Rak komórek hürthle
Epidemiologia

Rak komórek Hürthle (HCC) stanowi około 3-5% wszystkich raków tarczycy i charakteryzuje się bardziej agresywnym przebiegiem klinicznym oraz gorszym rokowaniem w porównaniu z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy. Dane epidemiologiczne z bazy SEER wskazują, że HCC występuje częściej u mężczyzn (31,1% vs 23,0%) oraz u pacjentów w starszym wieku (średnia 57,6 lat vs 48,9 lat), z szczytem zachorowań w wieku 50-60 lat. Wskaźniki przeżycia dla HCC są niższe: całkowity wskaźnik przeżycia wynosi 82,1% (vs 89,2% w innych rakach tarczycy), a odsetek zgonów specyficznych dla choroby to 5,9% (vs 2,7%). 5-, 10- i 20-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia ogólnego wynoszą odpowiednio 89,4%, 77,2% i 61,9%, a specyficzne dla nowotworu 94,6%, 92,5% i 87,4%. Niezależne czynniki prognostyczne negatywne to wiek >55 lat, zaawansowanie T3/T4, zajęcie obu płatów tarczycy oraz konieczność reoperacji z powodu nawrotu. HCC cechuje się wyższym ryzykiem nawrotów (12,1-33%) i przerzutów odległych (15-34%), głównie do płuc i kości, a także częstszą angioinwazją, co istotnie pogarsza rokowanie (śmiertelność 90% w ciągu 10 lat przy dużej inwazji naczyniowej).

Epidemiologia raka komórek Hürthle

Rak komórek Hürthle (HCC, Hürthle cell carcinoma) stanowi rzadki typ nowotworów tarczycy, reprezentując około 3-5% wszystkich przypadków raka tarczycy.123 W oparciu o analizę bazy danych Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) zidentyfikowano 3311 pacjentów z rakiem komórek Hürthle w porównaniu do 59 585 pacjentów z innymi typami zróżnicowanego raka tarczycy w okresie 1988-2009.45 W innym badaniu obejmującym okres 2004-2018, z bazy SEER wyodrębniono dane dotyczące 3264 pacjentów z HCC.6

W porównaniu z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy, HCC występuje częściej u mężczyzn (31,1% vs 23,0% w innych typach zróżnicowanego raka tarczycy) oraz u starszych pacjentów (średnia wieku 57,6 lat vs 48,9 lat).78 Szczyt zachorowań przypada na wiek 50-60 lat, co jest około 10 lat później niż w przypadku innych typów zróżnicowanego raka tarczycy.910 Pomimo częstszego występowania u mężczyzn w porównaniu do innych typów raka tarczycy, HCC nadal pozostaje częstszy u kobiet, z szacunkowym stosunkiem kobiet do mężczyzn wynoszącym od 1,6:1 do 4,8:1.1112

Występowanie geograficzne i czynniki ryzyka

Czynniki ryzyka dla raka komórek Hürthle są w dużej mierze podobne do tych związanych z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy i obejmują ekspozycję na promieniowanie w okolicy głowy i szyi oraz rodzinne występowanie raka tarczycy.13 Interesującym jest fakt, że w przeciwieństwie do raka pęcherzykowego tarczycy, HCC występuje częściej w regionach z wysoką zawartością jodu w diecie niż w obszarach występowania niedoboru jodu.1415 Badanie z wykorzystaniem danych SEER wykazało, że częstość występowania raka pęcherzykowego tarczycy pozostawała względnie stabilna w okresie 1975-2016.16

W Korei Południowej, gdzie HCC występuje stosunkowo rzadko ze względu na wysokie spożycie jodu, badanie kohortowe wieloośrodkowe potwierdziło, że HCC jest związany z wyższym ryzykiem przerzutów odległych, szczególnie u starszych pacjentów, z rozległym naciekaniem pozatarczycowym i nowotworami szeroko inwazyjnymi.17

Trendy epidemiologiczne

Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Onkologiczne (ACS) szacuje, że w 2023 roku zdiagnozowano 43 720 nowych przypadków raka tarczycy, w tym 31 180 u kobiet i 12 540 u mężczyzn, przy szacowanej liczbie zgonów wynoszącej 2120 (1150 kobiet i 970 mężczyzn).18 Rak tarczycy jest najszybciej rosnącym nowotworem u kobiet.19 Według danych z bazy SEER, częstość występowania nowych raków tarczycy rośnie najszybciej wśród wszystkich nowotworów zarówno u mężczyzn, jak i kobiet, z ponad 64 000 nowych przypadków przewidywanych rocznie.2021

Mimo że rak komórek Hürthle stanowi jedynie około 3% wszystkich raków tarczycy, ma on większe znaczenie kliniczne ze względu na jego bardziej agresywny charakter i niższy wskaźnik przeżycia w porównaniu z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy.2223

Monitorowanie i nadzór nad rakiem komórek Hürthle

Ze względu na bardziej agresywny przebieg kliniczny w porównaniu z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy, rak komórek Hürthle wymaga ścisłego nadzoru i monitorowania w celu wczesnego wykrycia nawrotów i przerzutów.

Wskaźniki przeżycia i prognozy

Dane z badań epidemiologicznych pokazują, że zarówno ogólne przeżycie, jak i przeżycie specyficzne dla choroby są niższe u pacjentów z HCC niż u pacjentów z innymi typami zróżnicowanego raka tarczycy.2425 Całkowity wskaźnik przeżycia podczas okresu obserwacji wynosił 82,1% dla pacjentów z HCC i 89,2% dla pacjentów z innymi typami raka tarczycy.26

Odsetek zgonów specyficznych dla choroby wynosił 5,9% u pacjentów z HCC i 2,7% u pacjentów z innymi typami raka tarczycy.27 W badaniu obejmującym 2101 osób z HCC stwierdzono, że 10-letni wskaźnik przeżycia specyficzny dla nowotworu dla całej grupy wynosił 92,6%.28

W innym badaniu ogólne 5-letnie, 10-letnie i 20-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia wynosiły odpowiednio 89,4%, 77,2% i 61,9%. Specyficzne dla nowotworu 5-letnie, 10-letnie i 20-letnie wskaźniki przeżycia wynosiły odpowiednio 94,6%, 92,5% i 87,4%.29

Wskaźnik przeżycia 5-letni 10-letni 20-letni
Ogólny wskaźnik przeżycia 89,4% 77,2% 61,9%
Specyficzny dla nowotworu wskaźnik przeżycia 94,6% 92,5% 87,4%

Czynniki prognostyczne

Wiele czynników wpływa na rokowanie pacjentów z HCC. Niezależnymi czynnikami predykcyjnymi dla krótszego całkowitego przeżycia są: wiek powyżej 55 lat, stopień zaawansowania T3 i T4, zmiany w obu płatach tarczycy oraz konieczność reoperacji z powodu lokalnego nawrotu.30 W przypadku przeżycia specyficznego dla nowotworu, wieloczynnikowa analiza regresji wykazała, że zajęcie obu płatów tarczycy i konieczność reoperacji z powodu lokalnego nawrotu są niekorzystnymi czynnikami prognostycznymi, a całkowita tyroidektomia jako pierwotna procedura jest niezależnym korzystnym predyktorem.31

Badanie z wykorzystaniem danych SEER wykazało, że wiek, płeć, leczenie tyroidektomią, stopień zaawansowania, wielkość guza, stopień N i stopień M są związane z prognozą HCC.32 Zwiększający się wiek, płeć męska i zwiększająca się wielkość guza znacznie zmniejszają przeżycie pacjentów z rakiem komórek Hürthle.33

W przypadku HCC z przerzutami do mózgu, które stanowią rzadkie, ale bardzo niekorzystne powikłanie, rokowanie jest szczególnie złe, ze średnim czasem przeżycia wynoszącym od 7,1 do 33 miesięcy.34

Nawroty i przerzuty

Rak komórek Hürthle charakteryzuje się wyższym ryzykiem nawrotów w porównaniu z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy. Całkowity wskaźnik nawrotów wynosi od 12,1% do 33%.3536 Średni czas do nawrotu choroby wynosi 90,74 miesiąca.37

HCC wykazuje większą skłonność do przerzutów w porównaniu z innymi zróżnicowanymi rakami tarczycy. Około 20-30% przypadków HCC ma przerzuty w momencie początkowego leczenia.38 Najczęstszymi miejscami przerzutów są płuca i kości.39 W badaniu 108 pacjentów z przerzutowym rakiem tarczycy z komórek Hürthle miejsca przerzutów, w kolejności malejącej częstości, to płuca, kości, śródpiersie, nerki i wątroba.40

Częstość przerzutów odległych wynosi 15-34%.41 Chociaż rak komórek Hürthle rzadziej rozprzestrzenia się do węzłów chłonnych szyi niż rak pęcherzykowy tarczycy, to co najmniej 20% raków komórek Hürthle wykazuje przerzuty do węzłów chłonnych szyi na początku prezentacji.42

HCC ma większe ryzyko wrastania do naczyń krwionośnych w tarczycy i wokół niej, co nazywane jest angioinwazją. Występuje to w rzeczywistości częściej niż rozprzestrzenianie się HCC do węzłów chłonnych.43 Rokowanie w dużej mierze zależy od stopnia inwazji naczyniowej, a im więcej naczyń jest zajętych, tym gorsze jest rokowanie (śmiertelność 90% w ciągu 10 lat).44

Metody nadzoru i monitorowania

Ze względu na agresywny charakter HCC i podwyższone ryzyko nawrotów, zaleca się regularne i długoterminowe monitorowanie pacjentów po leczeniu. Podczas początkowego okresu obserwacji pacjentów z HCC należy mierzyć poziomy tyreoglobuliny w surowicy/przeciwciał przeciw tyreoglobulinie (Tg/Tg Ab) podczas terapii lewotyroksyną co 6-12 miesięcy.45

Scyntygrafie z użyciem jodu radioaktywnego mają wysoki wskaźnik wyników fałszywie ujemnych u pacjentów z HCC z powodu braku chłonności jodu u większości pacjentów, dlatego nie zaleca się ich jako głównej metody obrazowania do nadzoru.46 Czułość diagnostycznej scyntygrafii z użyciem jodu radioaktywnego (RIS) z wykorzystaniem 131I jest opisywana jako niska, wynosząca zaledwie 18%.47

PET z 18F-FDG (Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna z fluorodeoksyglukozą) wykazuje doskonałą dokładność diagnostyczną u pacjentów z rakiem tarczycy z komórek Hürthle, przewyższając CT i RIS.48 Intensywne wychwyty 18F-FDG w zmianach są wskaźnikiem złego rokowania.49 Dane sugerują, że wszyscy pacjenci z rakiem tarczycy z komórek Hürthle powinni przejść badanie 18F-FDG PET jako część ich początkowego pooperacyjnego stagingu i okresowo w celu wykrycia ukrytego nawrotu, szczególnie u pacjentów z podwyższonym poziomem tyreoglobuliny w surowicy.50

Badania krwi są również wykorzystywane do monitorowania raków tarczycy.51 Zaawansowane badania obrazowe szyi pomagają lekarzowi zobaczyć dokładną lokalizację i zakres podejrzewanego nowotworu, w tym badanie USG (nie wiąże się z promieniowaniem), tomografia komputerowa (CT) i rezonans magnetyczny (MRI).52

Długotrwała obserwacja jest niezbędna ze względu na skumulowane ryzyko nawrotu (około 20% w ciągu 20 lat).53 Zawsze istnieje niewielkie ryzyko nawrotu raka lub powstania wtórnego nowotworu, dlatego pacjentów należy zachęcać do omawiania wszelkich zmian lub obaw, które mogą mieć z ich lekarzem.54

Klasyfikacja i wytyczne dotyczące leczenia

HCC jest obecnie klasyfikowany jako wariant raka pęcherzykowego według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (WHO).5556 Ta klasyfikacja jest również odzwierciedlona w wytycznych leczenia Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Tarczycowego (ATA) i National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), gdzie HCC podlega tej samej stratyfikacji ryzyka co rak pęcherzykowy.57

Podstawą leczenia wszystkich zróżnicowanych raków tarczycy jest resekcja chirurgiczna, a HCC nie jest wyjątkiem.58 Całkowita tyroidektomia jest zalecana w przypadku nowotworów komórek Hürthle większych niż 4 cm.59

Skuteczność radioaktywnego jodu jest nadal dyskutowana.60 Wytyczne dotyczące wskazań do stosowania radioaktywnego jodu (RAI) w przypadku HCC są niespójne, a RAI nie jest powszechnie stosowany u pacjentów z HCC.61 W dużym badaniu opartym na bazie danych SEER, pacjenci z HCC, którzy przeszli całkowitą tyroidektomię, mieli ogólnie doskonałe przeżycie specyficzne dla nowotworu, jednak nie stwierdzono różnicy w przeżyciu specyficznym dla nowotworu między pacjentami, którzy otrzymali i tymi, którzy nie otrzymali terapii radioaktywnym jodem po całkowitej tyroidektomii.62

Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, leczenie RAI nie jest rutynowo zalecane u pacjentów z niskim ryzykiem nawrotu; powinno być zarezerwowane dla pacjentów z pośrednim lub wysokim ryzykiem nawrotu.63

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hurthle Cell Carcinoma (Oncocytic Carcinoma): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279462-overview
    Hrthle cell carcinoma is rare and represents only about 3% of all thyroid cancer diagnoses. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 43,720 new thyroid cancers will be diagnosed in 2023, 31,180 in women and 12,540 in men; the ACS estimates that 2120 deaths from thyroid cancer will occur, 1150 in women and 970 in men. […] The typical age range of patients presenting with this condition is 20-85 years. The mean age is usually 50-60 years, approximately 10 years older than the age associated with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Hrthle cell carcinomas behave in a more aggressive fashion than other well-differentiated thyroid cancers, as evidenced by a higher incidence of metastasis and a lower survival rate. […] Overall disease-specific survival rates were lower for patients with Hrthle cell cancer, indicating that Hrthle cell cancer has more aggressive behavior and compromises survival more than other types of differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • #2 Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/1/26
    Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. […] HCC has been considered as a more aggressive form of carcinoma compared to non-oncocytic thyroid carcinomas. […] The effectiveness of radioactive iodine is still debated. […] Total thyroidectomy is recommended for Hürthle cell neoplasms larger than 4 cm. […] The role of radioactive iodine (RAI) is still debated. […] Guidelines regarding indications to use RAI for HCC are inconsistent, and RAI is not prevailing for HCC patients. […] The five-year cumulative probability of recurrence or mortality among patients with TNM stage I–II among female and male patients were 0% and 17%, respectively. […] HCC has been thought to lead to a worse prognosis than that for non-oncocytic tumors. […] Prognosis differs between minimally and widely invasive HCCs. […] If widely invasive HCC is observed in males, older age (>45) with more than four foci of angioinvasion, larger than 4 cm, and/or TNM stage III–IV, prognosis is poor.
  • #3 Oncocytic (Hürthle Cell) Thyroid Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568736/
    Oncocytic thyroid cancer accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of all thyroid malignancies. […] Oncocytic carcinoma is more commonly diagnosed in women, with a ratio of approximately 1.6 to 4.8:1 compared to men, and typically affects middle-aged adults, particularly those aged between 50 and 60 years. […] Understanding the epidemiological patterns of oncocytic carcinoma is crucial for identifying at-risk populations and informing screening and management strategies.
  • #4 Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population-level analysis of 3311 patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22893587/
    Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is an uncommon and more aggressive thyroid cancer. To date, there is a paucity of data at a population level. In this study, demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics of HCC were investigated and compared with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers (ODTCs). The authors also evaluated disease-specific survival and compliance with American Thyroid Association (ATA) management guidelines from 2009. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1988 to 2009 was used to obtain data on patients with thyroid cancer. […] In total, 3311 patients with HCC and 59,585 patients with ODTC were identified. Compared with ODTC, HCC was more common among men (31.1% vs 23.0% for ODTC; P .001) and among older patients (mean age, 57.6 years vs 48.9 years for ODTC; P .001).
  • #5 Hurthle Cell Carcinoma (Oncocytic Carcinoma): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279462-overview
    In a study of 108 patients with metastatic Hrthle cell thyroid carcinoma, sites of metastasis, in decreasing order of frequency, were lung, bone, mediastinum, kidney, and liver. Overall 10-year disease-specific survival was 60%. […] In a large retrospective study that analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1988-2009, 3311 patients with Hrthle cell cancer were identified and compared with 59,585 patients with other types of differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • #6 Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma: a SEER-based study – Shen – Gland Surgery
    https://gs.amegroups.org/article/view/89915/html
    Data for a total of 3,264 patients with HCTC (2004 to 2018) were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database is the authoritative cancer statistics database in the United States and has a large sample size. Research based on the SEER database has a high clinical reference value. In the present study, data from the SEER database were used to identify predictors of overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with HCTC using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The study aimed to establish nomogram models for the prognostic evaluation of HCTC in order to improve the clinical management of HCTC patients. […] The present study showed that age, sex, treatment with thyroidectomy, summary stage, tumor size, N stage, and M stage are associated with the prognosis of HCTC.
  • #7 Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population-level analysis of 3311 patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22893587/
    Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is an uncommon and more aggressive thyroid cancer. To date, there is a paucity of data at a population level. In this study, demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics of HCC were investigated and compared with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers (ODTCs). The authors also evaluated disease-specific survival and compliance with American Thyroid Association (ATA) management guidelines from 2009. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1988 to 2009 was used to obtain data on patients with thyroid cancer. […] In total, 3311 patients with HCC and 59,585 patients with ODTC were identified. Compared with ODTC, HCC was more common among men (31.1% vs 23.0% for ODTC; P .001) and among older patients (mean age, 57.6 years vs 48.9 years for ODTC; P .001).
  • #8 Frontiers | Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and GM-CSF as Salvage Therapy in a PD-L1-Positive Patient With Refractory Metastatic Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.782646/full
    Thyroid Hürthle cell carcinoma, known as thyroid eosinophilic carcinoma, is a rare pathological type of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), representing 3-4% of all thyroid cancers. However, given the high risk of invasion and metastasis, thyroid Hürthle cell carcinoma has a relatively poor prognosis. […] Age, tumor size, and gender are prognostic factors of HCC, and tumor extension and recurrence are often associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. […] Compared to other types of DTCs, HCC has a higher risk of lymph node metastases and distant metastases and is less sensitive to radioiodine therapy. The 5-year mortality rate of HCC with distant metastases is up to 80%. […] A population-based study on thyroid cancer patients based on the data acquired from the SEER database between 1988 and 2009, analyzed 3311 patients with HCC and 59,585 patients with other types of DTCs (ODTCs). Compared with ODTC, patients with HCC were older (average age, 57.6 years vs 48.9 years; p < 0.001) and more likely to be male (31.1% vs. 23.0%; p < 0.001). The overall survival rate and disease-specific survival rate of HCC patients were both low (p < 0.001).
  • #9 Hurthle Cell Carcinoma (Oncocytic Carcinoma): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279462-overview
    Hrthle cell carcinoma is rare and represents only about 3% of all thyroid cancer diagnoses. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 43,720 new thyroid cancers will be diagnosed in 2023, 31,180 in women and 12,540 in men; the ACS estimates that 2120 deaths from thyroid cancer will occur, 1150 in women and 970 in men. […] The typical age range of patients presenting with this condition is 20-85 years. The mean age is usually 50-60 years, approximately 10 years older than the age associated with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Hrthle cell carcinomas behave in a more aggressive fashion than other well-differentiated thyroid cancers, as evidenced by a higher incidence of metastasis and a lower survival rate. […] Overall disease-specific survival rates were lower for patients with Hrthle cell cancer, indicating that Hrthle cell cancer has more aggressive behavior and compromises survival more than other types of differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • #10 Hurthle cell in thyroid diseases
    https://www.oatext.com/hurthle-cell-in-thyroid-diseases.php
    HCC was first described by Ewing in 1928; the incidence varies between 3 and 10 % in all thyroid nodules. […] Hrthle cell cancer has the highest incidence of metastasis among the differentiated thyroid cancers. Metastasis usually occurs hematogenously, but lymph node metastasis is also not uncommon and typically involves the regional lymph nodes. […] The mean age is usually 50-60 years, approximately 10 years older than the age associated with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers. […] A study found that a Hrthle tumor that is 4 cm or larger has an 80% chance of histologic evidence of malignancy. […] The incidence of malignancy among nodules, which are cytologically suspicious for HCC, was found, by histopathology to range from 5 to 35 %. […] Molecular markers in neoplasms show mutations either in mitochondrial DNA or in non mitochondrial genes, that interact with mitochondrial function.
  • #11 Oncocytic (Hürthle Cell) Thyroid Carcinoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568736/
    Oncocytic thyroid cancer accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of all thyroid malignancies. […] Oncocytic carcinoma is more commonly diagnosed in women, with a ratio of approximately 1.6 to 4.8:1 compared to men, and typically affects middle-aged adults, particularly those aged between 50 and 60 years. […] Understanding the epidemiological patterns of oncocytic carcinoma is crucial for identifying at-risk populations and informing screening and management strategies.
  • #12 Oncocytic (Hürthle Cell) Thyroid Carcinoma | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
    https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/131177
    The incidence and prevalence of oncocytic carcinoma are less extensively documented in comparison to more prevalent thyroid cancers such as papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma. This is in part due to its recent identification as a distinct entity. Oncocytic thyroid cancer accounts for approximately 3% to 4% of all thyroid malignancies. […] Oncocytic carcinoma is more commonly diagnosed in women, with a ratio of approximately 1.6 to 4.8:1 compared to men, and typically affects middle-aged adults, particularly those aged between 50 and 60 years. Specific populations, particularly those in areas with endemic goiter or iodine deficiency, may exhibit higher rates of oncocytic carcinoma. […] Understanding the epidemiological patterns of oncocytic carcinoma is crucial for identifying at-risk populations and informing screening and management strategies.
  • #13 Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hurthle-cell-thyroid-carcinoma-3?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252F%25252540yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=us
    Hrthle cell carcinomas comprise approximately 5% of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas and are typically diagnosed after the age of 40 years with a possible slight female predominance. […] Recognized risk factors for thyroid cancers, broadly include the following: exposure to radiation (head neck), family history of thyroid cancer. […] Overall survival for Hrthle cell carcinoma is similar to that of comparably staged follicular cell carcinoma. Increasing age, male sex, and increasing tumor size substantially diminish survival in patients with Hrthle cell carcinoma.
  • #14 Hürthle Cell Carcinoma | Oncohema Key
    https://oncohemakey.com/hurthle-cell-carcinoma/
    Patients with Hrthle cell carcinoma are typically euthyroid women between 50 to 70 years of age. As in most cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer, women outnumber men by approximately 3 to 1. While bilateral or multifocal disease is commonly identified at presentation, the vast majority of Hrthle cell carcinoma patients present with a single, palpable, nontender thyroid nodule. Approximately one-third of Hrthle cell carcinoma patients have nodal (10% to 25%) or distant (10% to 29%) metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. […] The risk factors for Hrthle cell carcinoma are consistent with those of other well-differentiated thyroid cancers and include childhood head and neck radiation and/or a family history of thyroid cancer. Interestingly, in contrast to follicular thyroid carcinoma, Hrthle cell carcinoma is more common in iodine-rich areas as opposed to regions where iodine deficiency is seen. Previous radiation exposure correlates not only with increased bilaterality and multicentricity of Hrthle cell carcinoma at presentation but also with an increased incidence of contralateral, non-Hrthle cell carcinoma.
  • #15 Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma and Oncocytic (Hürthle Cell) Carcinoma | Abdominal Key
    https://abdominalkey.com/follicular-thyroid-carcinoma-and-oncocytic-hurthle-cell-carcinoma/
    A normal human thyroid gland contains 20 to 30 million spherical follicles lined with follicular epithelial cells filled with colloid and stores a 3 months supply of thyroid hormone.1 Among the several differentiated thyroid cancers that originate from thyroid follicular cells, 10% to 15% are follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and 3% to 5% are oncocytic (Hrthle) cell carcinomas (HCCs).2 Recent studies suggest that FTC may represent only 5% of differentiated thyroid cancer in geographical regions with well-supplemented iodine diets. In iodine-deficient regions, however, FTC may account for up to 25% to 40% of thyroid carcinomas.3 In contrast, HCC may be more common in areas with iodine-rich diets.4 The mean age at presentation is higher for HCC (55 years) than for FTC (48 years). In most reports, both disorders are approximately twofold more common in women than men.5
  • #16 Follicular thyroid cancer (including oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid) – UpToDate
    https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-follicular-thyroid-cancer
    Follicular thyroid cancer tends to occur in an older population when compared with other differentiated thyroid cancers. Its peak incidence is between ages 40 and 60 years, as compared with papillary thyroid cancer incidence peaking earlier, between the ages of 30 to 50 years. In addition, follicular thyroid cancer is approximately three times more common in women than in men. […] Iodine may also play a role in the epidemiology of follicular thyroid cancer. In iodine-deficient regions of the world, there is a higher prevalence of follicular cancer compared with iodine-sufficient regions. With the introduction of iodine, some studies showed that the incidence of follicular thyroid cancer decreased, while papillary thyroid cancer increased. […] In an analysis of 90,803 incident cases of thyroid cancer from the SEER 9 registry data (1975 to 2016), the incidence of follicular thyroid cancer was fairly stable during the study period.
  • #17 Clinicopathological Characteristics and Disease-Free Survival in Patients with Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study in South Korea
    https://www.e-enm.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3803/EnM.2021.1151
    Hrthle cell carcinoma (HCC), a type of thyroid carcinoma, is rare in South Korea, and few studies have investigated its prognosis. […] A population-level analysis using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database reported that patients with HCC were older, presented with larger tumors, and had higher disease-specific mortality than patients with DTC. […] As the prevalence of HCC is lower in regions with high iodine intakes, such as South Korea and Japan, limited studies have addressed the prognosis of patients with HCC in South Korea. […] In this multicenter cohort study in South Korea, where HCC is relatively rare, we evaluated the clinical outcome of patients with HCC. […] Distant metastasis was significantly associated with older age, gross ETE, and widely invasive cancer.
  • #18 Hurthle Cell Carcinoma (Oncocytic Carcinoma): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279462-overview
    Hrthle cell carcinoma is rare and represents only about 3% of all thyroid cancer diagnoses. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 43,720 new thyroid cancers will be diagnosed in 2023, 31,180 in women and 12,540 in men; the ACS estimates that 2120 deaths from thyroid cancer will occur, 1150 in women and 970 in men. […] The typical age range of patients presenting with this condition is 20-85 years. The mean age is usually 50-60 years, approximately 10 years older than the age associated with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Hrthle cell carcinomas behave in a more aggressive fashion than other well-differentiated thyroid cancers, as evidenced by a higher incidence of metastasis and a lower survival rate. […] Overall disease-specific survival rates were lower for patients with Hrthle cell cancer, indicating that Hrthle cell cancer has more aggressive behavior and compromises survival more than other types of differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • #19 Vol 5 Issue 12 p.9 – 10
    https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/vol-5-issue-12/p-9-10/
    Thyroid cancer is the fastest rising cancer in women. […] Hrthle-cell cancer (HCC) is a variant of follicular thyroid cancer and is rare, representing 3-7% of all thyroid cancer. […] The goal of this study is to compare the characteristics and evolution of patients with HCC included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and to also evaluate prognostic factors in HCC patients. […] The study evaluated 3311 patients with HCC and 59,585 patients with other types of thyroid cancer enrolled in the SEER database between 1988 to 2009. […] HCC was more frequent in men and older patients than other types of thyroid cancer. […] The overall survival rate during the follow up period was 82.1% for patients with HCC and 89.2% for patients with other types of thyroid cancer.
  • #20 Alliance –
    https://www.allianceforclinicaltrialsinoncology.org/main/public/standard.xhtml?path=/Public/News-RareTumors-Feb2017
    The rate of new thyroid cancers is the fastest growing among all cancers for both men and women with more than 64,000 new cases anticipated this year. […] Treatment options for patients with recurrent and metastatic thyroid cancer not amenable to curative surgery or radioactive iodine are limited; no effective systemic therapy currently exists. […] Radioactive iodine is a standard therapy for metastatic Hrthle cell thyroid cancer.
  • #21 Alliance –
    https://www.allianceforclinicaltrialsinoncology.org/main/public/standard.xhtml?path=/Public/News-Thyroid-A091302-Aug2018
    Thyroid cancers of follicular origin consist of several histologic subtypes with diverse genetic and biologic features that directly influence clinical behavior and response to systematic therapies. […] Hrthle cell thyroid cancer makes up only about five percent of this group and is both understudied and has a poorer prognosis. […] The incidence of new thyroid cancers is the fastest growing among all cancers for both men and women with an estimated 62,450 new cases anticipated this year. […] About 10-20 percent of thyroid patients develop distant metastasis. […] The important eligibility criteria for the study include: 1) a diagnosis of Hurthle cell thyroid cancer; 2) disease that is not curable through surgery or radiation therapy; and 3) no prior sorafenib use (although the prior use of other treatment such as pazopanib or lenvatinib is allowed).
  • #22 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is currently classified as a variant of follicular carcinoma according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] HCC was more common in older men, and it appeared to be more aggressive compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Factors other than vascular invasion have been reported to be associated with overall survival in patients with HCC. […] HCC is currently designated by the WHO as a histopathologic variant of follicular carcinoma, and this is echoed in the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, with HCC following the same risk stratification as that of follicular carcinoma. […] The mainstay of treatment for all differentiated thyroid cancers is surgical resection, and HCC is no exception. […] Overall, treatment with RAI is not routinely recommended in patients at a low risk of recurrence; it should be reserved for patients at an intermediate or high risk of recurrence.
  • #23 Hurthle Cell Carcinoma (Oncocytic Carcinoma): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279462-overview
    Hrthle cell carcinoma is rare and represents only about 3% of all thyroid cancer diagnoses. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that 43,720 new thyroid cancers will be diagnosed in 2023, 31,180 in women and 12,540 in men; the ACS estimates that 2120 deaths from thyroid cancer will occur, 1150 in women and 970 in men. […] The typical age range of patients presenting with this condition is 20-85 years. The mean age is usually 50-60 years, approximately 10 years older than the age associated with other types of differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Hrthle cell carcinomas behave in a more aggressive fashion than other well-differentiated thyroid cancers, as evidenced by a higher incidence of metastasis and a lower survival rate. […] Overall disease-specific survival rates were lower for patients with Hrthle cell cancer, indicating that Hrthle cell cancer has more aggressive behavior and compromises survival more than other types of differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • #24 Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population-level analysis of 3311 patients – PubMed
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22893587/
    Both overall and disease-specific survival were lower for patients with HCC (P .001), and neither improved over the last 2 decades (P = .689). […] HCC has more aggressive behavior and compromised survival compared with ODTC. The current results indicated that it may be important to consider a different staging system or separate practice guidelines.
  • #25 Frontiers | Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and GM-CSF as Salvage Therapy in a PD-L1-Positive Patient With Refractory Metastatic Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.782646/full
    Thyroid Hürthle cell carcinoma, known as thyroid eosinophilic carcinoma, is a rare pathological type of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), representing 3-4% of all thyroid cancers. However, given the high risk of invasion and metastasis, thyroid Hürthle cell carcinoma has a relatively poor prognosis. […] Age, tumor size, and gender are prognostic factors of HCC, and tumor extension and recurrence are often associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. […] Compared to other types of DTCs, HCC has a higher risk of lymph node metastases and distant metastases and is less sensitive to radioiodine therapy. The 5-year mortality rate of HCC with distant metastases is up to 80%. […] A population-based study on thyroid cancer patients based on the data acquired from the SEER database between 1988 and 2009, analyzed 3311 patients with HCC and 59,585 patients with other types of DTCs (ODTCs). Compared with ODTC, patients with HCC were older (average age, 57.6 years vs 48.9 years; p < 0.001) and more likely to be male (31.1% vs. 23.0%; p < 0.001). The overall survival rate and disease-specific survival rate of HCC patients were both low (p < 0.001).
  • #26 Vol 5 Issue 12 p.9 – 10
    https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/vol-5-issue-12/p-9-10/
    Thyroid cancer is the fastest rising cancer in women. […] Hrthle-cell cancer (HCC) is a variant of follicular thyroid cancer and is rare, representing 3-7% of all thyroid cancer. […] The goal of this study is to compare the characteristics and evolution of patients with HCC included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and to also evaluate prognostic factors in HCC patients. […] The study evaluated 3311 patients with HCC and 59,585 patients with other types of thyroid cancer enrolled in the SEER database between 1988 to 2009. […] HCC was more frequent in men and older patients than other types of thyroid cancer. […] The overall survival rate during the follow up period was 82.1% for patients with HCC and 89.2% for patients with other types of thyroid cancer.
  • #27 Vol 5 Issue 12 p.9 – 10
    https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/vol-5-issue-12/p-9-10/
    Disease-specific death occurred in 5.9% of patients with HCC and in 2.7% of patients with other types of thyroid cancer. […] This population study based on the SEER database is the largest and most updated study of patients with HCC and confirms that HCC presents with more advanced disease and has a shorter survival as compared with other types of thyroid cancer.
  • #28 Hurthle Cell Thyroid Cancer: Symptoms and Treatment
    https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/hurthle-cell-thyroid-cancer
    Hrthle cell cancer (HCC), or oxyphil cell carcinoma, is a rare type of thyroid cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, only 3% of thyroid cancers are HCC. […] HCC is more aggressive than many other types of thyroid cancer. That means it can grow and spread more quickly. However, the outlook can be positive when its diagnosed in early stages, before it has spread beyond the thyroid. […] A 2020 study of 2,101 people with HCC found that 82.82% had local disease, while 11.66% and 4.24% had regional and metastatic disease, respectively. The 10-year cancer-specific survival rate for this entire group was 92.6%. […] The outlook for metastatic HCC is less favorable. A small 2016 study of 32 people with metastatic HCC found a 10-year cancer-specific survival rate of 60%. Its estimated that 1 in 4 people with HCC will develop metastatic disease at some point. […] HCC can also come back after treatment. This is called recurrence. Researchers have estimated that 12% to 33% of people with HCC will experience a recurrence.
  • #29 Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-017-3370-x
    Hurthle cell carcinoma makes up 3 to 5% of all thyroid cancers and is considered to be a true rarity. The aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics and survival rates of patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma. […] The overall recurrence rate was 12.1%, with average time for relapse of 90.74 months and average time without any signs of the disease of 222.4 months. Overall 5-year, 10-year and 20-year survival rates were 89.4%, 77.2%, 61.9% respectively. The 5-year, 10-year and 20-year cancer specific survival rates were 94.6%, 92.5%, 87.4%, respectively. […] Given the low incidence rate, studies which have examined the clinical characteristics and optimal treatment methods of Hurthle cell carcinoma are rare and mostly based on individual institutions experience. When it comes to survival rates, cancer specific survival rates, disease free interval, as well as prognostic factors for this tumor, literature is particularly deficient.
  • #30 Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-017-3370-x
    Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare tumor with an encouraging prognosis and after adequate surgical treatment recurrences are rare. […] The surgical procedure of choice in the treatment of Hurthle cell carcinoma should be total thyroidectomy, so that adequate suppressive levothyroxine therapy and ablative radioiodine therapy for stages over T2 could be applied. […] In our study, overall ten-year survival was 77.2%, while cancer-specific survival was 92.5%. […] In present study, independent predictive factors for shorter overall survival were age over 55, T3 and T4 stadium, alterations in both thyroid lobes and the need for re-operation due to local relapse. When cancer specific survival was observed, multivariate regression analysis showed that affection of both thyroid lobes and need for reoperation due to local relapse were unfavorable prognostic factors and that total thyroidectomy as primary procedure was independent favorable predictor. […] A ten-year cancer specific survival is 92% and even 86% of patients have no signs of relapse ten years after surgery.
  • #31 Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-017-3370-x
    Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare tumor with an encouraging prognosis and after adequate surgical treatment recurrences are rare. […] The surgical procedure of choice in the treatment of Hurthle cell carcinoma should be total thyroidectomy, so that adequate suppressive levothyroxine therapy and ablative radioiodine therapy for stages over T2 could be applied. […] In our study, overall ten-year survival was 77.2%, while cancer-specific survival was 92.5%. […] In present study, independent predictive factors for shorter overall survival were age over 55, T3 and T4 stadium, alterations in both thyroid lobes and the need for re-operation due to local relapse. When cancer specific survival was observed, multivariate regression analysis showed that affection of both thyroid lobes and need for reoperation due to local relapse were unfavorable prognostic factors and that total thyroidectomy as primary procedure was independent favorable predictor. […] A ten-year cancer specific survival is 92% and even 86% of patients have no signs of relapse ten years after surgery.
  • #32 Development and validation of a prognostic nomogram for Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma: a SEER-based study – Shen – Gland Surgery
    https://gs.amegroups.org/article/view/89915/html
    Data for a total of 3,264 patients with HCTC (2004 to 2018) were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. […] The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database is the authoritative cancer statistics database in the United States and has a large sample size. Research based on the SEER database has a high clinical reference value. In the present study, data from the SEER database were used to identify predictors of overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with HCTC using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The study aimed to establish nomogram models for the prognostic evaluation of HCTC in order to improve the clinical management of HCTC patients. […] The present study showed that age, sex, treatment with thyroidectomy, summary stage, tumor size, N stage, and M stage are associated with the prognosis of HCTC.
  • #33 Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hurthle-cell-thyroid-carcinoma-3?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2525252F%25252540yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2525252Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icofavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.png&lang=us
    Hrthle cell carcinomas comprise approximately 5% of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas and are typically diagnosed after the age of 40 years with a possible slight female predominance. […] Recognized risk factors for thyroid cancers, broadly include the following: exposure to radiation (head neck), family history of thyroid cancer. […] Overall survival for Hrthle cell carcinoma is similar to that of comparably staged follicular cell carcinoma. Increasing age, male sex, and increasing tumor size substantially diminish survival in patients with Hrthle cell carcinoma.
  • #34 Surgical management of metastatic Hürthle cell carcinoma to the skull base, cortex, and spine: illustrative case in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 6 Issue 15 (2023) Journals
    https://thejns.org/caselessons/view/journals/j-neurosurg-case-lessons/6/15/article-CASE23263.xml
    Hrthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is an unusual and aggressive variant of the follicular type of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), accounting for less than 3% of DTCs but posing the highest risk of metastasis. Brain metastases are uncommonly reported in the literature but pose a poor prognosis. […] The low rate of brain metastases from HCC coupled with ambiguous treatment protocols for the extracranial disease complicate successful disease management and definitive treatment strategy. […] Hrthle cell carcinoma accounts for less than 3% of all DTCs but has the highest incidence of metastasis and the worst prognosis among all DTCs. […] Patients with distal DTC metastasis have poor outcomes, and those with BM have a worse overall survival, ranging from 7.1 to 33 months. […] The unique molecular pathogenesis and unpredictable biological behavior of HCC are distinct challenges in outlining and applying a definitive treatment strategy.
  • #35 Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-017-3370-x
    Hurthle cell carcinoma makes up 3 to 5% of all thyroid cancers and is considered to be a true rarity. The aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics and survival rates of patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma. […] The overall recurrence rate was 12.1%, with average time for relapse of 90.74 months and average time without any signs of the disease of 222.4 months. Overall 5-year, 10-year and 20-year survival rates were 89.4%, 77.2%, 61.9% respectively. The 5-year, 10-year and 20-year cancer specific survival rates were 94.6%, 92.5%, 87.4%, respectively. […] Given the low incidence rate, studies which have examined the clinical characteristics and optimal treatment methods of Hurthle cell carcinoma are rare and mostly based on individual institutions experience. When it comes to survival rates, cancer specific survival rates, disease free interval, as well as prognostic factors for this tumor, literature is particularly deficient.
  • #36 Frontiers | Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and GM-CSF as Salvage Therapy in a PD-L1-Positive Patient With Refractory Metastatic Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
    https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.782646/full
    The overall recurrence rate is 12-33%, and the meantime to recurrence is 90.74 months. […] Surgical resection is the standard treatment for most patients who suffer from thyroid cancers, while radioactive iodine therapy and TSH suppression treatment are required for those with high-risk factors. […] However, due to the rarity of HCC, its pathological features and behavior are not yet clear, and there is currently no consensus regarding the optimal treatment modality. […] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in recent years in the treatment of advanced thyroid carcinoma. […] This case report showed the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with distant radiotherapy and GM-CSF in a patient with thyroid Hürthle cell carcinoma. HCCs are poorly avid to radioiodine and poorly responsive to chemotherapy and radiation. A greater understanding of molecular pathogenesis and epigenomics will help to diagnose and manage thyroid cancers. Thyroid cancer is an immune-related tumor, and immunotherapy is a promising choice. ICIs are emerging as possible novel therapeutics for advanced thyroid carcinomas.
  • #37 Survival and prognostic factors for survival, cancer specific survival and disease free interval in 239 patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma: a single center experience | BMC Cancer | Full Text
    https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-017-3370-x
    Hurthle cell carcinoma makes up 3 to 5% of all thyroid cancers and is considered to be a true rarity. The aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics and survival rates of patients with Hurthle cell carcinoma. […] The overall recurrence rate was 12.1%, with average time for relapse of 90.74 months and average time without any signs of the disease of 222.4 months. Overall 5-year, 10-year and 20-year survival rates were 89.4%, 77.2%, 61.9% respectively. The 5-year, 10-year and 20-year cancer specific survival rates were 94.6%, 92.5%, 87.4%, respectively. […] Given the low incidence rate, studies which have examined the clinical characteristics and optimal treatment methods of Hurthle cell carcinoma are rare and mostly based on individual institutions experience. When it comes to survival rates, cancer specific survival rates, disease free interval, as well as prognostic factors for this tumor, literature is particularly deficient.
  • #38 Anyone here with Hurthle Cell (Oncocytic) Carcinoma? | Mayo Clinic Connect
    https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/anyone-here-with-hurthle-cell-carcinoma/?pg=3
    Hurthle cell carcinoma, which is a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, that can spread to regional lymph nodes. […] About 20–30% of HCC cases have metastatic extension at the time of initial treatment. The most frequent sites of metastasis are the lungs and bones. […] Hurthle cell cancer can spread into the lymph nodes of the neck. In fact, at least 20% of hurthle cell cancers will have spread to neck lymph nodes on their initial presentation. […] Hurthle cell cancer has a greater risk of growing into blood vessels in and around the thyroid. This is called angioinvasion. This occurs, in fact, more frequently than hurthle cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes.
  • #39 Anyone here with Hurthle Cell (Oncocytic) Carcinoma? | Mayo Clinic Connect
    https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/anyone-here-with-hurthle-cell-carcinoma/?pg=3
    Hurthle cell carcinoma, which is a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, that can spread to regional lymph nodes. […] About 20–30% of HCC cases have metastatic extension at the time of initial treatment. The most frequent sites of metastasis are the lungs and bones. […] Hurthle cell cancer can spread into the lymph nodes of the neck. In fact, at least 20% of hurthle cell cancers will have spread to neck lymph nodes on their initial presentation. […] Hurthle cell cancer has a greater risk of growing into blood vessels in and around the thyroid. This is called angioinvasion. This occurs, in fact, more frequently than hurthle cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes.
  • #40 Hurthle Cell Carcinoma (Oncocytic Carcinoma): Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279462-overview
    In a study of 108 patients with metastatic Hrthle cell thyroid carcinoma, sites of metastasis, in decreasing order of frequency, were lung, bone, mediastinum, kidney, and liver. Overall 10-year disease-specific survival was 60%. […] In a large retrospective study that analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1988-2009, 3311 patients with Hrthle cell cancer were identified and compared with 59,585 patients with other types of differentiated thyroid cancer.
  • #41
    https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/05000/hurthle_cell_carcinoma__a_rare_variant_of_thyroid.104.aspx
    The incidence of distant metastasis is 15-34%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the extent of vascular invasion, with the more vessels invaded, the more guarded the prognosis (mortality 90% at 10 years). […] A recurrence rate around 10.5-43% is seen in HCC. […] The role of neck ultrasound surveillance in these tumors is unclear. […] With early diagnosis of the case and effective treatment it has shown a very good prognosis.
  • #42 Anyone here with Hurthle Cell (Oncocytic) Carcinoma? | Mayo Clinic Connect
    https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/anyone-here-with-hurthle-cell-carcinoma/?pg=3
    Hurthle cell carcinoma, which is a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, that can spread to regional lymph nodes. […] About 20–30% of HCC cases have metastatic extension at the time of initial treatment. The most frequent sites of metastasis are the lungs and bones. […] Hurthle cell cancer can spread into the lymph nodes of the neck. In fact, at least 20% of hurthle cell cancers will have spread to neck lymph nodes on their initial presentation. […] Hurthle cell cancer has a greater risk of growing into blood vessels in and around the thyroid. This is called angioinvasion. This occurs, in fact, more frequently than hurthle cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes.
  • #43 Anyone here with Hurthle Cell (Oncocytic) Carcinoma? | Mayo Clinic Connect
    https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/anyone-here-with-hurthle-cell-carcinoma/?pg=3
    Hurthle cell carcinoma, which is a variant of follicular thyroid cancer, that can spread to regional lymph nodes. […] About 20–30% of HCC cases have metastatic extension at the time of initial treatment. The most frequent sites of metastasis are the lungs and bones. […] Hurthle cell cancer can spread into the lymph nodes of the neck. In fact, at least 20% of hurthle cell cancers will have spread to neck lymph nodes on their initial presentation. […] Hurthle cell cancer has a greater risk of growing into blood vessels in and around the thyroid. This is called angioinvasion. This occurs, in fact, more frequently than hurthle cell cancer spreads to lymph nodes.
  • #44
    https://journals.lww.com/annals-of-medicine-and-surgery/fulltext/2023/05000/hurthle_cell_carcinoma__a_rare_variant_of_thyroid.104.aspx
    The incidence of distant metastasis is 15-34%. […] The prognosis largely depends on the extent of vascular invasion, with the more vessels invaded, the more guarded the prognosis (mortality 90% at 10 years). […] A recurrence rate around 10.5-43% is seen in HCC. […] The role of neck ultrasound surveillance in these tumors is unclear. […] With early diagnosis of the case and effective treatment it has shown a very good prognosis.
  • #45 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is associated with more aggressive clinical behavior compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers; for example, it is more often seen with a higher rate of distant metastases. […] During initial follow-up of patients with HCC, serum thyroglobulin/thyroglobulin antibody (Tg/Tg Ab) levels on levothyroxine therapy should be measured every 612 months. […] RAI scanning has a high false-negative rate in patients with HCC due to the lack of iodine avidity in a majority of patients; therefore, it is not recommended as the principle imaging modality for surveillance.
  • #46 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is associated with more aggressive clinical behavior compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers; for example, it is more often seen with a higher rate of distant metastases. […] During initial follow-up of patients with HCC, serum thyroglobulin/thyroglobulin antibody (Tg/Tg Ab) levels on levothyroxine therapy should be measured every 612 months. […] RAI scanning has a high false-negative rate in patients with HCC due to the lack of iodine avidity in a majority of patients; therefore, it is not recommended as the principle imaging modality for surveillance.
  • #47 Diagnostic Accuracy and Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG PET in Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Patients | Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/47/8/1260
    The combination of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements and radioiodine scintigraphy (RIS) is commonly used for the detection of residual or metastatic disease. […] However, Hrthle cell thyroid cancer presents a unique clinical dilemma because of its generally low iodine avidity. […] Indeed, the sensitivity of diagnostic RIS using 131I has been reported to be as low as 18%. […] 18F-FDG PET has excellent diagnostic accuracy in Hrthle cell thyroid cancer patients, improving on CT and RIS. […] Intense 18F-FDG uptake in lesions is an indicator of a poor prognosis. […] Our data suggest that all patients with Hrthle cell thyroid cancer should undergo 18F-FDG PET as part of their initial postoperative staging and periodically to screen for occult recurrence, particularly in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin.
  • #48 Diagnostic Accuracy and Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG PET in Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Patients | Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/47/8/1260
    The combination of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements and radioiodine scintigraphy (RIS) is commonly used for the detection of residual or metastatic disease. […] However, Hrthle cell thyroid cancer presents a unique clinical dilemma because of its generally low iodine avidity. […] Indeed, the sensitivity of diagnostic RIS using 131I has been reported to be as low as 18%. […] 18F-FDG PET has excellent diagnostic accuracy in Hrthle cell thyroid cancer patients, improving on CT and RIS. […] Intense 18F-FDG uptake in lesions is an indicator of a poor prognosis. […] Our data suggest that all patients with Hrthle cell thyroid cancer should undergo 18F-FDG PET as part of their initial postoperative staging and periodically to screen for occult recurrence, particularly in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin.
  • #49 Diagnostic Accuracy and Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG PET in Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Patients | Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/47/8/1260
    The combination of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements and radioiodine scintigraphy (RIS) is commonly used for the detection of residual or metastatic disease. […] However, Hrthle cell thyroid cancer presents a unique clinical dilemma because of its generally low iodine avidity. […] Indeed, the sensitivity of diagnostic RIS using 131I has been reported to be as low as 18%. […] 18F-FDG PET has excellent diagnostic accuracy in Hrthle cell thyroid cancer patients, improving on CT and RIS. […] Intense 18F-FDG uptake in lesions is an indicator of a poor prognosis. […] Our data suggest that all patients with Hrthle cell thyroid cancer should undergo 18F-FDG PET as part of their initial postoperative staging and periodically to screen for occult recurrence, particularly in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin.
  • #50 Diagnostic Accuracy and Prognostic Value of 18F-FDG PET in Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer Patients | Journal of Nuclear Medicine
    https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/47/8/1260
    The combination of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements and radioiodine scintigraphy (RIS) is commonly used for the detection of residual or metastatic disease. […] However, Hrthle cell thyroid cancer presents a unique clinical dilemma because of its generally low iodine avidity. […] Indeed, the sensitivity of diagnostic RIS using 131I has been reported to be as low as 18%. […] 18F-FDG PET has excellent diagnostic accuracy in Hrthle cell thyroid cancer patients, improving on CT and RIS. […] Intense 18F-FDG uptake in lesions is an indicator of a poor prognosis. […] Our data suggest that all patients with Hrthle cell thyroid cancer should undergo 18F-FDG PET as part of their initial postoperative staging and periodically to screen for occult recurrence, particularly in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin.
  • #51 Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancers | Baylor Medicine
    https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/oncology/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer/poorly-differentiated-thyroid-cancer
    Hurthle cell thyroid cancer (also called Hurtle cell carcinoma) is a rare sub-type of follicular thyroid cancer. Approximately 3% of thyroid cancer cases are Hurthle cell. […] Hurthle cell thyroid cancer tends to affect older adults and has a slightly poorer prognosis than follicular and papillary types. It spreads to the lymph nodes about 20% of the time. […] Blood tests are also used to monitor thyroid cancers. […] Advanced imaging scans of your neck help your physician see the precise location and extent of the suspected cancer including: Ultrasound scan (does not involve radiation), Computed tomography (CT) and scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • #52 Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancers | Baylor Medicine
    https://www.bcm.edu/healthcare/specialties/oncology/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer/poorly-differentiated-thyroid-cancer
    Hurthle cell thyroid cancer (also called Hurtle cell carcinoma) is a rare sub-type of follicular thyroid cancer. Approximately 3% of thyroid cancer cases are Hurthle cell. […] Hurthle cell thyroid cancer tends to affect older adults and has a slightly poorer prognosis than follicular and papillary types. It spreads to the lymph nodes about 20% of the time. […] Blood tests are also used to monitor thyroid cancers. […] Advanced imaging scans of your neck help your physician see the precise location and extent of the suspected cancer including: Ultrasound scan (does not involve radiation), Computed tomography (CT) and scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • #53 Orphanet: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma
    https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/146
    The annual incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is about 1/10,000, and the incidence appears to be increasing. The female to male ratio is about 3:1. […] HCTC is generally considered slightly more aggressive than PTC and FTC. […] Long-term follow-up is essential due to the cumulative risk of recurrence (about 20% at 20 years).
  • #54 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Hurthle-Cell-Thyroid-Cancer.aspx
    Hrthle cell thyroid cancer is a rare type of cancer that involves abnormal cell growth originating in the thyroid gland and accounts for approximately 4% of cases of thyroid cancer. […] It is more likely to affect women than men and is usually diagnosed at around 50 years of age. […] Hrthle cell thyroid cancer is less likely to spread to the lymph glands in the neck than follicular thyroid cancers. However, it can affect other parts of the body in advanced cases. […] Ongoing care with follow-up appointments is essential for patients who have had treatment for Hrthle cell thyroid cancer. […] There is always a small risk of recurrence of cancer, or the formation of a secondary cancer and patients should be encouraged to discuss any changes or worries they may have with their health care provider.
  • #55 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is currently classified as a variant of follicular carcinoma according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] HCC was more common in older men, and it appeared to be more aggressive compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Factors other than vascular invasion have been reported to be associated with overall survival in patients with HCC. […] HCC is currently designated by the WHO as a histopathologic variant of follicular carcinoma, and this is echoed in the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, with HCC following the same risk stratification as that of follicular carcinoma. […] The mainstay of treatment for all differentiated thyroid cancers is surgical resection, and HCC is no exception. […] Overall, treatment with RAI is not routinely recommended in patients at a low risk of recurrence; it should be reserved for patients at an intermediate or high risk of recurrence.
  • #56 SEER Inquiry System – Question 20160003 Details
    https://seer.cancer.gov/seer-inquiry/inquiry-detail/20160003/
    Hurthle cell carcinoma is a synonym for follicular carcinoma according to the WHO. […] Hurthle cell carcinoma is a synonym for follicular carcinoma of the thyroid.
  • #57 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is currently classified as a variant of follicular carcinoma according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] HCC was more common in older men, and it appeared to be more aggressive compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Factors other than vascular invasion have been reported to be associated with overall survival in patients with HCC. […] HCC is currently designated by the WHO as a histopathologic variant of follicular carcinoma, and this is echoed in the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, with HCC following the same risk stratification as that of follicular carcinoma. […] The mainstay of treatment for all differentiated thyroid cancers is surgical resection, and HCC is no exception. […] Overall, treatment with RAI is not routinely recommended in patients at a low risk of recurrence; it should be reserved for patients at an intermediate or high risk of recurrence.
  • #58 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is currently classified as a variant of follicular carcinoma according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] HCC was more common in older men, and it appeared to be more aggressive compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Factors other than vascular invasion have been reported to be associated with overall survival in patients with HCC. […] HCC is currently designated by the WHO as a histopathologic variant of follicular carcinoma, and this is echoed in the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, with HCC following the same risk stratification as that of follicular carcinoma. […] The mainstay of treatment for all differentiated thyroid cancers is surgical resection, and HCC is no exception. […] Overall, treatment with RAI is not routinely recommended in patients at a low risk of recurrence; it should be reserved for patients at an intermediate or high risk of recurrence.
  • #59 Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/1/26
    Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. […] HCC has been considered as a more aggressive form of carcinoma compared to non-oncocytic thyroid carcinomas. […] The effectiveness of radioactive iodine is still debated. […] Total thyroidectomy is recommended for Hürthle cell neoplasms larger than 4 cm. […] The role of radioactive iodine (RAI) is still debated. […] Guidelines regarding indications to use RAI for HCC are inconsistent, and RAI is not prevailing for HCC patients. […] The five-year cumulative probability of recurrence or mortality among patients with TNM stage I–II among female and male patients were 0% and 17%, respectively. […] HCC has been thought to lead to a worse prognosis than that for non-oncocytic tumors. […] Prognosis differs between minimally and widely invasive HCCs. […] If widely invasive HCC is observed in males, older age (>45) with more than four foci of angioinvasion, larger than 4 cm, and/or TNM stage III–IV, prognosis is poor.
  • #60 Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/1/26
    Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. […] HCC has been considered as a more aggressive form of carcinoma compared to non-oncocytic thyroid carcinomas. […] The effectiveness of radioactive iodine is still debated. […] Total thyroidectomy is recommended for Hürthle cell neoplasms larger than 4 cm. […] The role of radioactive iodine (RAI) is still debated. […] Guidelines regarding indications to use RAI for HCC are inconsistent, and RAI is not prevailing for HCC patients. […] The five-year cumulative probability of recurrence or mortality among patients with TNM stage I–II among female and male patients were 0% and 17%, respectively. […] HCC has been thought to lead to a worse prognosis than that for non-oncocytic tumors. […] Prognosis differs between minimally and widely invasive HCCs. […] If widely invasive HCC is observed in males, older age (>45) with more than four foci of angioinvasion, larger than 4 cm, and/or TNM stage III–IV, prognosis is poor.
  • #61 Thyroid Hürthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features
    https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/1/26
    Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) represents 3–4% of thyroid carcinoma cases. […] HCC has been considered as a more aggressive form of carcinoma compared to non-oncocytic thyroid carcinomas. […] The effectiveness of radioactive iodine is still debated. […] Total thyroidectomy is recommended for Hürthle cell neoplasms larger than 4 cm. […] The role of radioactive iodine (RAI) is still debated. […] Guidelines regarding indications to use RAI for HCC are inconsistent, and RAI is not prevailing for HCC patients. […] The five-year cumulative probability of recurrence or mortality among patients with TNM stage I–II among female and male patients were 0% and 17%, respectively. […] HCC has been thought to lead to a worse prognosis than that for non-oncocytic tumors. […] Prognosis differs between minimally and widely invasive HCCs. […] If widely invasive HCC is observed in males, older age (>45) with more than four foci of angioinvasion, larger than 4 cm, and/or TNM stage III–IV, prognosis is poor.
  • #62 Radioactive iodine therapy has no clear benefit on survival in patients with hürthle-cell thyroid cancer
    https://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ct-for-patients/august-2023/vol-16-issue-8-p-13-14/
    Hrthle-cell cancer (HCC) is a rare type of thyroid cancer, representing 3-5% of all thyroid cancers. […] The aim of this study was to evaluate whether radioactive iodine therapy after total thyroidectomy improves prognosis and survival in patients with HCC. […] In this large SEER-based study, patients with HCC who underwent total thyroidectomy had overall an excellent cancer-specific survival. […] However, there was no difference in cancer-specific survival noted between patients who received and those who did not receive radioactive iodine therapy after total thyroidectomy.
  • #63 Hurthle cell carcinoma: current perspectives | OTT
    https://www.dovepress.com/huumlrthle-cell-carcinoma-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OTT
    HCC is currently classified as a variant of follicular carcinoma according to the World Health Organization (WHO). […] HCC was more common in older men, and it appeared to be more aggressive compared to other differentiated thyroid cancers. […] Factors other than vascular invasion have been reported to be associated with overall survival in patients with HCC. […] HCC is currently designated by the WHO as a histopathologic variant of follicular carcinoma, and this is echoed in the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) treatment guidelines, with HCC following the same risk stratification as that of follicular carcinoma. […] The mainstay of treatment for all differentiated thyroid cancers is surgical resection, and HCC is no exception. […] Overall, treatment with RAI is not routinely recommended in patients at a low risk of recurrence; it should be reserved for patients at an intermediate or high risk of recurrence.