Rak trzonu macicy
Diagnostyka i diagnoza

Rak trzonu macicy, stanowiący około 90% wszystkich raków macicy, najczęściej diagnozowany jest u kobiet po menopauzie, ze szczytem zachorowań około 65. roku życia. Kluczowym objawem alarmowym jest nieprawidłowe krwawienie z dróg rodnych, występujące u około 90% pacjentek, zwłaszcza u kobiet po menopauzie, gdzie każda taka manifestacja wymaga pilnej diagnostyki. Diagnostyka opiera się na wywiadzie, badaniu fizykalnym, ultrasonografii przezpochwowej (USG TV) z oceną grubości endometrium (powyżej 4-5 mm u kobiet po menopauzie uznawane za nieprawidłowe), histeroskopii oraz biopsji endometrium (pipelle lub D&C), która stanowi złoty standard potwierdzenia rozpoznania. Dodatkowo stosuje się badania obrazowe takie jak MRI, CT, PET-CT oraz RTG klatki piersiowej w celu oceny zaawansowania choroby. Klasyfikacja stopnia zaawansowania według FIGO (I-IV) oraz grading histologiczny (G1-G3) mają istotne znaczenie prognostyczne i wpływają na wybór terapii.

  1. Diagnostyka raka trzonu macicy
    1. Objawy kliniczne uzasadniające diagnostykę
    2. Badanie fizykalne
  2. Metody diagnostyczne
    1. Badania obrazowe
    2. Badania endoskopowe
    3. Badania histopatologiczne
    4. Badania laboratoryjne
  3. Ocena stopnia zaawansowania
    1. Klasyfikacja FIGO
    2. Ocena zróżnicowania histologicznego (Grading)
  4. Nowe metody diagnostyczne
    1. Test krwi oparty na technice spektroskopii w podczerwieni
    2. Test PCR w diagnostyce raka trzonu macicy
  5. Znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki
  6. Wnioski
    1. Kolejne rozdziały

Diagnostyka raka trzonu macicy

Rak trzonu macicy (rak endometrium) to najczęstszy nowotwór żeński układu rozrodczego, stanowiący około 90% wszystkich raków macicy. Występuje przede wszystkim u kobiet po menopauzie, najczęściej około 65. roku życia. Szacuje się, że około 3% kobiet w pewnym momencie swojego życia otrzyma diagnozę raka trzonu macicy. Wczesne rozpoznanie jest kluczowe dla powodzenia leczenia, dlatego niezwykle istotne jest szybkie przeprowadzenie dokładnej diagnostyki.1234

Objawy kliniczne uzasadniające diagnostykę

Głównym objawem skłaniającym do diagnostyki w kierunku raka trzonu macicy jest nieprawidłowe krwawienie z dróg rodnych, które występuje u około 90% pacjentek z tym nowotworem. U kobiet po menopauzie jakiekolwiek krwawienie z pochwy powinno być traktowane jako objaw alarmowy wymagający natychmiastowej konsultacji lekarskiej. U kobiet w wieku rozrodczym powinny zaniepokoić krwawienia międzymiesiączkowe, przedłużające się lub nadmiernie obfite miesiączki.123

Inne objawy, które mogą wskazywać na raka trzonu macicy, to:12

  • Wydzielina z pochwy (wodnista, krwista lub o nieprzyjemnym zapachu)
  • Ból w okolicy miednicy
  • Ból podczas stosunku płciowego
  • Trudności lub ból podczas oddawania moczu
  • Częste oddawanie moczu
  • Niewyjaśniona utrata masy ciała

Badanie fizykalne

Proces diagnostyczny rozpoczyna się zwykle od wywiadu lekarskiego i badania fizykalnego. Lekarz przeprowadza dokładny wywiad dotyczący objawów, historii chorób, czynników ryzyka oraz historii chorób w rodzinie. Podczas badania fizykalnego przeprowadza się:123

  • Badanie ginekologiczne – ocena pochwy, szyjki macicy i macicy pod kątem zmian wielkości lub kształtu
  • Badanie per rectum – ocena miednicy i okolic
  • Badanie brzucha – sprawdzenie powiększenia wątroby, obecności guzków lub płynu w jamie brzusznej
  • Ocenę węzłów chłonnych – badanie palpacyjne węzłów chłonnych pachwinowych i nadobojczykowych
  • Pomiar masy ciała i ciśnienia tętniczego

Metody diagnostyczne

Obecnie nie istnieją standardowe badania przesiewowe w kierunku raka trzonu macicy u kobiet bez objawów, w przeciwieństwie do cytologii, która służy do wykrywania raka szyjki macicy. Warto podkreślić, że cytologia nie jest w stanie wykryć raka trzonu macicy, ponieważ pobiera komórki tylko z szyjki macicy, a nie z wnętrza macicy.123

Badania obrazowe

Pierwszym badaniem obrazowym wykonywanym przy podejrzeniu raka trzonu macicy jest zwykle ultrasonografia przezpochwowa (USG TV). Podczas tego badania do pochwy wprowadza się głowicę ultrasonograficzną, która umożliwia dokładną ocenę endometrium, macicy i jajników. Lekarz może ocenić:123

  • Grubość endometrium (pogrubienie endometrium może sugerować raka trzonu macicy)
  • Obecność guzów lub zmian w macicy
  • Naciekanie mięśniówki macicy (myometrium)
  • Rozprzestrzenianie się nowotworu na inne obszary miednicy

Jeśli grubość endometrium jest nieprawidłowa (powyżej 4-5 mm u kobiet po menopauzie) lub widoczne są inne niepokojące zmiany, konieczne jest wykonanie dalszych badań, w tym przede wszystkim biopsji.12

Inne badania obrazowe, które mogą być wykonane w celu oceny zaawansowania choroby, to:123

  • Rezonans magnetyczny (MRI) – pozwala ocenić głębokość naciekania mięśniówki macicy oraz rozprzestrzenianie się nowotworu poza macicę. Dostarcza szczegółowych obrazów tkanek miękkich, co jest istotne przy ocenie zaawansowania raka trzonu macicy.
  • Tomografia komputerowa (CT) – pomaga określić, czy nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na inne narządy lub czy wystąpił nawrót po leczeniu.
  • Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna (PET) – może być stosowana w połączeniu z CT (PET-CT) do wykrywania przerzutów nowotworowych.
  • RTG klatki piersiowej – w celu oceny ewentualnych przerzutów do płuc.

Badania endoskopowe

Histeroskopia to badanie endoskopowe, które pozwala na bezpośrednią wizualizację wnętrza macicy za pomocą cienkiej rurki z kamerą i światłem (histeroskopu) wprowadzanej przez pochwę i szyjkę macicy do jamy macicy. Jest to szczególnie wartościowe badanie, ponieważ:1223

  • Umożliwia bezpośrednią ocenę endometrium i identyfikację podejrzanych zmian
  • Pozwala na celowane pobranie biopsji z podejrzanych miejsc
  • Może być wykonywana w znieczuleniu miejscowym
  • Ma przewagę nad innymi metodami diagnostycznymi ze względu na możliwość bezpośredniej wizualizacji i celowanego pobierania próbek

Badania histopatologiczne

Biopsja endometrium jest złotym standardem w diagnostyce raka trzonu macicy i jedyną metodą pozwalającą na jednoznaczne potwierdzenie rozpoznania. Podstawowe techniki pobrania materiału do badania histopatologicznego to:123

Biopsja aspiracyjna endometrium (tzw. pipelle) – najczęściej stosowana metoda, wykonywana ambulatoryjnie, polegająca na wprowadzeniu cienkiej, giętkiej rurki przez szyjkę macicy do jamy macicy i pobraniu próbki endometrium za pomocą delikatnego ssania. Jest to procedura relatywnie mało inwazyjna, zwykle niewymagająca znieczulenia. Dokładność tej metody w wykrywaniu raka endometrium wynosi ponad 90%.123

Wyłyżeczkowanie macicy (łyżeczkowanie frakcjonowane, D&C – dilatation and curettage) – procedura wykonywana, gdy biopsja aspiracyjna nie jest możliwa lub nie dostarczyła wystarczającej ilości materiału do badania. Zabieg polega na rozszerzeniu kanału szyjki macicy i mechanicznym wyłyżeczkowaniu ścian jamy macicy za pomocą narzędzia zwanego łyżeczką. Procedura ta jest zwykle wykonywana w znieczuleniu ogólnym jako zabieg ambulatoryjny. Jest bardziej inwazyjna niż biopsja aspiracyjna, ale pozwala na pobranie większej ilości materiału, co zwiększa dokładność diagnostyczną.123

Pobrany materiał jest następnie badany przez patologa pod mikroskopem w celu:12

  • Potwierdzenia obecności komórek nowotworowych
  • Określenia typu histologicznego nowotworu
  • Określenia stopnia zróżnicowania nowotworu (grading)

Badania laboratoryjne

Badania laboratoryjne nie są specyficzne dla diagnostyki raka trzonu macicy, ale mogą dostarczyć dodatkowych informacji o stanie zdrowia pacjentki i pomóc w planowaniu leczenia. Wykonuje się:123

  • Morfologię krwi (CBC) – może wykazać niedokrwistość spowodowaną przewlekłym krwawieniem z macicy.
  • Badania biochemiczne krwi – ocena funkcji nerek i wątroby.
  • Marker CA-125 – białko, którego poziom może być podwyższony w zaawansowanym raku trzonu macicy. Nie jest to badanie specyficzne dla diagnostyki wczesnego raka endometrium, ale może być użyteczne w monitorowaniu odpowiedzi na leczenie oraz wykrywaniu nawrotów choroby.

W niektórych przypadkach wykonuje się również zaawansowane badania genetyczne, które mogą pomóc w identyfikacji zmian w DNA napędzających wzrost nowotworu, co może wpłynąć na wybór odpowiedniej terapii.12

Ocena stopnia zaawansowania

Po potwierdzeniu diagnozy raka trzonu macicy, konieczne jest określenie stopnia zaawansowania choroby (staging), co ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wyboru odpowiedniej metody leczenia i rokowania.123

Klasyfikacja FIGO

Do oceny stopnia zaawansowania raka trzonu macicy stosuje się najczęściej klasyfikację FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) oraz system TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis). Klasyfikacja FIGO została zaktualizowana w 2023 roku, aby uwzględnić fakt, że niektóre typy raka endometrium są bardziej agresywne niż inne.12

Stopnie zaawansowania raka trzonu macicy według FIGO:123

  • Stopień I: Nowotwór ograniczony jest do trzonu macicy
  • Stopień II: Nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na szyjkę macicy
  • Stopień III: Nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na pochwę, jajniki lub węzły chłonne
  • Stopień IV: Nowotwór rozprzestrzenił się na pęcherz moczowy, odbytnicę, inne narządy lub kości odległe od macicy

Ocena zróżnicowania histologicznego (Grading)

Stopień zróżnicowania histologicznego nowotworu (grading) określa, jak bardzo komórki nowotworowe różnią się od prawidłowych komórek endometrium i jak szybko mogą rosnąć. Jest to ważny czynnik prognostyczny.123

Wyróżnia się następujące stopnie zróżnicowania:12

  • G1: Nowotwór dobrze zróżnicowany – komórki nowotworowe są bardzo podobne do prawidłowych komórek endometrium, zazwyczaj rosną wolno i rzadziej się rozprzestrzeniają
  • G2: Nowotwór średnio zróżnicowany
  • G3: Nowotwór słabo zróżnicowany – komórki nowotworowe znacznie różnią się od prawidłowych komórek endometrium, zwykle rosną szybciej i częściej się rozprzestrzeniają

Nowotwory o niższym stopniu zróżnicowania (G1) zazwyczaj rosną wolniej i mają lepsze rokowanie, podczas gdy nowotwory o wyższym stopniu zróżnicowania (G3) są bardziej agresywne i wiążą się z gorszym rokowaniem.12

Nowe metody diagnostyczne

Trwają badania nad nowymi, mniej inwazyjnymi metodami diagnostycznymi, które mogłyby ułatwić wczesne wykrywanie raka trzonu macicy.123

Test krwi oparty na technice spektroskopii w podczerwieni

Innowacyjny test wykorzystujący światło podczerwone do analizy próbek krwi wykazał obiecujące wyniki w wykrywaniu raka trzonu macicy. Badania wykazały, że test ten cechuje się:12

  • 87% czułością – wykrywał raka trzonu macicy w 87 ze 100 próbek od kobiet z tą chorobą
  • 78% swoistością – błędnie wskazywał na obecność raka tylko w 22 ze 100 próbek od zdrowych kobiet

Co istotne, test był szczególnie skuteczny w wykrywaniu zmian przedrakowych w endometrium, z czułością 100% i swoistością 88%. Metoda ta jest prosta, tania i nieinwazyjna, co stanowi znaczną przewagę nad obecnymi metodami diagnostycznymi.1

Test PCR w diagnostyce raka trzonu macicy

Naukowcy z UCL i Uniwersytetu w Innsbrucku opracowali nowy test PCR (WID-qEC), który identyfikuje kobiety z rakiem trzonu macicy na podstawie próbki pobranej z szyjki macicy lub pochwy. Test ten:123

  • Skutecznie zidentyfikował wszystkie osiem przypadków raka trzonu macicy w grupie 63 kobiet z krwawieniem pomenopauzalnym
  • Miał niski odsetek wyników fałszywie dodatnich (mniej niż 11% kobiet bez raka trzonu macicy)
  • Był bardziej specyficzny niż przezpochwowe USG
  • Wykazywał taką samą skuteczność dla wszystkich grup, niezależnie od wieku, pochodzenia etnicznego, statusu menopauzalnego oraz stopnia, stopnia złośliwości i rodzaju nowotworu

Test ten może potencjalnie skrócić czas do diagnozy, zapewnić bardziej specyficzne rozpoznanie i zmniejszyć potrzebę bolesnych i inwazyjnych interwencji diagnostycznych.12

Znaczenie wczesnej diagnostyki

Rak trzonu macicy ma bardzo dobre rokowanie, gdy zostanie wykryty we wczesnym stadium. Pięcioletnie wskaźniki przeżycia różnią się znacząco w zależności od stopnia zaawansowania choroby w momencie diagnozy:123

  • Dla wczesnego stadium (I stopień) – około 95-96% kobiet przeżywa 5 lat
  • Dla wszystkich stadiów raka trzonu macicy łącznie – około 80-90% kobiet przeżywa 5 lat

Wczesna diagnoza ma kluczowe znaczenie, ponieważ:12

  • Umożliwia leczenie mniej inwazyjnymi metodami
  • Zwiększa szanse na całkowite wyleczenie
  • Raka trzonu macicy we wczesnym stadium można często całkowicie wyleczyć poprzez usunięcie macicy (histerektomię)

Wnioski

Diagnostyka raka trzonu macicy opiera się na szeregu metod, z których najważniejsze to ultrasonografia przezpochwowa oraz biopsja endometrium. Ostateczne rozpoznanie zawsze wymaga potwierdzenia histopatologicznego. Ze względu na brak standardowych badań przesiewowych, kluczowe znaczenie ma zwracanie uwagi na objawy alarmowe, szczególnie nieprawidłowe krwawienia z dróg rodnych, które pozwalają na wczesne wykrycie choroby.12

Trwają badania nad nowymi, mniej inwazyjnymi metodami diagnostycznymi, które mogłyby ułatwić wczesne wykrywanie raka trzonu macicy. Rozwój takich technik jak testy oparte na spektroskopii w podczerwieni czy testy PCR na próbkach z szyjki macicy lub pochwy może w przyszłości zrewolucjonizować podejście do diagnostyki tego nowotworu.12

Wczesne wykrycie raka trzonu macicy, gdy jest jeszcze ograniczony do macicy, daje bardzo dobre rokowanie i wysokie wskaźniki przeżycia. Dlatego tak ważne jest, aby kobiety, szczególnie po menopauzie, zgłaszały się do lekarza przy pierwszych objawach krwawienia z dróg rodnych lub innych niepokojących symptomach.12

Kolejne rozdziały

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Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer): Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16409-uterine-cancer
    Uterine cancer includes two types of cancer: endometrial cancer (more common) and uterine sarcoma (rare). […] Treatment often consists of a hysterectomy to remove your uterus. […] Uterine cancer can refer to either endometrial cancer or uterine sarcoma. […] A diagnosis of uterine sarcoma is rare. […] In the United States, endometrial cancer is the most common cancer affecting the reproductive system of women. […] About 3% of women will receive a diagnosis of uterine cancer at some point during their lives. Each year, about 65,000 women receive a diagnosis. […] An accurate diagnosis is important so you can get the proper treatment. […] Your provider may perform one or more tests to confirm a diagnosis of uterine cancer: […] A certain amount of CA-125 can point to cancer in your body.
  • #1 ‘How I knew I had endometrial (uterine) cancer’: Six survivors share symptoms  | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/-how-i-knew-i-had-endometrial-cancer—six-survivors-share-their-symptoms-stories.h00-159621801.html
    Maria Lozano was already well into menopause when she started experiencing the most common symptom of endometrial cancer (also known as uterine cancer): abnormal vaginal bleeding. […] Post-menopausal bleeding is actually a wonderful signal the body gives us that something is not right, explains gynecologic oncologist Larissa Meyer, M.D. While not all postmenopausal bleeding is due to cancer, 90% of women with postmenopausal endometrial cancer experienced abnormal vaginal bleeding. […] Unlike ovarian cancer, which is often diagnosed in the later stages due to an absence of clear symptoms, vaginal bleeding after menopause is a sentinel sign of endometrial cancer that drives many people to see the doctor, she adds. […] Abnormal vaginal bleeding is such a common symptom of endometrial cancer that it occurs in much younger women, too.
  • #1 ‘How I knew I had endometrial (uterine) cancer’: Six survivors share symptoms  | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/-how-i-knew-i-had-endometrial-cancer—six-survivors-share-their-symptoms-stories.h00-159621801.html
    Not everyone with abnormal vaginal bleeding will be diagnosed with endometrial cancer. But other symptoms of this disease include pelvic pain, unexplained weight loss, and abnormal vaginal discharge. […] So, the bottom line is that if you have concerns about your cycle, or if you think you’re experiencing abnormal bleeding or any other symptom of endometrial cancer, talk to your gynecologist, she says. And, if you’re already in menopause and start bleeding again, get checked out. Because that’s not normal. Periods don’t just suddenly start up again years after they’ve stopped.
  • #1 Diagnosis of uterine cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/uterine/diagnosis
    Diagnosing uterine cancer usually begins with a visit to your family doctor. Your doctor will ask you about any symptoms you have and will do a physical exam. Based on this information, your doctor may refer you to a specialist or order tests to check for uterine cancer or other health problems. […] The following tests are commonly used to rule out or diagnose uterine cancer. Many of the same tests used to diagnose cancer are used to find out the stage, which is how far the cancer has progressed. Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. […] A physical exam allows your doctor to look for any signs of uterine cancer. During a physical exam, your doctor may: check your weight and blood pressure, listen to your chest, do a pelvic and rectal exam, feel the abdomen for an enlarged liver, any lumps, or fluid build up in the abdomen (called ascites), feel for swollen lymph nodes in the groin and above the collarbone.
  • #1 Screening for Uterine Cancer | Uterine Cancer | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/uterine-cancer/screening/index.html
    There are no screening tests for uterine cancer in women who do not have any signs or symptoms. […] The Pap test does not screen for uterine cancer. […] Diagnostic tests are used when a person has symptoms. The purpose of diagnostic tests is to find out (diagnose) what is causing the symptoms. […] If you have symptoms, your doctor may perform an endometrial biopsy or a transvaginal ultrasound. These tests can be used to help diagnose or rule out uterine cancer.
  • #1 Endometrial cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352466
    Diagnosing endometrial cancer […] During a pelvic exam, a doctor inserts one or two gloved fingers inside the vagina. Pressing down on the abdomen at the same time, the doctor can check the uterus, ovaries and other organs. […] During a transvaginal ultrasound, a healthcare professional or technician uses a wandlike device called a transducer. The transducer is inserted into your vagina while you lie on your back on an exam table. The transducer emits sound waves that generate images of your pelvic organs. […] During hysteroscopy (his-tur-OS-kuh-pee), a thin, lighted instrument provides a view of the inside of the uterus. This instrument also is called a hysteroscope. […] Tests and procedures used to diagnose endometrial cancer include: Examining the pelvis. A pelvic exam checks the reproductive organs. It’s often done during a regular checkup, but it might be needed if you have symptoms of endometrial cancer.
  • #1
    https://www.premierhealth.com/your-health/articles/women-wisdom-wellness-/7-steps-to-diagnosing-uterine-cancer
    For a better view of the inside of your uterus, your doctor may recommend a transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS). In this case, the transducer gets close-up images from inside your vagina. Your doctor can look for a mass (tumor) or see if the endometrium is thicker than usual, which can signal endometrial cancer. […] If the previous tests uncover an area of concern, your health care provider will remove tissue samples from the inner lining of your uterus so a pathologist can study them under a microscope. These methods are the most accurate way to prove if cancer is present. […] Screening for uterine cancer is based on symptoms. Patients who have abnormal bleeding after menopause should be evaluated by their OB-GYN or family practice doctor. […] We dont currently have a universal screening test for uterine cancer, in the same way that a mammogram helps identify breast cancer, Dr. Guy says. Researchers continue to investigate whether Pap smears, transvaginal ultrasound or endometrial sampling could be valuable screening tools in picking up uterine cancers early.
  • #1 Endometrial cancer – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352466
    Once your cancer has been diagnosed, your health care team works to determine the extent of your cancer, called the stage. […] Tests used to determine your cancer’s stage may include a chest X-ray, a CT scan, blood tests and positron emission tomography, also called a PET scan. […] Your health care team uses information from these tests and procedures to assign your cancer a stage. The stages of endometrial cancer are indicated using numbers ranging from 1 to 4.
  • #1 How We Diagnose Endometrial Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis
    Most appointments to diagnose endometrial cancer begin with a pelvic exam to check for abnormal areas or lumps around your vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. […] Endometrial cancer begins inside the uterus, so it infrequently appears in the results of a Pap test. […] For this reason, following an abnormal Pap test, a sample of endometrial tissue must be removed and examined for cancer cells. Cancer can be confirmed only by removing a small sample of tissue or cells (biopsy). […] When symptoms suggest endometrial cancer, the following tests may be used to detect cancer: Endometrial biopsy, Dilation and curettage, Transvaginal ultrasound. […] If endometrial cancer is found after examining uterine tissue samples, further tests may be done to see if the cancer cells have spread within the uterus or to other parts of the body.
  • #1 Uterine Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/cancer/gynecologic-cancer/uterine-cancer/treatment
    How is Uterine Cancer Diagnosed? Diagnosis If you come to your doctor with concerns about uterine cancer, they will discuss your symptoms, personal medical history, and family history with you. Afterward, they will perform one or more tests or examinations to achieve a diagnosis. Most endometrial cancers are diagnosed early. […] Diagnostic methods include: […] Your doctor will perform a pelvic exam to check for any lumps or changes in the lining or shape of the uterus. […] Your doctor may order an MRI, CT scan, or ultrasound to help diagnose potential uterine cancer. These kinds of tests can visually show changes in the uterine wall and help doctors further understand the size and severity of a tumor that has already been diagnosed. […] If a physical exam or imaging test reveals something suspicious, your doctor will likely order a biopsy of the uterine wall. Your physician will insert a small, flexible tube through the vagina into the uterus to collect a tissue sample, which a pathologist will then examine under a microscope to see if cancerous cells are present.
  • #1 Uterine Cancer: Diagnosis & Treatment | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/cancer/gynecologic-cancer/uterine-cancer/treatment
    Your doctor may order this procedure if an endometrial biopsy is not possible, or if they need to further examine the tissue of the uterus. Another way to remove a sample for inspection under a microscope, a DC is a minor procedure in which the cervix is dilated to allow your doctor to insert a thin instrument to remove tissue from the uterus.
  • #1 Cancer of the uterus
    https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/uterine_cancer/diagnosing_uterine_cancer.html
    Diagnosing cancer of the uterus […] Your doctor will usually start with a physical examination and ultrasound of the pelvic area, but a diagnosis of uterine cancer can only be made by removing a tissue sample for checking (biopsy). […] Cervical screening tests (formerly called Pap smears or tests) are not used to diagnose uterine cancer. […] A pelvic ultrasound appointment usually takes 15-30 minutes. The pictures can show if any masses (tumours) are present in the uterus. If anything appears unusual, your doctor will suggest you have a biopsy. […] The sample of cells will be sent to a specialist doctor called a pathologist for examination under a microscope. If the results of an endometrial biopsy are unclear, you may need another type of biopsy taken during a hysteroscopy. […] From the tissue sample, the pathologist will be able to confirm whether or not the cells are cancerous, and which type of cancer of the uterus it is.
  • #1 Diagnosis of uterine cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/uterine/diagnosis
    A CBC measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to check for anemia from vaginal bleeding. A CBC also gives doctors a baseline to compare future blood tests to during and after treatment. […] Transvaginal ultrasound can be used to: find out the thickness of the endometrium, see if there are any masses in the uterus, check if the cancer is growing into the muscle layer of the uterus wall (called the myometrium), check if the cancer has spread to other areas of the pelvis. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a pathology lab. The report from the lab will confirm whether or not cancer cells are present in the sample. […] Hysteroscopy is commonly done if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding. It can help doctors find and diagnose abnormal changes inside the uterus. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy to find out if the changes are non-cancerous, precancerous or cancerous.
  • #1 How to Test, Diagnose and Detect Uterine Cancer
    https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/uterine-cancer/diagnosis-and-detection
    A thorough and accurate cancer diagnosis is critical to determining a uterine cancer patients treatment plan. At City of Hope, our multidisciplinary team of experts use a broad range of tests and tools designed for diagnosing uterine cancer. […] The main tests to detect endometrial cancer fall into two categoriesultrasound and endometrial tissue sampling. […] Endometrial tissue sampling involves removing a small amount of tissue from the endometrium and may be done with one of the following procedures: […] Advanced genomic testing is the most common lab test for uterine cancer. The analysis examines a tumor for DNA alterations that are driving the growth of cancer. […] Many of the same methods used to detect and diagnose endometrial cancer are also utilized for detecting uterine sarcoma, including: […] Other kinds of tests may be needed to determine whether uterine sarcoma has spread beyond the uterus.
  • #1 Endometrial Cancer Stages | Uterine Cancer Staging | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/endometrial-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html
    After being diagnosed with endometrial cancer, doctors will try to figure out if it has spread and, if so, how far. This process is called staging. The stage of a cancer describes how much and where cancer is in the body. Knowing how advanced the cancer is helps determine how best to treat it. The stage is one of the most important factors in deciding how to treat the cancer and determining how successful the treatment might be. […] Doctors use diagnostic tests to determine the cancer’s stage. They will need information based on samples of tissue collected during surgery. Because of this, staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished and the surgery to remove the tumor has been done. […] The 2 systems used for staging endometrial cancer are the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) system and the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system.
  • #1 Screening and Diagnosis | Uterine Cancer | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI
    https://www.henryford.com/services/uterine-cancer/screening-and-diagnosis
    If the biopsy shows uterine cancer is present and it may have spread to other areas of the body, more tests will be done. It is important to know where the cancer cells have moved to create a personalized treatment plan. […] These imaging tests will help determine the location of the cancer cells that may have moved outside of the uterus. […] Your physical exam, biopsies, imaging, and other tests help your doctors find exactly where the cancer is located and the amount of it in the body. This process is called staging. […] There are four stages of uterine cancer. Stage 1: Cancer is the uterus only. Stage 2: Cancer has spread to the cervix. Stage 3: Cancer has spread to the vagina, ovaries, or lymph nodes. Stage 4: Cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, organs, or bones far from the uterus.
  • #1 Cancer of the uterus
    https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/uterine_cancer/diagnosing_uterine_cancer.html
    Grading describes how the cancer cells look compared to normal cells and estimates how fast the cancer is likely to grow. […] In general, the earlier cancer of the uterus is diagnosed, the better the prognosis. Most early-stage endometrial cancers have a good prognosis with high survival rates. If cancer is found after it has spread to other parts of the body (advanced cancer), the prognosis is not as good and there is a higher chance of the cancer coming back after treatment or continuing to grow.
  • #1 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis – Virginia Oncology
    https://www.virginiacancer.com/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis/
    If cancer is found, the pathologist studies tissue samples from the uterus under a microscope to learn the grade of the tumor. […] The grade tells how much the tumor tissue differs from normal uterine tissue. […] The following grades can be applied to endometrial cancer: […] The tumor grade will help the gynecologic oncologist determine the best treatment approach.
  • #1 Cancer Society NZ — Diagnosing uterus cancer
    https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/uterus-cancer/diagnosing-uterus-cancer/
    Generally, low-grade cancers tend to grow more slowly and are less likely to spread than high-grade cancers. […] The prognosis is the likely outcome of a disease. […] If the test results show uterine cancer, you may wish to speak with your treatment team about the prognosis. […] The doctors will look at the type and stage of the cancer as well as your age and general health to give a prognosis, but no doctor can predict the exact outcome for you.
  • #1 Womb cancer could be detected early with an inexpensive new blood test
    https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/womb-cancer-could-be-detected-early-with-an-inexpensive-new-blood-test/
    A simple, low-cost blood test offers great potential as a tool for diagnosing womb cancer, and for screening high-risk women. The test gives almost instant results and in a new study, it picked up changes in the womb that could lead to cancer (pre-cancerous growths). […] Current diagnostic procedures are expensive, invasive, or lack accuracy. […] The study confirms that an innovative, non-invasive technique could help to identify womb cancer early. […] There is a need for simple, effective new tools to help detect womb cancer in women with or without symptoms of the disease. […] Overall, this study showed that the new technique has the potential to detect womb cancer with: 87% sensitivity it could pick out womb cancer in 87 out of 100 samples from women who had the disease; 78% specificity it incorrectly suggested cancer in 22 out of 100 samples from healthy women.
  • #1 Womb cancer could be detected early with an inexpensive new blood test
    https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/womb-cancer-could-be-detected-early-with-an-inexpensive-new-blood-test/
    The test was most accurate for detecting the precancerous growths in the womb that can lead to cancer. It had: 100% sensitivity; 88% specificity. […] The results demonstrate that a simple, low-cost blood test can accurately detect womb cancer, as well as precancerous growths that could develop into the disease. […] This would reduce pressure on cancer diagnostic services. […] The test also has potential as a screening tool to help identify women with precancerous growths that could later develop into womb cancer helping to prevent the disease early and spare their fertility. […] Future clinical trials following healthy women at high-risk of womb cancer for many years will be needed. They will establish whether this approach offers benefits over current diagnostic procedures for the early detection of womb cancer.
  • #1 New test could speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/aug/new-test-could-speed-diagnosis-womb-cancer
    A ground-breaking new PCR test that identifies women with womb cancer from a sample taken from the cervix or vagina has been developed by researchers from UCL and the University of Innsbruck. […] The research, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, reports that the test is more accurate than current methods and may work equally well on all women. […] It is hoped that the research will speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer and reduce the need for more invasive, and often painful, diagnostic procedures such as hysteroscopy. […] The test successfully identified all eight cases of womb cancer within a cohort of 63 women presenting with post-menopausal bleeding. […] Additionally, only a few women without cancer were given a false positive result (less than 11% of the women without womb cancer), making the test more specific than transvaginal ultrasound.
  • #1 New test could speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/aug/new-test-could-speed-diagnosis-womb-cancer
    Professor Widschwendter said: It was critical to us that this research addressed all of the issues associated with current detection methods for womb cancer. Most importantly, using our test, far fewer women with abnormal bleeding will have to undergo invasive diagnostic procedures. […] For these women the simplicity and accuracy of the WID-qEC test offers real advantages for detecting womb cancer early. […] Womb cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the UK and the most common of the five gynaecological cancers, with over 9,700 people diagnosed every year in the UK. […] However, it can be difficult to detect, as the main symptom for the disease is usually abnormal bleeding and this can be mistaken for several other benign (non-cancerous) conditions, such as polyps, fibroids and endometriosis.
  • #1 Endometrial Cancer Treatment: How Doctors Treat Uterine Cancer
    https://www.webmd.com/cancer/understanding-endometrial-cancer-treatment
    The outlook for stage I endometrial cancer is very good. Around 9 out of 10 people are still alive five years after their diagnosis. […] It depends on the type. Most people have type 1, which grows slowly and usually stays inside the uterus. Type 2 endometrial cancers are more aggressive and spread quickly, but theyre less common. […] You’re more likely to get endometrial cancer if you have unopposed estrogen levels over time. […] It can. Estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) raises your odds of endometrial cancer because unbalanced estrogen can fuel it.
  • #1 Endometrial cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352461
    Endometrial cancer begins in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. […] Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, including uterine sarcoma, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer. […] Endometrial cancer is often found at an early stage because it causes symptoms. Often the first symptom is irregular vaginal bleeding. If endometrial cancer is found early, surgically removing the uterus often cures it. […] The cause of endometrial cancer isn’t known. What’s known is that something happens to cells in the lining of the uterus that changes them into cancer cells. […] Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, get changes in their DNA. […] To reduce your risk of endometrial cancer, you may wish to: Talk to your health care team about the risks of hormone therapy after menopause. […] If you’re considering hormone replacement therapy to help control menopause symptoms, ask about the risks and benefits. […] A hormone therapy medicine that combines estrogen and progestin can reduce this risk. […] The beginning process of diagnosing endometrial cancer.
  • #1 Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Cancer | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p468.html
    Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. It is the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States after breast, lung, and colorectal cancers. The most common presentation for endometrial cancer is postmenopausal bleeding. […] Evaluation of a patient with suspected disease should include a pregnancy test in women of childbearing age, complete blood count, and prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time if bleeding is heavy. Most guidelines recommend either transvaginal ultrasonography or endometrial biopsy as the initial study. […] The definitive diagnosis of endometrial cancer requires an endometrial tissue sample. […] Most guidelines recommend either transvaginal ultrasonography or endometrial biopsy as the initial study for the evaluation of endometrial cancer.
  • #1 Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer): Symptoms and Treatment
    https://patient.info/cancer/gynaecological-cancer/cancer-of-the-uterus-endometrial-cancer
    Chemotherapy is a treatment of cancer using anti-cancer medicines. […] Treatment with progesterone is used in some types of endometrial cancer. […] The outlook (prognosis) depends on the stage at which endometrial cancer is picked up. There is an excellent chance of a cure if cancer of the inside lining of the womb (uterus) is diagnosed and treated when the disease is at an early stage. […] This is why it is very important to see your doctor if you have any abnormal bleeding, particularly bleeding between periods or after the menopause.
  • #2 Uterine/Endometrial Cancer/GTD | Foundation For Women’s Cancer
    https://foundationforwomenscancer.org/gynecologic-cancers/gynecologic-cancer-types/uterine-endometrial-cancer-gtd/
    Cancer of the uterus arises from either the smooth muscle component or the epithelial component known as the endometrium. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic cancer and its incidence is rising. […] Cancer occurs when cells in an area of the body grow abnormally. Endometrial cancer is cancer of the lining of the uterus (called the endometrium). […] The most common warning sign for any uterine cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding. Recognition of this symptom often affords an opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment. […] When a person experiences concerning symptoms, a pelvic exam, including a rectovaginal exam, and a general physical should be performed. When the physical exam is abnormal and in most cases of abnormal bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding a pelvic ultrasound and/or endometrial biopsy will be obtained.
  • #2 Screening and Diagnosis | Uterine Cancer | Henry Ford Health – Detroit, MI
    https://www.henryford.com/services/uterine-cancer/screening-and-diagnosis
    Uterine cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. Each year, there are about 26 new cases of the disease for every 100,000 women. The cancer develops in the area where a baby grows, the uterus. Most uterine cancers stay in the uterus. […] Endometrial cancer (also called adenocarcinoma of the endometrium) is the most common uterine cancer. The disease develops in the lining of the uterus, and it is related to changes in hormone levels. […] Uterine cancer causes symptoms that often appear in the early stages of the disease. They include: Bleeding after menopause, Bleeding after intercourse or between periods, Pain in the pelvic area, Pain during sexual intercourse, Pain or difficulty when urinating, Discharge that is watery, bloody, or strong smelling, Frequent urination.
  • #2 Endometrial Cancer: Diagnosis | UMass Memorial Health
    https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/endometrial-cancer-diagnosis
    Cancer of the endometrium is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the lining of the uterus. It is highly curable when found early. […] If your healthcare provider thinks you might have endometrial cancer, usually because of abnormal vaginal bleeding, you’ll need certain exams and tests to be sure. Endometrial cancer is cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). Diagnosing endometrial cancer starts with your provider asking you questions. They’ll ask about your health history, symptoms, risk factors, and family history of disease. Your provider will also give you a physical exam. This will include a pelvic exam. […] Diagnosis may be done by a gynecologist. Or you may see a gynecologic oncologist. These providers specialize in treating cancers and other diseases of the female reproductive organs.
  • #2 How We Diagnose Endometrial Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis
    Endometrial cancer, sometimes referred to as uterine cancer, can be highly curable, and the treatment is based on the results of surgery and pathology. […] Our pathology division is one of only a few clinical services globally with a team of pathologists exclusively dedicated to the diagnosis and study of gynecologic cancers. […] Given these symptoms, our team of gynecologic cancer surgeons, working together with pathologists and radiologists, perform a combination of biopsies and imaging tests to check for endometrial cancer. Results for every patient are reviewed by a dedicated team of gynecologic pathologists, surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists. […] There is no standard screening test to identify endometrial cancer, so it’s important that you maintain regular gynecology evaluations and notify your doctor at the first sign of changes or symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, spotting, or discharge between periods or after menopause.
  • #2 Diagnosis of uterine cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/uterine/diagnosis
    A CBC measures the number and quality of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. A CBC is done to check for anemia from vaginal bleeding. A CBC also gives doctors a baseline to compare future blood tests to during and after treatment. […] Transvaginal ultrasound can be used to: find out the thickness of the endometrium, see if there are any masses in the uterus, check if the cancer is growing into the muscle layer of the uterus wall (called the myometrium), check if the cancer has spread to other areas of the pelvis. […] During a biopsy, the doctor removes tissues or cells from the body so they can be tested in a pathology lab. The report from the lab will confirm whether or not cancer cells are present in the sample. […] Hysteroscopy is commonly done if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding. It can help doctors find and diagnose abnormal changes inside the uterus. Tissue samples can be taken for biopsy to find out if the changes are non-cancerous, precancerous or cancerous.
  • #2 Womb (uterus) cancer | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/womb-uterus-cancer/
    Diagnosing womb cancer is crucial if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding. […] Your GP will probably carry out a physical examination of your pelvic area, including your vagina, womb, ovaries, and bladder. […] You may be referred to a specialist in conditions of the female reproductive organs (a gynaecologist) for further tests. […] In 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidelines to help GPs recognise the signs and symptoms of gynaecological cancer and refer people for the right tests faster. […] Another test you may have is called a transvaginal ultrasound (TVU). […] The TVU checks whether there are any changes to the thickness of the lining of your uterus that could be caused by the presence of cancerous cells. […] If the results of the TVU detect changes in the thickness of the lining of the uterus, you will usually have a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
  • #2 Diagnosis of uterine cancer | Canadian Cancer Society
    https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/uterine/diagnosis
    Tumour marker tests are generally used to check your response to cancer treatment. They can also be used to diagnose uterine cancer. […] A higher than normal level may mean that there is advanced or metastatic uterine cancer. […] A CT scan is used to find out if the cancer has spread to other organs or if it has come back after treatment. […] MRI is used to find out how far the cancer has grown into, or invaded, the muscle layer of uterus wall (called the myometrium). It may also help doctors determine if the cancer has spread to other organs or if it has come back after treatment.
  • #2 Uterine Cancer and Hysteroscopy Diagnosis
    https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/uterine-cancer-hysteroscopy
    Hysteroscopy is a procedure that can help diagnose uterine cancer. It uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end to help a doctor see inside your uterus. Biopsy samples can be collected during this procedure, if necessary. […] A hysteroscopy can be a part of the uterine cancer diagnostic process. It may be used if you’re having symptoms of uterine cancer like abnormal uterine bleeding. […] Roughly 80% of uterine cancers are endometrial cancer, which begins in the inner lining of your uterus. Because hysteroscopy allows a doctor to view this inner lining as well as collect biopsy samples, it’s a valuable tool in the diagnosis of this type of cancer. […] A 2020 review notes that the fact that hysteroscopy allows for direct visualization and sampling of lesions in your uterine lining gives it an advantage over other procedures for uterine cancer diagnosis, such as dilation and curettage (D and C).
  • #2 Endometrial Biopsy: Pain, Procedure, Results & Recovery
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/15676-endometrial-biopsy
    An endometrial biopsy is a procedure where your healthcare provider removes a small piece of tissue from the lining of your uterus (the endometrium) to examine it for cancer or other irregularities. […] An endometrial biopsy is the most common and accurate test to diagnose endometrial cancer. […] If your results are abnormal, that means your provider found abnormal cells. The possible reasons for abnormal results could be: Endometrial cancer. […] Endometrial biopsy is a procedure your healthcare provider may use to diagnose endometrial cancer or find the cause of irregular bleeding.
  • #2 Diagnosis of endometrial cancer – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3791828/
    Screening and initial diagnosis of endometrial cancer can be accomplished by cytologic or histologic sampling techniques when these are positive for malignant cells. When they are negative, the evaluation of the symptomatic patient requires further diagnostic procedures. Fractional dilatation and curettage remains the most reliable method and can begin to establish extent of disease. […] Once the diagnosis has been established, a careful search for metastatic disease begins with careful pelvic examination and chest X-ray. […] Preoperative computed axial tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging can direct a thin needle biopsy to prove metastatic disease when enlarged nodes are seen. […] Surgical evaluation must include removal of the uterus, tubes and ovaries, sampling of the pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes, and cytology on washings of the pelvic cavity for determination of the extent of disease and of factors placing the patient at high risk for disseminated metastases. […] Speedy and accurate evaluation and diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma and extent of disease can direct timely treatment and offer the patient the best chance for survival.
  • #2 Diagnosis – Endometrial Cancer – Cancers We Treat – Wilmot Cancer Institute – University of Rochester Medical Center
    https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute/cancers/endometrial/diagnosis
    Endometrial biopsy: This is the most common test and its accurate in diagnosing cancer in postmenopausal women. A doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube into the uterus and removes a tissue sample, which is then evaluated by a pathologist. […] Hysteroscopy: This test is similar to an endometrial biopsy but it involves inserting a tiny telescope into the uterus so that the doctor can get a better view. This is often done while the patient is awake but under local anesthesia. […] Dilation and curettage (DC): A doctor enlarges the opening of the cervix and uses a special instrument to scape tissue from several spots inside the uterus. This procedure may require a general anesthesia but is done as an outpatient surgery. This test is necessary if the biopsy sample doesnt provide enough tissue or of the pathology test results are uncertain. […] Imaging: CT scans, MRIs, PET scans, or cystoscopy (a lighted tube is placed into the bladder), are used if doctors suspect the cancer has spread.
  • #2 Tests for Cancer of the Uterus | Cancer Council NSW
    https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/uterine-cancer/diagnosis/tests/
    Your doctor will usually start with a physical examination and ultrasound of the pelvic area, but cancer of the uterus (endometrial cancer) can only be diagnosed by removing a tissue sample for checking (biopsy). Cervical screening tests (formerly called Pap smears or tests) are not used to diagnose this cancer. […] A pelvic ultrasound appointment usually takes 15–30 minutes. The pictures can show if any masses (tumours) are present in the uterus. If anything appears unusual, your doctor will suggest you have a biopsy. […] The tissue sample will be sent to a laboratory, and a specialist doctor called a pathologist will look at the cells under a microscope. The pathologist will be able to confirm whether or not the cells are cancerous, and which type of cancer of the uterus it is.
  • #2 Tests for uterine cancer: How it is diagnosed
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/test-for-uterine-cancer
    Uterine cancer starts in the uterus. Doctors can order several tests, including blood and imaging tests, to diagnose and monitor the progression of this cancer. […] Doctors may order different tests to diagnose and monitor uterine cancer, including blood tests, uterine biopsies, ultrasound scanning, and imaging tests. […] Two types of blood tests can help diagnose and monitor uterine cancer: a complete blood count and the CA-125 blood test. […] Uterine cancer can cause atypical bleeding, resulting in a low red blood cell count. […] Testing may vary depending on: the symptoms a person has, the person’s medical history, any risk factors the person has. […] If a person has symptoms or risk factors, the gynecologist may perform a uterine biopsy or a transvaginal ultrasound. […] These tests can help diagnose uterine cancer or eliminate it as a possible cause.
  • #2 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/endometrial-cancer/endometrial-cancer-diagnosis.html
    Blood tests will likely be done as well to give more information about how your body is functioning and may provide additional information about the disease. […] The Gynecological Cancer Genetics Clinic at MD Anderson offers genetic testing for some women with endometrial cancer or who are at risk.
  • #2 How We Diagnose Endometrial Cancer | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
    https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis
    The process used to find out if and how far the cancer has spread beyond the uterus is called staging. […] Information from exams and diagnostic tests is used to determine the extent of the tumor, and whether or not the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other organs. […] However, the staging of endometrial cancer is the most important factor in determining a treatment plan.
  • #2 Endometrial Cancer Stages | Uterine Cancer Staging | American Cancer Society
    https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/endometrial-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html
    The staging system in the table below uses the pathologic stage. It’s determined by examining tissue removed during an operation. This is also known as surgical staging. Sometimes, if surgery isn’t possible right away, the cancer will be given a clinical stage instead. The clinical stage is based on the results of a physical exam, biopsy, and imaging tests done before surgery. […] The FIGO staging system was updated in 2023 to reflect that some types of endometrial cancer are more aggressive than others. […] Endometrial cancer staging can be complex, so ask your doctor to explain it to you in a way you understand.
  • #2 Uterine Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis & Tests | Banner MD Anderson
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/uterine-cancer/tests-and-diagnosis
    Imaging tests are used to see if uterine cancer has spread. These imaging tests can include: CT scan, MRI, PET. […] The prognosis for uterine cancer depends on the stage and type of the disease upon diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for women with uterine cancer is approximately 80-90 percent, depending on the stage of cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. […] Uterine cancer can be diagnosed in many stages. Doctors utilize a system called the International Federations of Gynecology and Obstetrics to stage uterine cancer. The staging is classified by: (T): The size of the tumor, (N): Spreading to lymph nodes, (M): Spreading throughout the body (metastasis). […] Always consult with your doctor to determine an accurate diagnosis and get you on a treatment plan.
  • #2 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis – Virginia Oncology
    https://www.virginiacancer.com/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis/
    If cancer is found, the pathologist studies tissue samples from the uterus under a microscope to learn the grade of the tumor. […] The grade tells how much the tumor tissue differs from normal uterine tissue. […] The following grades can be applied to endometrial cancer: […] The tumor grade will help the gynecologic oncologist determine the best treatment approach.
  • #2 Cancer Society NZ — Diagnosing uterus cancer
    https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/uterus-cancer/diagnosing-uterus-cancer/
    Generally, low-grade cancers tend to grow more slowly and are less likely to spread than high-grade cancers. […] The prognosis is the likely outcome of a disease. […] If the test results show uterine cancer, you may wish to speak with your treatment team about the prognosis. […] The doctors will look at the type and stage of the cancer as well as your age and general health to give a prognosis, but no doctor can predict the exact outcome for you.
  • #2 Diagnosis Endometrial Cancers | by Portland Cancer Experts
    https://www.compassoncology.com/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis
    If cancer is found, the pathologist studies tissue samples from the uterus under a microscope to learn the grade of the tumor. The grade tells how much the tumor tissue differs from normal uterine tissue. It may suggest how fast the tumor is likely to grow. Tumors with higher grades tend to grow faster than those with lower grades. Tumors with higher grades are also more likely to spread. Doctors use tumor grade along with other factors to suggest treatment options.
  • #2 Womb cancer could be detected early with an inexpensive new blood test
    https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/womb-cancer-could-be-detected-early-with-an-inexpensive-new-blood-test/
    The test was most accurate for detecting the precancerous growths in the womb that can lead to cancer. It had: 100% sensitivity; 88% specificity. […] The results demonstrate that a simple, low-cost blood test can accurately detect womb cancer, as well as precancerous growths that could develop into the disease. […] This would reduce pressure on cancer diagnostic services. […] The test also has potential as a screening tool to help identify women with precancerous growths that could later develop into womb cancer helping to prevent the disease early and spare their fertility. […] Future clinical trials following healthy women at high-risk of womb cancer for many years will be needed. They will establish whether this approach offers benefits over current diagnostic procedures for the early detection of womb cancer.
  • #2 New test could speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/aug/new-test-could-speed-diagnosis-womb-cancer
    Professor Widschwendter said: It was critical to us that this research addressed all of the issues associated with current detection methods for womb cancer. Most importantly, using our test, far fewer women with abnormal bleeding will have to undergo invasive diagnostic procedures. […] For these women the simplicity and accuracy of the WID-qEC test offers real advantages for detecting womb cancer early. […] Womb cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the UK and the most common of the five gynaecological cancers, with over 9,700 people diagnosed every year in the UK. […] However, it can be difficult to detect, as the main symptom for the disease is usually abnormal bleeding and this can be mistaken for several other benign (non-cancerous) conditions, such as polyps, fibroids and endometriosis.
  • #2 New test could speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/aug/new-test-could-speed-diagnosis-womb-cancer
    In the UK, those who are suspected of having womb cancer are referred for a transvaginal ultrasound, where a small scanner probe is placed into the vagina to get a detailed picture of the inside of the womb and help look for signs of a thickened womb lining (endometrium). […] These procedures can be invasive and painful. […] However, early results from WID-qEC show that the test was as effective for all groups regardless of age, ethnicity, being pre- or post-menopausal, and the stage, grade and type of cancer they have. […] This research shows real promise in reducing the time to diagnosis, providing a specific diagnosis for everyone and reducing the need for painful and invasive interventions.
  • #2 Endometrial Cancer – Uterine Cancer
    https://www.webmd.com/uterine-cancer/understanding-endometrial-cancer-basics
    Endometrial cancer usually happens after menopause. More than 95% of endometrial cancer affects those over 40. […] „Black women are at higher risk of developing endometrial cancer and also dying of endometrial cancer compared to other races, said Jeffrey How, MD, MPH, assistant professor in the department of gynecologic oncology and reproductive medicine at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. […] Your outlook depends on how far your cancer has spread when you were diagnosed with it. […] For localized endometrial cancer, the five-year relative survival rate is 96%. […] Most endometrial cancer cant be prevented. But there are certain things you can do that may lower your chances of getting it. […] This cancer is very curable when caught early. The vast majority of patients with stage I endometrial cancers, which the vast majority of endometrial cancers, are cured, said Kim.
  • #2 Endometrial Cancer
    https://www.parkwaycancercentre.com/idn/learn-about-cancer/types-of-cancer/cancer-details/endometrial-cancer
    Early detection of endometrial cancer leads to a higher chance of a good outcome and cure. If you have any of these symptoms, you should see a doctor promptly to be checked out and treated if needed. […] The first goal of endometrial cancer treatment is to get rid of the cancer. Cure is likely if the cancer is detected early. […] Endometrial cancer can be treated with the following methods, often used in combination: Surgery, Radiation therapy, Chemotherapy, Hormonal therapy, Targeted therapy, Immunotherapy. […] The overall 5-year relative survival rate across all uterine cancer cases (including endometrial cancer and rarer forms of uterine cancer) in Singapore is around 72%. However, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the higher the likelihood for cure.
  • #2 Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Cancer | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p468.html
    Transvaginal ultrasonography is often the initial diagnostic study of choice when evaluating for endometrial cancer because of its availability, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity. […] The mainstay of treatment is total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy, and pelvic washing to stage the disease. […] Management of endometrial cancer is broken down into surgical and nonsurgical therapies. All patients with endometrial hyperplasia should have testing to rule out concurrent adenocarcinoma. […] The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics tumor-node-metastasis staging system of endometrial cancer was updated in 2009 and appears better able to predict prognosis compared with the previously published 1988 system. […] Survival is based on the stage and histology of the diagnosis. Most patients with stage I and II endometrial cancer will have a favorable prognosis, whereas patients with stage III or IV endometrial cancer will have a worse likelihood of survival.
  • #2 Uterine cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/uterine-cancer
    Radiation therapy, the use of x-rays to kill or injure cancer cells, is commonly used as an additional treatment to reduce the chance of the cancer coming back. […] Hormone therapy is usually given if the cancer has spread or if the cancer has come back (recurred). […] Chemotherapy is used to treat certain types of uterine cancer, or when cancer comes back after surgery or radiotherapy, or if the cancer is not responding to hormone treatment. […] Immunotherapy is a type of drug treatment that uses the bodys own immune system to fight cancer. […] Targeted therapy is a drug treatment that attacks specific features of cancer cells to stop the cancer growing and spreading. […] In some cases of uterine cancer, your medical team may talk to you about palliative care. […] There is currently no national screening program for uterine cancer available in Australia. […] There are no proven measures to prevent uterine cancer. […] However, you may be able to minimise your risk factors, such as maintaining a healthy weight, and being vigilant about any abnormal vaginal bleeding. […] In most cases, early diagnosis of uterine cancer has a good prognosis.
  • #3 Endometrial cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endometrial-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20352461
    Endometrial cancer begins in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. […] Endometrial cancer is sometimes called uterine cancer. Other types of cancer can form in the uterus, including uterine sarcoma, but they are much less common than endometrial cancer. […] Endometrial cancer is often found at an early stage because it causes symptoms. Often the first symptom is irregular vaginal bleeding. If endometrial cancer is found early, surgically removing the uterus often cures it. […] The cause of endometrial cancer isn’t known. What’s known is that something happens to cells in the lining of the uterus that changes them into cancer cells. […] Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, get changes in their DNA. […] To reduce your risk of endometrial cancer, you may wish to: Talk to your health care team about the risks of hormone therapy after menopause. […] If you’re considering hormone replacement therapy to help control menopause symptoms, ask about the risks and benefits. […] A hormone therapy medicine that combines estrogen and progestin can reduce this risk. […] The beginning process of diagnosing endometrial cancer.
  • #3
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/womb-cancer/symptoms/
    Main symptoms of womb cancer can include: […] Other symptoms of womb cancer can include: […] See a GP if: you have any symptoms of womb cancer […] It’s important to get the symptoms checked by a GP. […] If they’re caused by cancer, finding it early can mean it’s easier to treat. […] The GP may refer you for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if they think you have a condition that needs to be investigated. […] You may get an urgent referral for more tests or to see a specialist in hospital if the GP thinks you have symptoms which could be cancer.
  • #3 Womb (uterus) cancer | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/womb-uterus-cancer/
    Diagnosing womb cancer is crucial if you have abnormal vaginal bleeding. […] Your GP will probably carry out a physical examination of your pelvic area, including your vagina, womb, ovaries, and bladder. […] You may be referred to a specialist in conditions of the female reproductive organs (a gynaecologist) for further tests. […] In 2015, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidelines to help GPs recognise the signs and symptoms of gynaecological cancer and refer people for the right tests faster. […] Another test you may have is called a transvaginal ultrasound (TVU). […] The TVU checks whether there are any changes to the thickness of the lining of your uterus that could be caused by the presence of cancerous cells. […] If the results of the TVU detect changes in the thickness of the lining of the uterus, you will usually have a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
  • #3 Cancer of the uterus
    https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/uterine_cancer/diagnosing_uterine_cancer.html
    Diagnosing cancer of the uterus […] Your doctor will usually start with a physical examination and ultrasound of the pelvic area, but a diagnosis of uterine cancer can only be made by removing a tissue sample for checking (biopsy). […] Cervical screening tests (formerly called Pap smears or tests) are not used to diagnose uterine cancer. […] A pelvic ultrasound appointment usually takes 15-30 minutes. The pictures can show if any masses (tumours) are present in the uterus. If anything appears unusual, your doctor will suggest you have a biopsy. […] The sample of cells will be sent to a specialist doctor called a pathologist for examination under a microscope. If the results of an endometrial biopsy are unclear, you may need another type of biopsy taken during a hysteroscopy. […] From the tissue sample, the pathologist will be able to confirm whether or not the cells are cancerous, and which type of cancer of the uterus it is.
  • #3 Uterine Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis & Tests | Banner MD Anderson
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/uterine-cancer/tests-and-diagnosis
    Imaging tests are used to see if uterine cancer has spread. These imaging tests can include: CT scan, MRI, PET. […] The prognosis for uterine cancer depends on the stage and type of the disease upon diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for women with uterine cancer is approximately 80-90 percent, depending on the stage of cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. […] Uterine cancer can be diagnosed in many stages. Doctors utilize a system called the International Federations of Gynecology and Obstetrics to stage uterine cancer. The staging is classified by: (T): The size of the tumor, (N): Spreading to lymph nodes, (M): Spreading throughout the body (metastasis). […] Always consult with your doctor to determine an accurate diagnosis and get you on a treatment plan.
  • #3 Uterine cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/uterine-cancer
    A hysteroscope is a telescope-like device which is inserted through your vagina into your uterus and allows a gynaecologist or gynaecological oncologist to see inside your uterus. […] Blood and urine tests may be used to assess your general health and inform treatment decisions. […] If cancer is detected in your uterus, you may have other scans to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body, such as an x-ray, CT scan or MRI scan. […] After being diagnosed with cancer the uterus, you may feel shocked, upset, anxious or confused. […] For most women with uterine cancer, surgery will be the only treatment required, particularly if the cancer is diagnosed early and has not spread to other parts of the body. […] The most common form of treatment for cancer of the uterus is surgically removing the uterus and cervix.
  • #3 Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Cancer | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0315/p468.html
    Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy. It is the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States after breast, lung, and colorectal cancers. The most common presentation for endometrial cancer is postmenopausal bleeding. […] Evaluation of a patient with suspected disease should include a pregnancy test in women of childbearing age, complete blood count, and prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time if bleeding is heavy. Most guidelines recommend either transvaginal ultrasonography or endometrial biopsy as the initial study. […] The definitive diagnosis of endometrial cancer requires an endometrial tissue sample. […] Most guidelines recommend either transvaginal ultrasonography or endometrial biopsy as the initial study for the evaluation of endometrial cancer.
  • #3 Diagnosing Endometrial Cancer | Affiliated Oncologists
    https://aocancer.com/education-resources/types-of-cancer/endometrial-cancer/diagnosis
    If you have symptoms that suggest endometrial cancer, your gynecologist or primary care physician will take steps to find out whats causing the problems. […] An examination is the first step. Your doctor will feel your abdomen from the outside and perform a pelvic exam to see if there is anything unusual they can feel or see. […] CA-125 is a substance released into the bloodstream by many, but not all, endometrial and ovarian cancers. Higher levels of CA-125 can be a sign that cancer is present and additional testing is needed. […] A thin tube is inserted through the vagina into your uterus. Your doctor uses gentle scraping and suction to remove samples of tissue. A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells. In most cases, a biopsy is the only sure way to tell whether cancer is present. This test is typically very accurate for women who are at menopause.
  • #3 Uterine Cancer Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/258148-workup
    Diagnosis of uterine cancer rests on tissue pathology. The easiest way is to obtain tissue by performing an endometrial biopsy in the office. […] The technique of dilatation and curettage (DC) remains an important option for the diagnosis of endometrial cancer. […] Atypical glandular cells (AGC) reported on a Papanicolaou test result are associated with cancer 3-17% of the time. […] Uterine sarcomas are difficult to diagnose by endometrial sampling, imaging, or clinical history. The diagnosis is not made until pathologic examination of myomectomy or hysterectomy specimen.
  • #3 Endometrial Cancer Diagnosis | MD Anderson Cancer Center
    https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/endometrial-cancer/endometrial-cancer-diagnosis.html
    Blood tests will likely be done as well to give more information about how your body is functioning and may provide additional information about the disease. […] The Gynecological Cancer Genetics Clinic at MD Anderson offers genetic testing for some women with endometrial cancer or who are at risk.
  • #3 Screening, Diagnosis and Stages of Endometrial Cancer – Brigham and Women’s Hospital
    https://www.brighamandwomens.org/cancer/endometrial-cancer/screening-diagnosis-and-stages
    Screening tests aim to find a disease before symptoms appear, while diagnostic tests are used when symptoms are present. Currently, there are no standard screening tests for endometrial cancer or uterine sarcoma. […] The doctor will likely begin with a physical exam and a pelvic ultrasound, but uterine cancer can only be diagnosed through a biopsy, where a tissue sample is examined. […] To confirm the presence of cancer, a biopsy is performed. This procedure involves obtaining small tissue samples from the endometrium, which are then examined under a microscope. […] The collected tissue is then examined by a pathologist for the presence of cancer cells. […] Blood tests can help find certain markers or hormones that may indicate the presence of cancer. […] Understanding your stage of cancer helps your care team determine the most effective way to treat your cancer. […] Endometrial cancer is staged based on three primary factors: the size and extent of the tumor, the involvement of nearby lymph nodes and the presence of metastasis to distant sites.
  • #3 Cancer Society NZ — Diagnosing uterus cancer
    https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/uterus-cancer/diagnosing-uterus-cancer/
    CT scan A CT scan creates a 3D picture of the inside of your body. It can show smaller cancers than an x-ray and enlarged lymph nodes. […] PET-CT scan A PET-CT scan uses a radioactive dye injected into your arm that will show up in areas affected by cancer. You may have to travel for this scan. […] Uterine cancer staging describes the cancer’s size and if it has spread to other parts of your body. […] If your test results show uterine cancer, the cancer will be given a stage between 1 and 4. […] Staging helps your cancer treatment team recommend the best treatment for you. […] The grade of the cancer describes what the cancer cells look like compared to normal cells. […] This tells the treatment team how quickly the cancer is growing and the risk that it may spread to other parts of your body.
  • #3 Cancer Society NZ — Diagnosing uterus cancer
    https://www.cancer.org.nz/cancer/types-of-cancer/uterus-cancer/diagnosing-uterus-cancer/
    Generally, low-grade cancers tend to grow more slowly and are less likely to spread than high-grade cancers. […] The prognosis is the likely outcome of a disease. […] If the test results show uterine cancer, you may wish to speak with your treatment team about the prognosis. […] The doctors will look at the type and stage of the cancer as well as your age and general health to give a prognosis, but no doctor can predict the exact outcome for you.
  • #3 New test could speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/aug/new-test-could-speed-diagnosis-womb-cancer
    A ground-breaking new PCR test that identifies women with womb cancer from a sample taken from the cervix or vagina has been developed by researchers from UCL and the University of Innsbruck. […] The research, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, reports that the test is more accurate than current methods and may work equally well on all women. […] It is hoped that the research will speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer and reduce the need for more invasive, and often painful, diagnostic procedures such as hysteroscopy. […] The test successfully identified all eight cases of womb cancer within a cohort of 63 women presenting with post-menopausal bleeding. […] Additionally, only a few women without cancer were given a false positive result (less than 11% of the women without womb cancer), making the test more specific than transvaginal ultrasound.
  • #3 New test could speed up the diagnosis of womb cancer | UCL News – UCL – University College London
    https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2022/aug/new-test-could-speed-diagnosis-womb-cancer
    In the UK, those who are suspected of having womb cancer are referred for a transvaginal ultrasound, where a small scanner probe is placed into the vagina to get a detailed picture of the inside of the womb and help look for signs of a thickened womb lining (endometrium). […] These procedures can be invasive and painful. […] However, early results from WID-qEC show that the test was as effective for all groups regardless of age, ethnicity, being pre- or post-menopausal, and the stage, grade and type of cancer they have. […] This research shows real promise in reducing the time to diagnosis, providing a specific diagnosis for everyone and reducing the need for painful and invasive interventions.
  • #3 Uterine Cancer Symptoms & Screening | Univ. of CO Oncology
    https://cancer.coloradowomenshealth.com/cancer-resources/gynecologic-cancers/endometrial/index.html
    Uterine (or endometrial) cancer originates in the layers of cells in the uterus lining, called the endometrium, and involves the unregulated growth of cells to form cancerous tumors. […] Heavy, abnormal bleeding may be an indicator of endometrial cancer, but a biopsy must be performed in order to confirm a diagnosis. […] Endometrial cancer is often detected at an early stage and has a high cure rate. The 5-year survival rate for women with endometrial cancer is 82 percent. When detected before spreading out of the uterus, overall endometrial cancer survival rate is around 96 percent. […] In order to confirm an endometrial cancer diagnosis, a doctor performs a transvaginal ultrasound to take pictures of the pelvic region. If the tissue looks suspicious, a doctor will perform a biopsy to sample the tissue and confirm whether cancer cells are present.
  • #4 Uterine cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council
    https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/uterine-cancer
    Cancer of the uterus occurs when abnormal cells develop in the uterus and begin growing out of control. […] Uterine cancer is often referred to as endometrial cancer as this is the most common form. […] It is estimated that 3,422 people were diagnosed with uterine cancer in 2024. The average age at diagnosis is 65 years old. […] Uterine cancer is the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia, and it is estimated that one in 44 females will be diagnosed by the time they are 85. […] Tests to diagnose uterine cancer include: […] The doctor may check your abdomen for swelling. […] A pelvic ultrasound will use soundwaves to make a picture of your uterus and ovaries. […] If anything appears unusual, the doctor may suggest a biopsy. […] An endometrial biopsy is done in the specialists office.

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