Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Retinoblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is the most intrusive intraocular cancer among children. The most common and obvious sign of retinoblastoma is an abnormal appearance of the retina as viewed through the pupil, the medical term for which is leukocoria, also known as amaurotic cat’s eye reflex. Other signs and symptoms include deterioration of vision, a red and irritated eye with glaucoma, and faltering growth or delayed development. Some children with retinoblastoma can develop a squint, commonly referred to as „cross-eyed” or „wall-eyed” (strabismus). […] If initial signs are ignored or diagnosis is significantly delayed, outcomes and prognosis worsen. The effects of retinoblastoma may spread outside the eye, sometimes resulting in proptosis. Retinoblastoma that has spread may be significantly more difficult to treat.

• #2 Retinoblastoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Retinoblastoma

  Leukocoria (whitening of the red reflex) is the most common presentation of retinoblastoma, and all infants or children with an abnormal red reflex require immediate referral to an ophthalmologist skilled in pediatric examinations. […] Retinoblastoma must always be in the differential diagnosis for any child who presents with strabismus, leukocoria, a red eye, or a cellulitis-like picture. […] In rare cases, retinoblastoma can present with pain and inflammation and have a similar presentation to endophthalmitis, uveitis, hemorrhage or preseptal or orbital cellulitis. This more often occurs when the tumor has spread outside the globe, portending a poor prognosis. […] Retinoblastoma can demonstrate local spread along the optic nerve directly into the orbit. It can also metastasize hematogenously to bone, liver, brain and other organs.

• #3 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer of the eye. Early detection of symptoms, like a white- or pale-colored eye pupil (leukocoria), as especially seen in eye reflection in photographs, improves the likelihood of a good outcome. A pale-colored pupil is often the key symptom. The earliest and most common symptom of retinoblastoma is the pupil of your eye appearing white (leukocoria) or pale-colored in certain settings, especially seen in photos taken in dim places that also use a flash for illumination. It can happen in one or both eyes. […] While retinoblastoma commonly happens in children before they can talk, there are also other signs and symptoms that can signal its development, including: Eyes that have trouble following movement or don’t follow it at all. Misaligned eyes (strabismus). Pain (it may cause your child to cry more or be fussier than usual, or they might have trouble sleeping or feeding). Enlarged eye (buphthalmos). Bulging eye (proptosis). Blood in the front chamber of your eye (hyphema). Infection, swelling or inflammation of your eye or surrounding tissue (orbital cellulitis).

• #4 Retinoblastoma | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Pupil that looks white in bright light or flash photos, crossed eyes, eye swelling, teary eyes, eye pain. […] The most common sign of retinoblastoma is a white pupil (the round black opening in the center of the eye) when a light shines into the eye. Parents often notice this sign when they take a photo of their child using a flash. […] Other signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: Crossed eyes or 1 eye that drifts in a different direction, Eye pain, swelling, or redness, Watery or teary eyes, Poor vision. […] If your child has poor vision from retinoblastoma, you may notice that they fall down more often, bump into things, or have trouble moving around the house. They may also bring objects close to their face to see them better. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and can also be life-threatening. But early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent vision loss and stop the cancer from spreading. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and even death if its not treated in time but its curable when doctors catch it before it spreads outside of the eye and quickly start treatment.

• #5 Retinoblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008

  Retinoblastoma signs and symptoms include: A white color in the center circle of the eye when light is shone in the eye. It might show up in flash photos. […] Eye redness. […] Eye swelling. […] Eyes that seem to be looking in different directions. […] Vision loss.

• #6 Signs and Symptoms of Retinoblastoma – WE C Hope

  https://wechope.org/retinoblastoma/retinoblastoma-overview/signs-and-symptoms/

  A White pupil is the most common sign of retinoblastoma. This cats eye reflex is seen in flash photographs when red-eye reduction is turned off, or in dim light. […] The pupil of a childs eye glows white, the most common early sign of retinoblastoma. […] Also known as a squint, strabismus can be the first sign of retinoblastoma. […] Strabismus is often incorrectly referred to as lazy eye. […] However, the babys eyes should be examined to ensure retinoblastoma or another serious eye condition is not the underlying cause. […] A red, painful eye may be the first sign that something is wrong. Pain indicates a very advanced tumour that is a threat to life, and rapid specialist referral is essential. […] A bulging eye (proptosis) is also a very serious indicator of advanced cancer, and the child should be urgently seen by an ophthalmologist.

• #7 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer of the eye. Early detection of symptoms, like a white- or pale-colored eye pupil (leukocoria), as especially seen in eye reflection in photographs, improves the likelihood of a good outcome. A pale-colored pupil is often the key symptom. The earliest and most common symptom of retinoblastoma is the pupil of your eye appearing white (leukocoria) or pale-colored in certain settings, especially seen in photos taken in dim places that also use a flash for illumination. It can happen in one or both eyes. […] While retinoblastoma commonly happens in children before they can talk, there are also other signs and symptoms that can signal its development, including: Eyes that have trouble following movement or don’t follow it at all. Misaligned eyes (strabismus). Pain (it may cause your child to cry more or be fussier than usual, or they might have trouble sleeping or feeding). Enlarged eye (buphthalmos). Bulging eye (proptosis). Blood in the front chamber of your eye (hyphema). Infection, swelling or inflammation of your eye or surrounding tissue (orbital cellulitis).

• #8 Retinoblastoma Awareness and Symptoms | Retinoblastoma | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/retinoblastoma/retinoblastoma-awareness-and-symptoms/

  The second most common sign of retinoblastoma is the drifting in or out of an eye, a condition called strabismus, or crossed eyes. While retinoblastoma is a rare cause of strabismus, it needs to be ruled out in children presenting with this condition. […] Uncommon signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: A different color in each iris, the colored part of the eye; A pupil that doesnt get smaller when exposed to bright light; Bleeding in the front part of the eye; Bulging of the eye; Eye pain; Redness of the white part of the eye; Redness, soreness, or swelling of the eyelids; Vision loss in older children where vision can be measured. […] Many of these signs and symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than retinoblastoma, but its important for parents to be aware of any unusual symptoms and to make an appointment to see a pediatrician if they have any concerns about their childs health.

• #9 Signs and Symptoms of Retinoblastoma – WE C Hope

  https://wechope.org/retinoblastoma/retinoblastoma-overview/signs-and-symptoms/

  A White pupil is the most common sign of retinoblastoma. This cats eye reflex is seen in flash photographs when red-eye reduction is turned off, or in dim light. […] The pupil of a childs eye glows white, the most common early sign of retinoblastoma. […] Also known as a squint, strabismus can be the first sign of retinoblastoma. […] Strabismus is often incorrectly referred to as lazy eye. […] However, the babys eyes should be examined to ensure retinoblastoma or another serious eye condition is not the underlying cause. […] A red, painful eye may be the first sign that something is wrong. Pain indicates a very advanced tumour that is a threat to life, and rapid specialist referral is essential. […] A bulging eye (proptosis) is also a very serious indicator of advanced cancer, and the child should be urgently seen by an ophthalmologist.

• #10 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Outlook

  https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that begins in the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye). […] Although this eye cancer is often curable, its important to spot it early. […] Because retinoblastoma most often affects babies and toddlers, its symptoms arent always apparent. Some of the signs you may notice in your child include: leukocoria, which is a white reflex that appears when a light shines into the pupil (instead of the typical red reflex) or a white mass behind one or both pupils, often seen when a flash photograph is taken […] strabismus, or eyes looking in different directions (crossed eyes) […] eye redness and puffiness […] nystagmus, or repetitive uncontrolled eye movements […] poor vision. […] The most common symptom of retinoblastoma is leukocoria, a white mass behind the pupil, but there are other symptoms. Retinoblastoma is almost always curable, but its important to diagnose it early for the best outcome.

• #11 Retinoblastoma in Children

  https://phoenixchildrens.staywellsolutionsonline.com/YourFamily/Children/Tools/90,P02742

  Symptoms may affect one or both eyes. Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: […] The most common symptoms are an abnormal white reflection from the retina (leukocoria) and misaligned eyes (strabismus). […] Less common symptoms that occur when the cancer is advanced may include: Pain, redness, or swelling of one or both eyes […] Trouble seeing […] Bulging of the eye […] Different colored irises (colored area of the eye) […] Most of the time, retinoblastoma has not spread (metastasized) to other areas of the body when its diagnosed. If it has spread, other symptoms may include: Loss of appetite […] Weight loss […] Vomiting […] Headache […] Neurologic problems, such as weakness, numbness, and trouble with movement […] Lump (mass) […] The symptoms of retinoblastoma can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #12 Retinoblastoma Awareness and Symptoms | Retinoblastoma | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/retinoblastoma/retinoblastoma-awareness-and-symptoms/

  The second most common sign of retinoblastoma is the drifting in or out of an eye, a condition called strabismus, or crossed eyes. While retinoblastoma is a rare cause of strabismus, it needs to be ruled out in children presenting with this condition. […] Uncommon signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: A different color in each iris, the colored part of the eye; A pupil that doesnt get smaller when exposed to bright light; Bleeding in the front part of the eye; Bulging of the eye; Eye pain; Redness of the white part of the eye; Redness, soreness, or swelling of the eyelids; Vision loss in older children where vision can be measured. […] Many of these signs and symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than retinoblastoma, but its important for parents to be aware of any unusual symptoms and to make an appointment to see a pediatrician if they have any concerns about their childs health.

• #13 Symptoms of retinoblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/retinoblastoma/signs-and-symptoms

  The signs or symptoms of retinoblastoma include: a white reflection or glare in a childs pupil when exposed to light, such as in a photograph taken with a flash (called leukocoria or cats eye reflex) […] eyes that are crossed or do not appear to look in the same direction (called strabismus) […] redness and inflammation of the white part of the eye […] blurred vision […] eye pain […] squinting […] an enlarged eyeball […] bulging of the eye out of the eye socket (called proptosis) […] 2 different coloured irises (called heterochromia) […] increased pressure in the eye (called glaucoma) that can lead to blindness.

• #14 Retinoblastoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1222849-clinical

  Leukocoria (white pupillary reflex or cat’s eye reflex) is the most common presenting sign, accounting for about 56.1% of cases. […] Strabismus, which occurs as a result of visual loss, is the second most common mode of presentation. […] Retinoblastoma can cause secondary changes in the eye, including glaucoma, retinal detachment, and inflammation secondary to tumor necrosis. […] Pseudouveitis, with a red eye and pain and associated hypopyon and hyphema, is a rare presentation. It is characteristic of an infiltrating type of retinoblastoma in which the tumor cells invade the retina diffusely without forming a discrete tumor mass. […] Proptosis is a more common presenting symptom in most underdeveloped countries.

• #15 Retinoblastoma | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Pupil that looks white in bright light or flash photos, crossed eyes, eye swelling, teary eyes, eye pain. […] The most common sign of retinoblastoma is a white pupil (the round black opening in the center of the eye) when a light shines into the eye. Parents often notice this sign when they take a photo of their child using a flash. […] Other signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: Crossed eyes or 1 eye that drifts in a different direction, Eye pain, swelling, or redness, Watery or teary eyes, Poor vision. […] If your child has poor vision from retinoblastoma, you may notice that they fall down more often, bump into things, or have trouble moving around the house. They may also bring objects close to their face to see them better. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and can also be life-threatening. But early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent vision loss and stop the cancer from spreading. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and even death if its not treated in time but its curable when doctors catch it before it spreads outside of the eye and quickly start treatment.

• #16 Retinoblastoma – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Symptoms of retinoblastoma can include a white pupil (leukocoria) or cross-eyes (strabismus). […] Large retinoblastomas may affect vision but tend to cause few other symptoms. […] If the cancer has spread, symptoms may include headache, loss of appetite, pain in an affected bone, or vomiting. […] With treatment, children with retinoblastoma that has not spread past the retina are cured more than 90% of the time. The prognosis is poor for children whose cancer has spread. […] Without treatment, retinoblastoma is fatal for most children within 2 years.

• #17 Signs and symptoms | Childhood Eye Cancer Trust

  https://chect.org.uk/signs-and-symptoms/

  Spotting one or more of the signs or symptoms of retinoblastoma can be really worrying for any parent or relative. […] Retinoblastoma has one of the best survival rates of all childhood cancers but early diagnosis is really important. […] You might see a white glow in the eye, when your child is in artificial light or a darkish room. […] A squint, where the eyes do not look in the same direction, can sometimes be a symptom of retinoblastoma. […] Your child’s eye may become very red and inflamed for no obvious reason – and with no sign of infection. […] The iris – the coloured part of the eye – can change colour in one eye, sometimes only in one area. […] In a photo where one eye has “red eye” (which is normal), the other eye may look black. […] Your child’s vision may begin to deteriorate, or they may have had poor vision from birth.

• #18 If In Doubt, Check It Out: Common and Not-So-Common Signs and Symptoms of Retinoblastoma – WE C Hope

  https://wechope.org/awareness/retinoblastoma-signs-and-symptoms/

  Any change or difference between the colour of the iris should be investigated promptly as it could be a sign of several eye conditions, including retinoblastoma. […] The trio of symptoms of eye pain, light sensitivity, and a watering eye are often associated with acutely raised pressure in the eye. […] Although not the most common presentation, a child with retinoblastoma can present with poor vision. […] This is called nystagmus, and appears as a slow, side-to-side movement of the eyes. […] Any concerns about your child’s vision, or a change in their visual behaviour should be promptly assessed by a health professional who is experienced in examining vision in pre-verbal children.

• #19 Retinoblastoma | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Pupil that looks white in bright light or flash photos, crossed eyes, eye swelling, teary eyes, eye pain. […] The most common sign of retinoblastoma is a white pupil (the round black opening in the center of the eye) when a light shines into the eye. Parents often notice this sign when they take a photo of their child using a flash. […] Other signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: Crossed eyes or 1 eye that drifts in a different direction, Eye pain, swelling, or redness, Watery or teary eyes, Poor vision. […] If your child has poor vision from retinoblastoma, you may notice that they fall down more often, bump into things, or have trouble moving around the house. They may also bring objects close to their face to see them better. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and can also be life-threatening. But early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent vision loss and stop the cancer from spreading. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and even death if its not treated in time but its curable when doctors catch it before it spreads outside of the eye and quickly start treatment.

• #20 Retinoblastoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/r/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is hard to diagnose early because the symptoms are not obvious. […] Your child may have been squinting or having a hard time focusing both eyes on the same object. This is called strabismus. It usually occurs if the tumor is in or very near the most sensitive part of the eye. Symptoms occurring in later stages of the disease include a painful red eye and loss or decrease of vision in the affected eye. […] Success in treating retinoblastoma can be measured either by survival or preservation of vision. For disease confined within the eye itself, nearly 95% of children survive. Changes in the patients vision largely depend on the extent of tumor involvement. The prognosis when the tumor has metastasized is not as favorable.

• #21 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | MyVision.org

  https://myvision.org/eye-conditions/retinoblastoma/

  Retinoblastoma is a cancer that begins in the back of the eye. It can metastasize and affect surrounding tissues, making the treatment of this form of cancer difficult. […] This type of cancer most commonly develops before the age of 5. If retinoblastoma is detected early, it can be successfully treated. […] Children may not be able to detect an abnormality in their vision themselves, so look for the following signs: Swelling of the eyes, Redness, Complaints from the child about not being able to see very well or having blurred vision, Eyes that are not fixed and may be looking in different directions from one another, A white pigmentation in the pupil when light enters the eye, which may be noticeable in photographs, Complaints of pain in the eye, Bleeding in the eye. […] The most noticeable sign of a retinoblastoma is a white reflection in the pupil of the eye, and this is particularly noticeable in photographs. If you notice this in your child, it is critical to see a doctor as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.

• #22 Retinoblastoma in Children

  https://phoenixchildrens.staywellsolutionsonline.com/YourFamily/Children/Tools/90,P02742

  Symptoms may affect one or both eyes. Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They can include: […] The most common symptoms are an abnormal white reflection from the retina (leukocoria) and misaligned eyes (strabismus). […] Less common symptoms that occur when the cancer is advanced may include: Pain, redness, or swelling of one or both eyes […] Trouble seeing […] Bulging of the eye […] Different colored irises (colored area of the eye) […] Most of the time, retinoblastoma has not spread (metastasized) to other areas of the body when its diagnosed. If it has spread, other symptoms may include: Loss of appetite […] Weight loss […] Vomiting […] Headache […] Neurologic problems, such as weakness, numbness, and trouble with movement […] Lump (mass) […] The symptoms of retinoblastoma can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #23 Retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/retinoblastoma-eye-cancer-children

  Signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: an unusual white reflection in the pupil this may be seen in photos where only the healthy eye appears red from the flash, or you may notice it in a dark or artificially lit room […] a squint […] a change in the colour of the iris in one eye, or sometimes only in one area of the eye […] a red or inflamed eye, though your child won’t usually complain of any pain […] poor vision your child may not focus on faces or objects, or they may not be able to control their eye movements (this is more common when both eyes are affected); they may say that they can’t see as well as they used to. […] It’s unusual for retinoblastoma to progress unnoticed beyond the age of five. […] Signs in older children include the eye appearing red, sore or swollen and some loss of vision in the affected eye.

• #24 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02742

  Most of the time, retinoblastoma has not spread (metastasized) to other areas of the body when it’s diagnosed. If it has spread, other symptoms may include: Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Vomiting, Headache, Neurologic problems, such as weakness, numbness, and trouble with movement, Lump (mass). […] The symptoms of retinoblastoma can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees a healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #25 Retinoblastoma Types, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/retinoblastoma-5210489

  Retinoblastoma is often first detected by parents who notice a white pupil of the eye, or later-stage bulging and vision difficulty. Retinoblastoma may occur in one or both eyes and may have few or no symptoms at first, but often leads to vision loss. […] Symptoms of retinoblastoma include: A pupil that appears white instead of black (this is called leukocoria and occurs when light reflects against the tumor’s white surface). A crossed eye (an eye looking either towards the nose or the ear), also known as strabismus. Poor vision or vision loss. A red, irritated eye. Eye pain. A bulging pupil (proptosis). An enlarged pupil or eyeball (buphthalmos). Two different-colored irises. […] If cancer is not detected when it is still limited to the eye, it may spread (metastasize) to the other eye, other areas of the head or brain, the spine, or distant parts of the body. Symptoms of metastasized retinoblastoma include: Unintended weight loss or failure to grow as expected (failure to thrive). Vomiting. Headaches. Neurological impairment. Pain syndromes. Mood disorders; crankiness. Fatigue.

• #26 Retinoblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/patient/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Retinoblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the retina. […] Signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include „white pupil” and eyes that appear to be looking in different directions (crossed eyes). […] A child who has heritable retinoblastoma has an increased risk of trilateral retinoblastoma and other cancers. […] After heritable retinoblastoma has been diagnosed and treated, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. […] Retinoblastoma can usually be diagnosed without a biopsy. […] Progressive retinoblastoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread or get worse. […] Recurrent retinoblastoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. […] In retinoblastoma, new tumors may form for a few years after treatment. Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes.

• #27 What is retinoblastoma ? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/eye-cancer-retinoblastoma/about

  If the cancer is not treated, the cells continue to grow and the cancer fills most of the eyeball. It can also spread to other parts of the eye and begin to block the flow of fluid inside the eye. This leads to a build up of pressure and can cause loss of vision. […] Doctors find most retinoblastomas early. They are successfully treated before they spread outside the eyeball. If they do spread, they can go anywhere in the body, including the brain, bones, and lymph nodes. Once they have spread, they can be difficult to treat. […] In England and Wales, an urgent referral means that your child should see a specialist as soon as possible if the centre of their eye (pupil) appears white rather than the typical red colour on examination. […] In Northern Ireland, your child will be referred urgently if they have: a white reflection in the pupil […] a new squint or change in how well they can see. […] In Scotland, your child will be referred urgently if they have: a new squint with headaches or other symptoms related to the nervous system […] a change in the red reflex of the pupil, causing it to appear absent or white.

• #28 Retinoblastoma Awareness and Symptoms | Retinoblastoma | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/retinoblastoma/retinoblastoma-awareness-and-symptoms/

  Retinoblastoma occurs when nerve cells in the retina develop genetic mutations that cause them to proliferate unchecked and escape the bodys mechanisms for eliminating them. The resulting mass of accumulating cells turns into a malignant tumor. […] The disease often affects only one eye in babies and children. However, about 40% of children with retinoblastoma develop cancer in both eyes. If left untreated, retinoblastoma cells can spread to other parts of the body, including the brain. […] Because retinoblastoma mostly affects infants and small children, symptoms such as pain are rare, and young children rarely complain of vision loss. Retinoblastoma is almost always discovered when the childs caregiver or pediatrician notices unusual changes in a childs eye. […] The most common first sign of retinoblastoma is a visible whiteness in the pupil called leukocoria, meaning white pupil and sometimes known as cat’s eye reflex. It is most noticeable in dim light or in photographs taken with a flash.

• #29 What is retinoblastoma ? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/childrens-cancer/eye-cancer-retinoblastoma/about

  If the cancer is not treated, the cells continue to grow and the cancer fills most of the eyeball. It can also spread to other parts of the eye and begin to block the flow of fluid inside the eye. This leads to a build up of pressure and can cause loss of vision. […] Doctors find most retinoblastomas early. They are successfully treated before they spread outside the eyeball. If they do spread, they can go anywhere in the body, including the brain, bones, and lymph nodes. Once they have spread, they can be difficult to treat. […] In England and Wales, an urgent referral means that your child should see a specialist as soon as possible if the centre of their eye (pupil) appears white rather than the typical red colour on examination. […] In Northern Ireland, your child will be referred urgently if they have: a white reflection in the pupil […] a new squint or change in how well they can see. […] In Scotland, your child will be referred urgently if they have: a new squint with headaches or other symptoms related to the nervous system […] a change in the red reflex of the pupil, causing it to appear absent or white.

• #30 Retinoblastoma: An overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4250503/

  Leukocoria is the most common presenting feature of retinoblastoma, followed by strabismus, painful blind eye and loss of vision. […] The clinical presentation of retinoblastoma depends on the stage of the disease. Early lesions are likely to be missed, unless an indirect ophthalmoscopy is performed. The tumor appears as a translucent or a white fluffy retinal mass. The child may present with strabismus if the tumor involves the macula or with reduced visual acuity. Moderately advanced lesions usually present with leukocoria due to the reflection of light by the white mass in the fundus. […] Advanced tumors manifest with proptosis secondary to optic nerve extension or orbital extension and systemic metastasis. Retinoblastoma can spread through the optic nerve with relative ease especially once the lamina cribrosa is breached. Orbital extension may present with proptosis and is most likely to occur at the site of the scleral emissary veins. Systemic metastasis occurs to the brain, skull, distant bones and the lymph nodes. […] Some of the atypical manifestations of retinoblastoma include pseudohypopyon, spontaneous hyphema, vitreous hemorrhage, phthisis bulbi and preseptal or orbital cellulitis.

• #31 Retinoblastoma – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Symptoms of retinoblastoma can include a white pupil (leukocoria) or cross-eyes (strabismus). […] Large retinoblastomas may affect vision but tend to cause few other symptoms. […] If the cancer has spread, symptoms may include headache, loss of appetite, pain in an affected bone, or vomiting. […] With treatment, children with retinoblastoma that has not spread past the retina are cured more than 90% of the time. The prognosis is poor for children whose cancer has spread. […] Without treatment, retinoblastoma is fatal for most children within 2 years.

• #32 Retinoblastoma – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Retinoblastoma

  Leukocoria (whitening of the red reflex) is the most common presentation of retinoblastoma, and all infants or children with an abnormal red reflex require immediate referral to an ophthalmologist skilled in pediatric examinations. […] Retinoblastoma must always be in the differential diagnosis for any child who presents with strabismus, leukocoria, a red eye, or a cellulitis-like picture. […] In rare cases, retinoblastoma can present with pain and inflammation and have a similar presentation to endophthalmitis, uveitis, hemorrhage or preseptal or orbital cellulitis. This more often occurs when the tumor has spread outside the globe, portending a poor prognosis. […] Retinoblastoma can demonstrate local spread along the optic nerve directly into the orbit. It can also metastasize hematogenously to bone, liver, brain and other organs.

• #33 Retinoblastoma: An overview

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4250503/

  Leukocoria is the most common presenting feature of retinoblastoma, followed by strabismus, painful blind eye and loss of vision. […] The clinical presentation of retinoblastoma depends on the stage of the disease. Early lesions are likely to be missed, unless an indirect ophthalmoscopy is performed. The tumor appears as a translucent or a white fluffy retinal mass. The child may present with strabismus if the tumor involves the macula or with reduced visual acuity. Moderately advanced lesions usually present with leukocoria due to the reflection of light by the white mass in the fundus. […] Advanced tumors manifest with proptosis secondary to optic nerve extension or orbital extension and systemic metastasis. Retinoblastoma can spread through the optic nerve with relative ease especially once the lamina cribrosa is breached. Orbital extension may present with proptosis and is most likely to occur at the site of the scleral emissary veins. Systemic metastasis occurs to the brain, skull, distant bones and the lymph nodes. […] Some of the atypical manifestations of retinoblastoma include pseudohypopyon, spontaneous hyphema, vitreous hemorrhage, phthisis bulbi and preseptal or orbital cellulitis.

• #34 Retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children) | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/retinoblastoma-eye-cancer-children

  Signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: an unusual white reflection in the pupil this may be seen in photos where only the healthy eye appears red from the flash, or you may notice it in a dark or artificially lit room […] a squint […] a change in the colour of the iris in one eye, or sometimes only in one area of the eye […] a red or inflamed eye, though your child won’t usually complain of any pain […] poor vision your child may not focus on faces or objects, or they may not be able to control their eye movements (this is more common when both eyes are affected); they may say that they can’t see as well as they used to. […] It’s unusual for retinoblastoma to progress unnoticed beyond the age of five. […] Signs in older children include the eye appearing red, sore or swollen and some loss of vision in the affected eye.

• #35 Retinoblastoma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001030.htm

  If the cancer has spread beyond the eye, the likelihood of a cure is lower and depends on how the tumor has spread. […] Blindness can occur in the affected eye. The tumor can spread to the eye socket through the optic nerve. It may also spread to the brain, lungs, and bones. […] Contact your provider if signs or symptoms of retinoblastoma are present, especially if your child’s eyes look abnormal or appear abnormal in photographs.

• #36 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma can damage surrounding tissues. It can cause partial or total blindness in the affected eye(s). Because it’s a type of cancer, there’s also a risk of retinoblastoma spreading (metastasizing) to other parts of your body. Once it does, it becomes even more dangerous, so preventing that spread is a key part of treatment. One dangerous way it can spread is through the optic nerve to your brain, where it becomes a new brain cancer tumor.

• #37 Retinoblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/patient/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Retinoblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the retina. […] Signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include „white pupil” and eyes that appear to be looking in different directions (crossed eyes). […] A child who has heritable retinoblastoma has an increased risk of trilateral retinoblastoma and other cancers. […] After heritable retinoblastoma has been diagnosed and treated, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. […] Retinoblastoma can usually be diagnosed without a biopsy. […] Progressive retinoblastoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread or get worse. […] Recurrent retinoblastoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. […] In retinoblastoma, new tumors may form for a few years after treatment. Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes.

• #38 Hereditary Retinoblastoma | St. Jude Care & Treatment

  https://www.stjude.org/care-treatment/treatment/genetic-syndromes/hereditary-retinoblastoma.html

  Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer. It usually develops in children before age 5. This cancer develops in the retina. Retinoblastoma may affect 1 or both eyes. […] Most children with hereditary retinoblastoma develop tumors affecting 1 or both eyes. The risk of developing retinoblastoma tumors is greatest during the first 5 years of life. […] Retinoblastoma is rare. Parents may notice 1 or more of the following symptoms: A white color to the pupil (the central portion of the eye that is usually black), especially with flash photos; A misaligned or lazy eye that may turn outward or inward when the child looks straight ahead; Vision problems; Red or irritated eyes. […] The disease may be found during routine eye exams of babies and toddlers. When the disease is found, the child should be urgently referred to an eye specialist (an ophthalmologist).

• #39 Retinoblastoma Awareness and Symptoms | Retinoblastoma | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/retinoblastoma/retinoblastoma-awareness-and-symptoms/

  Retinoblastoma occurs when nerve cells in the retina develop genetic mutations that cause them to proliferate unchecked and escape the bodys mechanisms for eliminating them. The resulting mass of accumulating cells turns into a malignant tumor. […] The disease often affects only one eye in babies and children. However, about 40% of children with retinoblastoma develop cancer in both eyes. If left untreated, retinoblastoma cells can spread to other parts of the body, including the brain. […] Because retinoblastoma mostly affects infants and small children, symptoms such as pain are rare, and young children rarely complain of vision loss. Retinoblastoma is almost always discovered when the childs caregiver or pediatrician notices unusual changes in a childs eye. […] The most common first sign of retinoblastoma is a visible whiteness in the pupil called leukocoria, meaning white pupil and sometimes known as cat’s eye reflex. It is most noticeable in dim light or in photographs taken with a flash.

• #40 Retinoblastoma

  https://www.asrs.org/patients/retinal-diseases/5/retinoblastoma

  Leukocoria (white pupillary reflex) In a flash photograph, the normal red reflex of the child’s eye(s) appears to be white, commonly described as a cats eye reflex. […] Strabismus (crossing of the eyes) The child’s eye may appear to be drifting inward or outward, as a result of reduced vision in that eye from the tumor. […] Eye redness The tumor can invade structures in the front of the eye that can cause glaucoma, inflammation, and abnormal appearance. […] Proptosis (sticking out of the eyeball) If the tumor becomes large, it can result in the eye appearing to bulge out of the eye socket. […] After treatment, close periodic monitoring is required to look for recurring tumors, including in the other eye in cases where only 1 eye is affected. The risk of recurrence is much lower after 7 years of age. Children with hereditary retinoblastoma also have an increased lifetime risk of cancer in other organs, including sarcomas of bone and soft tissue, melanoma (skin cancer), as well as brain, breast, and lung cancer.

• #41 Retinoblastoma Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/patient/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq

  Retinoblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the retina. […] Signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include „white pupil” and eyes that appear to be looking in different directions (crossed eyes). […] A child who has heritable retinoblastoma has an increased risk of trilateral retinoblastoma and other cancers. […] After heritable retinoblastoma has been diagnosed and treated, new tumors may continue to form for a few years. […] Retinoblastoma can usually be diagnosed without a biopsy. […] Progressive retinoblastoma is cancer that continues to grow, spread or get worse. […] Recurrent retinoblastoma is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. […] In retinoblastoma, new tumors may form for a few years after treatment. Regular eye exams are done to check for tumors in both eyes.

• #42 Retinoblastoma | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma symptoms tend to develop before age 2. Keep in mind that these symptoms can be caused by other conditions for example, leukocoria and poor vision may be caused by a cataract so its important to always see a specialist for a diagnosis. […] The most common symptoms include: […] Leukocoria: the pupil of the eye appears white instead of the expected red when light shines into it […] Strabismus (also called wandering eye or crossed eyes): one or both eyes dont appear to be looking in the same direction […] Nystagmus: involuntary movement of the eye(s) […] Poor vision or change in vision […] Pain or redness around the eye(s). […] During the workup for retinoblastoma, your childs doctors will look to determine the size, number, and location of the tumor or tumors, and whether they have spread to the other parts of the body. This is called staging and is an important step in planning treatment. […] Your team will determine whether the retinoblastoma is intraocular (inside the eye) or extraocular (the cancer has also spread outside the eye). […] Recurrent retinoblastoma refers to cases where the tumor comes back after treatment.

• #43 Retinoblastoma – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/pediatric-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina that occurs most commonly in children 2 years old. Symptoms and signs typically include leukocoria (a white reflex in the pupil), strabismus, and, less often, inflammation and impaired vision. […] Patients typically present with leukocoria (a white reflex in the pupil, sometimes referred to as cats-eye pupil) or strabismus. […] Much less often, patients present with inflammation of the eye or impaired vision. […] Rarely, the cancer has already spread, via the optic nerve or the choroid or hematogenously, resulting in an orbital or soft-tissue mass, local bone pain, headache, anorexia, or vomiting.

• #44 Retinoblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/retinoblastoma.html

  Vision problems […] Red or irritated eyes […] Eye pain: Added pressure may cause eye pain as the tumor grows. This may also cause nausea and vomiting. […] If retinoblastoma is not treated, it can spread: […] Throughout the retina into the choroid or sclera […] Throughout the eye fluid, or vitreous […] Beyond the retina into nearby tissue, the eye socket, and the optic nerve […] To the brain […] To the bones, bone marrow, and liver. […] Most children with retinoblastoma can be cured. The main factor that affects survival is whether the tumor has spread beyond the eye. If it is only in the eye, the chance for survival is excellent. If it has spread to other parts of the body, the cancer becomes harder to treat. […] The survival rate for children with cancer only in the eye is higher than 95% with treatment.

• #45 Retinoblastoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/r/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is hard to diagnose early because the symptoms are not obvious. […] Your child may have been squinting or having a hard time focusing both eyes on the same object. This is called strabismus. It usually occurs if the tumor is in or very near the most sensitive part of the eye. Symptoms occurring in later stages of the disease include a painful red eye and loss or decrease of vision in the affected eye. […] Success in treating retinoblastoma can be measured either by survival or preservation of vision. For disease confined within the eye itself, nearly 95% of children survive. Changes in the patients vision largely depend on the extent of tumor involvement. The prognosis when the tumor has metastasized is not as favorable.

• #46 Retinoblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/retinoblastoma.html

  The survival rate for cancer that has spread to the eye socket, lymph nodes, bone marrow, bones, or liver is about 80% with intensive chemotherapy, autologous stem cell rescue, and radiation therapy. […] The survival rate for cancer that has spread to the brain or cerebrospinal fluid at the time of diagnosis is less than 10%.

• #47 Retinoblastoma – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Symptoms of retinoblastoma can include a white pupil (leukocoria) or cross-eyes (strabismus). […] Large retinoblastomas may affect vision but tend to cause few other symptoms. […] If the cancer has spread, symptoms may include headache, loss of appetite, pain in an affected bone, or vomiting. […] With treatment, children with retinoblastoma that has not spread past the retina are cured more than 90% of the time. The prognosis is poor for children whose cancer has spread. […] Without treatment, retinoblastoma is fatal for most children within 2 years.

• #48 Retinoblastoma – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/childhood-cancers/retinoblastoma

  Symptoms of retinoblastoma can include a white pupil (leukocoria) or cross-eyes (strabismus). […] Large retinoblastomas may affect vision but tend to cause few other symptoms. […] If the cancer has spread, symptoms may include headache, loss of appetite, pain in an affected bone, or vomiting. […] With treatment, children with retinoblastoma that has not spread past the retina are cured more than 90% of the time. The prognosis is poor for children whose cancer has spread. […] Without treatment, retinoblastoma is fatal for most children within 2 years.

• #49 Retinoblastoma (Eye Cancer in Children) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer found in children. It originates in the part of the eye called the retina. […] Symptoms of retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children) include white (leukocoria) or red pupil instead of the normal black, misaligned eyes (strabismus) looking toward the ear or nose, reddened, painful eye, enlarged pupil, different-colored irises, and poor vision. […] Most children with eye cancer who begin treatment before the retinoblastoma has spread beyond the eye are cured. A major goal of treatment in children with retinoblastoma is preserving vision. Most children retain their vision and more than 95 percent of children with retinoblastoma can be cured. […] After a retinoblastoma has been detected, the doctor will determine the extent of the disease in the eye and if the disease has spread (metastasized) outside the eye. This is called staging, and it helps doctors plan treatment.

• #50 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Signs-and-Symptoms-of-Retinoblastoma.aspx

  The appearance of a squint is another way in which this condition shows up first. Both eyes should be the same size, and move together when the child looks at an object. With the child focusing on something, the line of sight from each eye should not cross with that of the other. The presence of a squint, or strabismus, is found in 20% of children with retinoblastoma. […] In 10% of cases, the child may have pseudoinflammation of the affected eye, manifesting as pain or redness of the eye that persists for a long time. […] Systemic symptoms associated with retinoblastomas include bone pain due to metastasis or concurrent osteosarcomas. […] These individuals need to be monitored for life, as up to half of patients with the inherited form and 5% of those with the sporadic mutation will develop a second cancer within the next 5 decades.

• #51 Retinoblastoma | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/r/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is hard to diagnose early because the symptoms are not obvious. […] Your child may have been squinting or having a hard time focusing both eyes on the same object. This is called strabismus. It usually occurs if the tumor is in or very near the most sensitive part of the eye. Symptoms occurring in later stages of the disease include a painful red eye and loss or decrease of vision in the affected eye. […] Success in treating retinoblastoma can be measured either by survival or preservation of vision. For disease confined within the eye itself, nearly 95% of children survive. Changes in the patients vision largely depend on the extent of tumor involvement. The prognosis when the tumor has metastasized is not as favorable.

• #52 Retinoblastoma: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer of the eye. Early detection of symptoms, like a white- or pale-colored eye pupil (leukocoria), as especially seen in eye reflection in photographs, improves the likelihood of a good outcome. A pale-colored pupil is often the key symptom. The earliest and most common symptom of retinoblastoma is the pupil of your eye appearing white (leukocoria) or pale-colored in certain settings, especially seen in photos taken in dim places that also use a flash for illumination. It can happen in one or both eyes. […] While retinoblastoma commonly happens in children before they can talk, there are also other signs and symptoms that can signal its development, including: Eyes that have trouble following movement or don’t follow it at all. Misaligned eyes (strabismus). Pain (it may cause your child to cry more or be fussier than usual, or they might have trouble sleeping or feeding). Enlarged eye (buphthalmos). Bulging eye (proptosis). Blood in the front chamber of your eye (hyphema). Infection, swelling or inflammation of your eye or surrounding tissue (orbital cellulitis).

• #53 Retinoblastoma | National Eye Institute

  https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Pupil that looks white in bright light or flash photos, crossed eyes, eye swelling, teary eyes, eye pain. […] The most common sign of retinoblastoma is a white pupil (the round black opening in the center of the eye) when a light shines into the eye. Parents often notice this sign when they take a photo of their child using a flash. […] Other signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include: Crossed eyes or 1 eye that drifts in a different direction, Eye pain, swelling, or redness, Watery or teary eyes, Poor vision. […] If your child has poor vision from retinoblastoma, you may notice that they fall down more often, bump into things, or have trouble moving around the house. They may also bring objects close to their face to see them better. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and can also be life-threatening. But early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent vision loss and stop the cancer from spreading. […] Retinoblastoma can cause blindness and even death if its not treated in time but its curable when doctors catch it before it spreads outside of the eye and quickly start treatment.

• #54 Retinoblastoma in Children and Teens – Together by St. Jude™

  https://together.stjude.org/en-us/conditions/cancers/retinoblastoma.html

  Vision problems […] Red or irritated eyes […] Eye pain: Added pressure may cause eye pain as the tumor grows. This may also cause nausea and vomiting. […] If retinoblastoma is not treated, it can spread: […] Throughout the retina into the choroid or sclera […] Throughout the eye fluid, or vitreous […] Beyond the retina into nearby tissue, the eye socket, and the optic nerve […] To the brain […] To the bones, bone marrow, and liver. […] Most children with retinoblastoma can be cured. The main factor that affects survival is whether the tumor has spread beyond the eye. If it is only in the eye, the chance for survival is excellent. If it has spread to other parts of the body, the cancer becomes harder to treat. […] The survival rate for children with cancer only in the eye is higher than 95% with treatment.

• #55 Retinoblastoma (Eye Cancer in Children) | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/retinoblastoma

  Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer found in children. It originates in the part of the eye called the retina. […] Symptoms of retinoblastoma (eye cancer in children) include white (leukocoria) or red pupil instead of the normal black, misaligned eyes (strabismus) looking toward the ear or nose, reddened, painful eye, enlarged pupil, different-colored irises, and poor vision. […] Most children with eye cancer who begin treatment before the retinoblastoma has spread beyond the eye are cured. A major goal of treatment in children with retinoblastoma is preserving vision. Most children retain their vision and more than 95 percent of children with retinoblastoma can be cured. […] After a retinoblastoma has been detected, the doctor will determine the extent of the disease in the eye and if the disease has spread (metastasized) outside the eye. This is called staging, and it helps doctors plan treatment.

• #56 Retinoblastoma: 7 insights on this rare eye cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/retinoblastoma–7-insights-on-this-rare-eye-cancer.h00-159697545.html

  The most common symptom of retinoblastoma in the United States is a white reflex in the eye, known as leukocoria. If a photo is taken with the flash on, it will look like a white spot in the center of the pupil. This is an abnormal reflection of light from the retina. […] Other symptoms that could indicate retinoblastoma are strabismus (crossed eyes) or a lazy eye. […] Several conditions can cause these symptoms in the eye, many of which are not cancer. But they could negatively affect a child’s sight, so it’s important to have your child evaluated by an ophthalmologist, a medical doctor trained in eye surgery, as soon as possible if you notice these symptoms. […] Retinoblastoma is a highly curative disease when caught early.

• #57 Retinoblastoma | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/retinoblastoma

  Symptoms of retinoblastoma include a white reflection or glare in one or both pupils when exposed to light. […] When retinoblastoma is detected and treated early, the chances of successful treatment are better. Recognizing signs and symptoms and getting regular checkups are the best ways to detect retinoblastoma early. The sooner symptoms are reported, the sooner a doctor can diagnose and treat the cancer.

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