, somatic mutation. […] High risk retinoblastoma warrants enucleation and additional 6-9 cycles of high-dose IVC to prevent metastatic disease. […] Following enucleation, a detailed analysis of the globe’s histopathological features is of utmost importance. Histopathology reports provide useful information to the ocular oncologist that can guide the course of treatment. In the presence of high risk features, including post-laminar optic nerve invasion, massive choroidal invasion (3 mm diameter), or extraocular extension, adjuvant IVC is required for prevention of metastases. […] The combination of EBRT and IVC for treatment of orbital retinoblastoma has been reported to achieve tumor control in 71% of patients. […] Due to these side effects, we recommend avoiding treatment with EBRT if other effective treatment methods are available.

• #32 Eye lens radiation exposure in paediatric interventional treatment of retinoblastoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56623-4

  Retinoblastoma represents 3% of cancers in children under fifteen years of age. […] In fact, published data indicate eye survival rates of 85% for children under 2 years of age, 77% for children under 5 years and 71% for children under 7 years. […] Given that this angiographic procedure is interventional and that children have an increased radiation sensitivity, the radiation doses need to be controlled and kept as low as possible without compromising the correct visualisation of the catheter, and preventing radio-induced cataracts. […] The application of the new European Directive 2013/59 EURATOM requires a regular review of the distributions of dose indicators in interventionism and optimisation of procedures without delay in cases in which DRLs are regularly exceeded. […] The first objective of our study was to obtain this typical dose value for treating paediatric retinoblastoma in terms of the most common radiation dose indicators in angiography: the air kerma-area product (PKA) and the reference-point air kerma (Ka,r).

• #33 Eye lens radiation exposure in paediatric interventional treatment of retinoblastoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56623-4

  The second study objective was to estimate the radiation dose to the lens for paediatric patients and propose optimisation measures to decrease this dose without compromising the clinical results of the intervention. […] The threshold for the onset of radiation-induced cataracts could therefore be exceeded if approximately 8 interventions were performed. […] Therefore, this optimisation strategy could have clinical implications, and it will be the subject of further studies. […] A positive correlation was found between the estimated doses absorbed by the patients lens and the dose indicators provided by the automatic dose management software, with the square of the Pearson coefficients ranging 0.65-0.81. […] Based on this information, we can deduce that the threshold for the onset of radiation-induced cataracts will be exceeded if the retinoblastoma treatment guided by intra-arterial chemotherapy is performed for more than 8 sessions.

• #34 Generating Awareness and a Planned Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach Can Save Both the Sight and Life in Retinoblastoma in Developing Countries

  https://www.scientificarchives.com/article/Generating-Awareness-and-a-Planned-Multidisciplinary-Treatment-Approach-Can-Save-Both-the-Sight-and-Life-in-Retinoblastoma-in-Developing-Countries

  Generating awareness and establishing multidisciplinary treatment facilities are now what the situation demands. […] Generating awareness will facilitate the early detection of cases of retinoblastoma, increasing the survival rate and salvaging the eye. […] For proper management of retinoblastoma, the establishment of multidisciplinary treatment facilities are very much essential. […] Treatment of retinoblastoma is completed when the parents are properly counseled, the child is properly followed up and screening of siblings performed. […] Lastly, we need devotion for this difficult work and financial support if it is to be accomplished.

• #35 Eye lens radiation exposure in paediatric interventional treatment of retinoblastoma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56623-4

  Retinoblastoma represents 3% of cancers in children under fifteen years of age. […] In fact, published data indicate eye survival rates of 85% for children under 2 years of age, 77% for children under 5 years and 71% for children under 7 years. […] Given that this angiographic procedure is interventional and that children have an increased radiation sensitivity, the radiation doses need to be controlled and kept as low as possible without compromising the correct visualisation of the catheter, and preventing radio-induced cataracts. […] The application of the new European Directive 2013/59 EURATOM requires a regular review of the distributions of dose indicators in interventionism and optimisation of procedures without delay in cases in which DRLs are regularly exceeded. […] The first objective of our study was to obtain this typical dose value for treating paediatric retinoblastoma in terms of the most common radiation dose indicators in angiography: the air kerma-area product (PKA) and the reference-point air kerma (Ka,r).

• #36 Intra-arterial chemotherapy delivers most precise treatment for retinoblastoma | Cancer | Eyes and Vision | Pediatrics | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/medblog/retinoblastoma-treatments/

  Retinoblastomas are classified into five groups, Groups A-E. Group A are the smallest tumors that are contained to the retina, and Group E are the largest tumors that represent a very high risk of losing the eye. In Group A-D retinoblastomas, IAC is over 90% successful in saving the eye, compared with 40%-50% success using systemic chemotherapy. And in Group E, IAC can save 30%-40% of patients eyes, when before the rate was next to zero. […] More than 95% of cases in the U.S. are diagnosed before the cancer spreads beyond the eye, and in many of these cases, the child may be a candidate for IAC. […] This allows us to save the eyes of more children with locally advanced retinoblastoma. […] Though no cancer treatment is perfect, mastering IAC has brought us one step closer to saving eyes and lives of children with retinoblastoma.

• #37 Retinoblastoma | AOA

  https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is often curable when diagnosed early. […] Early detection is important for medical intervention.

• #38

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/retinoblastoma

  A child should be referred to us for early review if parents notice features suggestive of retinoblastoma as mentioned previously. […] Although retinoblastoma cannot be prevented per se, most patients with retinoblastoma can be cured if diagnosed and treated early. […] Retinoblastoma may be hereditable in 40% of cases, so any individual with a positive family history of retinoblastoma may want to seek genetic counselling to identify the risks of passing the gene or disease to their children. […] If found to be at increased risk of heritable retinoblastoma, it is advisable that the child undergoes regular eye examination, frequency of which depends on the age and personal and/or family history of retinoblastoma. […] Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure (including X-Rays, CT scans and external beam radiation) and smoking (including secondhand smoke) is preferable.

• #39 Retinoblastoma Treatment in Jaipur, India | Symptoms & Diagnosis

  https://bmchrc.org/types-of-cancer/retinoblastoma

  There are currently no known ways to prevent Retinoblastoma. However, early detection and prompt treatment can help improve outcomes and preserve vision. […] Regular eye exams for infants and young children can help detect retinoblastoma at an early stage when treatment is most effective. […] There are no known ways to prevent Retinoblastoma. However, early detection and prompt treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

• #40 Retinoblastoma | Causes | Complications | Prevention | Diagnosis | Treatment

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/eye-health/retinoblastoma

  How Can It Be Prevented? […] Since the exact cause is not known, there are no proven ways of preventing cancer. But the following can assist in diagnosing it in the early stages: […] Genetic testing can be done to diagnose the condition or the risk of developing it in the early stages, and thus, the prognosis can be improved. If genetic testing detects the possibility of cancer in your child or if there is a family history, your physician will refer you to a genetic counselor. […] The genetic counselor will help you understand the importance of genetic testing, its risks and benefits, and the results. […] […] Can We Prevent Retinoblastoma? […] Although there is no prevention for retinoblastoma, frequent eye checkups until the age of seven in children with a family history of retinoblastoma are recommended for early diagnosis.

• #41 The prevention and cure for retinoblastoma | TheHealthSite.com

  https://www.thehealthsite.com/news/the-prevention-and-cure-for-retinoblastoma-av0518-571006/

  Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood which represents 3% of all childhood cancers; it can be fatalistic if untreated. […] Management strategies include medical (chemotherapy, radiotherapy), surgical removal of eye ball or local radiation therapy (brachytherapy), local therapy (laser, cryo etc). The newest modality of treatment SSIAC (Supra Selective Intra Arteriole Chemo therapy) can be utilized with minimal side effects of the chemotherapy drugs to the body. […] Retinoblastoma a deadly eye cancer can be treated and cured if identified treated early, the children with Retinoblastoma do live to see the world.

• #42

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/retinoblastoma

  A child should be referred to us for early review if parents notice features suggestive of retinoblastoma as mentioned previously. […] Although retinoblastoma cannot be prevented per se, most patients with retinoblastoma can be cured if diagnosed and treated early. […] Retinoblastoma may be hereditable in 40% of cases, so any individual with a positive family history of retinoblastoma may want to seek genetic counselling to identify the risks of passing the gene or disease to their children. […] If found to be at increased risk of heritable retinoblastoma, it is advisable that the child undergoes regular eye examination, frequency of which depends on the age and personal and/or family history of retinoblastoma. […] Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure (including X-Rays, CT scans and external beam radiation) and smoking (including secondhand smoke) is preferable.

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