Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Bladder cancer develops when cells in the bladder begin to grow abnormally, forming a tumor in the bladder. […] Bladder cancer begins when cells in the bladder develop changes (mutations) in their DNA. A cell’s DNA contains instructions that tell the cell what to do. The changes tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when healthy cells would die. The abnormal cells form a tumor that can invade and destroy normal body tissue. In time, the abnormal cells can break away and spread (metastasize) through the body. […] Factors that may increase bladder cancer risk include: Smoking. Smoking cigarettes, cigars or pipes may increase the risk of bladder cancer by causing harmful chemicals to accumulate in the urine. When you smoke, your body processes the chemicals in the smoke and excretes some of them in your urine. These harmful chemicals may damage the lining of your bladder, which can increase your risk of cancer.

• #1 The Etiology of Bladder Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585966/

  Urothelial cancer of the bladder, known as bladder cancer, is one of the most common cancers in the world. The incidence is rising steadily particularly in developed nations where tobacco smoking is prevalent. […] The incidence of carcinoma of bladder have been rising, especially in Europe and North America, largely due to tobacco smoking. […] The most significant modifiable risk factor for bladder cancers is tobacco smoking. Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer by up to four times, with mortality from bladder cancer due to smoking is only second to lung cancer due to smoking. […] Another important modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer is exposure to hazardous environmental and/or occupational compounds found in dye, paint, rubber, petroleum, and metal industries.

• #1 Bladder cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bladder-cancer/

  It’s estimated that just over a third of all cases of bladder cancer are caused by smoking. People who smoke may be up to four times more likely to develop bladder cancer than non-smokers. […] Exposure to certain industrial chemicals is the second biggest risk factor. Previous studies have estimated that this may account for around 25% of cases. […] Chemicals known to increase the risk of bladder cancer include: aniline dyes, 2-Naphthylamine, 4-Aminobiphenyl, xenylamine, benzidine, o-toluidine. […] The link between bladder cancer and these types of occupations was discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. Since then, regulations relating to exposure to cancer-causing chemicals have been made much more rigorous and many of the chemicals listed above have been banned. […] However, these chemicals are still linked with cases of bladder cancer now, as it can take up to 30 years after initial exposure to the chemicals before the condition starts to develop.

• #1 Bladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/patients/bladder-cancer-faqs/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Arsenic has been associated with bladder cancer when present at significant levels in drinking water. The likelihood of potentially harmful levels of arsenic in water depends on locality and the water source being used (e.g., a private well versus a fully regulated municipal water supply). […] Responsible for an estimated 25% of all cases of bladder cancer, workplace exposure is the second major cause of bladder cancer behind smoking. Evidence strongly supports a link between bladder cancer and occupations within the dye, rubber, leather, and aluminium industries as well as dye users, machinists (e.g., metalworking machinists, textile machine operators), painters, mechanics, and truck drivers. […] Chemicals or substances implicated in workplace exposures include aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel engine exhaust, combustion products, leather dust, mineral oils, chlorinated solvents, creosote, herbicides/pesticides, and asbestos.

• #1 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Up to 80% of bladder cancer cases are associated with environmental exposure. Tobacco use is by far the most common cause of bladder cancer in the United States and is increasing in importance in some developing countries. Smoking duration and intensity are directly related to increased risk. The risk of developing bladder carcinoma is 2-6 times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers. This risk appears to be similar in men and women. Nitrosamine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobiphenyl are possible carcinogenic agents found in cigarette smoke. […] A number of occupations involve exposure to substances that may increase risk for bladder cancer. Of occupationally related bladder cancer cases, the incidence rate is highest in workers exposed to aromatic amines, while mortality is greatest in those exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Numerous occupations associated with diesel exhaust, petroleum products, and solvents (eg, auto work, truck driving, plumbing, leather and apparel work, rubber and metal work) have also been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.

• #1 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Increasing age. Bladder cancer risk increases as you age. Though it can occur at any age, most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55. […] Being male. Men are more likely to develop bladder cancer than women are. […] Exposure to certain chemicals. Your kidneys play a key role in filtering harmful chemicals from your bloodstream and moving them into your bladder. Because of this, it’s thought that being around certain chemicals may increase the risk of bladder cancer. Chemicals linked to bladder cancer risk include arsenic and chemicals used in the manufacture of dyes, rubber, leather, textiles and paint products. […] Previous cancer treatment. Treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. People who received radiation treatments aimed at the pelvis for a previous cancer have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #1 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors | How Do You Get Bladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  People who drink a lot of fluids each day tend to have lower rates of bladder cancer. […] White people are about twice as likely to develop bladder cancer as African American and Hispanic people. […] The risk of bladder cancer increases with age. […] Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women. […] Urinary infections, kidney and bladder stones, bladder catheters left in place a long time, and other causes of chronic (ongoing) bladder irritation have been linked to bladder cancer. […] Having cancer in the lining of any part of the urinary tract puts you at higher risk of having another cancer. […] Before birth, there’s a connection between the belly button and the bladder. […] People who have family members with bladder cancer have a higher risk of getting it themselves. […] Taking the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide for a long time can irritate the bladder and increase the risk of bladder cancer. […] People who get radiation to the pelvis to treat other types of cancer are more likely to develop bladder cancer.

• #1 Bladder cancer – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20356104

  Chronic bladder inflammation. Chronic or repeated urinary infections or inflammations (cystitis), such as might happen with long-term use of a urinary catheter, may increase the risk of a squamous cell bladder cancer. In some areas of the world, squamous cell carcinoma is linked to chronic bladder inflammation caused by the parasitic infection known as schistosomiasis. […] Personal or family history of cancer. If you’ve had bladder cancer, you’re more likely to get it again. If one of your blood relatives a parent, sibling or child has a history of bladder cancer, you may have an increased risk of the disease, although it’s rare for bladder cancer to run in families. A family history of Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), can increase the risk of cancer in the urinary system, as well as in the colon, uterus, ovaries and other organs.

• #1 Causes and risk factors of bladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bladder-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-bladder-cancer

  Repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and untreated bladder stones are linked to a less common type of bladder cancer called squamous cell cancer. […] An untreated infection called schistosomiasis, may cause bladder cancer. […] Having a catheter in for a long time can increase your risk for bladder cancer. […] People who have had radiotherapy to the pelvis have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer. […] A drug called pioglitazone used to treat diabetes may increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. […] If you have a close relative who has had bladder cancer, you may have a slightly higher chance of developing it.

• #1 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  The absence of a Mendelian inheritance pattern in hereditary bladder cancer renders traditional family-tree linkage analyses ineffective. […] An increase in the incidence of urothelial and squamous bladder cancer has been related to mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and the DNA mismatch repair gene MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), which are seen in Cowden and Lynch syndromes, respectively. […] One of the hallmarks of bladder cancer is its tendency to affect the elderly population. […] As with the skin and lungs, the bladder is a constantly exposed organ that is consequently susceptible to environmental toxins and inflammation. […] Multiple researchers have hypothesized that persistent or recurring bacterial UTIs may raise the chance of developing bladder cancer.

• #1 Bladder cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000486.htm

  Chemotherapy — The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide may increase the risk for bladder cancer. […] Radiation treatment — Radiation therapy to the pelvis region for treatment of cancers of the prostate, testes, cervix, or uterus increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Bladder infection — A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer. […] Research has not shown clear evidence that using artificial sweeteners leads to bladder cancer in humans.

• #1 Bladder cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer

  Up to 10% of bladder cancer cases are caused by workplace exposure to toxic chemicals. Exposure to certain aromatic amines, namely benzidine, beta-naphthylamine, and ortho-toluidine used in the metalworking and dye industries, can increase the risk of bladder cancer in metalworkers, dye producers, painters, printers, hairdressers, and textiles workers. […] Chronic bladder infections can increase one’s risk of developing bladder cancer. Most prominent is schistosomiasis, in which the eggs of the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium can become lodged in the bladder wall, causing chronic bladder inflammation and repeated bladder infections. […] Some medical treatments are also known to increase bladder cancer risk. As many as 16% of those treated with the chemotherapeutic cyclophosphamide go on to develop bladder cancer within 15 years of their treatment. Similarly, those treated with pelvic radiation (typically for prostate or cervical cancer) are at increased risk of developing bladder cancer five to 15 years after treatment. Long-term use of the medication pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes may increase bladder cancer risk. […] Bladder cancer does not typically run in families. Only 4% of those diagnosed with bladder cancer have a parent or sibling with the disease, potentially inheriting a gene syndrome associated with bladder cancer.

• #1 Bladder Cancer: Causes, Risks, Symptoms | Austin Urology Institute

  https://austinurologyinstitute.com/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-risks-symptoms/

  Family history/genetics: People who have family members with bladder cancer have a higher risk of getting it themselves. […] A small number of people inherit a gene syndrome that increases their risk for bladder cancer. […] Cowden disease, caused by a gene mutation, is linked mainly to cancers of the breast and thyroid, but may also cause a higher risk of bladder cancer. […] Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) is linked mainly to colon and endometrial cancer, but it does increase the risk of bladder cancer.

• #1 What Causes Bladder Cancer? | Bladder Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Researchers dont know exactly what causes most bladder cancers. But they have found some risk factors and are starting to understand how some of them might cause cells in the bladder to become cancer. […] Certain changes in the DNA inside normal bladder cells can make them grow out of control. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control and forming a tumor. […] Most gene mutations related to bladder cancer develop during a persons life, rather than having been inherited from a parent. […] Sometimes these acquired gene mutations might be the result of exposure to cancer-causing chemicals or radiation. […] The gene changes that lead to bladder cancer are not the same in all people. Acquired changes in certain genes, such as the TP53 or RB1 tumor suppressor genes and the FGFR3, PIK3CA, and HRAS oncogenes, are thought to be important in the development of some bladder cancers.

• #1 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors | How Do You Get Bladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Many risk factors make a person more likely to develop bladder cancer. […] A risk factor is anything that raises your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer. People who smoke are at least 3 times as likely to get bladder cancer as people who don’t. Smoking causes about half of all bladder cancers. […] Certain industrial chemicals have been linked with bladder cancer. […] Chemicals called aromatic amines, such as benzidine and beta-naphthylamine, which are sometimes used in the dye industry, can cause bladder cancer. […] Some research has suggested that the use of the diabetes medicine pioglitazone might be linked with an increased risk of bladder cancer. […] Arsenic in drinking water has been linked with a higher risk of bladder cancer in some parts of the world.

• #1 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14326-bladder-cancer

  Exposure to certain chemicals: People who work with chemicals, such as aromatic amines (chemicals used in dyes), are at an increased risk. Extensive exposure to rubber, leather, some textiles, paint and hairdressing supplies, typically related to occupational exposure, also appears to increase the risk. […] Infections: People who have frequent bladder infections, bladder stones or other urinary tract diseases may have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Past bladder cancer: People with a previous bladder cancer are at increased risk to form new or recurrent bladder tumors.

• #1 Bladder Cancer Basics | Bladder Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bladder-cancer/about/index.html

  Smoking is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer. […] Other risk factors include having a family history of bladder cancer, having certain gene mutations, being exposed to too much of certain workplace chemicals used in processing paint, dye, metal, and petroleum products, taking some kinds of chemotherapy drugs, drinking well water contaminated with arsenic, taking the Chinese herb Aristolochia fangchi, and having chronic urinary tract infections (including those caused by Schistosoma haematobium). […] To lower the risk of bladder cancer, don’t smoke (and if you do, quit) and be especially careful around certain kinds of chemicals.

• #1 Bladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/patients/bladder-cancer-faqs/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Chronic inflammation caused by conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney/bladder stones, and indwelling urinary catheters has been associated with bladder cancer. However, the extent of any relationship between chronic bladder inflammation and cancer remains unclear. […] Certain congenital abnormalities of the bladder have been linked to increased rates of bladder cancer. In particular, a history of bladder exstrophy (fusion of the bladder and abdominal wall during fetal development) is known to greatly increase an individuals bladder cancer risk. […] People who have had bladder cancer are prone to recurrence. Recurrence rates depend on the stage of the tumor at first diagnosis: 5-year recurrence is approximately 65% in patients with early stage, non-invasive tumors, and 73% in patients with slightly more advanced disease at first diagnosis.

• #1 The Etiology of Bladder Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585966/

  A less common but aggressive bladder cancer is SCC of bladder which is caused by Schistosomiasis haematobium. […] Obesity has been long associated with various forms of cancers including bladder cancers. […] The modifiable risk factors in bladder cancers include tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals and obesity.

• #1 Bladder cancer: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bladder-cancer/

  Bladder cancer develops when tumors form in the tissue that lines the bladder. […] Cancers occur when genetic mutations build up in critical genes, specifically those that control cell growth and division (proliferation) or the repair of damaged DNA. […] In nearly all cases of bladder cancer, these genetic changes are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in certain cells in the bladder. […] Somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, KDM6A, and TP53 genes are common in bladder cancers. […] It is likely that mutations in these genes disrupt normal gene regulation, contributing to the uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to tumor formation in bladder cancer. […] Additionally, deletions of part or all of chromosome 9 are commonly found in bladder cancer. […] Researchers have identified many lifestyle and environmental factors that expose individuals to cancer-causing compounds (carcinogens), which increase the rate at which somatic mutations occur, contributing to a person’s risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #1 What Are the Causes and Risk Factors of Bladder Cancer?

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/cancer/bladder-cancer

  Bladder cancer is a cancerous tumor that develops when the cells in the bladder’s lining, called urothelial cells, grow abnormally and turn into a tumor. […] You might have come across several causes on the internet. We will tell you why some bladder cells transform and change into malignancy. Here are some bladder cancer causes: Smoking Cigarettes: Cigarette smoking dramatically raises your risk of acquiring bladder cancer. Smoking pipes and cigars, as well as exposure to secondhand smoke, may raise your risk. […] Regular Bladder Infections: People with repeated bladder infections, bladder stones, or other urinary tract infections may be more likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder. […] Family History: A family history of bladder cancer can increase your risk. This may be due to inherited genetic factors that slightly affect how cells grow and repair DNA. […] Genetic Mutation: Seventy percent of bladder tumors are caused by a unique mutation in a single gene, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT).

• #1 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  Another important pathogen is schistosomiasis, a protozoan illness prevalent in as many as 76 poor nations, affecting as many as 236 million people. […] According to recent studies and analyses, nearly 82% of bladder cancer diagnoses from the last 20 years might be related to known preventive factors. […] Bladder cancer is an ideal target for public health preventative measures due to the high proportion of cases attributed to established environmental factors. […] Therefore, prevention initiatives, such as smoking cessation, appropriate workplace safety practices, nutrition, weight reduction, and schistosomiasis prevention, might considerably alleviate the increasing global incidence of bladder cancer.

• #1 Bladder Cancer in Men: Symptoms & Causes | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-and-symptoms-in-men/

  People who have had bladder cancer have a relatively high risk of recurrence evidence indicates that around 70% of low- and medium-risk bladder cancers recur. […] Several dietary and nutritional factors may be associated with bladder cancer risk. For example, current evidence suggests that daily consumption of tea and plentiful vegetables and fruit could each decrease the risk of bladder cancer. In contrast, excessive consumption of processed meats may contribute to a higher risk of the disease.

• #1 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: What Causes Bladder Cancer?

  https://bcan.org/facing-bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-risk-factors/

  As you get older, the risk of bladder cancer increases. […] Though men get bladder cancer more often than women, recent statistics show an increase in the number of women being diagnosed with the disease. […] Urinary infections, kidney stones, and bladder stones are not a cause of bladder cancer, but they are linked to the disease. […] If you have had bladder cancer in the past, you are at risk for developing another cancerous tumor in your urinary system. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies arsenic in drinking water as a known cause of bladder cancer. […] New evidence shows that even low-to-moderate levels of arsenic exposure may increase bladder cancer risk. […] Studies show nitrate causes bladder tumors in animals, yet few studies have looked at the link between nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer in humans.

• #1 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  Bladder cancer is any tumor that originates in the urinary bladder. The development of bladder cancer was influenced by several risk factors, including advanced age, male sex, cigarette smoking, and occupational and environmental toxin exposure. […] Most bladder cancers may be dated directly to exposure to environmental and occupational toxins, with tobacco smoke being the most prevalent. […] Following tobacco use, the likelihood of bladder cancer is next only to the risk of lung cancer. […] Tobacco is the primary recognized cause of bladder cancer, accounting for 30-40% of all cases of urothelial carcinoma and up to two-thirds of all bladder cancer. […] Tobacco smoke has recognized carcinogens, including beta-naphthylamine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. […] The second major avoidable risk factor for bladder cancer is occupational exposure to carcinogens such as aromatic amines, which are responsible for 5-10% of all cases of bladder cancer.

• #2 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  Bladder cancer is any tumor that originates in the urinary bladder. The development of bladder cancer was influenced by several risk factors, including advanced age, male sex, cigarette smoking, and occupational and environmental toxin exposure. […] Most bladder cancers may be dated directly to exposure to environmental and occupational toxins, with tobacco smoke being the most prevalent. […] Following tobacco use, the likelihood of bladder cancer is next only to the risk of lung cancer. […] Tobacco is the primary recognized cause of bladder cancer, accounting for 30-40% of all cases of urothelial carcinoma and up to two-thirds of all bladder cancer. […] Tobacco smoke has recognized carcinogens, including beta-naphthylamine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. […] The second major avoidable risk factor for bladder cancer is occupational exposure to carcinogens such as aromatic amines, which are responsible for 5-10% of all cases of bladder cancer.

• #2 The Etiology of Bladder Cancer – Urologic Cancers – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585966/

  Urothelial cancer of the bladder, known as bladder cancer, is one of the most common cancers in the world. The incidence is rising steadily particularly in developed nations where tobacco smoking is prevalent. […] The incidence of carcinoma of bladder have been rising, especially in Europe and North America, largely due to tobacco smoking. […] The most significant modifiable risk factor for bladder cancers is tobacco smoking. Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of developing bladder cancer by up to four times, with mortality from bladder cancer due to smoking is only second to lung cancer due to smoking. […] Another important modifiable risk factor for bladder cancer is exposure to hazardous environmental and/or occupational compounds found in dye, paint, rubber, petroleum, and metal industries.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14326-bladder-cancer

  Exposure to certain chemicals: People who work with chemicals, such as aromatic amines (chemicals used in dyes), are at an increased risk. Extensive exposure to rubber, leather, some textiles, paint and hairdressing supplies, typically related to occupational exposure, also appears to increase the risk. […] Infections: People who have frequent bladder infections, bladder stones or other urinary tract diseases may have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Past bladder cancer: People with a previous bladder cancer are at increased risk to form new or recurrent bladder tumors.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/patients/bladder-cancer-faqs/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Arsenic has been associated with bladder cancer when present at significant levels in drinking water. The likelihood of potentially harmful levels of arsenic in water depends on locality and the water source being used (e.g., a private well versus a fully regulated municipal water supply). […] Responsible for an estimated 25% of all cases of bladder cancer, workplace exposure is the second major cause of bladder cancer behind smoking. Evidence strongly supports a link between bladder cancer and occupations within the dye, rubber, leather, and aluminium industries as well as dye users, machinists (e.g., metalworking machinists, textile machine operators), painters, mechanics, and truck drivers. […] Chemicals or substances implicated in workplace exposures include aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, diesel engine exhaust, combustion products, leather dust, mineral oils, chlorinated solvents, creosote, herbicides/pesticides, and asbestos.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies | Comprehensive Cancer Centers

  https://cccnevada.com/bladder-cancer-causes-risk-factors-and-prevention-strategies/

  Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from air pollution, industrial emissions, and combustion byproducts may increase the risk of cancer, particularly in urban areas with high levels of pollution. […] Advanced age is a significant risk factor, with the majority of cases diagnosed in individuals over the age of 55. […] A small percentage of individuals have a genetic predisposition to the disease. […] Chronic inflammation of the bladder, often due to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or other inflammatory conditions, may increase risks. […] Individuals with personal histories are at increased risk of developing the disease. […] Bladder cancer is a complex disease influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Up to 80% of bladder cancer cases are associated with environmental exposure. Tobacco use is by far the most common cause of bladder cancer in the United States and is increasing in importance in some developing countries. Smoking duration and intensity are directly related to increased risk. The risk of developing bladder carcinoma is 2-6 times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers. This risk appears to be similar in men and women. Nitrosamine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobiphenyl are possible carcinogenic agents found in cigarette smoke. […] A number of occupations involve exposure to substances that may increase risk for bladder cancer. Of occupationally related bladder cancer cases, the incidence rate is highest in workers exposed to aromatic amines, while mortality is greatest in those exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Numerous occupations associated with diesel exhaust, petroleum products, and solvents (eg, auto work, truck driving, plumbing, leather and apparel work, rubber and metal work) have also been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors | How Do You Get Bladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  People who drink a lot of fluids each day tend to have lower rates of bladder cancer. […] White people are about twice as likely to develop bladder cancer as African American and Hispanic people. […] The risk of bladder cancer increases with age. […] Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women. […] Urinary infections, kidney and bladder stones, bladder catheters left in place a long time, and other causes of chronic (ongoing) bladder irritation have been linked to bladder cancer. […] Having cancer in the lining of any part of the urinary tract puts you at higher risk of having another cancer. […] Before birth, there’s a connection between the belly button and the bladder. […] People who have family members with bladder cancer have a higher risk of getting it themselves. […] Taking the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide for a long time can irritate the bladder and increase the risk of bladder cancer. […] People who get radiation to the pelvis to treat other types of cancer are more likely to develop bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: What Causes Bladder Cancer?

  https://bcan.org/facing-bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-risk-factors/

  While not all of the risk factors for bladder cancer are understood, doctors know that certain behaviors and environmental exposures can increase someones risk for getting bladder cancer. […] Smoking is often a leading cause of bladder cancer, as it introduces toxins into the bladder, while exposure to certain chemicals at work is another potential cause. […] Exposure to certain chemicals, usually in the workplace, is linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer in people. […] PFAS are widely used, long-lasting chemicals. Scientific studies have shown that exposure to PFAS found in the blood of people and animals may increase health risks, including bladder cancer. […] Although the reason is not clear, Caucasians are twice as likely to develop bladder than African Americans or Hispanics.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14326-bladder-cancer

  Frequent bladder infections: People who have frequent bladder infections, bladder stones or other urinary tract infections may be at an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma. […] Chronic catheter use: People who have a chronic need for a catheter in their bladder may be at risk for squamous cell carcinoma. […] You may not be able to prevent bladder cancer, but it may be helpful to know the risk factors that may increase the chance youll develop bladder cancer. Bladder cancer risk factors may include: […] Smoking cigarettes: Cigarette smoking more than doubles the risk of developing bladder cancer. Smoking pipes and cigars or being exposed to secondhand smoke also increases that risk. […] Cancer treatments: Radiation therapy is the second-most common risk factor. People who have certain chemotherapy drugs may also develop an increased risk of bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/patients/bladder-cancer-faqs/causes-and-risk-factors/

  Chronic inflammation caused by conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney/bladder stones, and indwelling urinary catheters has been associated with bladder cancer. However, the extent of any relationship between chronic bladder inflammation and cancer remains unclear. […] Certain congenital abnormalities of the bladder have been linked to increased rates of bladder cancer. In particular, a history of bladder exstrophy (fusion of the bladder and abdominal wall during fetal development) is known to greatly increase an individuals bladder cancer risk. […] People who have had bladder cancer are prone to recurrence. Recurrence rates depend on the stage of the tumor at first diagnosis: 5-year recurrence is approximately 65% in patients with early stage, non-invasive tumors, and 73% in patients with slightly more advanced disease at first diagnosis.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: What Causes Bladder Cancer?

  https://bcan.org/facing-bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-risk-factors/

  As you get older, the risk of bladder cancer increases. […] Though men get bladder cancer more often than women, recent statistics show an increase in the number of women being diagnosed with the disease. […] Urinary infections, kidney stones, and bladder stones are not a cause of bladder cancer, but they are linked to the disease. […] If you have had bladder cancer in the past, you are at risk for developing another cancerous tumor in your urinary system. […] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies arsenic in drinking water as a known cause of bladder cancer. […] New evidence shows that even low-to-moderate levels of arsenic exposure may increase bladder cancer risk. […] Studies show nitrate causes bladder tumors in animals, yet few studies have looked at the link between nitrate in drinking water and bladder cancer in humans.

• #2 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  Another important pathogen is schistosomiasis, a protozoan illness prevalent in as many as 76 poor nations, affecting as many as 236 million people. […] According to recent studies and analyses, nearly 82% of bladder cancer diagnoses from the last 20 years might be related to known preventive factors. […] Bladder cancer is an ideal target for public health preventative measures due to the high proportion of cases attributed to established environmental factors. […] Therefore, prevention initiatives, such as smoking cessation, appropriate workplace safety practices, nutrition, weight reduction, and schistosomiasis prevention, might considerably alleviate the increasing global incidence of bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer – To Catch It in Early Stages, Know These Risk Factors  | Kansas City Urology Care

  https://www.kcuc.com/bladder-cancer-risk-factors-kcuc/

  Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for other cancers can increase the risk for other cancers. According to the Mayo Clinic, treatment with the anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide increases the risk of bladder cancer. […] Due to physiological differences, males are at much higher risk for bladder cancer. […] Age plays a role in your risk level as well. The average age someone is diagnosed with bladder cancer is 67. […] Caucasians are at higher risk than people of other races to get bladder cancer. […] If you have a family member who has or has had bladder cancer, you are at an increased risk for developing this disease. […] Chronic inflammation of the bladder can be caused by factors like ongoing infection, abnormal immune response, obesity, diet, lack of sleep, and too much stress. Over time it can damage cell DNA and affect the way cells grow and divide. That could lead to the growth of tumors and cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14326-bladder-cancer

  Bladder cancer happens when certain cells in the tissue lining your bladder mutate or change, becoming abnormal cells that multiply and cause tumors in your bladder. […] Healthcare providers and researchers dont know exactly why certain bladder cells mutate and become cancerous cells. Theyve identified many different risk factors that may increase your chance of developing bladder cancer, including: […] Cigarette smoke: Smoking cigarettes more than doubles your risk of developing bladder cancer. Smoking pipes and cigars and being exposed to secondhand smoke may also increase your risk. […] Radiation exposure: Radiation therapy to treat cancer may increase your risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Chemotherapy: Certain chemotherapy drugs may increase your risk. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Studies show that people who work with certain chemicals used in dyes, rubber, leather, paint, some textiles and hairdressing supplies may have an increased risk.

• #2 Bladder cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer

  Up to 10% of bladder cancer cases are caused by workplace exposure to toxic chemicals. Exposure to certain aromatic amines, namely benzidine, beta-naphthylamine, and ortho-toluidine used in the metalworking and dye industries, can increase the risk of bladder cancer in metalworkers, dye producers, painters, printers, hairdressers, and textiles workers. […] Chronic bladder infections can increase one’s risk of developing bladder cancer. Most prominent is schistosomiasis, in which the eggs of the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium can become lodged in the bladder wall, causing chronic bladder inflammation and repeated bladder infections. […] Some medical treatments are also known to increase bladder cancer risk. As many as 16% of those treated with the chemotherapeutic cyclophosphamide go on to develop bladder cancer within 15 years of their treatment. Similarly, those treated with pelvic radiation (typically for prostate or cervical cancer) are at increased risk of developing bladder cancer five to 15 years after treatment. Long-term use of the medication pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes may increase bladder cancer risk. […] Bladder cancer does not typically run in families. Only 4% of those diagnosed with bladder cancer have a parent or sibling with the disease, potentially inheriting a gene syndrome associated with bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder cancer: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000486.htm

  Bladder cancer often starts from the cells lining the bladder. These cells are called transitional cells. […] The exact cause of bladder cancer is not known. But several things that may make you more likely to develop it include: […] Cigarette smoking — Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Up to half of all bladder cancers may be caused by cigarette smoke. […] Personal or family history of bladder cancer — Having someone in the family with bladder cancer increases your risk of developing it. […] Chemical exposure — Bladder cancer can be caused by coming into contact with cancer-causing chemicals (often at work). These chemicals are called carcinogens. Dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and pesticide applicators are at the highest risk.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Causes, Risks, Symptoms | Austin Urology Institute

  https://austinurologyinstitute.com/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-risks-symptoms/

  Family history/genetics: People who have family members with bladder cancer have a higher risk of getting it themselves. […] A small number of people inherit a gene syndrome that increases their risk for bladder cancer. […] Cowden disease, caused by a gene mutation, is linked mainly to cancers of the breast and thyroid, but may also cause a higher risk of bladder cancer. […] Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) is linked mainly to colon and endometrial cancer, but it does increase the risk of bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Causes and Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bladder/bladder-prevention-risk-factors

  Anyone can get bladder cancer. A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, such as cancer. The main risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, and having a family history of the disease. […] Tobacco use is the main risk factor for bladder cancer. Your risk gets higher the more you smoke, and the longer you smoke. The best way to lower your risk is to avoid smoking, or quit. […] Jobs in some industries use chemicals called aromatic amines that may raise your risk. These chemicals are most common in the textile, dye, rubber, leather, paint, and printing industries. […] You may be twice as likely to get bladder cancer if a close relative has the disease. A close relative is a parent, sibling, or child related to you by blood. […] Lynch syndrome also raises the risk of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter or renal pelvis.

• #2 What Causes Bladder Cancer? | Bladder Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Some people inherit gene changes from their parents that increase their risk of bladder cancer. But bladder cancer does not often run in families, and inherited gene mutations are not thought to be a major cause of this disease. […] Some people inherit changes in genes (such as GSTM1 and NAT2) that lower their ability to detoxify and get rid of certain types of cancer-causing chemicals.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Causes and Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bladder/bladder-prevention-risk-factors

  Infections, bladder stones, and kidney stones can cause long-term bladder irritation and inflammation (swelling). This raises the risk for bladder cancer. […] Youre more likely to get the disease after age 70, but younger people can get bladder cancer, too. […] People assigned male at birth are at higher risk than people assigned female at birth. […] Certain chemotherapy drugs increase the long-term risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Pioglitazone (Actos) is a drug that treats type 2 diabetes. Its linked to a higher risk of bladder cancer, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

• #2 Risks for bladder cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bladder/risks

  Arsenic is a substance found in nature. Sometimes drinking water can be contaminated with high levels of arsenic, which increases the risk for bladder cancer. […] Workers in the following industries have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer: professional painting, rubber manufacturing, aluminum and metal production, textile and dye manufacturing, transportation. This higher risk is linked to exposure to certain chemicals. Your risk is especially high if you are exposed to aromatic amines, including 2-naphthylamine, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl and otoluidine. […] People who take herbal products with aristolochic acids have a higher risk for bladder cancer, as well as greater risk for kidney damage. […] Consuming opium increases your risk of developing bladder cancer. […] People who have been treated with the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (Procytox) or ifosfamide have a higher risk for bladder irritation, which in turn increases the risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #2 Risks for bladder cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bladder/risks

  People who received radiation therapy to the abdomen or pelvis have a higher risk for bladder cancer. […] If you often have bladder irritation, or if bladder irritation lasts a long time, you have a higher risk for bladder cancer. […] Having a cancer in any part of the urinary tract increases the risk of developing another tumour in the urinary tract, including in the bladder. […] Urachus and exstrophy are rare birth defects that increase a persons risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Lynch syndrome is an inherited condition that causes a large number of polyps to develop in the lining of the colon and rectum, but not as many polyps as are found in familial adenomatous polyps (FAP). […] The following have been linked with bladder cancer, but there is not enough evidence to know for sure that they are risks. More research is needed. […] Significant research shows no link between bladder cancer and alcohol, artificial sweeteners or coffee.

• #2 Risks and causes of bladder Cancer | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/bladder-cancer/risks-causes

  Smoking tobacco is the biggest cause of preventable bladder cancer in the UK. […] Around half of all bladder cancers are caused by smoking. […] Chemicals called arylamines are known to cause bladder cancer. […] This is a group of chemicals known to cause bladder cancer. […] An infection called schistosomiasis (bilharzia) increases the risk of bladder cancer. […] Your risk of developing bladder cancer is higher if you have had radiotherapy to treat cancers in your pelvis. […] Researchers think that if there is a link, it is likely to be due to a drug used for diabetes called pioglitazone. Some studies show this drug increases the risk of bladder cancer. […] You might have a slight increase in risk of bladder cancer if you have a first degree relative with bladder cancer. […] Some research has shown that you may be at an increased risk of getting bladder cancer if you’re obese.

• #2 Bladder Cancer in Men: Symptoms & Causes | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-and-symptoms-in-men/

  Bladder cancer occurs when the cells making up the bladder begin to grow in an uncontrolled way. This disordered growth is caused by mutations in genes that control cell replication, repair, and programmed death. When the abnormal cells cluster a tumor is formed, which can spread over time from the surface layer of the bladder, to the bladder muscle and wall, and then to other sites in the body. […] The gene mutations associated with bladder cancer usually develop during a persons life rather than being present at birth its estimated that less than 10% of bladder cancers arise from inherited genes. Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke and certain industrial chemicals are the major known causes of genetic mutations leading to bladder cancer, therefore higher rates of smoking and occupational exposure to chemicals are likely to partly account for the higher rate of bladder cancer in men.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Men at Risk – Harvard Health Publications – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/bladder-cancer-men-at-risk

  Men, mostly. The disease is almost three times more common in men than in women. Caucasian men have double the risk of African Americans. Age is another major risk factor; the disease is uncommon before age 60, but its prevalence increases steadily as the years pile on. […] All cancers are caused by varying combinations of genetic and environmental factors. In the case of bladder cancer, scientists are just discovering genes that increase risk. The list already includes oncogenes that stimulate malignant transformation of cells (TP63 and EGFR are examples for bladder cancer), and tumor suppressor genes that can mutate and lose the ability to fulfill their normal role of fighting cancer cell growth (TP53 and RB1 are examples for bladder cancer). Research is sure to uncover additional genetic factors, but that won’t negate the critical role of environmental causes.

• #2 Bladder cancer: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bladder-cancer/

  Bladder cancer develops when tumors form in the tissue that lines the bladder. […] Cancers occur when genetic mutations build up in critical genes, specifically those that control cell growth and division (proliferation) or the repair of damaged DNA. […] In nearly all cases of bladder cancer, these genetic changes are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in certain cells in the bladder. […] Somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, KDM6A, and TP53 genes are common in bladder cancers. […] It is likely that mutations in these genes disrupt normal gene regulation, contributing to the uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to tumor formation in bladder cancer. […] Additionally, deletions of part or all of chromosome 9 are commonly found in bladder cancer. […] Researchers have identified many lifestyle and environmental factors that expose individuals to cancer-causing compounds (carcinogens), which increase the rate at which somatic mutations occur, contributing to a person’s risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Signs and Causes

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/bladder-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  Bladder cancer is a polygenic condition resulting from several environmental factors and various low-penetrance predisposition genes. Mutations in several genes, such as FGFR3, KDM6A, PIK3CA, and TP53, may result in bladder cancer. A family history of bladder cancer may also increase the risk of bladder cancer. […] The exact pathophysiology of bladder cancer is not known. However, some of the possible bladder cancer causes are: […] Smoking cigarettes is one of the most important risk factors for bladder cancer. Almost half of bladder cancers are probably due to smoking cigarettes. This is because the chemicals present in the cigarette are excreted in urine. These carcinogens interfere with the bladder’s protective lining and increase the bladder cancer risk. […] Previous radiation therapy sessions for treating other cancers of the pelvic region may also become one of the possible bladder cancer causes. Radiation damages the bladder lining and causes radiation cystitis.

• #2 What Causes Bladder Cancer? | Bladder Cancer Causes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/what-causes.html

  Researchers dont know exactly what causes most bladder cancers. But they have found some risk factors and are starting to understand how some of them might cause cells in the bladder to become cancer. […] Certain changes in the DNA inside normal bladder cells can make them grow out of control. […] Any of these types of DNA changes might lead to cells growing out of control and forming a tumor. […] Most gene mutations related to bladder cancer develop during a persons life, rather than having been inherited from a parent. […] Sometimes these acquired gene mutations might be the result of exposure to cancer-causing chemicals or radiation. […] The gene changes that lead to bladder cancer are not the same in all people. Acquired changes in certain genes, such as the TP53 or RB1 tumor suppressor genes and the FGFR3, PIK3CA, and HRAS oncogenes, are thought to be important in the development of some bladder cancers.

• #2 Bladder Cancer Basics | Bladder Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bladder-cancer/about/index.html

  Smoking is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer. […] Other risk factors include having a family history of bladder cancer, having certain gene mutations, being exposed to too much of certain workplace chemicals used in processing paint, dye, metal, and petroleum products, taking some kinds of chemotherapy drugs, drinking well water contaminated with arsenic, taking the Chinese herb Aristolochia fangchi, and having chronic urinary tract infections (including those caused by Schistosoma haematobium). […] To lower the risk of bladder cancer, don’t smoke (and if you do, quit) and be especially careful around certain kinds of chemicals.

• #2

  https://winshipcancer.emory.edu/cancer-types-and-treatments/bladder-cancer/prevention.php

  Smoking is the primary cause of bladder cancer, which means protecting yourself and preventing bladder cancer could be as easy as quitting. […] The number one cause of all bladder cancers is tobacco use, and specifically smoking. In fact, about half of the more than 80,000 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed each year can be attributed to tobacco. […] Other bladder cancer risk factors include: […] Family history of bladder cancer. Having close relatives with bladder cancer increases your risk for the disease either because you share environmental risk factors, such as smoking or because you have an inherited genetic syndrome that increases your likelihood of developing the disease.

• #2 Bladder Cancer in Men: Symptoms & Causes | Cxbladder

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-and-symptoms-in-men/

  People who have had bladder cancer have a relatively high risk of recurrence evidence indicates that around 70% of low- and medium-risk bladder cancers recur. […] Several dietary and nutritional factors may be associated with bladder cancer risk. For example, current evidence suggests that daily consumption of tea and plentiful vegetables and fruit could each decrease the risk of bladder cancer. In contrast, excessive consumption of processed meats may contribute to a higher risk of the disease.

• #2 Bladder cancer | What causes bladder cancer? | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/

  Infection from a parasitic worm is a major risk factor for a rare type of bladder cancer that occurs mainly in countries with high parasitic infection rates, in Africa and the Middle East. […] Men are more than 4 times more likely to develop bladder cancer than women. […] Older people are more at risk of developing bladder cancer. […] There is some evidence that greater consumption of vegetables and fruit may decrease the risk of bladder cancer. […] Greater consumption of tea may decrease the risk of bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Arsenic exposure may be a factor in the development of bladder cancer. Results of a population-based case-control study in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont support an association between low-to-moderate levels of arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer risk in those states, where incidence rates of bladder cancer have long been about 20% higher than in the United States overall. […] Several medical risk factors are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, including the following: Radiation treatment of the pelvis; Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide – Increases the risk of bladder cancer via exposure to acrolein, a urinary metabolite of cyclophosphamide; Spinal cord injuries requiring long-term indwelling catheters – A 16- to 20-fold increase in the risk of developing SCC of the bladder.

• #2 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  The absence of a Mendelian inheritance pattern in hereditary bladder cancer renders traditional family-tree linkage analyses ineffective. […] An increase in the incidence of urothelial and squamous bladder cancer has been related to mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and the DNA mismatch repair gene MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), which are seen in Cowden and Lynch syndromes, respectively. […] One of the hallmarks of bladder cancer is its tendency to affect the elderly population. […] As with the skin and lungs, the bladder is a constantly exposed organ that is consequently susceptible to environmental toxins and inflammation. […] Multiple researchers have hypothesized that persistent or recurring bacterial UTIs may raise the chance of developing bladder cancer.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Stage and Treatment

  https://dreminozbek.com/en/bladder-cancer-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-stage-and-treatment/

  Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) (HNPCC): In this syndrome, cancer can be seen in organs such as the urinary system, colon (large intestine), uterus and ovaries. […] Diabetes: All types of cancer are common in diabetic patients. Bladder cancer is one of them. […] Obesity: Obesity is a risk factor for cancer.

• #2 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  Urothelial cell bladder cancer accounts for 90% of bladder cancer cases worldwide and is especially common in developed nations. This subtype is highly associated with chemical exposure, such as occupational exposure or tobacco smoke, due to urothelial direct exposure. […] The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50–65% of all cases. […] Five percent of worldwide bladder cancer cases arise from squamous cells, and these cases are more incident in Africa, likely due to schistosomiasis, a protozoal infection which promotes inflammation. […] The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors.

• #2 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms ,Causes, Stages, Diagnosis and Treatment – OncoDaily

  https://oncodaily.com/oncolibrary/cancer-types/bladder-cancer

  Bladder cancer is rare in young people but significantly increases after age 55. […] Men are three times more likely to develop bladder cancer than women. […] Individuals with a close relative who had bladder cancer have a higher risk. […] Recurrence is common, even after successful treatment. […] Bladder cancer is primarily caused by smoking, exposure to harmful chemicals, chronic bladder infections, and genetic factors.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14326-bladder-cancer

  Bladder cancer happens when certain cells in the tissue lining your bladder mutate or change, becoming abnormal cells that multiply and cause tumors in your bladder. […] Healthcare providers and researchers dont know exactly why certain bladder cells mutate and become cancerous cells. Theyve identified many different risk factors that may increase your chance of developing bladder cancer, including: […] Cigarette smoke: Smoking cigarettes more than doubles your risk of developing bladder cancer. Smoking pipes and cigars and being exposed to secondhand smoke may also increase your risk. […] Radiation exposure: Radiation therapy to treat cancer may increase your risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Chemotherapy: Certain chemotherapy drugs may increase your risk. […] Exposure to certain chemicals: Studies show that people who work with certain chemicals used in dyes, rubber, leather, paint, some textiles and hairdressing supplies may have an increased risk.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Up to 80% of bladder cancer cases are associated with environmental exposure. Tobacco use is by far the most common cause of bladder cancer in the United States and is increasing in importance in some developing countries. Smoking duration and intensity are directly related to increased risk. The risk of developing bladder carcinoma is 2-6 times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers. This risk appears to be similar in men and women. Nitrosamine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobiphenyl are possible carcinogenic agents found in cigarette smoke. […] A number of occupations involve exposure to substances that may increase risk for bladder cancer. Of occupationally related bladder cancer cases, the incidence rate is highest in workers exposed to aromatic amines, while mortality is greatest in those exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Numerous occupations associated with diesel exhaust, petroleum products, and solvents (eg, auto work, truck driving, plumbing, leather and apparel work, rubber and metal work) have also been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors | How Do You Get Bladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  Many risk factors make a person more likely to develop bladder cancer. […] A risk factor is anything that raises your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. […] Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer. People who smoke are at least 3 times as likely to get bladder cancer as people who don’t. Smoking causes about half of all bladder cancers. […] Certain industrial chemicals have been linked with bladder cancer. […] Chemicals called aromatic amines, such as benzidine and beta-naphthylamine, which are sometimes used in the dye industry, can cause bladder cancer. […] Some research has suggested that the use of the diabetes medicine pioglitazone might be linked with an increased risk of bladder cancer. […] Arsenic in drinking water has been linked with a higher risk of bladder cancer in some parts of the world.

• #3 What Causes Bladder Cancer? Top Risk Factors

  https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/risk-factors

  Each year, more than 80,000 Americans are diagnosed with bladder cancer. […] While the exact cause of bladder cancer is not known, certain risk factors are linked to the disease, including tobacco smoking and exposure to certain chemicals and gases. […] Individuals with a family member who has or has had bladder cancer are at an increased risk for developing this disease. […] Cigarette smoking is the single greatest risk factor for bladder cancer. […] Some chemicals used in the dye industry, such as benzidine and beta-naphthylamine, have been associated with bladder cancer. […] Drinking water that contains arsenic has been linked to bladder cancer. […] Problems associated with increased bladder cancer risks include urinary infections, kidney and bladder stones, and other causes of bladder irritation. […] Long-term use of the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/bladder-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention

  No one thing causes bladder cancer. However, some people may be at a higher risk of developing bladder cancer given their lifestyle, age and genetics. […] Smoking tobacco is the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer. If you smoke, you are two to three times more likely to get bladder cancer than non-smokers. […] The chance of developing bladder cancer increases with age. Most people diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55 years old, with 73 years old being the average age of diagnosis. […] Bladder cancer is most prevalent in Caucasians. African Americans and Hispanics are less likely to get bladder cancer, with Asian Americans and American Indians representing the lowest rates. Experts are not sure of the reasons for these differences. […] Men are four times as likely as women to get bladder cancer.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Causes and Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bladder/bladder-prevention-risk-factors

  Infections, bladder stones, and kidney stones can cause long-term bladder irritation and inflammation (swelling). This raises the risk for bladder cancer. […] Youre more likely to get the disease after age 70, but younger people can get bladder cancer, too. […] People assigned male at birth are at higher risk than people assigned female at birth. […] Certain chemotherapy drugs increase the long-term risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Pioglitazone (Actos) is a drug that treats type 2 diabetes. Its linked to a higher risk of bladder cancer, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

• #3 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors | How Do You Get Bladder Cancer? | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

  People who drink a lot of fluids each day tend to have lower rates of bladder cancer. […] White people are about twice as likely to develop bladder cancer as African American and Hispanic people. […] The risk of bladder cancer increases with age. […] Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women. […] Urinary infections, kidney and bladder stones, bladder catheters left in place a long time, and other causes of chronic (ongoing) bladder irritation have been linked to bladder cancer. […] Having cancer in the lining of any part of the urinary tract puts you at higher risk of having another cancer. […] Before birth, there’s a connection between the belly button and the bladder. […] People who have family members with bladder cancer have a higher risk of getting it themselves. […] Taking the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide for a long time can irritate the bladder and increase the risk of bladder cancer. […] People who get radiation to the pelvis to treat other types of cancer are more likely to develop bladder cancer.

• #3 Risks for bladder cancer | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/bladder/risks

  Arsenic is a substance found in nature. Sometimes drinking water can be contaminated with high levels of arsenic, which increases the risk for bladder cancer. […] Workers in the following industries have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer: professional painting, rubber manufacturing, aluminum and metal production, textile and dye manufacturing, transportation. This higher risk is linked to exposure to certain chemicals. Your risk is especially high if you are exposed to aromatic amines, including 2-naphthylamine, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl and otoluidine. […] People who take herbal products with aristolochic acids have a higher risk for bladder cancer, as well as greater risk for kidney damage. […] Consuming opium increases your risk of developing bladder cancer. […] People who have been treated with the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (Procytox) or ifosfamide have a higher risk for bladder irritation, which in turn increases the risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Arsenic exposure may be a factor in the development of bladder cancer. Results of a population-based case-control study in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont support an association between low-to-moderate levels of arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer risk in those states, where incidence rates of bladder cancer have long been about 20% higher than in the United States overall. […] Several medical risk factors are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, including the following: Radiation treatment of the pelvis; Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide – Increases the risk of bladder cancer via exposure to acrolein, a urinary metabolite of cyclophosphamide; Spinal cord injuries requiring long-term indwelling catheters – A 16- to 20-fold increase in the risk of developing SCC of the bladder.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  In many developing countries, particularly in the Middle East, Schistosoma haematobium infection causes most cases of bladder SCC. In a study from Egypt, 82% of patients with bladder carcinoma harbored S haematobium eggs in the bladder wall. In egg-positive patients, the tumor tended to develop at a younger age (with SCC predominant) than it did in egg-negative persons. A higher degree of adenocarcinoma has also been reported in schistosomal-associated bladder carcinomas. […] Chronic irritation secondary to recurrent urinary tract infections and indwelling catheters has also been linked to the development of SCC.

• #3 Urothelial carcinoma: 8 insights about this common bladder cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/urothelial-carcinoma–8-insights-about-this-common-bladder-cancer.h00-159697545.html

  Most bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas. […] While we dont always know exactly what causes urothelial carcinoma, some factors can increase your chances of getting it. […] Smoking or the use of tobacco products is one of the main risk factors. Cigarettes and other tobacco products contain carcinogens that get absorbed into the bloodstream and filtered by the kidneys. These harmful chemicals then collect in the urine, where they can cause cancer in the lining of the urinary tract. […] Other risk factors include workplace exposure to certain chemicals, such as aromatic amines, which can be found in dyes, as well as oil refining, iron, steel, textile and rubber industries. […] Chronic inflammation of the bladder, such as recurrent urinary tract infections or bladder catheters. […] Exposure to other chemicals, such as arsenic in drinking water. […] Prior chemotherapy, such as cyclophosphamide. […] Prior radiation therapy, such as radiation to the prostate. […] Genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Causes and Risk Factors | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/bladder/bladder-prevention-risk-factors

  Anyone can get bladder cancer. A risk factor is anything that increases your chance of getting a disease, such as cancer. The main risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, and having a family history of the disease. […] Tobacco use is the main risk factor for bladder cancer. Your risk gets higher the more you smoke, and the longer you smoke. The best way to lower your risk is to avoid smoking, or quit. […] Jobs in some industries use chemicals called aromatic amines that may raise your risk. These chemicals are most common in the textile, dye, rubber, leather, paint, and printing industries. […] You may be twice as likely to get bladder cancer if a close relative has the disease. A close relative is a parent, sibling, or child related to you by blood. […] Lynch syndrome also raises the risk of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter or renal pelvis.

• #3 Bladder cancer: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bladder-cancer/

  The greatest risk factor is long-term tobacco smoking. […] Other environmental risk factors include chronic bladder inflammation, exposure to certain industrial chemicals, certain herbal medicines common in Asia, a parasitic infection called schistosomiasis, and long-term use of urinary catheters. […] Bladder cancer is typically not inherited. […] In rare families, the risk of bladder cancer is inherited.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Causes, Risks, Symptoms | Austin Urology Institute

  https://austinurologyinstitute.com/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-risks-symptoms/

  Family history/genetics: People who have family members with bladder cancer have a higher risk of getting it themselves. […] A small number of people inherit a gene syndrome that increases their risk for bladder cancer. […] Cowden disease, caused by a gene mutation, is linked mainly to cancers of the breast and thyroid, but may also cause a higher risk of bladder cancer. […] Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer) is linked mainly to colon and endometrial cancer, but it does increase the risk of bladder cancer.

• #3 Bladder cancer: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bladder-cancer/

  Bladder cancer develops when tumors form in the tissue that lines the bladder. […] Cancers occur when genetic mutations build up in critical genes, specifically those that control cell growth and division (proliferation) or the repair of damaged DNA. […] In nearly all cases of bladder cancer, these genetic changes are acquired during a person’s lifetime and are present only in certain cells in the bladder. […] Somatic mutations in the FGFR3, PIK3CA, KDM6A, and TP53 genes are common in bladder cancers. […] It is likely that mutations in these genes disrupt normal gene regulation, contributing to the uncontrolled cell growth that can lead to tumor formation in bladder cancer. […] Additionally, deletions of part or all of chromosome 9 are commonly found in bladder cancer. […] Researchers have identified many lifestyle and environmental factors that expose individuals to cancer-causing compounds (carcinogens), which increase the rate at which somatic mutations occur, contributing to a person’s risk of developing bladder cancer.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Causes & Risk Factors | Banner MD Anderson

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/cancer/cancer-type/bladder-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention

  Bladder cancer has a 50%-80% chance of returning, even after successful treatment. This is the highest recurrence rate of any cancer. […] You have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer if you work with aromatic amines, such as benzidine and beta-naphthylamine, commonly used in dyes. […] Urinary tract infections (UITs), kidney and bladder stones and ongoing bladder irritation have been linked to bladder cancer. […] The diabetes medicine pioglitazone has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. […] The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide can irritate the bladder and increase your risk of bladder cancer. […] If someone in your family has had bladder cancer, you have a higher risk of getting it as well. This may be due to genetics or shared environmental factors, such as being exposed to tobacco smoke.

• #3 Causes and risk factors of bladder cancer | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/bladder-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors-of-bladder-cancer

  Repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs) and untreated bladder stones are linked to a less common type of bladder cancer called squamous cell cancer. […] An untreated infection called schistosomiasis, may cause bladder cancer. […] Having a catheter in for a long time can increase your risk for bladder cancer. […] People who have had radiotherapy to the pelvis have a higher risk of developing bladder cancer. […] A drug called pioglitazone used to treat diabetes may increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. […] If you have a close relative who has had bladder cancer, you may have a slightly higher chance of developing it.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Causes, Risks, Symptoms | Austin Urology Institute

  https://austinurologyinstitute.com/blog/bladder-cancer-causes-risks-symptoms/

  Per the FDA, the use of a diabetes medication Actos (pioglitazone) for longer than one year might be linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. […] Dietary supplements containing aristolochic acid (mainly in herbs from the Aristolochia family) have been linked with an increased risk of bladder cancer. […] Long-term use of the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Procytox) with poor hydration may increase bladder cancer risk. […] The risk of bladder cancer increases with age. It is estimated that nine out of ten diagnosed with bladder cancer are older than 55. […] Caucasians are two times as likely to develop bladder cancer as African Americans and Hispanics. […] Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. […] Personal history of other cancers: Having a cancer in the lining of any part of the urinary tract allows for higher risk of having another cancer.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Causes & Symptoms – Described by Real Patients

  https://thepatientstory.com/patient-stories/bladder-cancer/causes-symptoms-2/

  While the specific cause of bladder cancer may be unknown, there are risk factors and symptoms that may indicate you should take extra precautions to limit your chances of getting bladder cancer or may already have it. […] Bladder cancer occurs when cells in the bladder develop mutations in their DNA and begin to multiply rapidly. […] Sometimes gene mutations cause cancer by allowing the oncogenes to stay on constantly or the tumor suppressor genes to remain off. This change can create an abundance of abnormal cells. Eventually, the abnormal cells replace healthy cells and form a tumor. […] Most people do not inherit gene mutations that cause bladder cancer. However, it is possible to inherit genes that increase your risk of getting bladder cancer due to a reduced ability to break down cancer-causing chemicals.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Symptoms, Signs and Causes

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/types-of-cancers/bladder-cancer-symptoms-and-causes/

  Bladder cancer is a polygenic condition resulting from several environmental factors and various low-penetrance predisposition genes. Mutations in several genes, such as FGFR3, KDM6A, PIK3CA, and TP53, may result in bladder cancer. A family history of bladder cancer may also increase the risk of bladder cancer. […] The exact pathophysiology of bladder cancer is not known. However, some of the possible bladder cancer causes are: […] Smoking cigarettes is one of the most important risk factors for bladder cancer. Almost half of bladder cancers are probably due to smoking cigarettes. This is because the chemicals present in the cigarette are excreted in urine. These carcinogens interfere with the bladder’s protective lining and increase the bladder cancer risk. […] Previous radiation therapy sessions for treating other cancers of the pelvic region may also become one of the possible bladder cancer causes. Radiation damages the bladder lining and causes radiation cystitis.

• #3 Bladder cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer

  Bladder cancer is caused by changes to the DNA of bladder cells that result in those cells growing uncontrollably. These changes can be random, or can be induced by exposure to toxic substances such as those from consuming tobacco. Genetic damage accumulates over many years, eventually disrupting the normal functioning of bladder cells and causing them to grow uncontrollably into a lump of cells called a tumor. Cancer cells accumulate further DNA changes as they multiply, which can allow the tumor to evade the immune system, resist regular cell death pathways, and eventually spread to distant body sites. The new tumors that form in various organs damage those organs, eventually causing the death of the affected person. […] Tobacco smoking is the main contributor to bladder cancer risk; around half of bladder cancer cases are estimated to be caused by smoking. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic molecules that enter the blood and are filtered by the kidneys into the urine. There they can cause damage to the DNA of bladder cells, eventually leading to cancer. Bladder cancer risk rises both with number of cigarettes smoked per day, and with duration of smoking habit.

• #3 Bladder cancer | Causes, Symptoms & Treatments | Cancer Council

  https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bladder-cancer

  Some factors that can increase your risk of bladder cancer include: […] smoking tobacco […] older age […] being male […] workplace exposure to certain chemicals called amines, benzene products and aniline dyes. These are used in dyeing in the textile, petrochemical and rubber industries rubber and plastics manufacturing, in the dye industry, and sometimes in the work of printers, painters, hairdressers, machinists, firefighters and truck drivers […] use of the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide […] previous radiation therapy to the pelvic area […] diabetes treatment using the drug pioglitazone […] family history […] chronic urinary tract infections […] While it is not possible to prevent bladder cancer, it is possible to reduce your risks such as by not smoking or quitting smoking and avoiding exposure to chemicals listed above.

• #3 Bladder Cancer Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/cancer/types-of-cancer/bladder-cancer/

  Most bladder cancers begin in the lining of the bladder. […] Like many other cancers, the exact bladder cancer causes are unknown. There are, however, a number of lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors associated with increasing your likelihood of developing bladder cancer. […] Smoking. Cigarette smoking is known as the most significant bladder cancer cause. Quitting smoking may dramatically reduce your risk of developing bladder cancer and other forms of cancer. […] Family history. Individuals who have a close family member with bladder cancer have an increased risk of developing it. This association may be due to certain gene mutations that are passed down in the family. […] Exposure to toxic chemicals. Another one of the bladder cancer causes is chronic exposure to industrial chemicals, such as those used in paint, dye, metal, or petroleum products. […] Chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Those who have had repeated UTIs have an increased chance of developing bladder cancer.

• #3 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  Urothelial cell bladder cancer accounts for 90% of bladder cancer cases worldwide and is especially common in developed nations. This subtype is highly associated with chemical exposure, such as occupational exposure or tobacco smoke, due to urothelial direct exposure. […] The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50–65% of all cases. […] Five percent of worldwide bladder cancer cases arise from squamous cells, and these cases are more incident in Africa, likely due to schistosomiasis, a protozoal infection which promotes inflammation. […] The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors.

• #3 Bladder Cancer: Men at Risk – Harvard Health Publications – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/bladder-cancer-men-at-risk

  Accounting for almost half the bladder cancer deaths in men, cigarette smoking is the most important cause of the disease. Many of the toxins that enter the body when smokers inhale are absorbed into the bloodstream, and then excreted by the kidneys into the urine. Because urine dwells in the bladder for hours before it is expelled, the bladder lining is subject to prolonged contact with carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Cigarette smokers are more than twice as likely to get bladder cancer as nonsmokers; heavy smokers are at greater risk than light smokers, but the risk gradually diminishes in people who kick the habit, even if they’ve smoked for many years. […] Various industrial toxins can also injure the cells that line the bladder, eventually producing cancer. In the past, workers in the rubber, paint, electric, and textile industries were at substantial risk, but contemporary workplace safety regulations have greatly improved matters. In certain parts of the world, such as the Nile River delta, parasitic infections account for many cases of bladder cancer. Other relatively uncommon causes include prolonged therapy with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and overuse of the pain killer phenacetin. Radiation therapy for prostate cancer appears to increase risk for bladder cancer years later. […] Tobacco smoke and other toxins cause bladder cancer by damaging DNA and altering gene structure and function. Genetic abnormalities have been detected on several chromosomes of malignant bladder cells, and scientists are already using this information to develop new diagnostic tests.

• #4 A Review of the Etiology and Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: All You Need To Know

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9411696/

  Bladder cancer is any tumor that originates in the urinary bladder. The development of bladder cancer was influenced by several risk factors, including advanced age, male sex, cigarette smoking, and occupational and environmental toxin exposure. […] Most bladder cancers may be dated directly to exposure to environmental and occupational toxins, with tobacco smoke being the most prevalent. […] Following tobacco use, the likelihood of bladder cancer is next only to the risk of lung cancer. […] Tobacco is the primary recognized cause of bladder cancer, accounting for 30-40% of all cases of urothelial carcinoma and up to two-thirds of all bladder cancer. […] Tobacco smoke has recognized carcinogens, including beta-naphthylamine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. […] The second major avoidable risk factor for bladder cancer is occupational exposure to carcinogens such as aromatic amines, which are responsible for 5-10% of all cases of bladder cancer.

• #4 Bladder cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bladder-cancer/

  It’s estimated that just over a third of all cases of bladder cancer are caused by smoking. People who smoke may be up to four times more likely to develop bladder cancer than non-smokers. […] Exposure to certain industrial chemicals is the second biggest risk factor. Previous studies have estimated that this may account for around 25% of cases. […] Chemicals known to increase the risk of bladder cancer include: aniline dyes, 2-Naphthylamine, 4-Aminobiphenyl, xenylamine, benzidine, o-toluidine. […] The link between bladder cancer and these types of occupations was discovered in the 1950s and 1960s. Since then, regulations relating to exposure to cancer-causing chemicals have been made much more rigorous and many of the chemicals listed above have been banned. […] However, these chemicals are still linked with cases of bladder cancer now, as it can take up to 30 years after initial exposure to the chemicals before the condition starts to develop.

• #5 Bladder Cancer Basics | Bladder Cancer | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/bladder-cancer/about/index.html

  Smoking is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer. […] Other risk factors include having a family history of bladder cancer, having certain gene mutations, being exposed to too much of certain workplace chemicals used in processing paint, dye, metal, and petroleum products, taking some kinds of chemotherapy drugs, drinking well water contaminated with arsenic, taking the Chinese herb Aristolochia fangchi, and having chronic urinary tract infections (including those caused by Schistosoma haematobium). […] To lower the risk of bladder cancer, don’t smoke (and if you do, quit) and be especially careful around certain kinds of chemicals.

• #5 Bladder Cancer Risk Factors: What Causes Bladder Cancer?

  https://bcan.org/facing-bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-risk-factors/

  While not all of the risk factors for bladder cancer are understood, doctors know that certain behaviors and environmental exposures can increase someones risk for getting bladder cancer. […] Smoking is often a leading cause of bladder cancer, as it introduces toxins into the bladder, while exposure to certain chemicals at work is another potential cause. […] Exposure to certain chemicals, usually in the workplace, is linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer in people. […] PFAS are widely used, long-lasting chemicals. Scientific studies have shown that exposure to PFAS found in the blood of people and animals may increase health risks, including bladder cancer. […] Although the reason is not clear, Caucasians are twice as likely to develop bladder than African Americans or Hispanics.

• #6 Bladder cancer | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/cancer/cancer-types-in-adults/bladder-cancer/

  Most cases of bladder cancer appear to be caused by exposure to harmful substances, which lead to abnormal changes in the bladder’s cells over many years. […] Tobacco smoke is a common cause and it’s estimated that half of all cases of bladder cancer are caused by smoking. […] Contact with certain chemicals previously used in manufacturing is also known to cause bladder cancer. However, these substances have since been banned. […] Bladder cancer is caused by changes to the cells of the bladder. It’s often linked with exposure to certain chemicals, but the cause isn’t always known. […] Smoking is the single biggest risk factor for bladder cancer. This is because tobacco contains cancer-causing (carcinogenic) chemicals. […] If you smoke for many years, these chemicals pass into your bloodstream and are filtered by the kidneys into your urine. The bladder is repeatedly exposed to these harmful chemicals, as it acts as a store for urine. This can cause changes to the cells of the bladder lining, which may lead to bladder cancer.

• #7 Bladder Cancer: Men at Risk – Harvard Health Publications – Harvard Health

  https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/bladder-cancer-men-at-risk

  Accounting for almost half the bladder cancer deaths in men, cigarette smoking is the most important cause of the disease. Many of the toxins that enter the body when smokers inhale are absorbed into the bloodstream, and then excreted by the kidneys into the urine. Because urine dwells in the bladder for hours before it is expelled, the bladder lining is subject to prolonged contact with carcinogens (cancer-causing substances). Cigarette smokers are more than twice as likely to get bladder cancer as nonsmokers; heavy smokers are at greater risk than light smokers, but the risk gradually diminishes in people who kick the habit, even if they’ve smoked for many years. […] Various industrial toxins can also injure the cells that line the bladder, eventually producing cancer. In the past, workers in the rubber, paint, electric, and textile industries were at substantial risk, but contemporary workplace safety regulations have greatly improved matters. In certain parts of the world, such as the Nile River delta, parasitic infections account for many cases of bladder cancer. Other relatively uncommon causes include prolonged therapy with cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and overuse of the pain killer phenacetin. Radiation therapy for prostate cancer appears to increase risk for bladder cancer years later. […] Tobacco smoke and other toxins cause bladder cancer by damaging DNA and altering gene structure and function. Genetic abnormalities have been detected on several chromosomes of malignant bladder cells, and scientists are already using this information to develop new diagnostic tests.

• #8 Bladder cancer – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder_cancer

  Bladder cancer is caused by changes to the DNA of bladder cells that result in those cells growing uncontrollably. These changes can be random, or can be induced by exposure to toxic substances such as those from consuming tobacco. Genetic damage accumulates over many years, eventually disrupting the normal functioning of bladder cells and causing them to grow uncontrollably into a lump of cells called a tumor. Cancer cells accumulate further DNA changes as they multiply, which can allow the tumor to evade the immune system, resist regular cell death pathways, and eventually spread to distant body sites. The new tumors that form in various organs damage those organs, eventually causing the death of the affected person. […] Tobacco smoking is the main contributor to bladder cancer risk; around half of bladder cancer cases are estimated to be caused by smoking. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic molecules that enter the blood and are filtered by the kidneys into the urine. There they can cause damage to the DNA of bladder cells, eventually leading to cancer. Bladder cancer risk rises both with number of cigarettes smoked per day, and with duration of smoking habit.

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