Materiały źródłowe

• #1 GLOBOCAN 2022: Bladder cancer 9th most common worldwide – World Bladder Cancer Patient Coalition

  https://worldbladdercancer.org/news_events/globocan-2022-bladder-cancer-is-the-9th-most-commonly-diagnosed-worldwide/

  Bladder cancer has moved up from the 10th to the 9th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with both incidence and mortality rates increasing. The new data estimated that 614,298 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2022 around the world, marking a 7.1% increase from the data reported in 2020. The new 5-year prevalence estimates also show that 1,950,315 people (all genders) are living with bladder cancer within five years of a past diagnosis. […] Focusing on gender-specific data, it estimates 523,674 new bladder cancer cases in men, representing 5.4% of all new cancer cases in men globally, making it the 6th most common cancer among men. […] The GLOBOCAN 2022 database, a part of the broader IARC Global Cancer Observatory, serves as a crucial tool for researchers and policymakers, offering detailed cancer incidence and mortality estimates across 185 countries for 36 types of cancer and all cancer sites combined.

• #2 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 5065% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #3 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer […] Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. While the average 5-year survival in the US is 77%, the 5-year survival for those with metastatic disease is a measly 5%. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50–65% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. Schistosomiasis infection is the common cause of bladder cancer in regions of Africa and the Middle East and is considered the second most onerous tropical pathogen after malaria. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #4 Bladder cancer – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/cancer-type/bladder-cancer/

  Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer type worldwide. In 2022, more than 600 000 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer worldwide and more than 220 000 people died from the disease. Bladder cancer is one of the most challenging and expensive cancers to diagnose and treat. Its diagnosis relies mainly on cystoscopy, an invasive and expensive procedure. Most bladder cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, when they are highly treatable. However, about 25% of bladder cancers are diagnosed at later stages. […] Promising urine test could improve early detection and clinical management of bladder cancer: IARC Evidence Summary Brief No. 3 […] Bladder Cancer Epidemiology and Early Detection in Africa (BEED) study.

• #5 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is usually first suspected due to hematuria and then identified with a cystoscopy, a telescopic endoscopy of the bladder, transabdominal ultrasound, and/or computer tomography (CT) urography. As many as 7 out of every 10 cases of bladder cancer are detected in early stages, thus allowing for resection and improved survival. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) are typically removed by transurethral resection. […] According to GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 550,000 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2018. This accounts for roughly 3% of all new cancer diagnoses. Nations with the highest rates of bladder cancer are largely found in Southern and Western Europe as well as North America. An estimated 80,500 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States (US) in 2019, representing 4.6% of all cancer diagnoses (greater than the global average).

• #6 Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. The American Cancer Societys estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer (about 65,080 in men and 19,790 in women) […] About 17,420 deaths from bladder cancer (about 12,640 in men and 4,780 in women). Smoking is the highest risk factor for bladder cancer. Other risk factors include exposure to chemicals in certain occupations such as painters, metal workers, leather workers, miners, manufacturers of plastics, and firefighters. People who are born with a bladder defect or people who have had to use a urinary catheter for a long time are also at higher risk for bladder cancer. […] In recent years, incidence rates have decreased by 1% per year in both men and women. This is likely due to a decline in smoking in both men and women, especially in developed countries.

• #7 Bladder Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 84,870 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 17,420 […] Bladder cancer represents 4.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer and an estimated 17,420 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bladder cancer was 18.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Bladder cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bladder cancer cases have been falling on average 0.9% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014-2023.

• #8 Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-of-urothelial-carcinoma-of-the-bladder

  Incidence and prevalence — Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer in the world. Globally, there were approximately 500,000 new cases and over 210,000 deaths in 2020. In males it is the sixth most common cancer and the ninth leading cause of cancer death. Although age-standardized death rates have decreased globally by 15.7 percent from 1990 to 2019, bladder cancer still accounted for 4.39 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. The global age-standardized incidence and death rates were higher among males than females. […] In the United States, there were approximately 85,000 new cases of bladder cancer and over 17,000 deaths annually. In Europe, there were an estimated 204,000 cases and 52,000 deaths in 2020. In developed regions such as North America and Europe, bladder cancer is predominantly urothelial.

• #9 Bladder Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 84,870 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 17,420 […] Bladder cancer represents 4.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer and an estimated 17,420 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bladder cancer was 18.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Bladder cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bladder cancer cases have been falling on average 0.9% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014-2023.

• #10 EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/muscle-invasive-and-metastatic-bladder-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Bladder cancer is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer in males, whilst it drops to 10th position when both genders are considered. The worldwide age-standardised incidence rate (per 100,000 person/years) is 9.5 for men and 2.4 for women. In the European Union, the age-standardised incidence rate is 20 for men and 4.6 for women. In Europe, the highest age-standardised incidence rate has been reported in Belgium (31 in men and 6.2 in women) and the lowest in Finland (18.1 in men and 4.3 in women). […] Bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates vary across countries due to differences in risk factors, detection and diagnostic practices, and availability of treatments. The variations are, however, also partly caused by the different methodologies used in the studies and the quality of data collection. The incidence and mortality of BC has decreased in some registries, possibly reflecting the decreased impact of causative agents.

• #11 EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/muscle-invasive-and-metastatic-bladder-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Bladder cancer is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer in males, whilst it drops to 10th position when both genders are considered. The worldwide age-standardised incidence rate (per 100,000 person/years) is 9.5 for men and 2.4 for women. In the European Union, the age-standardised incidence rate is 20 for men and 4.6 for women. In Europe, the highest age-standardised incidence rate has been reported in Belgium (31 in men and 6.2 in women) and the lowest in Finland (18.1 in men and 4.3 in women). […] Bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates vary across countries due to differences in risk factors, detection and diagnostic practices, and availability of treatments. The variations are, however, also partly caused by the different methodologies used in the studies and the quality of data collection. The incidence and mortality of BC has decreased in some registries, possibly reflecting the decreased impact of causative agents.

• #12 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  According to GLOBOCAN data, an estimated 550,000 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2018. This accounts for roughly 3% of all new cancer diagnoses. Nations with the highest rates of bladder cancer are largely found in Southern and Western Europe as well as North America. While Greece has the highest rate of bladder cancer among men, Lebanon has the highest rate among women. Nevertheless, the region with the highest rate of bladder cancers among women is Southern Europe (same as among men), where an estimated 26.5/100,000 men and 5.5/100,000 women develop the disease every year. The regions with the lowest incidence of bladder cancer include Middle Africa, Central America, and West Africa, largely composed of nations that are below average on the human development index (HDI), possibly due to lower industrial chemical exposure and limited access to tobacco. In fact, bladder cancer incidence has been found to be positively correlated with HDI and, to a lesser extent, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita.

• #13 Bladder cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund

  https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/bladder-cancer-statistics/

  There were 614,298 new cases of bladder cancer in 2022. […] The following tables give information about the countries with the highest rates, incidence and mortality from bladder cancer. […] China, the US and Italy had the highest number of bladder cancer cases in 2022. […] China, the US and India had the highest number of deaths from bladder cancer in 2022.

• #14 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is over four times more common in men than women, with a respective incidence of 9.6/100,000 among men and 2.4/100,000 among women worldwide. Ninety% of new bladder cancer diagnoses in the US are in people 55 years of age or older, and the average age of diagnosis is 73. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). […] The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease.

• #15 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is approximately four times more common in men than women, and the average age of diagnosis is 73 in the US. Average 5-year survival with bladder cancer is around 77% in the US and is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis. The greatest risk factor for the urothelial subtype, which comprises 90% of all cases, is tobacco smoking. Smoking accounts for 5065% of all bladder cancer cases and increases the risk of the disease by 3-fold. Meanwhile, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which accounts for 5% of cases, is especially common in Africa and the Middle East and largely associated with the protozoal infection schistosomiasis. The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors.

• #16 GLOBOCAN 2022: Bladder cancer 9th most common worldwide – World Bladder Cancer Patient Coalition

  https://worldbladdercancer.org/news_events/globocan-2022-bladder-cancer-is-the-9th-most-commonly-diagnosed-worldwide/

  Bladder cancer has moved up from the 10th to the 9th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with both incidence and mortality rates increasing. The new data estimated that 614,298 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2022 around the world, marking a 7.1% increase from the data reported in 2020. The new 5-year prevalence estimates also show that 1,950,315 people (all genders) are living with bladder cancer within five years of a past diagnosis. […] Focusing on gender-specific data, it estimates 523,674 new bladder cancer cases in men, representing 5.4% of all new cancer cases in men globally, making it the 6th most common cancer among men. […] The GLOBOCAN 2022 database, a part of the broader IARC Global Cancer Observatory, serves as a crucial tool for researchers and policymakers, offering detailed cancer incidence and mortality estimates across 185 countries for 36 types of cancer and all cancer sites combined.

• #17 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease. These statistics reflect the successes of early diagnosis, as well as the poor prognosis for metastatic bladder cancer. The 5-year survival rate in the US has risen over the past 4 decades from 71.9% for diagnoses in 1975 to 79.3% for diagnoses in 2011. […] Bladder cancer is predominantly a disease of older adults, with 90% of diagnoses made in those over 55, and 80% of diagnoses in those over 65 in the US. The average age for bladder cancer diagnosis in the US is 73. This is older than the average age of cancer diagnosis, indicating a disease course that requires decades post-exposure to mutagens to overcome cellular tumor-suppressor mechanisms and culminate in carcinogenesis.

• #18 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is over four times more common in men than women, with a respective incidence of 9.6/100,000 among men and 2.4/100,000 among women worldwide. Ninety% of new bladder cancer diagnoses in the US are in people 55 years of age or older, and the average age of diagnosis is 73. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). […] The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease.

• #19 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease. These statistics reflect the successes of early diagnosis, as well as the poor prognosis for metastatic bladder cancer. The 5-year survival rate in the US has risen over the past 4 decades from 71.9% for diagnoses in 1975 to 79.3% for diagnoses in 2011. […] Bladder cancer is predominantly a disease of older adults, with 90% of diagnoses made in those over 55, and 80% of diagnoses in those over 65 in the US. The average age for bladder cancer diagnosis in the US is 73. This is older than the average age of cancer diagnosis, indicating a disease course that requires decades post-exposure to mutagens to overcome cellular tumor-suppressor mechanisms and culminate in carcinogenesis.

• #20 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68505-7_1

  Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most incident malignancy globally, with substantial morbidity and mortality. […] Although fourfold more likely to present in males, females have worse oncologic outcomes even when controlling for other known predictors of adverse outcomes such as smoking and delay to treatment. […] African-American race is also an independent risk factor for advanced disease when diagnosed, as is lower socioeconomic status. […] Many modifiable risk factors have been associated with BC risk, with tobacco smoking being the leading risk factor and accounting for an estimated 50% of BC cases. […] Occupational exposures account for 510% of BC cases, due to chemicals such as aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. […] Environmental exposures such as arsenic-containing drinking water, Agent Orange (AO), and residential exposure to hydrocarbons from oil refineries may also increase risk of BC incidence and mortality. […] In this chapter, we outline the main demographic trends of BC and identify emerging risk factors for incidence, morbidity, and mortality.

• #21 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  An estimated 80,500 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States (US) in 2019, representing 4.6% of all cancer diagnoses (greater than the global average). This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in the US. The incidence of bladder cancer in the US rose from 19.3/100,000 in 1975 to a peak of 21.6/100,000 in 1987 and has since steadily declined over the past decades to 18.1/100,000 in 2016. In many European nations, such as Germany and Bulgaria, incidence rates of bladder cancer have continued to rise, and are expected to rise even further, due to a greater prevalence of smoking and an aging population. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. This constitutes 2.1% of all cancer deaths. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). The cumulative risk of dying from bladder cancer between birth and the age of 74 is 0.29% among men and 0.08% among women. Mortality is greatest in North and East Africa and the Middle-East, where schistosomiasis infection leads to high incidence rates.

• #22 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  An estimated 80,500 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States (US) in 2019, representing 4.6% of all cancer diagnoses (greater than the global average). This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in the US. The incidence of bladder cancer in the US rose from 19.3/100,000 in 1975 to a peak of 21.6/100,000 in 1987 and has since steadily declined over the past decades to 18.1/100,000 in 2016. In many European nations, such as Germany and Bulgaria, incidence rates of bladder cancer have continued to rise, and are expected to rise even further, due to a greater prevalence of smoking and an aging population. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. This constitutes 2.1% of all cancer deaths. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). The cumulative risk of dying from bladder cancer between birth and the age of 74 is 0.29% among men and 0.08% among women. Mortality is greatest in North and East Africa and the Middle-East, where schistosomiasis infection leads to high incidence rates.

• #23 Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. The American Cancer Societys estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer (about 65,080 in men and 19,790 in women) […] About 17,420 deaths from bladder cancer (about 12,640 in men and 4,780 in women). Smoking is the highest risk factor for bladder cancer. Other risk factors include exposure to chemicals in certain occupations such as painters, metal workers, leather workers, miners, manufacturers of plastics, and firefighters. People who are born with a bladder defect or people who have had to use a urinary catheter for a long time are also at higher risk for bladder cancer. […] In recent years, incidence rates have decreased by 1% per year in both men and women. This is likely due to a decline in smoking in both men and women, especially in developed countries.

• #24 Bladder Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 84,870 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 17,420 […] Bladder cancer represents 4.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer and an estimated 17,420 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bladder cancer was 18.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Bladder cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bladder cancer cases have been falling on average 0.9% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014-2023.

• #25 Bladder Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 84,870 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 17,420 […] Bladder cancer represents 4.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer and an estimated 17,420 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bladder cancer was 18.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Bladder cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bladder cancer cases have been falling on average 0.9% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014-2023.

• #26 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  An estimated 80,500 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States (US) in 2019, representing 4.6% of all cancer diagnoses (greater than the global average). This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in the US. The incidence of bladder cancer in the US rose from 19.3/100,000 in 1975 to a peak of 21.6/100,000 in 1987 and has since steadily declined over the past decades to 18.1/100,000 in 2016. In many European nations, such as Germany and Bulgaria, incidence rates of bladder cancer have continued to rise, and are expected to rise even further, due to a greater prevalence of smoking and an aging population. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. This constitutes 2.1% of all cancer deaths. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). The cumulative risk of dying from bladder cancer between birth and the age of 74 is 0.29% among men and 0.08% among women. Mortality is greatest in North and East Africa and the Middle-East, where schistosomiasis infection leads to high incidence rates.

• #27 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is over four times more common in men than women, with a respective incidence of 9.6/100,000 among men and 2.4/100,000 among women worldwide. Ninety% of new bladder cancer diagnoses in the US are in people 55 years of age or older, and the average age of diagnosis is 73. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). […] The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease.

• #28 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is over four times more common in men than women, with a respective incidence of 9.6/100,000 among men and 2.4/100,000 among women worldwide. Ninety% of new bladder cancer diagnoses in the US are in people 55 years of age or older, and the average age of diagnosis is 73. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). […] The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease.

• #29 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease. These statistics reflect the successes of early diagnosis, as well as the poor prognosis for metastatic bladder cancer. The 5-year survival rate in the US has risen over the past 4 decades from 71.9% for diagnoses in 1975 to 79.3% for diagnoses in 2011. […] Bladder cancer is predominantly a disease of older adults, with 90% of diagnoses made in those over 55, and 80% of diagnoses in those over 65 in the US. The average age for bladder cancer diagnosis in the US is 73. This is older than the average age of cancer diagnosis, indicating a disease course that requires decades post-exposure to mutagens to overcome cellular tumor-suppressor mechanisms and culminate in carcinogenesis.

• #30 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer in the US is 77.1%. While the 5-year survival is 95.8% among those cases diagnosed in situ (which comprise 51% of all diagnoses), the survival rate drops down to 69.5% for localized disease, 36.3% of regional disease, and only 4.6% survival for metastatic disease. These statistics reflect the successes of early diagnosis, as well as the poor prognosis for metastatic bladder cancer. The 5-year survival rate in the US has risen over the past 4 decades from 71.9% for diagnoses in 1975 to 79.3% for diagnoses in 2011. […] Bladder cancer is predominantly a disease of older adults, with 90% of diagnoses made in those over 55, and 80% of diagnoses in those over 65 in the US. The average age for bladder cancer diagnosis in the US is 73. This is older than the average age of cancer diagnosis, indicating a disease course that requires decades post-exposure to mutagens to overcome cellular tumor-suppressor mechanisms and culminate in carcinogenesis.

• #31 Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-and-risk-factors-of-urothelial-carcinoma-of-the-bladder

  Incidence and prevalence — Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer in the world. Globally, there were approximately 500,000 new cases and over 210,000 deaths in 2020. In males it is the sixth most common cancer and the ninth leading cause of cancer death. Although age-standardized death rates have decreased globally by 15.7 percent from 1990 to 2019, bladder cancer still accounted for 4.39 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019. The global age-standardized incidence and death rates were higher among males than females. […] In the United States, there were approximately 85,000 new cases of bladder cancer and over 17,000 deaths annually. In Europe, there were an estimated 204,000 cases and 52,000 deaths in 2020. In developed regions such as North America and Europe, bladder cancer is predominantly urothelial.

• #32 Global, regional and national burden of bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/11/e004128

  Globally, there were 524 000 bladder cancer incident cases (95% uncertainty interval 476 000 to 569 000) and 229 000 bladder cancer deaths (211 000 to 243 000) in 2019. […] Age-standardised death rate decreased by 15.7% (8.6 to 21.0), during the period 1990-2019. […] Bladder cancer accounted for 4.39 million (4.09 to 4.70) DALYs in 2019, and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased significantly by 18.6% (11.2 to 24.3) during the period 1990-2019. […] In 2019, the global age-standardised incidence and death rates were higher among males than females, across all age groups and peaked in the 95+ age group. […] Globally, 36.8% (28.5 to 44.0) of bladder cancer DALYs were attributable to smoking, more so in males than females (43.7% (34.0 to 51.8) vs 15.2% (10.9 to 19.4)). […] In addition, 9.1% (1.9 to 19.6) of the DALYs were attributable to elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (males 9.3% (1.6 to 20.9); females 8.4% (1.6 to 19.1)).

• #33 Epidemiology, aetiology and screening of bladder cancer – Cumberbatch – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21474/html

  Bladder cancer (BC) is a common, significant and expensive health condition. Understanding the risk factors for this disease is paramount to improving disease prevention and increasing public awareness. Historically BC has been a disease of industrialized regions and the most responsible carcinogens are tobacco smoke and occupational chemical exposure. BC incidence and mortality differ dramatically by region and reflect differences in risk factor exposure, healthcare behaviour, and population demographics. Screening studies have suggested a survival benefit amongst screened non-symptomatic populations with known risk factors, but this has not become standard practice. […] Bladder cancer (BC) is the 9th most common cancer worldwide and the 7th most common worldwide in men. Worldwide data from GLOBOCAN [2012] revealed there are approximately 430,000 incident cases per year with 165,000 deaths. In 2018, there will be an estimated 81,190 new BC cases diagnosed in the USA with 17,240 deaths. Three-quarters of new cases occur in men, yet women have greater disease-specific mortality.

• #34 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  A recent meta-analysis found that among bladder cancer cases studied, between 1995 and 2015, 81.8% could be attributed to known preventable causes. Only 7% of bladder cancer cases are predicted to arise from heritable genetic influence. With such a large proportion of cases attributable to known environmental causes, bladder cancer is an optimal candidate for public health prevention interventions. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, accounting for 65–50% of all cases in the developed world. Smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer by approximately 40% within only 1–4 years, and complete return to baseline risk by 20 years. […] Occupational exposure is the second greatest preventable risk factor for bladder cancer. Precautions should be taken to minimize chemical exposure among those in the manufacturing, shipping, fire-fighting, and hair-styling industries.

• #35 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 5065% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #36 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  A recent meta-analysis found that among bladder cancer cases studied, between 1995 and 2015, 81.8% could be attributed to known preventable causes. Only 7% of bladder cancer cases are predicted to arise from heritable genetic influence. With such a large proportion of cases attributable to known environmental causes, bladder cancer is an optimal candidate for public health prevention interventions. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, accounting for 65–50% of all cases in the developed world. Smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer by approximately 40% within only 1–4 years, and complete return to baseline risk by 20 years. […] Occupational exposure is the second greatest preventable risk factor for bladder cancer. Precautions should be taken to minimize chemical exposure among those in the manufacturing, shipping, fire-fighting, and hair-styling industries.

• #37 Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333236/

  Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant health problem due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with disease burden, which has remained largely unaltered over time. […] To provide an expert collaborative review and describe the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of BC and to evaluate current evidence for BC screening and prevention. […] BC is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with 573 278 cases in 2020. BC incidence is approximately fourfold higher in men than women. Tobacco smoking remains the principal risk factor, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine BC screening. However, targeted screening of high-risk individuals (defined according to smoking history or occupational exposure) may reduce BC mortality and should be the focus of prospective randomized trials. In terms of disease prevention, smoking cessation represents the most important intervention, followed by a reduction in exposure to occupational and environmental carcinogens.

• #38 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is approximately four times more common in men than women, and the average age of diagnosis is 73 in the US. Average 5-year survival with bladder cancer is around 77% in the US and is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis. The greatest risk factor for the urothelial subtype, which comprises 90% of all cases, is tobacco smoking. Smoking accounts for 5065% of all bladder cancer cases and increases the risk of the disease by 3-fold. Meanwhile, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which accounts for 5% of cases, is especially common in Africa and the Middle East and largely associated with the protozoal infection schistosomiasis. The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors.

• #39 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  Bladder cancer is approximately four times more common in men than women, and the average age of diagnosis is 73 in the US. Average 5-year survival with bladder cancer is around 77% in the US and is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis. Metastatic disease, which accounts for only 5% of cases in the US, has a 5-year survival under 5%. The greatest risk factor for the urothelial subtype, which comprises 90% of all cases, is tobacco smoking. Smoking accounts for 50–65% of all bladder cancer cases and increases the risk of the disease by 3-fold. Meanwhile, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which accounts for 5% of cases, is especially common in Africa and the Middle East and largely associated with the protozoal infection schistosomiasis. The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors. Prevention strategies, including smoking cessation, responsible workplace safety practices, diet, weight loss, and schistosomiasis prevention, could all significantly lighten the growing worldwide burden of bladder cancer.

• #40 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  A recent meta-analysis found that among bladder cancer cases studied, between 1995 and 2015, 81.8% could be attributed to known preventable causes. Only 7% of bladder cancer cases are predicted to arise from heritable genetic influence. With such a large proportion of cases attributable to known environmental causes, bladder cancer is an optimal candidate for public health prevention interventions. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, accounting for 65–50% of all cases in the developed world. Smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer by approximately 40% within only 1–4 years, and complete return to baseline risk by 20 years. […] Occupational exposure is the second greatest preventable risk factor for bladder cancer. Precautions should be taken to minimize chemical exposure among those in the manufacturing, shipping, fire-fighting, and hair-styling industries.

• #41 Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. The American Cancer Societys estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer (about 65,080 in men and 19,790 in women) […] About 17,420 deaths from bladder cancer (about 12,640 in men and 4,780 in women). Smoking is the highest risk factor for bladder cancer. Other risk factors include exposure to chemicals in certain occupations such as painters, metal workers, leather workers, miners, manufacturers of plastics, and firefighters. People who are born with a bladder defect or people who have had to use a urinary catheter for a long time are also at higher risk for bladder cancer. […] In recent years, incidence rates have decreased by 1% per year in both men and women. This is likely due to a decline in smoking in both men and women, especially in developed countries.

• #42 Global, regional and national burden of bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/11/e004128

  Globally, there were 524 000 bladder cancer incident cases (95% uncertainty interval 476 000 to 569 000) and 229 000 bladder cancer deaths (211 000 to 243 000) in 2019. […] Age-standardised death rate decreased by 15.7% (8.6 to 21.0), during the period 1990-2019. […] Bladder cancer accounted for 4.39 million (4.09 to 4.70) DALYs in 2019, and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased significantly by 18.6% (11.2 to 24.3) during the period 1990-2019. […] In 2019, the global age-standardised incidence and death rates were higher among males than females, across all age groups and peaked in the 95+ age group. […] Globally, 36.8% (28.5 to 44.0) of bladder cancer DALYs were attributable to smoking, more so in males than females (43.7% (34.0 to 51.8) vs 15.2% (10.9 to 19.4)). […] In addition, 9.1% (1.9 to 19.6) of the DALYs were attributable to elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (males 9.3% (1.6 to 20.9); females 8.4% (1.6 to 19.1)).

• #43 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 5065% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #44 Epidemiology, aetiology and screening of bladder cancer – Cumberbatch – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21474/html

  BC also increases with age and is more common in well-resourced countries. Partly this reflects tobacco smoking and environmental carcinogen prevalence. BC is the most expensive cancer to treat, with the cost of MIBC approaching $150,000 per capita. […] Most BCs arise secondary to exogenous exposure to carcinogens via the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract or via skin contact. The most common risk factors for BC are tobacco smoke and occupational and environmental carcinogens. Tobacco smoke accounts for 50% of BCs. […] Recently the use of electronic (e-) cigarettes is on the rise in most high-income countries. E-cigarettes have been in US and UK markets since 2007 and long-term data is yet to be published. […] Occupational carcinogen exposure accounts for approximately 6%. Historically, rubber and dye industries have been shown convincingly to be at risk of occupational BC.

• #45 Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. The American Cancer Societys estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer (about 65,080 in men and 19,790 in women) […] About 17,420 deaths from bladder cancer (about 12,640 in men and 4,780 in women). Smoking is the highest risk factor for bladder cancer. Other risk factors include exposure to chemicals in certain occupations such as painters, metal workers, leather workers, miners, manufacturers of plastics, and firefighters. People who are born with a bladder defect or people who have had to use a urinary catheter for a long time are also at higher risk for bladder cancer. […] In recent years, incidence rates have decreased by 1% per year in both men and women. This is likely due to a decline in smoking in both men and women, especially in developed countries.

• #46 Epidemiology, aetiology and screening of bladder cancer – Cumberbatch – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21474/html

  BC also increases with age and is more common in well-resourced countries. Partly this reflects tobacco smoking and environmental carcinogen prevalence. BC is the most expensive cancer to treat, with the cost of MIBC approaching $150,000 per capita. […] Most BCs arise secondary to exogenous exposure to carcinogens via the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract or via skin contact. The most common risk factors for BC are tobacco smoke and occupational and environmental carcinogens. Tobacco smoke accounts for 50% of BCs. […] Recently the use of electronic (e-) cigarettes is on the rise in most high-income countries. E-cigarettes have been in US and UK markets since 2007 and long-term data is yet to be published. […] Occupational carcinogen exposure accounts for approximately 6%. Historically, rubber and dye industries have been shown convincingly to be at risk of occupational BC.

• #47 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68505-7_1

  Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most incident malignancy globally, with substantial morbidity and mortality. […] Although fourfold more likely to present in males, females have worse oncologic outcomes even when controlling for other known predictors of adverse outcomes such as smoking and delay to treatment. […] African-American race is also an independent risk factor for advanced disease when diagnosed, as is lower socioeconomic status. […] Many modifiable risk factors have been associated with BC risk, with tobacco smoking being the leading risk factor and accounting for an estimated 50% of BC cases. […] Occupational exposures account for 510% of BC cases, due to chemicals such as aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. […] Environmental exposures such as arsenic-containing drinking water, Agent Orange (AO), and residential exposure to hydrocarbons from oil refineries may also increase risk of BC incidence and mortality. […] In this chapter, we outline the main demographic trends of BC and identify emerging risk factors for incidence, morbidity, and mortality.

• #48 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 5065% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #49 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer […] Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. While the average 5-year survival in the US is 77%, the 5-year survival for those with metastatic disease is a measly 5%. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50–65% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. Schistosomiasis infection is the common cause of bladder cancer in regions of Africa and the Middle East and is considered the second most onerous tropical pathogen after malaria. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #50 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Bladder cancer is approximately four times more common in men than women, and the average age of diagnosis is 73 in the US. Average 5-year survival with bladder cancer is around 77% in the US and is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis. The greatest risk factor for the urothelial subtype, which comprises 90% of all cases, is tobacco smoking. Smoking accounts for 5065% of all bladder cancer cases and increases the risk of the disease by 3-fold. Meanwhile, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which accounts for 5% of cases, is especially common in Africa and the Middle East and largely associated with the protozoal infection schistosomiasis. The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors.

• #51 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  Bladder cancer is approximately four times more common in men than women, and the average age of diagnosis is 73 in the US. Average 5-year survival with bladder cancer is around 77% in the US and is highly dependent on the stage at diagnosis. Metastatic disease, which accounts for only 5% of cases in the US, has a 5-year survival under 5%. The greatest risk factor for the urothelial subtype, which comprises 90% of all cases, is tobacco smoking. Smoking accounts for 50–65% of all bladder cancer cases and increases the risk of the disease by 3-fold. Meanwhile, squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, which accounts for 5% of cases, is especially common in Africa and the Middle East and largely associated with the protozoal infection schistosomiasis. The second greatest risk factor after smoking is environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogenic chemicals. An estimated 81% of bladder cancer cases can be attributed to preventable risk factors. Prevention strategies, including smoking cessation, responsible workplace safety practices, diet, weight loss, and schistosomiasis prevention, could all significantly lighten the growing worldwide burden of bladder cancer.

• #52 Global, regional and national burden of bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 | BMJ Global Health

  https://gh.bmj.com/content/6/11/e004128

  Globally, there were 524 000 bladder cancer incident cases (95% uncertainty interval 476 000 to 569 000) and 229 000 bladder cancer deaths (211 000 to 243 000) in 2019. […] Age-standardised death rate decreased by 15.7% (8.6 to 21.0), during the period 1990-2019. […] Bladder cancer accounted for 4.39 million (4.09 to 4.70) DALYs in 2019, and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased significantly by 18.6% (11.2 to 24.3) during the period 1990-2019. […] In 2019, the global age-standardised incidence and death rates were higher among males than females, across all age groups and peaked in the 95+ age group. […] Globally, 36.8% (28.5 to 44.0) of bladder cancer DALYs were attributable to smoking, more so in males than females (43.7% (34.0 to 51.8) vs 15.2% (10.9 to 19.4)). […] In addition, 9.1% (1.9 to 19.6) of the DALYs were attributable to elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (males 9.3% (1.6 to 20.9); females 8.4% (1.6 to 19.1)).

• #53 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/458825-overview

  The American Cancer Society estimates that 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025 and that 17,420 people will die of the disease. The incidence of bladder cancer increases with age, with the median age at diagnosis being 73 years; bladder cancer is rarely diagnosed before age 40 years. […] Bladder cancer is about 4 times more common in men than in women. The male predominance in bladder cancer in the United States reflects the prevalence of urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma). With small cell carcinoma in contrast to urothelial carcinoma the male-to-female incidence ratio is 1:2. […] The incidence of bladder cancer is twice as high in White men as in Black men in the United States. However, Blacks have a worse prognosis than Whites.

• #54 Racial differences in Urinary Bladder Cancer in the United States | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29987-2

  Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) has a high incidence rates in many southern and eastern European countries, in parts of Africa and the Middle East, and in North America. […] Overall, non-Hispanic whites have the highest incidence rate, followed by blacks, Hispanic whites, and APIs. […] Racial differences exist among UBC patients in the United States in terms of characteristics, incidence, and survival. […] The overall age-adjusted incidence rate is 19.53 per 100,000 person-years. […] Overall, non-Hispanic whites have the highest incidence rate, and the incidence rate is far greater than those of the other races. […] Non-Hispanic whites have higher incidence rates of UBC than blacks while Hispanic whites have lower incidence rates than blacks and APIs have lower incidence rates than other races.

• #55 Krebs – Bladder cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Bladder_cancer/bladder_cancer_node.html

  Active and passive smoking are the most important risk factors. […] Some chemical substances, such as aromatic amines, also increase risk. […] However, the latency period between exposure and carcinogenesis is long, such that occupational bladder carcinomas continue to occur. […] Cytostatic drugs used in cancer therapy and radiotherapy involving this region of the body can increase bladder cancer risk. […] Other drugs, such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone, also appear to cause bladder cancer. […] Furthermore, air pollution and arsenic or chlorine in drinking water increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory damage to the bladder mucosa is an additional risk factor. […] Research into family clusters indicates that genetic factors may play a role in the development of bladder cancer by influencing sensitivity to carcinogens.

• #56 Krebs – Bladder cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Bladder_cancer/bladder_cancer_node.html

  Active and passive smoking are the most important risk factors. […] Some chemical substances, such as aromatic amines, also increase risk. […] However, the latency period between exposure and carcinogenesis is long, such that occupational bladder carcinomas continue to occur. […] Cytostatic drugs used in cancer therapy and radiotherapy involving this region of the body can increase bladder cancer risk. […] Other drugs, such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone, also appear to cause bladder cancer. […] Furthermore, air pollution and arsenic or chlorine in drinking water increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory damage to the bladder mucosa is an additional risk factor. […] Research into family clusters indicates that genetic factors may play a role in the development of bladder cancer by influencing sensitivity to carcinogens.

• #57 EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/muscle-invasive-and-metastatic-bladder-cancer/chapter/epidemiology-aetiology-and-pathology

  Approximately 75% of patients with BC present with disease confined to the mucosa (stage Ta, carcinoma in situ [CIS]) or submucosa (stage T1). In younger patients ( 40 years) this percentage is even higher. Patients with TaT1 and CIS have a high prevalence due to long-term survival in many cases and lower risk of cancer-specific mortality (CSM) compared to T2-4 tumours. […] Several risk factors associated with BC diagnosis have been identified. Active and passive tobacco smoking continues to be the main risk factor, while exposure-related incidence is decreasing. The increased risk of developing BC in patients undergoing EBRT, brachytherapy, or a combination of EBRT and brachytherapy, must be considered during patient follow-up. As BC requires time to develop, patients treated with radiation at a young age are at the greatest risk and should be followed-up closely.

• #58 Krebs – Bladder cancer

  https://www.krebsdaten.de/Krebs/EN/Content/Cancer_sites/Bladder_cancer/bladder_cancer_node.html

  Active and passive smoking are the most important risk factors. […] Some chemical substances, such as aromatic amines, also increase risk. […] However, the latency period between exposure and carcinogenesis is long, such that occupational bladder carcinomas continue to occur. […] Cytostatic drugs used in cancer therapy and radiotherapy involving this region of the body can increase bladder cancer risk. […] Other drugs, such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone, also appear to cause bladder cancer. […] Furthermore, air pollution and arsenic or chlorine in drinking water increase the risk of developing bladder cancer. […] Chronic inflammatory damage to the bladder mucosa is an additional risk factor. […] Research into family clusters indicates that genetic factors may play a role in the development of bladder cancer by influencing sensitivity to carcinogens.

• #59 Key Statistics for Bladder Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/bladder-cancer/about/key-statistics.html

  Bladder cancer is more common in men than women. The American Cancer Societys estimates for bladder cancer in the United States for 2025 are: About 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer (about 65,080 in men and 19,790 in women) […] About 17,420 deaths from bladder cancer (about 12,640 in men and 4,780 in women). Smoking is the highest risk factor for bladder cancer. Other risk factors include exposure to chemicals in certain occupations such as painters, metal workers, leather workers, miners, manufacturers of plastics, and firefighters. People who are born with a bladder defect or people who have had to use a urinary catheter for a long time are also at higher risk for bladder cancer. […] In recent years, incidence rates have decreased by 1% per year in both men and women. This is likely due to a decline in smoking in both men and women, especially in developed countries.

• #60 Bladder cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer/incidence

  For bladder cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] The number of new bladder cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 9,800 cases in 2023-2025 to around 10,700 cases in 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040, to 12 cases per 100,000 people on average each year by 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 47% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 23% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 980 more cases of bladder cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.

• #61 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  An estimated 80,500 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States (US) in 2019, representing 4.6% of all cancer diagnoses (greater than the global average). This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in the US. The incidence of bladder cancer in the US rose from 19.3/100,000 in 1975 to a peak of 21.6/100,000 in 1987 and has since steadily declined over the past decades to 18.1/100,000 in 2016. In many European nations, such as Germany and Bulgaria, incidence rates of bladder cancer have continued to rise, and are expected to rise even further, due to a greater prevalence of smoking and an aging population. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. This constitutes 2.1% of all cancer deaths. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). The cumulative risk of dying from bladder cancer between birth and the age of 74 is 0.29% among men and 0.08% among women. Mortality is greatest in North and East Africa and the Middle-East, where schistosomiasis infection leads to high incidence rates.

• #62 Bladder Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 84,870 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 17,420 […] Bladder cancer represents 4.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer and an estimated 17,420 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bladder cancer was 18.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Bladder cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bladder cancer cases have been falling on average 0.9% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014-2023.

• #63 Bladder cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer/incidence

  In the UK in 2017-2019, on average each year almost 6 in 10 new cases (56%) were in people aged 75 and over. […] Age-specific incidence rates rise from around age 50-54, more steeply for males than females. Rates peak around age 85-89 for females and continue rising for males. The highest rates are in the 90+ age group for females and males. […] Incidence rates are significantly lower for females than males in a number of (mainly older) age groups. The gap is widest at age 90+, when the age-specific incidence rate is 3.7 times lower for females than males. […] For bladder cancer, like most cancer types, incidence increases with age. This largely reflects cell DNA damage accumulating over time. Damage can result from biological processes or from exposure to risk factors. […] Bladder cancer European age-standardised (AS) incidence rates for females and males combined decreased by 23% in the UK between 2000-2002 and 2017-2019.

• #64 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  An estimated 80,500 cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed in the United States (US) in 2019, representing 4.6% of all cancer diagnoses (greater than the global average). This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in the US. The incidence of bladder cancer in the US rose from 19.3/100,000 in 1975 to a peak of 21.6/100,000 in 1987 and has since steadily declined over the past decades to 18.1/100,000 in 2016. In many European nations, such as Germany and Bulgaria, incidence rates of bladder cancer have continued to rise, and are expected to rise even further, due to a greater prevalence of smoking and an aging population. […] While bladder cancer is the 10th most common neoplasm throughout the world, it is the 13th most deadly, estimated to have claimed nearly 200,000 lives in 2018. This constitutes 2.1% of all cancer deaths. Mortality rates reflect incidence rates in terms of gender disparity, with a mortality of 3.2/100,000 men, which is roughly four times greater than that of women worldwide (0.9/100,000). The cumulative risk of dying from bladder cancer between birth and the age of 74 is 0.29% among men and 0.08% among women. Mortality is greatest in North and East Africa and the Middle-East, where schistosomiasis infection leads to high incidence rates.

• #65 Bladder Cancer — Cancer Stat Facts

  https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html

  Estimated New Cases in 2025 84,870 […] Estimated Deaths in 2025 17,420 […] Bladder cancer represents 4.2% of all new cancer cases in the U.S. […] In 2025, it is estimated that there will be 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer and an estimated 17,420 people will die of this disease. […] The rate of new cases of bladder cancer was 18.0 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2018-2022 cases, age-adjusted. […] Bladder cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The death rate was 4.1 per 100,000 men and women per year based on 2019-2023 deaths, age-adjusted. […] Keeping track of new cases, deaths, and survival over time (trends) can help scientists understand whether progress is being made and where additional research is needed to address challenges, such as improving screening or finding better treatments. […] Using statistical models for analysis, age-adjusted rates for new bladder cancer cases have been falling on average 0.9% each year over 2013-2022. Age-adjusted death rates have been falling on average 1.1% each year over 2014-2023.

• #66 Bladder cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer

  There are around 5,600 bladder cancer deaths in the UK every year, that’s 15 every day (2017-2019). […] Bladder cancer is the 9th most common cause of cancer death in the UK, accounting for 3% of all cancer deaths (2017-2019). […] In females in the UK, bladder cancer is the 14th most common cause of cancer death, with around 1,800 deaths every year (2017-2019). […] In males in the UK, bladder cancer is the 7th most common cause of cancer death, with around 3,800 deaths every year (2017-2019). […] Mortality rates for bladder cancer in the UK are highest in people aged 90+ (2017-2019). […] Each year around 7 in 10 of all bladder cancer deaths (71%) in the UK are in people aged 75 and over (2017-2019). […] Since the early 1970s, bladder cancer mortality rates have decreased by around a quarter (24%) in the UK. Rates in females have decreased by almost a sixth (16%), and rates in males have decreased by more than a third (35%) (2017-2019).

• #67 Bladder cancer statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer

  Over the last decade, bladder cancer mortality rates have decreased by more than a twentieth (7%) in the UK. Rates in females have decreased by almost a tenth (8%), and rates in males have decreased by a tenth (10%) (2017-2019). […] Bladder cancer mortality rates are projected to fall by 4% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer deaths in England are more common in people living in the most deprived areas. […] Almost 1 in 2 (46.3%) people diagnosed with bladder cancer in England survive their disease for ten years or more, it is predicted (2013-2017). […] Bladder cancer ten-year survival in England is lower in females than males (2013-2017). […] Almost 6 in 10 (57.4%) people in England diagnosed with bladder cancer aged 15-54 survive their disease for ten years or more, compared with almost a third (31.5%) of people diagnosed aged 75-99 (2013-2017).

• #68 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/458825-overview

  From 2000 to 2019, incidence and death rates for bladder cancer decreased in most racial and ethnic groups in both men and women in the US. On average, incidence rates decreased by 1.88% annually in men and 1.34% in women; death rates decreased by 2.16% in men and 2.44% in women. However, incidence rates showed a steady increase in American Indian and Alaska Native men and women, and death rates stabilized in Asian American and Pacific Islander men and Hispanic women. […] Worldwide, bladder cancer is diagnosed in approximately 275,000 people each year, and about 108,000 die of this disease. In industrialized countries, 90% of bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas. In developing countries particularly in the Middle East and Africa the majority of bladder cancers are SCCs, and most of these cancers are secondary to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Urothelial carcinoma is reported to be the most common urologic cancer in China.

• #69 Bladder cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer/incidence

  For bladder cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] The number of new bladder cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 9,800 cases in 2023-2025 to around 10,700 cases in 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040, to 12 cases per 100,000 people on average each year by 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 47% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 23% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 980 more cases of bladder cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.

• #70 Bladder cancer incidence statistics | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/bladder-cancer/incidence

  For bladder cancer, like most cancer types, incidence trends largely reflect changing prevalence of risk factors and improvements in diagnosis and data recording. […] The number of new bladder cancer cases on average each year in the UK is projected to rise from around 9,800 cases in 2023-2025 to around 10,700 cases in 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer incidence rates are projected to fall by 14% in the UK between 2023-2025 and 2038-2040, to 12 cases per 100,000 people on average each year by 2038-2040. […] Bladder cancer incidence rates (European age-standardised (AS) rates) in England in females are 47% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least, and in males are 23% higher in the most deprived quintile compared with the least (2013-2017). […] It is estimated that there are around 980 more cases of bladder cancer each year in England than there would be if every deprivation quintile had the same age-specific crude incidence rates as the least deprived quintile.

• #71 10 year 8 Major Market Bladder Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/11/18/2982930/28124/en/10-year-8-Major-Market-Bladder-Cancer-Epidemiology-Forecasts-2023-2033.html

  Bladder cancer (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10] codes C67 [0-9]) is a type of cancer that begins in the urinary bladder, most often in the urothelial cells lining the inside of urinary bladder. Urothelial carcinomas make up more than 90% of all bladder cancers (American Cancer Society, 2024c). […] Globally, bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer type. Diagnosis of the disease is both challenging and expensive since diagnosis relies mainly on cystoscopy, which is an invasive procedure (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2024a). […] In the 8MM, the diagnosed incident cases of bladder cancer are expected to increase from 279,419 cases in 2023 to 341,879 cases in 2033, at an annual growth rate (AGR) of 2.24%. […] In 2033, the US will have the highest number of diagnosed incident cases of bladder cancer in the 8MM, with 98,184 diagnosed incident cases, whereas France will have the fewest diagnosed incident cases with 18,425 cases.

• #72 10 year 8 Major Market Bladder Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/11/18/2982930/28124/en/10-year-8-Major-Market-Bladder-Cancer-Epidemiology-Forecasts-2023-2033.html

  In the 8MM, the five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of bladder cancer are expected to increase from 987,497 cases in 2023 to 1,202,635 cases in 2033, at an AGR of 2.18%. […] The analyst epidemiologists attribute the increase in the diagnosed incident cases and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases to a certain extent with the moderately rising trend in the incidence rates in the 8MM, combined with underlying demographic changes in the respective markets. […] This epidemiology forecast for bladder cancer is supported by data obtained from country-specific oncology databases, peer-reviewed articles, and population-based studies.

• #73 EAU Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/chapter/followup-of-patients-with-nmibc

  Epidemiology And Aetiology […] Due to the risk of recurrence and progression, patients with NMIBC need follow-up after treatment. The first cystoscopy after TURB at three months is an important prognostic indicator for recurrence and progression. Therefore, the first cystoscopy should always be performed three months after TURB in all patients with TaT1 tumours and CIS. The subsequent frequency and duration of cystoscopy and imaging follow-up should reflect the individual patients degree of risk. This can be defined by using the EAU NMIBC prognostic factor risk groups or further prognostic models for specific patient populations which predict, the short- and long- term risks of recurrence and progression in individual patients. However, recommendations for follow-up are mainly based on retrospective data and there is a lack of RCTs investigating the possibility of safely reducing the frequency of follow-up cystoscopy.

• #74 Bladder Cancer Recurrence: The Importance of Surveillance

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/the-importance-of-monitoring-and-surveillance/

  Early detection can help to ensure any recurrence is treated promptly. The sooner new cancer growth is detected, the more time and options are available for managing the condition appropriately. […] Research suggests that early bladder cancer detection through routine clinical check-ups and using diagnostic tests for those with symptoms or at risk could be an effective way to help improve patient survival. […] If youve been diagnosed with bladder cancer, your healthcare team will often develop a personalized follow-up surveillance plan with you outlining the recommended number and type of check-ups you will need after treatment. This plan is usually tailored based on medical guidelines and reflects the risk of recurrence of bladder cancer. […] The frequency and type of surveillance check-ups recommended for bladder cancer recurrence is often based on the presence or absence of a number of individual risk factors, and whether your cancer is categorized as low-risk, intermediate-risk, or high-risk.

• #75 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer that has the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. The most common type is urothelial carcinoma (UC). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025 and that 17,420 people will die of the disease. The incidence of bladder cancer increases with age, with the median age at diagnosis being 73 years; bladder cancer is rarely diagnosed before age 40 years. Bladder cancer is about 4 times more common in men than in women. The male predominance in bladder cancer in the United States reflects the prevalence of urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma). […] Bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. Although most patients with bladder cancer can be treated with organ-sparing therapy, most experience either recurrence or progression, creating a great need for accurate and diligent surveillance. […] The recurrence rate for superficial TCC of the bladder is high. As many as 80% of patients have at least one recurrence.

• #76 Bladder Cancer: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/438262-overview

  Bladder cancer is a common urologic cancer that has the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. The most common type is urothelial carcinoma (UC). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. […] The American Cancer Society estimates that 84,870 new cases of bladder cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2025 and that 17,420 people will die of the disease. The incidence of bladder cancer increases with age, with the median age at diagnosis being 73 years; bladder cancer is rarely diagnosed before age 40 years. Bladder cancer is about 4 times more common in men than in women. The male predominance in bladder cancer in the United States reflects the prevalence of urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma). […] Bladder cancer has the highest recurrence rate of any malignancy. Although most patients with bladder cancer can be treated with organ-sparing therapy, most experience either recurrence or progression, creating a great need for accurate and diligent surveillance. […] The recurrence rate for superficial TCC of the bladder is high. As many as 80% of patients have at least one recurrence.

• #77 Bladder Cancer Recurrence: The Importance of Surveillance

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/the-importance-of-monitoring-and-surveillance/

  Recurrence rates for bladder cancer can be quite high compared to other types of cancer. Generally, over half of all people who develop bladder cancer may experience recurrence of their cancer following treatment. […] Chances of recurrence can be very high for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Around 31% to 78% of people with this cancer will develop recurrence or a secondary bladder cancer within 5 years following treatment, depending on risk-factors. […] Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer often need a more aggressive treatment regime, and chances of recurrence following treatment can still be around 30% to 54%. […] This means that if you have been previously diagnosed with bladder cancer, you may be asked to undergo extra surveillance check-ups and monitoring for any recurrence for many years after initial treatment.

• #78 Bladder Cancer Recurrence: The Importance of Surveillance

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/the-importance-of-monitoring-and-surveillance/

  Bladder cancer is usually treatable – especially when caught early. Unfortunately the disease also has one of the highest rates of recurrence, and its relatively common for people who are diagnosed with bladder cancer to experience a return of their cancer at least once following initial treatment. For some types of bladder cancer, the risk of recurrence is very high. […] As a result, regular monitoring and surveillance following treatment is important for helping to detect bladder cancer recurrence early, and ensuring the best chance of a good outcome for patients. […] This is one of the reasons why physicians strongly recommend that people who have previously been diagnosed with bladder cancer have regular ongoing check-ups following treatment. This is sometimes called active surveillance.

• #79 EAU Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer – Uroweb

  https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/chapter/followup-of-patients-with-nmibc

  Epidemiology And Aetiology […] Due to the risk of recurrence and progression, patients with NMIBC need follow-up after treatment. The first cystoscopy after TURB at three months is an important prognostic indicator for recurrence and progression. Therefore, the first cystoscopy should always be performed three months after TURB in all patients with TaT1 tumours and CIS. The subsequent frequency and duration of cystoscopy and imaging follow-up should reflect the individual patients degree of risk. This can be defined by using the EAU NMIBC prognostic factor risk groups or further prognostic models for specific patient populations which predict, the short- and long- term risks of recurrence and progression in individual patients. However, recommendations for follow-up are mainly based on retrospective data and there is a lack of RCTs investigating the possibility of safely reducing the frequency of follow-up cystoscopy.

• #80 Bladder Cancer Surveillance after Cystectomy | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-cancer-center/bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-surveillance-after-cystectomy

  After surgery, patients need to be followed closely to assess for recurrence. Bladder cancer may come back in 30 to 40% of patients within five years. Most recurrences are within the first two years of surgery but it can come back years later. Return of cancer in the area of surgery is most common early on. After one year, recurrences are most common in belly organs (27%), bone (16%) and in the kidney area (16%). […] Below is our protocol for follow up or surveillance of bladder cancer based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. […] Urine cytology: The urine should be checked for cancer cells every 3-6 months for two years, then as clinically indicated. […] Urethral wash cytology: Every 6-12 months. Cells are collected from the urethra (bladder tube) by placing a catheter in the urethra and flushing with saline to collect urethral cells. This wash is checked for cancer cells. This is particularly important if precancerous areas (carcinoma in situ) were found in the bladder or prostatic urethra.

• #81 Bladder Cancer Recurrence: The Importance of Surveillance

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/the-importance-of-monitoring-and-surveillance/

  Staying aware for possible signs and symptoms of bladder cancer is also an important way patients can help to detect any early possible signs of bladder cancer recurrence. Appearance of blood in urine can be the most common symptom of a possible cancer recurrence. […] A patients follow-up surveillance plan might contain a number of different medical exams and procedures. […] Cystoscopy bladder examinations are recommended as an integral part of a patients follow-up plan. […] In many cases, non-invasive urine-based biomarker tests such as Cxbladder Monitor can also be used as part of a patients follow-up surveillance plan to help rule out bladder cancer recurrence. […] A number of other procedures may also be used alongside cystoscopy and non-invasive urine testing of biomarkers as part of a patients follow-up surveillance plan.

• #82 Bladder Cancer Surveillance after Cystectomy | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-cancer-center/bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-surveillance-after-cystectomy

  After surgery, patients need to be followed closely to assess for recurrence. Bladder cancer may come back in 30 to 40% of patients within five years. Most recurrences are within the first two years of surgery but it can come back years later. Return of cancer in the area of surgery is most common early on. After one year, recurrences are most common in belly organs (27%), bone (16%) and in the kidney area (16%). […] Below is our protocol for follow up or surveillance of bladder cancer based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines. […] Urine cytology: The urine should be checked for cancer cells every 3-6 months for two years, then as clinically indicated. […] Urethral wash cytology: Every 6-12 months. Cells are collected from the urethra (bladder tube) by placing a catheter in the urethra and flushing with saline to collect urethral cells. This wash is checked for cancer cells. This is particularly important if precancerous areas (carcinoma in situ) were found in the bladder or prostatic urethra.

• #83 Bladder Cancer Surveillance after Cystectomy | The Urology Group of Virginia

  https://www.urologygroupvirginia.com/urologic-cancer-center/bladder-cancer/bladder-cancer-surveillance-after-cystectomy

  Chest imaging: Chest x-ray or chest CT every 3-6 months for two years based on risk of recurrence, then as clinically indicated. […] Abdominal scan: Imaging (ultrasound, CT or MRI) of the upper tracts, abdomen and pelvis every 3-6 months for two years based of risk of recurrence, then as clinically indicated.

• #84 Bladder Cancer Recurrence: The Importance of Surveillance

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/the-importance-of-monitoring-and-surveillance/

  Staying aware for possible signs and symptoms of bladder cancer is also an important way patients can help to detect any early possible signs of bladder cancer recurrence. Appearance of blood in urine can be the most common symptom of a possible cancer recurrence. […] A patients follow-up surveillance plan might contain a number of different medical exams and procedures. […] Cystoscopy bladder examinations are recommended as an integral part of a patients follow-up plan. […] In many cases, non-invasive urine-based biomarker tests such as Cxbladder Monitor can also be used as part of a patients follow-up surveillance plan to help rule out bladder cancer recurrence. […] A number of other procedures may also be used alongside cystoscopy and non-invasive urine testing of biomarkers as part of a patients follow-up surveillance plan.

• #85 Bladder Cancer Recurrence: The Importance of Surveillance

  https://www.cxbladder.com/us/blog/the-importance-of-monitoring-and-surveillance/

  Early detection can help to ensure any recurrence is treated promptly. The sooner new cancer growth is detected, the more time and options are available for managing the condition appropriately. […] Research suggests that early bladder cancer detection through routine clinical check-ups and using diagnostic tests for those with symptoms or at risk could be an effective way to help improve patient survival. […] If youve been diagnosed with bladder cancer, your healthcare team will often develop a personalized follow-up surveillance plan with you outlining the recommended number and type of check-ups you will need after treatment. This plan is usually tailored based on medical guidelines and reflects the risk of recurrence of bladder cancer. […] The frequency and type of surveillance check-ups recommended for bladder cancer recurrence is often based on the presence or absence of a number of individual risk factors, and whether your cancer is categorized as low-risk, intermediate-risk, or high-risk.

• #86 Surveillance Intensity and Outcomes in Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2021/may-2021/surveillance-intensity-and-outcomes-in-nonmuscle-invasive-bladder-cancer

  An estimated 84,000 patients will be diagnosed with bladder cancer in the United States in 2021 according to the American Cancer Society. The vast majority of these cases (70% to 80%) will be nonmuscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) requiring endoscopic resection and subsequent surveillance cystoscopy. Per joint AUA and SUO (Society of Urologic Oncology) guidelines, NMIBC patients should be assigned to low, intermediate and high risk groups based on their individual risk of disease recurrence and progression after initial resection. These groupings can then be used to determine appropriate timing and use of cystoscopy, urine cytology and upper tract imaging during followup. Delivering care according to these guidelines ensures that patients receive “risk aligned” bladder cancer surveillance.

• #87 Surveillance Intensity and Outcomes in Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2021/may-2021/surveillance-intensity-and-outcomes-in-nonmuscle-invasive-bladder-cancer

  Adherence to AUA/SUO guidelines for NMIBC surveillance has historically been poor. Problems with adherence generally come in 2 flavors: overuse of surveillance among low risk patients and underuse of surveillance in high risk patients. […] Patients with low risk NMIBC are recommended to undergo surveillance cystoscopy at 3 months, 6 to 9 months later, and then annually after initial tumor resection (assuming no disease recurrence). Given the extent of overuse in this population, it is important for urologists to understand the implications of overuse. […] Patients with high risk NMIBC are recommended to undergo approximately twice as many surveillance cystoscopies than patients with low risk disease—a cystoscopy every 3 to 4 months for the first 2 years after diagnosis. However, as explicitly stated in the AUA/SUO guideline, the evidence supporting this recommendation is based on “panel consensus and historic precedence,” and an “urgent need” was identified “for studies to determine if less stringent followup regimens can be employed without significantly affecting oncologic outcomes.”

• #88 Bladder Cancer: Non-Muscle Invasive Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/bladder-cancer-non-muscle-invasive-guideline

  For a low-risk patient whose first surveillance cystoscopy is negative for tumor, a clinician should perform subsequent surveillance cystoscopy six to nine months later, and then annually thereafter; surveillance after five years in the absence of recurrence should be based on shared-decision making between the patient and clinician. […] […] In an asymptomatic patient with a history of low-risk NMIBC, a clinician should not perform routine surveillance upper tract imaging. […] […] For an intermediate-risk patient whose first surveillance cystoscopy is negative for tumor, a clinician should perform subsequent cystoscopy with cytology every 3-6 months for 2 years, then 6-12 months for years 3 and 4, and then annually thereafter. […] […] For a high-risk patient whose first surveillance cystoscopy is negative for tumor, a clinician should perform subsequent cystoscopy with cytology every three to four months for two years, then six months for years three and four, and then annually thereafter. […]

• #89 Bladder Cancer: Non-Muscle Invasive Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/bladder-cancer-non-muscle-invasive-guideline

  For a low-risk patient whose first surveillance cystoscopy is negative for tumor, a clinician should perform subsequent surveillance cystoscopy six to nine months later, and then annually thereafter; surveillance after five years in the absence of recurrence should be based on shared-decision making between the patient and clinician. […] […] In an asymptomatic patient with a history of low-risk NMIBC, a clinician should not perform routine surveillance upper tract imaging. […] […] For an intermediate-risk patient whose first surveillance cystoscopy is negative for tumor, a clinician should perform subsequent cystoscopy with cytology every 3-6 months for 2 years, then 6-12 months for years 3 and 4, and then annually thereafter. […] […] For a high-risk patient whose first surveillance cystoscopy is negative for tumor, a clinician should perform subsequent cystoscopy with cytology every three to four months for two years, then six months for years three and four, and then annually thereafter. […]

• #90 Treatment of Non-Metastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO Guideline – American Urological Association

  https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/bladder-cancer-non-metastatic-muscle-invasive-guideline

  Following therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, patients should undergo laboratory assessment at three to six month intervals for two to three years and then annually thereafter. […] Clinicians should obtain chest imaging and cross-sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis with CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6-12 month intervals for 2-3 years and then may continue annually. […] Following completion of bladder preserving therapy, clinicians should perform regular surveillance with computed tomography (CT) scans, cystoscopy, and urine cytology. […] In patients who are medically fit and have residual or recurrent muscle-invasive disease following bladder preserving therapy, clinicians should offer radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. […] In patients who have a non-muscle invasive recurrence after bladder preserving therapy, clinicians may offer either local measures, such as TURBT with intravesical therapy, or radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy.

• #91 Surveillance Intensity and Outcomes in Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer – American Urological Association

  https://auanews.net/issues/articles/2021/may-2021/surveillance-intensity-and-outcomes-in-nonmuscle-invasive-bladder-cancer

  Adherence to AUA/SUO guidelines for NMIBC surveillance has historically been poor. Problems with adherence generally come in 2 flavors: overuse of surveillance among low risk patients and underuse of surveillance in high risk patients. […] Patients with low risk NMIBC are recommended to undergo surveillance cystoscopy at 3 months, 6 to 9 months later, and then annually after initial tumor resection (assuming no disease recurrence). Given the extent of overuse in this population, it is important for urologists to understand the implications of overuse. […] Patients with high risk NMIBC are recommended to undergo approximately twice as many surveillance cystoscopies than patients with low risk disease—a cystoscopy every 3 to 4 months for the first 2 years after diagnosis. However, as explicitly stated in the AUA/SUO guideline, the evidence supporting this recommendation is based on “panel consensus and historic precedence,” and an “urgent need” was identified “for studies to determine if less stringent followup regimens can be employed without significantly affecting oncologic outcomes.”

• #92 Overuse of surveillance in bladder cancer, despite guidelines | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/overuse-surveillance-bladder-cancer-despite-guidelines

  The impact of increased surveillance of this patient cohort has broad implications for patients and the health care system in general, say experts writing in an accompanying editorial. […] It has been well established that workup for NMIBC can have negative consequences for the physical and psychological health of patients, note Grayden S. Cook, BS, and Jeffrey M. Howard, MD, PhD, both from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. […] Many of these patients undergo frequent CT imaging of the urinary tract, which carries a high dose of radiation as well as the potential for financial toxic effects (that is, detrimental consequences to the patient because of health care costs), they write. […] The study involved 13,054 patients with low-grade Ta NMIBC. […] Patients underwent a median of 3.0 cystoscopies per year following their diagnosis, and upper-tract imaging was performed in most patients.

• #93 Overuse of surveillance in bladder cancer, despite guidelines | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/overuse-surveillance-bladder-cancer-despite-guidelines

  The rate of urine-based testing also significantly increased during the study period (from 44.8% in 2004 to 54.9% in 2013; P .001), with patients undergoing between two to three tests per year. […] Adherence to current guidelines remained similar during the study time frame. […] suggesting that there was an overuse of all surveillance testing modalities. […] Disease recurrence within this cohort was 1.7%, and only 0.4% experienced disease progression. […] When looking at the cost, the total median expenditures at 1 year after diagnosis increased by 60% during the study period, from $34,792 in 2004 to $53,986 in 2013.

• #94 Overuse of surveillance in bladder cancer, despite guidelines | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/overuse-surveillance-bladder-cancer-despite-guidelines

  The rate of urine-based testing also significantly increased during the study period (from 44.8% in 2004 to 54.9% in 2013; P .001), with patients undergoing between two to three tests per year. […] Adherence to current guidelines remained similar during the study time frame. […] suggesting that there was an overuse of all surveillance testing modalities. […] Disease recurrence within this cohort was 1.7%, and only 0.4% experienced disease progression. […] When looking at the cost, the total median expenditures at 1 year after diagnosis increased by 60% during the study period, from $34,792 in 2004 to $53,986 in 2013.

• #95 Overuse of surveillance in bladder cancer, despite guidelines | MDedge

  https://medauth2.mdedge.com/content/overuse-surveillance-bladder-cancer-despite-guidelines

  The rate of urine-based testing also significantly increased during the study period (from 44.8% in 2004 to 54.9% in 2013; P .001), with patients undergoing between two to three tests per year. […] Adherence to current guidelines remained similar during the study time frame. […] suggesting that there was an overuse of all surveillance testing modalities. […] Disease recurrence within this cohort was 1.7%, and only 0.4% experienced disease progression. […] When looking at the cost, the total median expenditures at 1 year after diagnosis increased by 60% during the study period, from $34,792 in 2004 to $53,986 in 2013.

• #96 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  Bladder cancer is among the ten most common cancers globally, causes considerable morbidity and mortality and is, therefore, a substantial burden for health-care systems. […] The incidence of bladder cancer is affected by demographic trends, most notably population growth and ageing, as well as exposure to risk factors, especially tobacco smoking. […] Consequently, the incidence has not been stable throughout the world over time, nor will it be in the near future. […] Further primary prevention efforts are of the utmost importance to reduce the medical and financial burden of bladder cancer on populations and health-care systems. […] Simultaneously, less-invasive and lower-cost approaches for the diagnosis of both primary and recurrent bladder cancers are required to address challenges posed by the increasing shortage of health-care professionals and limited financial resources worldwide.

• #97 Epidemiology, aetiology and screening of bladder cancer – Cumberbatch – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21474/html

  BC also increases with age and is more common in well-resourced countries. Partly this reflects tobacco smoking and environmental carcinogen prevalence. BC is the most expensive cancer to treat, with the cost of MIBC approaching $150,000 per capita. […] Most BCs arise secondary to exogenous exposure to carcinogens via the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract or via skin contact. The most common risk factors for BC are tobacco smoke and occupational and environmental carcinogens. Tobacco smoke accounts for 50% of BCs. […] Recently the use of electronic (e-) cigarettes is on the rise in most high-income countries. E-cigarettes have been in US and UK markets since 2007 and long-term data is yet to be published. […] Occupational carcinogen exposure accounts for approximately 6%. Historically, rubber and dye industries have been shown convincingly to be at risk of occupational BC.

• #98 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  Bladder cancer is among the ten most common cancers globally, causes considerable morbidity and mortality and is, therefore, a substantial burden for health-care systems. […] The incidence of bladder cancer is affected by demographic trends, most notably population growth and ageing, as well as exposure to risk factors, especially tobacco smoking. […] Consequently, the incidence has not been stable throughout the world over time, nor will it be in the near future. […] Further primary prevention efforts are of the utmost importance to reduce the medical and financial burden of bladder cancer on populations and health-care systems. […] Simultaneously, less-invasive and lower-cost approaches for the diagnosis of both primary and recurrent bladder cancers are required to address challenges posed by the increasing shortage of health-care professionals and limited financial resources worldwide.

• #99 Bladder cancer – IARC

  https://www.iarc.who.int/cancer-type/bladder-cancer/

  Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer type worldwide. In 2022, more than 600 000 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer worldwide and more than 220 000 people died from the disease. Bladder cancer is one of the most challenging and expensive cancers to diagnose and treat. Its diagnosis relies mainly on cystoscopy, an invasive and expensive procedure. Most bladder cancers are diagnosed at an early stage, when they are highly treatable. However, about 25% of bladder cancers are diagnosed at later stages. […] Promising urine test could improve early detection and clinical management of bladder cancer: IARC Evidence Summary Brief No. 3 […] Bladder Cancer Epidemiology and Early Detection in Africa (BEED) study.

• #100 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  Given the undisputed association between smoking and bladder cancer, further efforts focused on primary prevention should be undertaken, most importantly through greater implementation of tobacco control policies worldwide. […] Less-invasive and cheaper approaches for the diagnosis of primary and recurrent bladder cancers in clinical practice are urgently needed. […] Literature on the potential associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes is scarce. Given the observational data indicating beneficial effects of a healthy lifestyle on clinical outcomes in other cancer types, this aspect should be a priority for bladder cancer research.

• #101 Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333236/

  Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant health problem due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with disease burden, which has remained largely unaltered over time. […] To provide an expert collaborative review and describe the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of BC and to evaluate current evidence for BC screening and prevention. […] BC is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with 573 278 cases in 2020. BC incidence is approximately fourfold higher in men than women. Tobacco smoking remains the principal risk factor, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine BC screening. However, targeted screening of high-risk individuals (defined according to smoking history or occupational exposure) may reduce BC mortality and should be the focus of prospective randomized trials. In terms of disease prevention, smoking cessation represents the most important intervention, followed by a reduction in exposure to occupational and environmental carcinogens.

• #102 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  A recent meta-analysis found that among bladder cancer cases studied, between 1995 and 2015, 81.8% could be attributed to known preventable causes. Only 7% of bladder cancer cases are predicted to arise from heritable genetic influence. With such a large proportion of cases attributable to known environmental causes, bladder cancer is an optimal candidate for public health prevention interventions. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, accounting for 65–50% of all cases in the developed world. Smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer by approximately 40% within only 1–4 years, and complete return to baseline risk by 20 years. […] Occupational exposure is the second greatest preventable risk factor for bladder cancer. Precautions should be taken to minimize chemical exposure among those in the manufacturing, shipping, fire-fighting, and hair-styling industries.

• #103 Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333236/

  Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant health problem due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with disease burden, which has remained largely unaltered over time. […] To provide an expert collaborative review and describe the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of BC and to evaluate current evidence for BC screening and prevention. […] BC is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with 573 278 cases in 2020. BC incidence is approximately fourfold higher in men than women. Tobacco smoking remains the principal risk factor, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine BC screening. However, targeted screening of high-risk individuals (defined according to smoking history or occupational exposure) may reduce BC mortality and should be the focus of prospective randomized trials. In terms of disease prevention, smoking cessation represents the most important intervention, followed by a reduction in exposure to occupational and environmental carcinogens.

• #104 Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333236/

  BC confers a significant disease burden. An understanding of BC epidemiology and risk factors provides an optimal foundation for disease prevention and the care of affected patients. […] Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer worldwide and is approximately four times more common among men than among women. The main risk factors are tobacco smoking, followed by exposure to carcinogens in the workplace or the environment. Routine screening is not currently recommended, but may be beneficial in individuals at high risk, such as heavy smokers. Primary prevention is extremely important, and smoking cessation represents the most important action for reducing bladder cancer cases and deaths.

• #105 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  A recent meta-analysis found that among bladder cancer cases studied, between 1995 and 2015, 81.8% could be attributed to known preventable causes. Only 7% of bladder cancer cases are predicted to arise from heritable genetic influence. With such a large proportion of cases attributable to known environmental causes, bladder cancer is an optimal candidate for public health prevention interventions. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, accounting for 65–50% of all cases in the developed world. Smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer by approximately 40% within only 1–4 years, and complete return to baseline risk by 20 years. […] Occupational exposure is the second greatest preventable risk factor for bladder cancer. Precautions should be taken to minimize chemical exposure among those in the manufacturing, shipping, fire-fighting, and hair-styling industries.

• #106 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 5065% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #107 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7151633/

  Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 5065% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

• #108 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  In this regard, urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. […] Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms of bladder cancer should also be increased in society, particularly among health-care professionals and high-risk groups. […] Studies investigating the associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes are scarce and should be a research priority. […] We outline global trends in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and discuss the main risk factors influencing bladder cancer occurrence and outcomes. […] The rising incidence of bladder cancer, a growing shortage of health-care professionals worldwide and limited financial resources underline the need to reduce the substantial burden of bladder cancer globally. […] Awareness regarding risk factors for and symptoms of bladder cancer should be increased in society, particularly among both health-care professionals and high-risk groups.

• #109 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  In this regard, urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. […] Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms of bladder cancer should also be increased in society, particularly among health-care professionals and high-risk groups. […] Studies investigating the associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes are scarce and should be a research priority. […] We outline global trends in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and discuss the main risk factors influencing bladder cancer occurrence and outcomes. […] The rising incidence of bladder cancer, a growing shortage of health-care professionals worldwide and limited financial resources underline the need to reduce the substantial burden of bladder cancer globally. […] Awareness regarding risk factors for and symptoms of bladder cancer should be increased in society, particularly among both health-care professionals and high-risk groups.

• #110 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  Given the undisputed association between smoking and bladder cancer, further efforts focused on primary prevention should be undertaken, most importantly through greater implementation of tobacco control policies worldwide. […] Less-invasive and cheaper approaches for the diagnosis of primary and recurrent bladder cancers in clinical practice are urgently needed. […] Literature on the potential associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes is scarce. Given the observational data indicating beneficial effects of a healthy lifestyle on clinical outcomes in other cancer types, this aspect should be a priority for bladder cancer research.

• #111 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  In this regard, urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. […] Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms of bladder cancer should also be increased in society, particularly among health-care professionals and high-risk groups. […] Studies investigating the associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes are scarce and should be a research priority. […] We outline global trends in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and discuss the main risk factors influencing bladder cancer occurrence and outcomes. […] The rising incidence of bladder cancer, a growing shortage of health-care professionals worldwide and limited financial resources underline the need to reduce the substantial burden of bladder cancer globally. […] Awareness regarding risk factors for and symptoms of bladder cancer should be increased in society, particularly among both health-care professionals and high-risk groups.

• #112 Epidemiology, aetiology and screening of bladder cancer – Cumberbatch – Translational Andrology and Urology

  https://tau.amegroups.org/article/view/21474/html

  To the best knowledge of the authors, no country has adopted a screening programme for BC. But screening studies for BC in asymptomatic populations has been done previously and some benefits have been shown. […] Most patients are referred for BC diagnostics after presenting with either visible haematuria (VH) or urinary symptoms +/ non-visible haematuria (NVH) that is dipstick detected. Cystoscopy is the gold standard diagnostic tool but this is invasive. […] Despite these difficulties there is ongoing work in this field. Most excitingly the DETECT 1 and 2 studies in the UK, which will investigate the utility of the UroMark assay, which interrogates 150 loci and provides a biomarker panel rather than a standalone single test.

• #113 Bladder Cancer Biomarkers: Surveillance

  https://grandroundsinurology.com/bladder-cancer-biomarkers-surveillance/

  Yair Lotan, MD, presents an in-depth discussion on urinary biomarkers, highlighting their evolving role in bladder cancer detection and surveillance. […] A detailed analysis of commercially available markers, including CX Bladder, GeneXpert, and UroAmplitude, outlines their varying sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. […] Several ongoing and completed clinical trials, including the UroFollow and DaBlaCa studies, assess whether urinary markers can reduce cystoscopy while maintaining detection accuracy. […] Future directions emphasize the need for large-scale, randomized trials to establish clear guidelines for biomarker implementation in clinical practice.

• #114 Urinary markers in the surveillance setting of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer – ecancer

  https://ecancer.org/en/video/11856-urinary-markers-in-the-surveillance-setting-of-non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer

  Dr Thomas Karmark Dreyer speaks to ecancer about reducing the number of flexible cystoscopies in patients undergoing follow-up for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with either flexible cystoscopy or the urinary biomarker test bladder cancer monitor. This randomised clinical trial named DaBlaCa-15 aimed to determine the number of flexible cystoscopies required for patients undergoing surveillance for high-grade NMIBC. […] The trial compared patients undergoing surveillance with flexible cystoscopies versus those undergoing surveillance mainly with the urinary biomarker test Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor. The study found that the Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor test resulted in a reduction in the number of follow-up cystoscopies during surveillance.

• #115 Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2017/1015/p507.html

  No major organization recommends screening asymptomatic adults for bladder cancer, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening. […] The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concludes the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for bladder cancer in asymptomatic adults. C 33 The American Academy of Family Physicians concurs. […] No major organizations recommend screening for bladder cancer in asymptomatic adults.5,17,20,27,32 In 2011, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there was insufficient evidence to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for bladder cancer in asymptomatic adults,33 a statement endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians.34 The low positive predictive value of available screening tests and lack of high-quality evidence to suggest that early treatment of bladder cancer improves long-term outcomes preclude a recommendation in favor of screening.

• #116 Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36333236/

  Bladder cancer (BC) represents a significant health problem due to the potential morbidity and mortality associated with disease burden, which has remained largely unaltered over time. […] To provide an expert collaborative review and describe the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of BC and to evaluate current evidence for BC screening and prevention. […] BC is the tenth most common cancer worldwide, with 573 278 cases in 2020. BC incidence is approximately fourfold higher in men than women. Tobacco smoking remains the principal risk factor, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine BC screening. However, targeted screening of high-risk individuals (defined according to smoking history or occupational exposure) may reduce BC mortality and should be the focus of prospective randomized trials. In terms of disease prevention, smoking cessation represents the most important intervention, followed by a reduction in exposure to occupational and environmental carcinogens.

• #117 GLOBOCAN 2022: Bladder cancer 9th most common worldwide – World Bladder Cancer Patient Coalition

  https://worldbladdercancer.org/news_events/globocan-2022-bladder-cancer-is-the-9th-most-commonly-diagnosed-worldwide/

  Bladder cancer has moved up from the 10th to the 9th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with both incidence and mortality rates increasing. The new data estimated that 614,298 people were diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2022 around the world, marking a 7.1% increase from the data reported in 2020. The new 5-year prevalence estimates also show that 1,950,315 people (all genders) are living with bladder cancer within five years of a past diagnosis. […] Focusing on gender-specific data, it estimates 523,674 new bladder cancer cases in men, representing 5.4% of all new cancer cases in men globally, making it the 6th most common cancer among men. […] The GLOBOCAN 2022 database, a part of the broader IARC Global Cancer Observatory, serves as a crucial tool for researchers and policymakers, offering detailed cancer incidence and mortality estimates across 185 countries for 36 types of cancer and all cancer sites combined.

• #118 10 year 8 Major Market Bladder Cancer Epidemiology

  https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2024/11/18/2982930/28124/en/10-year-8-Major-Market-Bladder-Cancer-Epidemiology-Forecasts-2023-2033.html

  In the 8MM, the five-year diagnosed prevalent cases of bladder cancer are expected to increase from 987,497 cases in 2023 to 1,202,635 cases in 2033, at an AGR of 2.18%. […] The analyst epidemiologists attribute the increase in the diagnosed incident cases and five-year diagnosed prevalent cases to a certain extent with the moderately rising trend in the incidence rates in the 8MM, combined with underlying demographic changes in the respective markets. […] This epidemiology forecast for bladder cancer is supported by data obtained from country-specific oncology databases, peer-reviewed articles, and population-based studies.

• #119 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/8/1/15

  A recent meta-analysis found that among bladder cancer cases studied, between 1995 and 2015, 81.8% could be attributed to known preventable causes. Only 7% of bladder cancer cases are predicted to arise from heritable genetic influence. With such a large proportion of cases attributable to known environmental causes, bladder cancer is an optimal candidate for public health prevention interventions. […] Tobacco smoking is by far the greatest risk factor for bladder cancer, accounting for 65–50% of all cases in the developed world. Smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of bladder cancer by approximately 40% within only 1–4 years, and complete return to baseline risk by 20 years. […] Occupational exposure is the second greatest preventable risk factor for bladder cancer. Precautions should be taken to minimize chemical exposure among those in the manufacturing, shipping, fire-fighting, and hair-styling industries.

• #120 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  In this regard, urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. […] Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms of bladder cancer should also be increased in society, particularly among health-care professionals and high-risk groups. […] Studies investigating the associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes are scarce and should be a research priority. […] We outline global trends in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and discuss the main risk factors influencing bladder cancer occurrence and outcomes. […] The rising incidence of bladder cancer, a growing shortage of health-care professionals worldwide and limited financial resources underline the need to reduce the substantial burden of bladder cancer globally. […] Awareness regarding risk factors for and symptoms of bladder cancer should be increased in society, particularly among both health-care professionals and high-risk groups.

• #121 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  In this regard, urinary biomarkers have demonstrated promising diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. […] Awareness of the risk factors and symptoms of bladder cancer should also be increased in society, particularly among health-care professionals and high-risk groups. […] Studies investigating the associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes are scarce and should be a research priority. […] We outline global trends in bladder cancer incidence and mortality, and discuss the main risk factors influencing bladder cancer occurrence and outcomes. […] The rising incidence of bladder cancer, a growing shortage of health-care professionals worldwide and limited financial resources underline the need to reduce the substantial burden of bladder cancer globally. […] Awareness regarding risk factors for and symptoms of bladder cancer should be increased in society, particularly among both health-care professionals and high-risk groups.

• #122 Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice | Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-023-00744-3

  Given the undisputed association between smoking and bladder cancer, further efforts focused on primary prevention should be undertaken, most importantly through greater implementation of tobacco control policies worldwide. […] Less-invasive and cheaper approaches for the diagnosis of primary and recurrent bladder cancers in clinical practice are urgently needed. […] Literature on the potential associations between lifestyle factors and bladder cancer outcomes is scarce. Given the observational data indicating beneficial effects of a healthy lifestyle on clinical outcomes in other cancer types, this aspect should be a priority for bladder cancer research.

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